Unit 2 The things around us 被动语态（单元核心语法精练）英语沪教版必修第三册

Unit 2 The things around us 核心语法精练（被动语态） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 14 一、被动语态的概述 语态是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 ◆主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如： They prohibit smoking in public areas. 谓语prohibit的动作是由主语they发出的，即they是prohibit smoking这个动作的执行者。 ◆被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。如： Smoking is prohibited by them in public areas. 主语smoking是prohibit这个动作的承受者。 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be本身无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。 被动语态是由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。 be 动词本身无词义，但有时态、人称和数的变化。 用法 1. 强调动作的承受者时 Mr. Green is respected by all of us. 2. 不必指出或不知动作的执行者时 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 3. 动作的执行者是无生命的事物时 I was deeply impressed by the Great Wall. 结构（以动词 do 为例，过去分词为 done） 一般现在时的被动语态 am/ is/ are + done Chinese is spoken by many people. 一般过去时的被动语态 was/ were + done The cup was broken by the boy, 现在完成时的被动语态 have/ has been done All the work has been finished by now. 三、使用被动语态的注意问题 1．以主动形式表被动意义的动词 (1)表示状态特征的系动词，如look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove不用于被动语态，其后接形容词或名词构成系表结构，表示被动含义。 He looks strong and energetic after going jogging regularly. 进行有规律的慢跑之后，他看起来很强壮并且充满活力。 The problem proves tough and is difficult to deal with. 这个问题证明很难，并且很难处理。 (2)need，want，require，deserve等作谓语，其主语为物时，动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。 The plan required discussing on schedule at the meeting. ＝The plan required to be discussed on schedule at the meeting. 这项计划需要在会上按时讨论。 (3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，run，move等。 The gym opens at 8 a．m.and closes at 10 p．m.every day. 这家健身房每天上午八点开门，晚上十点关门。 2．不用被动语态的情况 不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，die，disappear，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，belong to，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。 Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 一、单句语法填空 1．English (speak) in many countries all over the world. 2．This kind of flower (water) every day to keep it fresh. 3．As (know) to all, water is important for life. 4．Unless some extra money , the theater will close. (find) 5．Celebrated for over 2,000 years, the festival (hold) in the second month of the lunar calendar to commemorate the birthday of the flower goddess. 6．One good example is Henan’s “Central-China Agricultural Valley” project, which (equip) with monitoring stations and satellites. 7．The tool is (comprise) of four key components that enable you to achieve these results. 8．Many heroes, who are (recognize) as role models by the public, have set good examples for us. 9．I’m (expose) to the thoughts of some of the world’s best writers. 10．Each of the robots (test) strictly before being put into use. 11．The first Morse code message (send) from Washington to Baltimore in 1844. 12．In 2004, she (admit) into the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan to study as a conductor. 13．The package (deliver) to her doorstep yesterday, but she missed it because she was out shopping. 14．The little boy was (frighten) by the terrible storm and dared not go out alone. 15．Their house (decorate) with colorful lights for a birthday party yesterday. 16．All the flights (cancel) because of the heavy fog yesterday. 17．A number of books (donate) to the children in Yushu five months ago. 18． But hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who (trap) and to bury the dead. 19．Her school class (task) with finding ways to save water two weeks ago. 20．Our computers (attack) by a virus, so the engineer had to disable all of them.(用所给词的适当形式填空) 21．The old temple (restore) several times in the past decade, and it now looks as magnificent as it did when first built. 22．Many new records (set) in the last volymathics area match since it started. 23．A lot of new functions (add) to this app since it was last updated. 24．The old bridge (build) for over two years and it will be put into use next month. 25．This kind of machine (use) in many factories since it was invented. 26．We will go for a picnic, but when and where (decide) yet. 27．Quantities of time (waste) on computer games in the past five months. 28．It is said that since January, goods with dragon-themed elements, such as daily necessities, alcohol and gold jewelry, (prefer) by consumers. 29． There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity (give) financial support to roll it out countrywide. 30．Up until now, all the old machines (replace) with new ones. 二、完成句子 31．The class made up of ten boys and fifteen girls. 这个班级由10个男孩和15个女孩组成。 32． very well taken care of in our city. 在我们的城市，老年人被照顾得很好。 33．We by the news. 我们被这个消息震惊了。 34．She is    an excellent teacher. 她被公认为是一位优秀的教师。 35．The road originally by the Romans. 这条路最初是由罗马人修建的。 36．I at last. 最后我当选了。 37．我买那台二手电视时被销售员骗了。 I by the salesman when I bought that second-hand television set. 38．It that sorting out your desk can improve your learning and working efficiency. 已被证明，整理你的桌子可以提高你的学习和工作效率。 39．这些古老的传统已经被村民们世代守护照看。 The old traditions by the villagers for generations. 40．这位病人已经被治愈了。 The patient his illness. 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高一上·上海·月考）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks use one word that best fits. Apple Rolls Out Thinner iPhone, Higher Price Apple has rolled out its next generation of iPhones, including a thin model called the iPhone Air, as well as a price increase for one of its more expensive models. All four new iPhone 17 models will have better cameras and longer-lasting batteries than last year’s models. The front camera will also have an option called “Center Stage” 1 will take advantage of a wider field of view, and a new sensor allowing users to take landscape photos 2 having to turn the phone. All iPhone 17s will have at least 256 gigabytes of storage, 3 (double) the minimum amount from the last generation. “We 4 (raise) the bar again,” Apple CEO Tim Cook said in front of a crowd on the company’s campus in Cupertino, California, on September 9. The iPhone Air will start at $1,000—the price of last year’s iPhone 16 Pro. However, Apple will charge $1,100 for the iPhone 17 Pro, 5 increase of $100 from previous versions of that model. The starting price for the basic iPhone 17 will be unchanged at $800, and the iPhone 17 Pro Max will also be unchanged at $1,200. All four models will be in stores on September 19. The new phones 6 (expect) to be made in Apple’s factories in China and India. However, US President Donald Trump has insisted that iPhones 7 (make) in the US. Cook has tried to placate (安抚) Trump by promising that Apple 8 (invest) $500 billion in the US over the next four years. He added another $100 billion to that promise last month, and also gifted Trump a plaque with a 24-karat gold base. However, iPhones 9 (bring) into the US will still face Trump’s tariffs of about 25%. 10 some experts had expected Apple to raise prices due to the tariffs, it seems the company will continue to keep most of the same prices it has used for its newest iPhones in recent years. （24-25高一下·上海杨浦·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. SpaceX’s Starship sees the company get closer to its reusable rocket dream On Oct 13, 2024, the US-based space tech company SpaceX successfully completed its fifth test flight of Starship, a powerful rocket, in Texas, US. This brought the company one step closer to its goal of creating reusable rockets, reported AFP. The giant rocket is 12-meter-tall and it 1 (consist) of two parts, the Starship spacecraft at the top and the Super Heavy rocket 2 (attach) below. Around seven minutes after launch, the two separated about 70 kilometers above the ground. The rocket’s booster flew back and gradually adjusted 3 into a standing position. Then, it began to fall, as two large mechanical arms extended from the launch tower. Like a pair of chopsticks, they “caught” the 71-meter-tall booster and brought it down to a gentle stop. Later on, the spacecraft landed in the Indian Ocean as planned. SpaceX said on its website that its engineers “spent years preparing and months testing for the booster catch attempt”. During the test, teams kept checking to ensure both the booster and the tower fit “thousands” of standards 4 any attempt to return the booster was made. Had the conditions not been satisfied, it would have been redirected for a splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, as in previous tests. SpaceX was founded in 2002 with the ultimate goal of helping humans settle on the moon, Mars and beyond. The company has grown rapidly into a leader in the space industry thanks to its strategy of “fail fast, learn fast”. The Starship’s first few test flights failed due to problems 5 explosions or a loss of contact. SpaceX sees failures as opportunities to gather data and speed up the creation of better systems than its competitors, 6 differs from the traditional approach of identifying and planning for potential problems before a launch, 7 practiced by organizations like NASA, which can be 8 (slow), according to The Conversation. For example, NASA’s Space Launch System-the rocket designed to take astronauts to the moon as part of the Artemis program-took over 10 years 9 (develop) before its first launch. Starship represents an advancement over SpaceX’s earlier reusable model, Falcon 9, as Starship’s reusable rockets 10 now have their tanks refilled after a quick check and get ready for the next flight again. “Starship is designed to achieve reflight of its rocket booster ultimately within an hour after liftoff,” Elon Musk said on X. 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion pounds in 2011 to 1.12 billion pounds in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016. In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 pounds in 2014 to 41 pounds in 2015. Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper — including facial tissue and kitchen roll—to save money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. “These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.” While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper. 1．The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because ______. A．Britons have cut their spending on it B．its prices have gone up over the years C．its quality has seen marked improvement D．Britons have developed the habit of saving 2．What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A．It will expand in time. B．It will remain gray. C．It will experience ups and downs. D．It will recover as population grows. 3．What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper? A．Special offers would promote its sales. B．Consumers are loyal to certain brands. C．Luxurious features add much to the price. D．Consumers have a variety to choose from. 4．What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A．They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B．They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C．They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D．They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. （23-24高二下·四川自贡·月考）Recently, campaigners have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels from the producer to the shop owner. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon mission(排放物). However, the real story is not as simple as that. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown good. Take apples, for example. The local apples the British buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the crop grows well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates more emissions. However, only a few goods are flown to the consumer country, and these are usually high-value, short-lived items which we cannot produce locally. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using natural fertilizers, unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilizers and machinery. Also, a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. Driving a long way to shop for food will neutralize(抵消) any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Furthermore, choosing local over imported food can also badly affect people in developing countries. If they are unable to sell produce overseas, they will have less income. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labeling foods to show they have been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint. And. even if we only buy local food which is currently in season, there are ethical(伦理的) problems. What’s more, our diets would be more limited. 1．Why should the British buy imported apples according to the author? A．It reduces food miles. B．It benefits the local farmers. C．It is less energy-consuming. D．It is less costly and more convenient. 2．What can we infer about the foods transported by air? A．They are grown using oil-based fertilizers. B．They can be mass-produced locally. C．They have a low carbon footprint. D．They fail to have a long shelf life. 3．What does the author think of labeling foods? A．It does not give correct product information. B．It does not tell a full and accurate story. C．It will raise environmental awareness. D．It will help people to shop ethically. 4．What is the purpose of this text? A．To solve a problem. B．To make a prediction. C．To argue against a belief. D．To give practical advice. 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 2 The things around us 核心语法精练（被动语态） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 14 一、被动语态的概述 语态是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 ◆主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如： They prohibit smoking in public areas. 谓语prohibit的动作是由主语they发出的，即they是prohibit smoking这个动作的执行者。 ◆被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。如： Smoking is prohibited by them in public areas. 主语smoking是prohibit这个动作的承受者。 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be本身无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。 被动语态是由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。 be 动词本身无词义，但有时态、人称和数的变化。 用法 1. 强调动作的承受者时 Mr. Green is respected by all of us. 2. 不必指出或不知动作的执行者时 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 3. 动作的执行者是无生命的事物时 I was deeply impressed by the Great Wall. 结构（以动词 do 为例，过去分词为 done） 一般现在时的被动语态 am/ is/ are + done Chinese is spoken by many people. 一般过去时的被动语态 was/ were + done The cup was broken by the boy, 现在完成时的被动语态 have/ has been done All the work has been finished by now. 三、使用被动语态的注意问题 1．以主动形式表被动意义的动词 (1)表示状态特征的系动词，如look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove不用于被动语态，其后接形容词或名词构成系表结构，表示被动含义。 He looks strong and energetic after going jogging regularly. 进行有规律的慢跑之后，他看起来很强壮并且充满活力。 The problem proves tough and is difficult to deal with. 这个问题证明很难，并且很难处理。 (2)need，want，require，deserve等作谓语，其主语为物时，动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。 The plan required discussing on schedule at the meeting. ＝The plan required to be discussed on schedule at the meeting. 这项计划需要在会上按时讨论。 (3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，run，move等。 The gym opens at 8 a．m.and closes at 10 p．m.every day. 这家健身房每天上午八点开门，晚上十点关门。 2．不用被动语态的情况 不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，die，disappear，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，belong to，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。 Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 一、单句语法填空 1．English (speak) in many countries all over the world. 【答案】is spoken 【详解】考查动词语态和主谓一致。句意：世界上许多国家都说英语。空处作句子的谓语，此处在描述一般性的事实，应用一般现在时，speak“说，讲”和主语English之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是单数，be动词应用is。故填is spoken。 2．This kind of flower (water) every day to keep it fresh. 【答案】is watered 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：这种花需要每天被浇水来保持新鲜。主语this kind of flower和动词water之间是被动关系，要用被动语态；时间状语every day表明句子用一般现在时，主语为单数，be动词用is，water的过去分词为watered。故填is watered。 3．As (know) to all, water is important for life. 【答案】is known 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：众所周知，水对生命很重要。as is known to all是固定句型，意为“众所周知”，这里as引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个句子内容，as与know之间是被动关系，即“被知晓”，句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时的被动语态“be+过去分词”。故填is known。 4．Unless some extra money , the theater will close. (find) 【答案】is found 【详解】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：除非能找到额外的资金，否则这家剧院就要倒闭了。unless引导条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来；从句主语some extra money和动词find为被动关系，所以此处用一般现在时的被动语态，其结构为“am/is/are+过去分词”，money为不可数名词，be动词用is，find的过去分词为found。故填is found。 5．Celebrated for over 2,000 years, the festival (hold) in the second month of the lunar calendar to commemorate the birthday of the flower goddess. 【答案】is held 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：这个节日已有2000多年的历史，在农历二月举行，以纪念花神的诞辰。句子陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时；主语the festival和谓语动词hold为被动关系，需用一般现在时的被动语态“am/is/are done”，主语为单数名词，be动词使用is，hold的过去分词为held。故填is held。 6．One good example is Henan’s “Central-China Agricultural Valley” project, which (equip) with monitoring stations and satellites. 【答案】is equipped 【详解】考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意：一个很好的例子是河南的“中原农谷”项目，该项目配备了监测站和卫星。分析句子结构可知，which引导定语从句，指代先行词 project；project与equip（配备）之间是被动关系，即“项目被配备监测站和卫星”；本句描述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语project是单数，因此被动语态结构为is equipped。故填is equipped。 7．The tool is (comprise) of four key components that enable you to achieve these results. 【答案】comprised 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：该工具由四个关键部件组成，这些部件使您能够实现这些结果。主语The tool和动词comprise“组成”为被动关系，本空用过去分词，和空前的is构成一般现在时的被动语态，固定短语be comprised of意为“由……组成”。故填comprised。 8．Many heroes, who are (recognize) as role models by the public, have set good examples for us. 【答案】recognized 【详解】考查动词的语态。句意：许多被公众视为榜样的英雄，为我们树立了良好的榜样。此处是定语从句的谓语部分，who指代先行词heroes，与动词recognize之间是被动关系，即“英雄被公众认可”，且句子描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态，所以空处需要过去分词和空前的are构成被动语态。故填recognized。 9．I’m (expose) to the thoughts of some of the world’s best writers. 【答案】exposed 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：我接触到了一些世界上最好的作家的思想。动词expose“使接触，使暴露”与主语I之间是被动关系，本空用过去分词exposed，与空前的am构成一般现在时的被动语态。故填exposed。 10．Each of the robots (test) strictly before being put into use. 【答案】is tested 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：每个机器人在投入使用前都要经过严格的测试。本句描述的是客观事实，时态用一般现在时；主语each of the robots与动词test“测试”之间为被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，be动词用is，谓语用is tested。故填is tested。 11．The first Morse code message (send) from Washington to Baltimore in 1844. 【答案】was sent 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：1844年，第一条摩斯密码信息从华盛顿传送到巴尔的摩。主语message与谓语动词send构成被动关系，根据时间状语“in 1844”可知为一般过去时的被动语态“was/were done”，主语为单数，be动词用was，send的过去分词为sent。故填was sent。 12．In 2004, she (admit) into the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan to study as a conductor. 【答案】was admitted 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：2004年，她被乌兹别克斯坦国立音乐学院录取，学习指挥。此处为句子的谓语动词，根据时间状语In 2004可知，句子描述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时，且主语she与admit之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语she为单数，be动词用was。故填was admitted。 13．The package (deliver) to her doorstep yesterday, but she missed it because she was out shopping. 【答案】was delivered 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：包裹昨天被送到了她家门口，但她出去购物了，所以没收到。根据时间状语yesterday可知，动作发生在过去，时态用一般过去时，主语The package与动词deliver“递送”为被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语The package是第三人称单数，be动词用was。故填was delivered。 14．The little boy was (frighten) by the terrible storm and dared not go out alone. 【答案】frightened 【详解】考查被动语态。句意：这个小男孩被那场可怕的暴风雨吓坏了，不敢独自外出。根据下文的by可知，本句时态用被动语态，表示小男孩被暴风雨吓到了，所以用提示词的过去分词frightened形式与空格前的be动词was构成被动语态。故答案为frightened。 15．Their house (decorate) with colorful lights for a birthday party yesterday. 【答案】was decorated 【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：他们的房子昨天为了举办生日派对而装饰上了五颜六色的灯。主语house和动词decorate之间是被动关系，结合时间状语yesterday可知应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，be动词使用was，故填was decorated。 16．All the flights (cancel) because of the heavy fog yesterday. 【答案】were cancelled 【详解】考查时态，被动语态和主谓一致。句意：由于昨天大雾弥漫，所有航班都取消了。航班被取消，由yesterday可知，句子时态是一般过去时，因此空格处用一般过去时的被动语态，主语flights是复数，因此空格处是were cancelled，故填were cancelled。 17．A number of books (donate) to the children in Yushu five months ago. 【答案】were donated 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：五个月前，许多书被捐赠给了玉树的孩子们。根据时间状语“five months ago”可知，时态用一般过去时；主语a number of books和动词donate“捐赠”为被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用were。故填were donated。 18． But hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who (trap) and to bury the dead. 【答案】were trapped 【详解】考查时态和被动。句意：但希望并未破灭。地震发生后不久，军队派出15万名士兵赶赴唐山，挖掘被困人员并掩埋遇难者。所填动词作从句“who ______ (trap)”的谓语动词，结合主句的谓语动词“sent”可知，主句用一般过去时，定语从句的动作和主句动作同时发生，因此从句也要用一般过去时；从句主语“who”的先行词是“those(指代人，复数)”，与动词“trap”之间为被动关系，因此要用一般过去时被动语态，即，“were + 过去分词”。故填were trapped。 19．Her school class (task) with finding ways to save water two weeks ago. 【答案】was tasked 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：两周前，她所在的班级被要求寻找节约用水的方法。空处为句子谓语动词，two weeks ago提示句子应用一般过去时，主语her school class和task“派给……任务”之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语强调整体，为单数概念，助动词用was。故填was tasked。 20．Our computers (attack) by a virus, so the engineer had to disable all of them.(用所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】were attacked 【详解】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：我们的电脑遭到了病毒攻击，所以工程师不得不停用所有电脑。分析句子结构可知，此空考查谓语动词，主语Our computers和动词attack是被动关系，且后文had to 为一般过去时，此处需用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数形式。故填were attacked。 21．The old temple (restore) several times in the past decade, and it now looks as magnificent as it did when first built. 【答案】has been restored 【详解】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：这座古老的寺庙在过去十年里被修复了好几次，现在看起来和最初建造时一样宏伟。主语The old temple与restore是被动关系，结合时间状语in the past decade，需用现在完成时的被动语态（has/have been done），主语为单数，故填has been restored。 22．Many new records (set) in the last volymathics area match since it started. 【答案】have been set 【详解】考查时态语态及主谓一致。句意：自从这项比赛开始以来，在过去的volymathics比赛中多项纪录都已经被刷新。所给动词set在句子中作谓语，根据since引导的时间状语从句使用了一般过去时，主句应使用现在完成时；主语 Many new records与set 是被动关系，且主语为复数，助动词have应使用复数。故填 have been set。 23．A lot of new functions (add) to this app since it was last updated. 【答案】have been added 【详解】考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：自从上次更新以来，这个应用程序已经添加了很多新功能。add(增加；增添)是主句谓语动词，与主语“A lot of new functions”之间是被动关系，结合时间状语“since it was last updated”可知，此处表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作，应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是复数形式，助动词用have，add的过去分词是added。故填have been added。 24．The old bridge (build) for over two years and it will be put into use next month. 【答案】has been built 【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：这座旧桥已经建造了两年多，将于下个月投入使用。build(建造)作谓语，与主语bridge之间是被动关系，根据时间状语“for over two years”可知，描述过去持续到现在的行为，用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是单数名词，谓语用单数形式。故填has been built。 25．This kind of machine (use) in many factories since it was invented. 【答案】has been used 【详解】考查现在完成时的被动语态和主谓一致。句意：这种机器自从发明以来已在许多工厂得到使用。根据“since it was invented”可知，此处应用现在完成时，动词use意为“使用”，和主语构成被动关系，主语为第三人称单数形式。故填has been used。 26．We will go for a picnic, but when and where (decide) yet. 【答案】hasn’t been decided 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：我们要去野餐，但什么时候以及在哪还没有定下来。空处为句子谓语动词，结合yet可知，句子应用现在完成时的否定形式，主语when and where与decide是被动关系，因此用现在完成时的被动语态，主语为单数意义，助动词用has。故填hasn’t been decided。 27．Quantities of time (waste) on computer games in the past five months. 【答案】have been wasted 【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的五个月里，大量的时间被浪费在电脑游戏上。根据时间状语in the past five months可知，句子需用现在完成时态，主语quantities of time和waste之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；quantities of+不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词需用复数，所以此处谓语动词需用have been wasted。故填have been wasted。 28．It is said that since January, goods with dragon-themed elements, such as daily necessities, alcohol and gold jewelry, (prefer) by consumers. 【答案】have been preferred 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：据说，自1月份以来，带有龙主题要素的商品，如日用品、酒、珠宝等，一直受到消费者的青睐。空处为从句谓语动词，根据时间状语“since January”可知，此处使用现在完成时，主语“goods with dragon-themed elements ”和prefer为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语为复数名词，助动词使用have。故填have been preferred。 29． There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity (give) financial support to roll it out countrywide. 【答案】has been given 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：现在东北部的20家养老院里有700名老人在照顾母鸡，该慈善机构已经得到财政支持，将在全国范围内推广这一项目。空处为并列句的谓语动词，结合语境，此处强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时，主语the charity和动词give之间是动宾关系，需用现在完成时的被动语态，其结构为：have/has been done，主语the charity是单数，助动词需用has。故填has been given。 30．Up until now, all the old machines (replace) with new ones. 【答案】have been replaced 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：直到现在，所有的旧机器都被更换成新的了。根据时间状语up until now可知，应用现在完成时，主语all the old machines与动词replace之间是被动关系，所以使用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是复数，助动词使用have。故填have been replaced。 二、完成句子 31．The class made up of ten boys and fifteen girls. 这个班级由10个男孩和15个女孩组成。 【答案】is 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。对比中英文可知，空处需和made up of搭配，表示“由……组成”，应用动词短语be made up of，句子应该是描述当前的情况，时态宜用一般现在时，主语The class“这个班级”视作整体，为单数意义，be动词应用is。故填is。 32． very well taken care of in our city. 在我们的城市，老年人被照顾得很好。 【答案】 The old are 【详解】考查固定短语和主谓一致。“老人”可使用the old表达，“the+形容词”表示一类人，句子描述现在的事实情况，结合taken care of可知，使用一般现在时的被动语态，主语表示复数意义，be动词使用are，故填The old are。 33．We by the news. 我们被这个消息震惊了。 【答案】 are shocked 【详解】考查一般现在时的被动语态。“被……震惊”表达为be shocked by。句子描述的是现在的状态或客观情况，用一般现在时，主语We是复数，be动词用are。故填are shocked。 34．She is    an excellent teacher. 她被公认为是一位优秀的教师。 【答案】 recognized/regarded/acknowledged as 【详解】考查被动语态和介词搭配。“被公认为是”可对应be recognized/regarded/acknowledged as，此处用被动形式体现“她”是“被认可”的对象，故答案为：①recognized/regarded/acknowledged；②as。 35．The road originally by the Romans. 这条路最初是由罗马人修建的。 【答案】 was built 【详解】考查动词时态语态。根据汉语提示“是由……修建的”、“修建”build与主语road是被动关系，且此处陈述过去的事情，故为一般过去时的被动语态，主语是第三人称单数，谓语用单数形式。故填①was；②built。 36．I at last. 最后我当选了。 【答案】 got elected 【详解】考查时态和语态。表示“当选”应用get elected，get为系动词。根据at last可知这里是过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。故填got；elected。 37．我买那台二手电视时被销售员骗了。 I by the salesman when I bought that second-hand television set. 【答案】 was taken in 【详解】考查固定短语及被动语态。根据句意，此处表示“欺骗”为固定短语take in，与主语之间为被动关系，结合“when I bought that second-hand television set”可知，此处用一般过去时，所以此处使用一般过去时的被动语态，其结构为“was/were done”，主语I为第一人称，be动词用was。故填①was②taken③in 。 38．It that sorting out your desk can improve your learning and working efficiency. 已被证明，整理你的桌子可以提高你的学习和工作效率。 【答案】 has been proved 【详解】考查动词时态语态。表示“证明”可知，空处应用动词prove，在句中作谓语动词。结合汉语提示“已被证明”可知，此处使用现在完成时的被动语态，表示“过去发生的事情对现在产生影响”，it作形式主语，助动词用has。故填①has②been③proved。 39．这些古老的传统已经被村民们世代守护照看。 The old traditions by the villagers for generations. 【答案】 have been watched over 【详解】考查谓语动词和固定短语。根据英汉意思对比可知，此处应填“已经照看”，“照看”用动词短语watch over，“已经”应用现在完成时，基本结构为have/has done，又因主语The old traditions为复数名词，且与watch over构成被动关系，此处应用现在完成时的被动语态。故填①have ②been ③watched ④over。 40．这位病人已经被治愈了。 The patient his illness. 【答案】 has been cured of 【详解】考查动词短语、时态和语态。“治愈某人(的病)”用动词短语cure sb. of...，在句中作谓语，与主语The patient之间是被动关系，且“已经被治愈”强调对现在的影响，应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是单数名词，助动词用has。故填has；been；cured；of。 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高一上·上海·月考）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks use one word that best fits. Apple Rolls Out Thinner iPhone, Higher Price Apple has rolled out its next generation of iPhones, including a thin model called the iPhone Air, as well as a price increase for one of its more expensive models. All four new iPhone 17 models will have better cameras and longer-lasting batteries than last year’s models. The front camera will also have an option called “Center Stage” 1 will take advantage of a wider field of view, and a new sensor allowing users to take landscape photos 2 having to turn the phone. All iPhone 17s will have at least 256 gigabytes of storage, 3 (double) the minimum amount from the last generation. “We 4 (raise) the bar again,” Apple CEO Tim Cook said in front of a crowd on the company’s campus in Cupertino, California, on September 9. The iPhone Air will start at $1,000—the price of last year’s iPhone 16 Pro. However, Apple will charge $1,100 for the iPhone 17 Pro, 5 increase of $100 from previous versions of that model. The starting price for the basic iPhone 17 will be unchanged at $800, and the iPhone 17 Pro Max will also be unchanged at $1,200. All four models will be in stores on September 19. The new phones 6 (expect) to be made in Apple’s factories in China and India. However, US President Donald Trump has insisted that iPhones 7 (make) in the US. Cook has tried to placate (安抚) Trump by promising that Apple 8 (invest) $500 billion in the US over the next four years. He added another $100 billion to that promise last month, and also gifted Trump a plaque with a 24-karat gold base. However, iPhones 9 (bring) into the US will still face Trump’s tariffs of about 25%. 10 some experts had expected Apple to raise prices due to the tariffs, it seems the company will continue to keep most of the same prices it has used for its newest iPhones in recent years. 【答案】 1．which 2．without 3．doubling 4．have raised 5．an 6．are expected 7．(should) be made 8．will invest 9．brought 10．Although/Though/While 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章围绕苹果公司发布新一代iPhone展开，介绍了新iPhone在配置上的提升，各型号价格变化，生产地相关情况以及美国关税对其价格的影响等内容。 1．考查定语从句。句意：前置摄像头还将有一个名为“居中舞台”的选项，它将利用更宽的视野范围以及一个新传感器，让用户无需转动手机就能拍摄风景照片。 “____1____ will take advantage of a wider field of view”为定语从句，先行词为“an option called “Center Stage””，指物，在从句中作主语，所以需用关系代词which来引导该定语从句，使句子结构完整，逻辑清晰。故填which。 2．考查介词。句意：前置摄像头还将有一个名为“居中舞台”的选项，它将利用更宽的视野范围以及一个新传感器，让用户无需转动手机就能拍摄风景照片。根据语境，这里表达的是一种否定的条件，即“不”需要转动手机，所以用介词without，它表示“没有；无”的意思，符合上下文逻辑。故填without。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：所有iPhone 17至少将拥有256GB的存储空间，是上一代最低存储量的两倍。句中已有谓语动词“will have”，此空应用非谓语动词形式。“All iPhone 17s will have at least 256 gigabytes of storage”这一情况导致了“double the minimum amount from the last generation”这个结果，且两者是主动关系，所以用现在分词doubling作结果状语，表明伴随前面动作发生所产生的结果。故填doubling。 4．考查动词时态。句意：“我们再次提高了标准，”苹果首席执行官蒂姆·库克9月9日在位于加利福尼亚州库比蒂诺的公司园区对人群说道。结合语境，这里强调苹果公司推出新产品这一行为对现在造成的影响，即已经提升了标准，所以要用现在完成时。现在完成时的结构是“have/has +过去分词”，主语“We”是复数，所以用have raised。故填have raised。 5．考查冠词。句意：然而，苹果公司将对iPhone 17 Pro收取1100美元，比该型号的 以前的版本增加了100美元。“an increase of...”是固定表达，意为“……的增长”，increase在这里表示“增长额”，是可数名词，且其发音以元音音素开头，所以要用不定冠词an。故填an。 6．考查动词时态和语态。句意：新款手机预计将在中国和印度的苹果工厂生产。句子描述的是一般的、普遍被预期的情况，所以用一般现在时。同时，“The new phones”和“expect”之间是被动关系，即“新款手机被预期”，一般现在时被动语态的结构是“am/is/are +过去分词”，主语是复数，所以用are expected。故填are expected。 7．考查虚拟语气。句意：然而，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普坚称iPhone应该在美国生产。当insist表示“坚持要求”时，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，其结构为“(should)+动词原形”。“iPhones”和“make”之间是被动关系，所以用(should) be made，should可以省略。故填(should) be made。 8．考查动词时态。句意：库克试图安抚特朗普，承诺苹果公司将在未来四年内在美国投资5000亿美元。根据时间状语“over the next four years（在接下来的四年里）”可知，这里表示将来要发生的动作，所以要用一般将来时，其结构为“will +动词原形”，所以填will invest。故填will invest。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，被带入美国的iPhone仍将面临特朗普征收的约25%的关税。句中已有谓语动词“will face”，此空应用非谓语动词。“iPhones”和“bring”之间是被动关系，即“iPhone被带入美国”，所以用过去分词brought作后置定语，修饰“iPhones”，表示被动和完成的动作。故填brought。 10．考查连词。句意：尽管一些专家曾预计苹果会因关税提高价格，但该公司似乎将继续保持近年来其最新款iPhone的大部分相同价格。根据前后句的逻辑关系，“一些专家预计苹果提价”和“苹果公司保持价格不变”之间存在转折关系，所以用Although/Though/While引导让步状语从句，它们都有“尽管”的意思，符合语境。首字母大写。故填Although/Though/While。 （24-25高一下·上海杨浦·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. SpaceX’s Starship sees the company get closer to its reusable rocket dream On Oct 13, 2024, the US-based space tech company SpaceX successfully completed its fifth test flight of Starship, a powerful rocket, in Texas, US. This brought the company one step closer to its goal of creating reusable rockets, reported AFP. The giant rocket is 12-meter-tall and it 1 (consist) of two parts, the Starship spacecraft at the top and the Super Heavy rocket 2 (attach) below. Around seven minutes after launch, the two separated about 70 kilometers above the ground. The rocket’s booster flew back and gradually adjusted 3 into a standing position. Then, it began to fall, as two large mechanical arms extended from the launch tower. Like a pair of chopsticks, they “caught” the 71-meter-tall booster and brought it down to a gentle stop. Later on, the spacecraft landed in the Indian Ocean as planned. SpaceX said on its website that its engineers “spent years preparing and months testing for the booster catch attempt”. During the test, teams kept checking to ensure both the booster and the tower fit “thousands” of standards 4 any attempt to return the booster was made. Had the conditions not been satisfied, it would have been redirected for a splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, as in previous tests. SpaceX was founded in 2002 with the ultimate goal of helping humans settle on the moon, Mars and beyond. The company has grown rapidly into a leader in the space industry thanks to its strategy of “fail fast, learn fast”. The Starship’s first few test flights failed due to problems 5 explosions or a loss of contact. SpaceX sees failures as opportunities to gather data and speed up the creation of better systems than its competitors, 6 differs from the traditional approach of identifying and planning for potential problems before a launch, 7 practiced by organizations like NASA, which can be 8 (slow), according to The Conversation. For example, NASA’s Space Launch System-the rocket designed to take astronauts to the moon as part of the Artemis program-took over 10 years 9 (develop) before its first launch. Starship represents an advancement over SpaceX’s earlier reusable model, Falcon 9, as Starship’s reusable rockets 10 now have their tanks refilled after a quick check and get ready for the next flight again. “Starship is designed to achieve reflight of its rocket booster ultimately within an hour after liftoff,” Elon Musk said on X. 【答案】 1．consists 2．attached 3．itself 4．before 5．such as 6．which 7．as 8．slower 9．to develop 10．can 【导语】这是一篇说明文，介绍了SpaceX公司Starship项目第五次测试飞行的成功以及SpaceX在可重复使用火箭技术方面的进展。 1．考查一般现在时。句意：这枚巨大的火箭高12米，由两部分组成，顶部是Starship飞船，下面是Super Heavy火箭。consist在句中充当谓语，根据句意，这里描述的是客观事实，需用一般现在时。故填consists。 2．考查过去分词形式作后置定语。句意：这枚巨大的火箭高12米，由两部分组成，顶部是Starship飞船，下面是Super Heavy火箭。句子已经存在谓语consist，所以attach需要转为非谓语动词；它与Super Heavy rocket之间是被动关系，需用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填attached。 3．考查反身代词。句意：火箭的助推器飞回并逐渐调整到直立位置。结合句意，助推器会调整自身状态，直到直立状态，这里考查短语adjust oneself into...，空格中应该填入反身代词itself，代指助推器自身。故填itself。 4．考查连词。句意：在测试过程中，团队一直在检查以确保助推器和发射塔符合“数千条”标准，然后才尝试返回助推器。根据句意，这里表示“在助推器返回前”就应该检查各种标准，故填before。 5．考查介词短语。句意：Starship的前几次测试飞行失败是由于爆炸或失去联系等问题。根据横线后的explosions or a loss of contact判断，这里在举例描述问题是什么，应该使用such as。故填such as。 6．考查定语从句。句意：SpaceX将失败视为收集数据和加速创建比竞争对手更好的系统的机会，这与传统的在发射前识别和规划潜在问题的方法不同，这种方法由像NASA这样的组织实践，可能会比较缓慢，根据The Conversation的报道。这里是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是横线前的句子，关系词在从句中充当主语，应该使用which引导从句。故填which。 7．考查连词。句意：SpaceX将失败视为收集数据和加速创建比竞争对手更好的系统的机会，这与传统的在发射前识别和规划潜在问题的方法不同，这种方法由像NASA这样的组织实践，可能会比较缓慢，根据The Conversation的报道。结合句意，这里表示“正如NASA实践的方法那样”，应该使用as。故填as。 8．考查形容词比较级。句意：SpaceX将失败视为收集数据和加速创建比竞争对手更好的系统的机会，这与传统的在发射前识别和规划潜在问题的方法不同，这种方法由像NASA这样的组织实践，可能会比较缓慢，根据The Conversation的报道。根据句意，表示传统方法是“比较缓慢的”，需用slower。故填slower。 9．考查固定句型。句意：例如，NASA的太空发射系统——作为阿尔忒弥斯计划的一部分，用于将宇航员送往月球的火箭——在首次发射前花了超过10年的时间来开发。这里考查固定句型“take time to do”，意思是“花费……做……”。故填to develop。 10．考查情态动词。句意：Starship代表了SpaceX早期可重复使用模型Falcon 9的进步，因为Starship的可重复使用火箭现在可以在快速检查后重新加油，并准备好再次飞行。根据句意，这里表示Starship现在具备了新的能力，根据句子结构，使用情态动词can和动词原形构成复合谓语。故填can。 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion pounds in 2011 to 1.12 billion pounds in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016. In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 pounds in 2014 to 41 pounds in 2015. Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper — including facial tissue and kitchen roll—to save money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. “These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.” While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper. 1．The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because ______. A．Britons have cut their spending on it B．its prices have gone up over the years C．its quality has seen marked improvement D．Britons have developed the habit of saving 2．What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A．It will expand in time. B．It will remain gray. C．It will experience ups and downs. D．It will recover as population grows. 3．What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper? A．Special offers would promote its sales. B．Consumers are loyal to certain brands. C．Luxurious features add much to the price. D．Consumers have a variety to choose from. 4．What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A．They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B．They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C．They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D．They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国消费者为节省开支减少卫生纸消费的现象，以及卫生纸市场的现状、消费者的选择偏好等相关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives.(研究显示，英国消费者为了省钱，在卫生纸上的开销变少了。节俭的英国消费者会选择Aldi、Lidl等折扣店的便宜产品，而非高端替代品)”可知，卫生纸的市场销售额下降是因为英国人削减了在这方面的开支。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016.(此外，该市场的前景远称不上乐观，预计2016年销售额会进一步下滑至11.1亿英镑)”可知，英国卫生纸市场的未来并不乐观，前景依然黯淡。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.(大多数消费者认为这些额外功能是不必要的，这或许反映出这类产品通常比普通卫生纸更贵——即便在特价促销时也是如此)”可知，Jack Duckett认为卫生纸的奢华附加功能会大幅增加其价格。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality.(尽管消费者在卫生纸上的支出减少了，但至少从理论上来说，他们在卫生纸的质量方面依然很挑剔)”可知，英国人在卫生纸方面对质量是比较讲究的。故选A。 （23-24高二下·四川自贡·月考）Recently, campaigners have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels from the producer to the shop owner. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon mission(排放物). However, the real story is not as simple as that. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown good. Take apples, for example. The local apples the British buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the crop grows well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates more emissions. However, only a few goods are flown to the consumer country, and these are usually high-value, short-lived items which we cannot produce locally. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using natural fertilizers, unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilizers and machinery. Also, a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. Driving a long way to shop for food will neutralize(抵消) any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Furthermore, choosing local over imported food can also badly affect people in developing countries. If they are unable to sell produce overseas, they will have less income. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labeling foods to show they have been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint. And. even if we only buy local food which is currently in season, there are ethical(伦理的) problems. What’s more, our diets would be more limited. 1．Why should the British buy imported apples according to the author? A．It reduces food miles. B．It benefits the local farmers. C．It is less energy-consuming. D．It is less costly and more convenient. 2．What can we infer about the foods transported by air? A．They are grown using oil-based fertilizers. B．They can be mass-produced locally. C．They have a low carbon footprint. D．They fail to have a long shelf life. 3．What does the author think of labeling foods? A．It does not give correct product information. B．It does not tell a full and accurate story. C．It will raise environmental awareness. D．It will help people to shop ethically. 4．What is the purpose of this text? A．To solve a problem. B．To make a prediction. C．To argue against a belief. D．To give practical advice. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要对“鼓励就近购买当地食品”这一主张进行了驳论，即，购买当地食品并不一定是环保的，作者从当地食品需要消耗能量储存，食品的运输方式，以及食品标签等方面进行了反驳论述。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容“The local apples the British buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season.(英国人在冬季或春季购买的当地苹果已经冷藏了几个月，这会消耗大量能源。因此，在春季，从新西兰进口更节能，因为在新西兰，春季是苹果的季节。)”可知，英国人从新西兰进口的苹果是当季的，可以节省冷藏消耗。由此推知，作者认为英国人应该购买进口苹果，因为进口苹果更节能。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段内容“However, only a few goods are flown to the consumer country, and these are usually high-value, short-lived items which we cannot produce locally.(然而，只有少数商品空运到消费国，这些通常是高价值、寿命短的商品，我们无法在当地生产。)”可知，空运的进口商品通常是高价值，寿命短的商品，即，这些商品的保质期短。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint. (但这传达的信息太简单了。很多不同的因素会影响食物的碳足迹。)”可知，作者认为食品标签上的信息内容过于简单，因为，影响碳足迹的因素很多，而标签上没有详细解释。由此推知，在作者看来，食品标签没有讲述完整而准确的信息。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。通读文章内容可知，文章首段“Recently, campaigners have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels from the producer to the shop owner. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon mission. (最近，活动人士鼓励我们购买当地食品。这减少了“食物里程”，即食物从生产者到店主的距离。他们认为食物里程越高，碳排放任务就越多。)”提出了一个主张：鼓励购买当地食品，原因是食物里程越高，碳排放就越多。而在第二段首句则用“However, the real story is not as simple as that.(然而，实际情况并非如此简单。)”对该主张进行了反驳，同时在后文从食物储藏，食物运输，以及食物标签等方面进行了论证。由此可推知，文章的写作目的是进行反驳。故选C项。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $