Unit 2 The things around us-2026-2027学年高中英语语法专项精讲精练必修三（沪教版）

Unit 2 The things around us 语法专项精讲精练 语法概览 ☆同步语法一：时态辨析：现在完成时、一般过去时与过去完成时 ★同步语法二：动词不定式作修饰语 语法精讲精练 一、语法精讲 (一)基本定义 时态是动词用来表示动作或状态发生时间及其与说话时间关系的语法形式。本讲聚焦三大核心 时态： 一般过去时(did):表示过去某一特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在无必然联 系。 现在完成时(have/has done)：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或动 作从过去持续到现在，强调“现在”的关联性。 过去完成时(had done):表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即"过去的 过去”，通常需要一个明确的过去时间参照点。 (二)核心用法与时间状语对比（高考高频考点） 时态 常用时间状语（标志词） 核心含义与使用情 典型例句 境 一般过去时 yesterday,last week,in 1.过去一次性动 He finished his 2010,just now,the 作2.过去习惯性 homework yesterday. l lived in Beijing for other day,once,ago, 动作3.过去状 three years when I when I was young 态，与现在无关 was a child. already,yet,ever, 1.过去动作影响 never,just,recently, 到现在（结果或经 I have already lately,so far,up to now, 验)2.动作从过 seen this movie. 现在完成时 since+时间点，for+时 去持续到现在（可 She has worked 间段，in the past few 能继续)3.强调 here since 2015. years “會经”或“从未” by the time+过去时间， 1.表示在另一个 The train had left before+过去时间，after 过去动作之前已完 when we arrived.He 过去完成时 +过去动作，when+一般 成的动作2.表示 had learned English 过去时主句，until,, 过去某时间点之前 before he went to already,just(过去语境中) 的状态或经历 the US. (三)核心含义区分（三大易混点） ①一般过去时Vs现在完成时：是否强调对现在的影响 一般过去时只陈述过去事实，不涉及现在。 Q例句：I lost my keys yesterday.(昨天丢了，但现在可能找回来了或不关心) 现在完成时强调现在的后果或状态。 ⊙例句：I have lost my keys.(现在还没找到，无法开内) ②现在完成时Vs过去完成时：时间参照点不同 现在完成时以“现在“为参照，动作发生在过去但连接现在。 Q例句：She has written three letters this morning.(说话时仍在上午，动作可能 继续) 过去完成时以"”过去某一时刻“为参照，动作发生在该时刻之前。 Q例句：She had written three letters by 10a.m.yesterday.(昨天l0点前已完 成) ③一般过去时Vs过去完成时：动作先后顺序 一般过去时表示两个独立过去动作，按时间顺序排列。 O例句：He arrived,and then the party started. 过去完成时强调“先发生的动作”先于“后发生的动作”。 ⑦例句：The party had started before he arrived.(先开始，后到达) (四)特殊用法与高频考点 ★现在完成时的时间状语区分 for+时间殷：与现在完成时或一般过去时均可使用，但含义不同： √I have lived here for 10 years.(持续到现在) /I lived here for 10 years.(过去住过，现在已搬走) since+时间点：必须与现在完成时连用（偶尔与过去完成时连用）。 just/already/yet:在英式英语中常与现在完成时连用，美式英语中也可用一般过去 时。 ★过去完成时的“隐形”时间参照 高考常通过上下文暗示“过去的过去”，如： He had never seen such a beautiful sunset before he moved to the coast. By the end of last term,we had learned 2,000 words. ★不规则动词的过去分词拼写（如：go-→gone,see-seen,write→written,take-→taken, break-→proken,begin-→pegun) (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.时间状语与时态匹配 见到yesterday/last year 见到since/for/so far 见到by the time+过去时 2.语境推理：通过前后动作先后判断时态 题干中若有两个过去动作，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。 O例句：She had studied French before she went to Paris. 3.现在完成时与一般过去时的混合考查 当强调“现在的结果”时，用现在完成时；若仅叙述过去事件，用一般过去时。 ⑧例句：I have cleaned the kitchen.(现在干净了)vs I cleaned the kitchen this morning.(强调动作本身) 4.过去完成时的标志词：already,just,ever,never,by,before,until,after用于 过去语境 ⑧例句：He had never been abroad until last year. 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.My brother to the library three times this week,but he hasn't finished his project yet. A.has been B.had been C.went D.was going 2.By the time the police arrived,the thief A.escaped B.was escaping C.had escaped D.has escaped 3.-Where is Tom? -He to the supermarket.He'll be back in 20 minutes. A.goes B.went C.has gone D.had gone 4.l my homework before my mother came back home yesterday. A.have finished B.finished C.was finishing D.had finished 5.The famous writer three books in the past two years. A.wrote B.had written C.has written D.writes 6.She in this city since she graduated from university in 2015 A.lives B.lived C.has lived D.had lived 7.He his keys.He can't find them anywhere. A.loses B.lost C.has lost D.had lost 8.The concert for 10 minutes when we got to the hall. A.started B.has started C.had started D.was starting 9.-1 _you yesterday,but you didn't answer. I'm sorry.I a shower. A.called;was taking B.had called;took C.called;had taken D.have called;took 10.Up to now,the scientist more than 50 papers about climate change A.published B.had published C.has published D.publishes (二)用所给动词的适当形式填空(10小题) 根据句意，用括号内动词的适当形式（一般过去时、现在完成时或过去完成时）填空。 1.l (see)this film three times so far.It's really touching. 2.He (work)as a teacher for five years before he became a writer. 3.They_ (finish)the construction of the bridge last month 4.We (live)in this neighborhood for over ten years,so we know everyone 5.The train (already leave)when she rushed onto the platform. 6.She (never be)abroad until she went to Japan last year. 7.The company (produce)over 10,000 electric cars by the end of 2023. 8.l (lose)my wallet on the bus yesterday.Luckily,a passenger found it. 9.He (write)three novels since 2020,and the latest one is a bestseller. 10.By the time the fire engine arrived,the house (burn)down completely. (三)篇章语法填空（(10小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词的适当形式（有时需考虑主动被动或情态等，但 本题只考时态)。 Last summer,I 1. (visit)a small village in the mountains.It was the first time I 2. (be)to such a remote place.Before the trip,I 3. (read)a lot about the local culture,so I was well-prepared. When I arrived,I 4. (notice)that the villagers 5.(already build) several new houses.They 6.(live)in that area for generations,and they 7. (never see)such a large number of tourists before.During my stay, 8 (make)friends with a local guide who 9. (work)in the tourism industry since 2010.He told me that his family 10. (move)to the village from the city many years ago. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 选择 1.A;2.C;3.C;4.D;5.C;6.C;7.C;8.C;9.A;10.C (二)用所 1.have seen 2.had worked 3.finished 4.have lived 5.had already 给动词的适 left 6.had never been 7.had produced 8.lost 9.has written 当形式填空 10.had burned (三)篇章 1.visited 2.had been 3.had read 4.noticed 5.had already built 语法填空 6.had lived 7.had never seen 8.made 9.had worked 10.had moved 章 语法精讲精练二 (一)基本定义 动词不定式(t0do)是非谓语动词的一种，作修饰语时主要充当定语和状语，用来修饰 名词、代词或整个句子，表达目的、结果、原因、将来、被动等含义。在高考英语语法填 空、短文改错、完形填空中属于高频考点，尤其在非谓语动词辨析和句式转换中常被考 查。 (二)核心用法与位置 动词不定式作修饰语时，位置相对固定，但含义随句法功能不同而变化。以下分作定语和 作状语两大核心功能讲解。 功能 位置 核心含义 典型例句 The meeting to be held tomorrow is 作定语 后置，放 ①表将来（动作尚未发生）②表被动 important.(表将来、被 (修饰名 在被修饰 (与名词构成动宾关系)③修饰抽象 动) 词代词) 词之后 名词(chance,ability,way等) I have a lot of work to do.(表主动，但逻辑主语 是动作执行者) To catch the train,he got up early..(目的) He hurried to the 作状语 ①表目的（最核心）②表结果（常与 可放在句 (修饰动 only连用)③表原因（常接在形容词 station,only to find 首或句尾 the train had left.(结 词/句子) 后)④表程度（修饰too/e nough) 果) I am sorry to hear that.(原因) (三)核心含义区分 1.表将来：不定式作定语时，动作尚未发生，常与所修饰名词构成“被/主动关系”。 例：the bridge to be built next year(将被修建的桥，表将来+被动) 2.表被动/主动：不定式与被修饰名词之间逻辑关系不同，形式可能一致。 主动关系：逻辑主语（句子主语或不定式逻辑主语）执行动作。例：I have a letter to write.(我写，主动) 被动关系：被修饰名词承受动作。例：Here is a letter to be written.(信被 写，被动) 特别考点：当不定式前有there bel时，常用主动表被动。例：There is nothing to worry about.(主动表被动，意为“没什么可担心的") 3.修饰抽象名词：不定式常修饰ability,chance,determination,efot,intention, plan,promise,way等抽象名词，表示具体内容。 例：the ability to solve problems(解决问题的能力) (四)动词不定式作修饰语Vs分词作修饰语（高考必考点） 不定式(todo)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)都可以作定语/状语，但含义差 异显著。 比较项 不定式todo 现在分词doing 过去分词done 时态含 义 将来（动作未发生） 正在进行 已经完成 语态含 主动或被动 主动 被动 义 典型例 the question to be 句（定 discussed next week(下 the falling leaves the fallen leaves (正在飘落的叶子) 语) (已落下的叶子) 周将讨论的问题) 典型例 Seeing the teacher, Given more time, 句（状 She came to help us.(目 he stood up.(时间， I can finish it.(条 的) 语) 主动) 件，被动) (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.不定式作定语时主动表被动（经典考点） 结构：主语+have/there be+名词+todo(此时todo主动形式表示被动意 义，且不定式的逻辑主语是句子主语或泛指人) 例句：I have a lot of homework to do.(不用to be done) 辨析：当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子主语时，需用被动形式。 例：The homework to be done by students is on the desk.(学生是被布置 作业的人，逻辑主语students在by短语中，故用被动) 2.不定式作状语时与only连用表意外结果 例句：He rushed to the airport,only to be told the flight had been cancelled. 3.不定式修饰抽象名词的固定搭配 例：an attempt to escape(逃跑的企图)；a plan to improve (改进的计划) 4.不定式与定语从句的转换 定语从句中的谓语动词含情态或将来语义时，可转换为不定式。 The car that will be repaired tomorrow is mine The car to be repaired tomorrow is mine. 5.不定式在too.to."和“enough to."结构中的含义 例：He is too young to go to school.(结果状语，否定含义) The box is light enough to carry.(结果状语，主动表被动) 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择（10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The only way the problem is to ask the teacher for help. A.to solve B.solving C.solved D.being solved 2.There are still many difficulties before we succeed. A.overcome B.to overcome C.overcoming D.overcome 3.He made a promise to the party on time A.come B.to come C.coming D.came 4.The patient asked the doctor the pain. A.to relieve B.relieve C.relieving D.relieved 5.The water is not clean enough 。 A.to drink B.drinking C.to be drunk D.drunk 6.We hurried to the station,only that the train had already left. A.to tell B.telling C.to be told D.being told 7.The building next year will be used as a library. A.built B.to be built C.building D.having built 8.She is looking for a house A.to live B.to live in C.living D.lived 9.I have nothing_about;everything is fine. A.to worry B.worrying C.worried D.to be worried 10.The teacher gave me a chance the mistake. A.correct B.to correct C.correcting D.corrected (二)用所给词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空（注意考虑不定式或分词形式）。 1.I have a letter (write)to my mother,so I must finish it tonight. 2.The speech (give)tomorrow is about environmental protection. 3.He has no choice but (wait)for the next bus 4.The first thing (do)is to check all the equipment. 5.The problem is too difficult for us(solve). 6.There are many customers (wait)outside the store. 7.The window (break)yesterday has been repaired. 8.She is the only person (know)the truth,so she must keep it secret. (三)篇章语法填空(12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词的正确形式（注意使用不定式、分词或谓语 形式)。 Last summer,I had a chance 1. (visit)a remote village in Yunnan. The villagers were very friendly,and they had a special tradition 2. (welcome)guests.The first thing 3. (do)was to offer us a cup of local tea.I still remember the tea 4. (make)from wild herbs.It tasted unique. During the stay,I learned a skill 5. (weave)bamboo baskets.The instructor,a kind old man,taught us step by step.There were also many bamboo products 6. (sell)at the market.I bought a few 7. (take)home as gifts. However,one day I got lost.I couldn't find the way 8. (return)to the village.Just then,a child appeared,only 9.(lead)me back safely.I was so grateful.Later,I found that the village was a perfect place 10. (escape)from the noisy city life. Before leaving,I made a promise 11. (come)again the next year.The experience taught me a lesson:sometimes the best things in life are the simplest ones 12 (experience). 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.A;2.B;3.B;4.A;5.A;6.C;7.B;8.B;9.A;10.B 选择 (二)用所 给词的适当 1.to write 2.to be given 3.wait 4.to do 5.to solve 6.waiting 7.broken 8.to know 形式填空 (三)篇章 1.to visit 2.to welcome 3.to do 4.made 5.to weave 6.sold 语法填空 7.to take 8.to return 9.to lead;10.to escape 11.to come 12.to experience