易错16 阅读理解细节理解题（3大易错点+易错闯关练）（易错专练）（天津专用）2026高考英语二轮复习讲练测

易错16 阅读理解细节理解题（3大易错点+易错闯关练） 目录 第一部分 易错点剖析........................................................................................................1 易错典题 避错攻略 举一反三 易错01：张冠李戴：信息匹配错位...................................................................................1 易错02：无中生有：用原文词汇编造信息.......................................................................4 易错03：以偏概全：将部分现象概括为整体...................................................................7 第二部分 易错点闯关..........................................................................................................11 易错01：张冠李戴：信息匹配错误 易错典题 【例】（天津2023年3月高考） Maximum working hours *During the semester (学期), domestic students can work a maximum of 10 hours a week; international students can work a maximum of 20 hours a week. *During the summer break, a student may not work more than 30 hours a week. *The total number of hours may not exceed (超过) the maximum hours allowed even if a student has more than one job. Which working arrangement is allowed for a domestic student? A. 40 hours per week during the summer break. B. 20 hours per week during the semester. C. 2 jobs, each with 16 hours per week. D. 3 jobs, each with 2 hours per week. 【答案】D 【解析】根据原文规定，国内学生（domestic student）在学期期间每周最多工作10小时，暑假期间每周不超过30小时，且即使有多份工作，总时数也不得超过上限。选项D“3份工作，每份每周2小时”总时数为6小时/周，无论在学期还是暑假均未超过国内学生的时数限制，因此是被允许的安排。 【错因分析】 A. 暑假期间每周40小时：违反原文“暑假期间学生每周不超过30小时”的规定，属于信息错误。 B. 学期期间每周20小时：将国际学生的时数限制（20小时/周）错误地套用于国内学生，而国内学生学期期间上限为10小时/周，属于典型的张冠李戴。 C. 2份工作，每份每周16小时：总时数32小时/周，无论学期期间（上限10小时）还是暑假（上限30小时）均超出限制，且忽视了“总时数不得超过上限”的规定，属于数字计算错误/忽视总数限制。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 高考阅读理解细节题中，应对“张冠李戴”错误，核心在于精准匹配。 定位：根据题干关键词，快速定位原文相关句。 比对：将选项信息（主语、宾语、动作、时间、地点等）与原文进行逐字比对，尤其关注动作发出者（人物/对象）。 排除：果断排除那些信息虽在文中出现，但被错误地“嫁接”到其他人或事物上的选项。 【干货必记】 核心心法：勤标记，细核对 遇到人名、地名、机构名等关键对象，立即用笔圈出。解题时，紧盯选项中的主语（谁） 和动作（做了什么），回原文逐字比对。 破题三步骤 定位：根据题干关键词，精准找到原文出处。 分解：将选项拆解为“A对象 + B行为 + C信息”的结构。 锁定：只看原文中A对象是否真的做了B行为或拥有C信息。只要主体不符，无论其他部分多么眼熟，都是“张冠李戴”，直接排除。 口诀记牢： 对象动作要匹配， 张冠李戴是陷阱。 回文定位细比对， 只看主体定对错。 通过这种方式，你可以有效避开命题人设置的“信息混搭”陷阱，大幅提升细节题的正确率。 举一反三 1.（2022年北辰月考）The annual City Marathon, held every October, attracts thousands of runners. Last year, the event introduced a new “Green Initiative”: volunteers handed out reusable cups at water stations to reduce plastic waste. The initiative was proposed by the local environmental group “EcoAction” and sponsored by a major sports brand. Meanwhile, the marathon’s medical team, led by Dr. Lee, set up first-aid posts along the route to ensure runners’ safety. What was the role of the medical team in last year’s City Marathon? A. They distributed reusable cups to reduce plastic waste. B. They proposed the Green Initiative for the event. C. They set up first-aid posts along the route for runners’ safety. D. They sponsored the marathon together with a sports brand. 2. （2023年河北区月考） In the mid-1990s, two distinct approaches to urban cycling infrastructure emerged in Europe. Amsterdam focused on building a vast network of completely separated, dedicated bicycle lanes, physically protected from car traffic by curbs or barriers. Their philosophy prioritized absolute safety and convenience for cyclists, even if it meant taking space from roads or sidewalks. The city’s traffic planners, led by Hans van Houten, believed this was the only way to achieve mass cycling adoption. Copenhagen, while also building many cycle tracks, adopted a more integrated approach. Their lanes were often raised but adjacent to the roadway, and they emphasized traffic calming measures and strict liability laws that favored cyclists in accidents. The key architect of this system, Niels Jensen, argued that co-existence and mutual awareness between road users were as important as physical separation. He championed designs that made cyclists highly visible to drivers at intersections. A 2022 study comparing the two models found Amsterdam’s system resulted in fewer cyclist-car collisions, especially among children and the elderly. Copenhagen’s model, however, was praised for higher traffic flow efficiency and lower construction costs. The study concluded that the “best” approach depended heavily on a city’s existing layout and cultural attitudes toward cycling. According to the passage, what was a core belief of Niels Jensen, the key architect of Copenhagen’s cycling system? A. He believed that building completely separate bicycle lanes was the only way to achieve mass cycling adoption. B. He argued that mutual awareness between cyclists and drivers was crucial, alongside physical infrastructure. C. He championed designs that prioritized reducing cyclist-car collisions above all other factors. D. His research proved that an integrated approach leads to fewer accidents than a separated one. 3. （2024年红桥月考） In the early 20th century, two pioneering aviators made remarkable transatlantic flights. Charles Lindbergh became famous for his solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris in 1927, flying the Spirit of St. Louis. His achievement earned him the Orteig Prize. A few years later, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1932, piloting a Lockheed Vega. She was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for this feat. Both flights significantly advanced public interest in aviation. According to the passage, what is true about Amelia Earhart? A. She won the Orteig Prize for her solo nonstop transatlantic flight. B. She was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. C. She received the Distinguished Flying Cross for her 1932 solo flight. D. She flew the Spirit of St. Louis during her historic journey. 易错02：无中生有：用原文词汇编造信息 易错典题 【例】（20-21高三下·天津·开学考试）Sleeping is important, but we all know that, right? Many people have experienced strange sleeping patterns, unusual dreams and a feeling of restlessness and sleepiness during the coronavirus lockdown, despite a good night's sleep. So what sort of things can help you to improve your sleep? 21．Why do some people still feel tired and sleepy in spite of having a good night sleep according to the passage? A．They have slept for too long. B．Their sleeping quality needs improving. C．Their dream should be nice and happy. D．Coronavirus lockdown makes them depressed. 【答案】B 【解析】根据文章第一段，许多人在冠状病毒封锁期间尽管睡了一整夜，但仍感到疲倦和困倦，这是因为他们经历了“奇怪的睡眠模式”和“不寻常的梦境”，这些现象表明他们的睡眠质量存在问题，因此需要改善。选项B（Their sleeping quality needs improving）与此相符。 【错因分析】 A. They have slept for too long.（他们睡得太久了。）文章只提到“a good night's sleep”（睡了一整夜），但并未指出睡眠时间过长。该选项属于无中生有。 C. Their dream should be nice and happy.（他们的梦应该美好快乐。）文章提到“unusual dreams”（不寻常的梦境），但并未对梦的内容提出要求或建议。该选项属于无中生有。 D. Coronavirus lockdown makes them depressed.（冠状病毒封锁使他们抑郁。）文章提到封锁期间出现睡眠问题，但并未提及抑郁情绪，只描述了“restlessness and sleepiness”（不安和困倦）。该选项属于无中生有。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 应对“无中生有”题，关键在于忠于原文。 定位：找到题干关键词的原文出处。 比对：严格核查选项的每个信息点（如原因、结果、数据、比较关系）是否在原文中有直接、明确的依据。 判断：果断排除那些利用原文词汇包装，但整体意思或关键细节在原文中完全找不到支持的选项。切勿主观臆断或添加常识。 【干货必记】 一、核心原则：忠于原文，避免脑补 首先，请记住高考阅读理解的黄金法则——答案必须完全基于原文，尤其是细节题和推断题。无论选项看起来多么“合理”或“符合常识”，只要原文没明确说或无法合理推出，就是“无中生有”。 二、具体识别与排除方法 1. 关键词锁定与精确比对 划出选项关键词：人名、地名、时间、数据、核心动词/形容词。 回原文定位：找到与选项话题对应的原文句子或段落。 逐词比对：特别是： 绝对词：only, all, never, must, everyone——原文是否有同样绝对的表述？ 比较级/最高级：better, best, more…than——原文有比较吗？ 因果关系：because, lead to, result in——原文确有此因果吗？ 程度/范围词：greatly, completely, widely——原文程度是否一致？ 2. 实用解题步骤 读题干，明确任务：是问细节、推断、主旨还是词义？ 扫读选项，预判陷阱：快速浏览选项，圈出可能“编造”的部分。 定位原文，画线标号：找到原文依据处，标上与选项对应的题号。 逐点比对，逻辑验证： 信息点是否全部在原文有对应？ 对应是否精确（尤其是时态、情态动词）？ 结论是否需额外的假设才能成立？ 不确定时，使用排除法：先排除明显错误、过于绝对、与主旨矛盾的选项。 举一反三 1. （25-26高三上·天津河东·月考）The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. What is the book aimed at? A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device. 2. （2021·天津河东·一模）I find that not only my best images, but also my most enjoyable experiences in nature, occur when I have an open mind and follow my intuition (直觉). When I feel drawn to a certain scene, I try to make the scene simple and not include anything that is not relevant. I also try all ways to look for beautiful light. Early morning and the end of the day almost always produce light that results in more pleasing images than those taken under the strong light in the middle of a sunny day. Soft cloudy skies are wonderful for photographing all day, especially in our beautiful forests or for small subjects like wildflowers. Rain, storms, and snow also provide wonderful opportunities for new and different kinds of images. 9．Which of the following is true of the author’s images? A．They are not easy to be produced in soft cloudy skies. B．Sometimes the scenes in them are simple and don’t include irrelevant things. C．If they are wildflowers, the best time to produce them is in the rain. D．If produced at the end of the day, they are more beautiful than in the early morning. 3. （25-26高三上·天津河东·月考）In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods. C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses. 易错03：以偏概全：将部分现象概括为整体 易错典题 【例】（2021年高三上红桥区月考）The “OK” gesture, made by connecting the thumb and forefinger into a circle, is commonly used in the United States to signify approval or agreement. However, its meaning varies dramatically across cultures. During his research trip to Brazil, anthropologist Dr. Evans observed that this same gesture was frequently used among friends in casual settings to mean “perfect” or “excellent.” In contrast, he noted that in France, it could sometimes be interpreted as meaning “zero” or “worthless,” particularly in a negotiation context. Most notably, his interviews in Greece and Turkey revealed that presenting the gesture with the palm facing outward is considered a severe insult, related to an offensive suggestion. Dr. Evans concludes that while the gesture is neutral or positive in some regions, its interpretation is deeply cultural and context-dependent. He warns international travelers and business people against using it freely without local knowledge. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about the “OK” gesture? A. It is universally understood as a sign of agreement. B. In Brazil, it is only used in formal business meetings. C. In all European countries, it carries a negative meaning. D. Its meaning can vary significantly depending on the culture and situation. 【答案】D 【解析】 选项D是对原文中心思想的准确概括。原文明确指出“its meaning varies dramatically across cultures”（其含义在不同文化间差异巨大），并举例说明了在不同国家（美国、巴西、法国、希腊、土耳其）的不同含义，最后总结“its interpretation is deeply cultural and context-dependent”（对其的理解深深依赖于文化和语境）。因此，D项“其含义可因文化和情境不同而有显著差异”是正确的。 【错因分析】 A. 原文以美国为例，说明该手势表示赞同。但选项使用了 “universally”（普遍地）这一绝对化词语，试图将 “在美国的部分含义” 概括为 “全世界的普遍理解” 。这与文中列举的巴西（表示完美）、法国（可能表示零）、希腊和土耳其（可能是侮辱）等多种不同含义直接矛盾。以偏概全。将文中一个地区的特定情况（美国表示同意），扩大为全球的普遍规律。 B. 错误分析：原文提到在巴西，“this same gesture was frequently used among friends in casual settings”（该手势常见于朋友间的随意场合）。选项中的 “only...in formal business meetings”（只用于正式商务会议）完全歪曲了原文信息。原文描述的是非正式的、朋友间的场景，选项将其错误地概括为唯一的、正式的用途。以偏概全，将原文中提到的 “一种使用场景”（ casual settings），错误地概括并限制为 “唯一的应用场景”（only formal meetings），同时忽略了原文明确的描述对象（among friends）。 C. 错误分析：原文以法国为例，说明该手势“有时”可能表示“零”或“无价值”。但选项使用了 “all European countries”（所有欧洲国家）和 “carries a negative meaning”（具有负面含义）这样的绝对化表述。首先，文中只提到了法国一个欧洲国家的情况，无法代表全部。其次，即使在法国，原文也用了“could sometimes be interpreted as”（有时可能被理解为），并非总是负面。选项将 “一个国家的部分情况” 概括为 “整个大陆的普遍且确定的属性” 。以偏概全，这是最典型的形式：将个别例子（法国的可能情况）无限放大为整体属性（所有欧洲国家的确定情况）。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 应对“以偏概全”，关键在于精准把握范围。 定位：找到原文对应细节，注意其限定词（如some, a few）。 比对：警惕选项中的绝对化词汇（如all, every, completely），核查是否将原文的“部分”或“特定情况”夸大为“整体”或“普遍现象”。 判断：忠于原文，排除任何扩大范围或过度概括的选项。 【干货必记】 以偏概全是命题人巧妙设置的“范围陷阱”。选项信息本身在原文中有依据，但它将原文中部分、个别、特定范围的情况，偷偷放大为整体、普遍、全局的结论。 第一步：精读题干，定位原文 根据题目要求，快速找到原文中对应的关键句。 第二步：圈定范围，对比核查 仔细对比选项与原文，重点关注以下两点： 选项是否使用了绝对化表述？ 警惕这些词：all, every, any, only, must, never, always, completely, the most, the best, entirely, absolutely, 以及各种最高级。 选项的主语/范围是否被偷偷放大？ 原文是：some students (部分学生) -> 选项变成：all students (所有学生) 原文是：in some cases (在某些情况下) -> 选项变成：in all cases (在所有情况下) 原文是：A is effective (A有效) -> 选项变成：A is the only effective way (A是唯一有效的方法) 第三步：忠于原文，果断排除 只要发现选项的范围、程度或主体被夸大，与原文描述不符，就要果断将其视为“以偏概全”而排除。正确选项的表述在范围和程度上必须与原文完全吻合。 两大经典“以偏概全”陷阱 部分变全部 原文：Some/Many/A few...（一些/许多/少数...） 陷阱选项：All/Every...（所有/每一个...） 判断：部分不能代表整体，果断排除。 可能变必然 原文：may/could/is likely to/can（可能/也许会） 陷阱选项：must/will/is certain to（必须/必将/肯定） 判断：可能性不能等同于必然性，果断排除。 举一反三 1.（2021·天津·高考真题）Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 2. （2022年高三上北辰区月考）A recent study published in the journal Animal Cognition has shed new light on the problem-solving abilities of crows. Researchers at the University of Cambridge designed an experiment where food was placed inside a transparent tube, out of reach of the birds’ beaks. Among the group of eight crows tested, three individual crows were observed successfully using a provided stick tool to push the food out. This behavior was not instinctual; the crows appeared to assess the situation and deliberately choose the tool. Dr. Helen Murray, the lead researcher, noted, “In our controlled setting, these crows demonstrated a level of causal understanding that is quite sophisticated.” However, she was cautious about overgeneralizing, adding, “Our findings suggest that some corvids possess this capacity, but it doesn’t mean all crows in all contexts will show it. Much depends on individual experience and environmental factors.” The study recommends further observation in wilder habitats to understand how commonly this tool use occurs outside the laboratory. What is a key finding of the Cambridge study on crows, according to the passage? A. The experiment conclusively proves that all crows are capable of using tools in the wild. B. Researchers confirmed that the ability to use tools is a universal instinct among corvids. C. In the study, some crows demonstrated the ability to use a tool to solve a specific problem. D. The study’s primary conclusion is that crows understand complex concepts better than other birds. 3. （2020·天津·高考真题）Vinnie’s face turned red. She realized she looked like a child, with her tiny figure. “Small does not mean weak, sir,” she defended herself. “I was born in the country of Wisconsin. I’ve driven teams of horses and carried water. Making a full-length clay(粘土) figure would not exhaust my strength-and that is what I intend to do!” Vinnie confirmed her ability to make a full-length statue by highlighting ______. A．her experience from other projects B．her innocent childhood in the country C．the heavy labor she had done before D．the skill she picked up in Wisconsin 1. （2026·天津南开·三模） I used to believe that only words could catch the essence of the human soul. The literary works contained such distinct stories that they shaped the way we saw the world. Words were what composed the questions we sought to uncover and the answers to those questions themselves. Words were everything. That belief changed. In an ordinary math class, my teacher posed a simple question: What’s 0.99 rounded to the nearest whole number? Easy. When rounded to the nearest whole number, 0.99=1. Somehow, I thought even though 0.99 is only 0.01 away from 1, there’s still a 0.01 difference. That means even if two things are only a little different, they are still different, so doesn’t that make them completely different? My teacher answered my question by presenting another equation: 1=0.9, which could also be expressed as 1=0.99999... repeating itself without ever ending. There was something mysterious but attractive about the equation. The left side was unchangeable, objective: it contained a number that ended. On the right was something endless. number repeating itself limitless times. Yet, somehow, these two opposed things were connected by an equal sign. Lying in bed, I thought about how much the equation mirrored our existence. The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future. So that’s what life is. Objective but imaginative. Unchangeable but limitless. Life is an equation with two sides that balances itself out. Still, we can’t ever truly seem to put the perfect words to it. So possibly numbers can express ideas as equally well as words can. For now, let’s leave it at that: 1=0.99999... and live a life like it. 1．What does the author emphasize about words in paragraph 1? A．Their wide variety. B．Their literary origins. C．Their unique composition D．Their expressive power. 2．What made the author find the equation attractive? A．The repetition of the number. B．The difference between the two numbers. C．The question the teacher raised. D．The way two different numbers are equal. 3．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “mirrored” in paragraph 6? A．Measured. B．Paralleled. C．Composed. D．Influenced. 4．In what way does the author map mathematical concepts onto life? A．Life is fully expressible only through words. B．Life is a predictable and controllable journey. C．Life is a balance between certainty and possibilities. D．Life can be reduced to a simple numerical calculation. 5．What does the author want to get across in the last paragraph? A．Life is never perfect and it’s unwise to accept it as it is. B．Imperfections and infinite possibilities are what life really is. C．Language and number can equally express the meaning of life. D．Human beings have the power to perfectly define life with words. 2.（25-26高三上·天津河北·期末） Picture this: you are typing on a screen, and a smart app instantly proposes a “perfect” word. It feels like magic, doesn’t it? But let’s travel back to the days before computers. Writing then was a physical adventure. To find a word, our parents had to lift a heavy dictionary -sometimes a real workout! They flipped through pages and hunted for meanings like detectives. They didn’t just choose an option, but made a discovery. With such digital “magic” at our fingertips today, are those physical books now obsolete? Why keep a dusty dictionary when an AI can rewrite our sentences in milliseconds? The answer lies in the distinction between convenience and autonomy. Dictionaries are not just lists of definitions; they are training grounds for our brains. Rather than providing fail-safe shortcuts, they equip us with the knowledge to shape language creatively. In doing so, they place the power of choice firmly in our own hands. Consider the popular writing apps we use. They promise to make our writing “smooth” and “efficient”. However, this efficiency carries a hidden price. When we depend entirely on these automated aids, we risk losing our own voice. The British writer George Orwell once warned that using ready-made phrases is akin to letting someone else “construct your sentences for you-even think your thoughts for you.” Today, that “someone else’’ is an algorithm (算法). If we always click “accept’’ on a suggestion, are we really writing, or are we just assembling parts chosen by a computer? This echoes Orwell’s belief that “the worst thing one can do with words is to surrender to them.” Furthermore, there is a profound value in the “inefficient” method. Digital tools are engineered for precision: you ask for a word, and it delivers the exact answer. Conversely, a physical dictionary offers the joy of discovery — the chance to encounter words you weren’t looking for. While searching for “rain”, you might encounter “rainbow” or “rainforest’’. These unanticipated encounters expand our cognitive (认知的) horizons in ways a direct search never could. One method is efficient and the other is inspiring. As digital writing becomes common in our lives, we need dictionaries more than ever. If we abandon them in favour of automated tools, we risk losing the ability to express ourselves clearly and originally. We need these physical books on our shelves-to browse, to learn from, and to be inspired by. Without this drive for lifelong learning, we are left with the ultimate question: Why write at all? 6．What can be inferred about finding words in the past from Paragraph 1? A．It required more strength than patience. B．It was an active process of discovery. C．It served to identify writing errors. D．It was a boring and heavy burden. 7．Why does the author consider physical dictionaries to be “training grounds”? A．They encourage us to use language creatively. B．They offer shortcuts to rewriting sentences. C．They force users to memorise definitions. D．They provide fail-safe lists for writing. 8．The author quotes George Orwell in Paragraph 3 to ________. A．explain the logic of computer algorithms B．prove the accuracy of automated writing. C．stress the value of independent thinking D．further the use of ready-made phrases. 9．What benefit does the “inefficient” method offer in Paragraph 4? A．It ensures precise and instant answers. B．It broadens minds through chance finds. C．It improves the efficiency of digital tools. D．It focuses on searching for specific terms. 10．By asking “Why write at all?” at the end, the author implies that ________. A．physical books serve as training grounds for our brains B．automated aids surrender our ability to think clearly C．true expression demands effort and original thought D．digital aids have liberated writers from boring work 3.（25-26高三上·天津滨海新·月考） As a child. I never considered myself an athlete at all as I was very uncoordinated (不协调的). However, I did love to run because I felt as if I was flying, but this all changed two years ago when I suffered a knee injury. I was bedridden for two weeks and I had a difficult time moving even short distances. I literally cried myself on my way to the car for a few days. When therapy wasn’t working well for me, I signed up for a hot yoga class for girls, Bikram Yoga to be exact. Starting a yoga practice was truly a godsend because it helped me gain strength in my knees but, most importantly, yoga helped me attain a more peaceful state of mind, body and spirit. Since each class was heated to 105 F, every time I set foot in the yoga studio, I’d feel a surge (涌起) of negative thoughts come upon me like a big ocean wave. Some of these thoughts were, in the beginning of my practice, so strong that I walked out of the class several times, However, as the months passed by, I noticed that when I didn’t get swayed away by my negative thoughts, I could stay in the hot room for longer. After 3-4 months of practicing hot yoga, my arms and legs were beginning to get definition. I also woke up with so much more energy than I had before starting my yoga practice and I gradually started shedding the pounds from my body. Yoga literally made me feel as if I’d taken a shot of energy drink and just gave me that burst that helped my knees heal and made my overall health better. As I saw some of my classmates do poses that looked appealing to me, I started to think maybe I could do them too. Therefore, yoga helped show me that I have no real limitations physically unless I set those limitations myself through eating junk and thinking in negative limiting terms. Also, practicing yoga in front of a mirror helped me connect with myself and practicing with a group of people really helped me to feel a greater sense of connection with humanity whereas before I didn’t. Overall, this yoga practice has helped me to see I’m part of a bigger picture in life! 11．What once depressed the author terribly? A．Her inability to walk B．Her being uncoordinated. C．Her failure to find her car. D．Her serious physical disease. 12．What was the effect of yoga classes on the author’s mind? A．She got emotionally smarter. B．She felt limited but hopeful. C．She became mentally stronger. D．She accepted herself as she was. 13．What difficulty did the author meet while attending each yoga class? A．The temperature was difficult to control in yoga class. B．She couldn’t bear the pain the knee injury brought. C．She was greatly influenced by negative thoughts. D．Lack of confidence prevented the author doing yoga. 14．What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 4? A．She did better than her classmates at school. B．Her physical state has acquired a new outlook. C．She has developed many healthy eating habits. D．Her social circle was widened in the yoga classes. 15．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To call on readers to sign up for yoga courses. B．To present the benefits of practicing yoga regularly. C．To show readers the necessary skills needed to do yoga. D．To share with readers her experience in taking yoga classes. 4.（25-26高三上·天津红桥·月考） In a groundbreaking new study, researchers discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. Nanoplastics are just 1/1000th the width of an average human hair — so tiny that experts say they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells. One liter of water — equal to two standard- size bottled waters — contained an average of 240,000 plastic particles (粒子) from seven types of plastics, of which 90% were identified as nanoplastics and the rest were microplastics, according to the new study. Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5 millimeters) down to 1/20000th of an inch (1 micrometer) . Anything smaller is a nanoplastic that must be measured in billionths of a meter. In the new study, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers from Columbia University presented a new technology that can see, count and analyze the chemical structure of nanoparticles in bottled water. Instead of 300 per liter, the team behind the latest study found the actual number of plastic bits in three popular brands of water sold in the United States to be in between 110,000 and 370,000, not higher. “The innovative techniques presented in the study open the door for further research to better understand the potential risks to human health.” said Jane Houlihan, research director for Healthy Babies, Bright Futures — a nonprofit committed to reducing babies’ exposures to neurotoxic (毒害神经的) chemicals, who was not involved in the study. “Infants and young children may face the greatest risks, as their developing brains and bodies are often more vulnerable to impacts from toxic exposures.” said Houlihan in an email. Nanoplastics are the most worrisome type of plastic pollution for human health, experts say. That’s because the particles can invade individual cells and tissues in major organs, potentially interrupting cellular processes and depositing harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS, and heavy metals. There are things people can do to reduce their exposure to plastics, said Houlihan. “We can avoid consuming foods and drinks in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabrics and buy consumer products made from natural materials,” Houlihan said. “We can simply assess the plastic in our daily lives and find alternatives whenever possible.” 16．Where can nanoplastics be found in our body? A．The blood. B．The lung. C．The stomach. D．Almost everywhere. 17．What are the differences between nanoplastics and microplastics? A．Nanoplastics are harmful, while microplastics aren’t. B．Nanoplastics exist in bottled water, while microplastics don’t. C．Nanoplastics can migrate through certain tissues, while microplastics can’t. D．Nanoplastics are relatively bigger, while microplastics are much smaller. 18．Why is Jane Houlihan’s statement mentioned in paragraph 7? A．To add more background information for the new study. B．To provide evidence for the discussion of plastic hazard. C．To provide an objective evaluation of the new study. D．To encourage readers to focus on the new study. 19．What is the meaning of the underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 8? A．Fragile. B．Optimistic. C．Emotional. D．Ignorant. 20．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Nanoplastics: A Newly Discovered Plastic Type B．Bottled Water: High Levels of Nanoplastics and Their Health Risks C．How to Reduce Exposure to Plastics in Daily Life D．The Difference Between Nanoplastics and Microplastics 5.（20-21高三上·天津南开·月考） US Open Championships The US Open has been in existence for more than 130 years. The first tournament was held in 1881 at the Newport Casino. It was called the US National Singles Championship. Entry was limited to only those clubs which were members of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association, and the competitors were all male, competing in both singles and doubles. Richard Sears won the men's championship and he went on to win the next six men's singles championships. The Wimbledon In 1875, the All England Croquet Club was troubled financially due to declining membership. A new sport called lawn tennis was gaining fast in popularity and taking away the members. Two years later, a new roller was needed for maintaining its lawns so the club proposed to hold a tournament to raise money. Twenty-two players entered that first Wimbledon tournament which was won by Spencer Gore in straight sets over W. C． Marshall. Two hundred spectators each paid a shilling to watch the final game, enabling the club to buy the needed roller plus some extra cash. The French Open The very first French Championship was way back in 1891, and the tournament has since grown into one of the four tennis Grand Slam tournaments we know today. The first competition was a one-day national championship which was won by a British. The competition was poorly attended by world class players. It took 24 years before it became fully international and an accepted tennis grand slam event. After the First World War, French tennis was achieving stature. Suzanne Lenglen was the predominant French player, winning the championships six times between 1920 and 1926. The Australian Open The very first tennis tournament ever played in Australia was held in January 1880, on the courts of the Melbourne Cricket Club. In 1905, the Australian Open was established as the Australasian Tennis Championship and was played at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne. It became the Australian Championship in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969. Women's events were added in 1922. 11．Which of the following statements about the first U.S. Open is right? A．It has a history of 130 years. B．Only men were allowed to play in the game. C．Richard Sears won six championships. D．It has remained about the same through all these years. 12．The purpose of the first Wimbledon tournament was to________. A．raise some fund for a lawn roller B．attract more people to play tennis C．attract more audience to watch the game D．celebrate the renaming of the club 13．According to what is said about the first French Open,________. A．the tournament has been played in the same place all these years B．twenty-two players played in the first tournament C．few good tennis players took part in the first French Championship D．the players played in singles and doubles in the tournament 14．What is common about the four international tournaments is that________. A．they were all born in the same year B．they all had only male players in the first tournament C．they have all experienced financial difficulties D．they all have had a history of 130 years or more 15．The passage mainly tells us________. A．how the four international tennis tournaments came into being B．how long it took for women to have the right to play in the game C．how the four international tennis tournaments get their present names D．why the tennis tournaments are held in these four countries 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 易错16 阅读理解细节理解题（3大易错点+易错闯关练） 目录 第一部分 易错点剖析........................................................................................................1 易错典题 避错攻略 举一反三 易错01：张冠李戴：信息匹配错位...................................................................................1 易错02：无中生有：用原文词汇编造信息.......................................................................5 易错03：以偏概全：将部分现象概括为整体...................................................................9 第二部分 易错点闯关..........................................................................................................14 易错01：张冠李戴：信息匹配错误 易错典题 【例】（天津2023年3月高考） Maximum working hours *During the semester (学期), domestic students can work a maximum of 10 hours a week; international students can work a maximum of 20 hours a week. *During the summer break, a student may not work more than 30 hours a week. *The total number of hours may not exceed (超过) the maximum hours allowed even if a student has more than one job. Which working arrangement is allowed for a domestic student? A. 40 hours per week during the summer break. B. 20 hours per week during the semester. C. 2 jobs, each with 16 hours per week. D. 3 jobs, each with 2 hours per week. 【答案】D 【解析】根据原文规定，国内学生（domestic student）在学期期间每周最多工作10小时，暑假期间每周不超过30小时，且即使有多份工作，总时数也不得超过上限。选项D“3份工作，每份每周2小时”总时数为6小时/周，无论在学期还是暑假均未超过国内学生的时数限制，因此是被允许的安排。 【错因分析】 A. 暑假期间每周40小时：违反原文“暑假期间学生每周不超过30小时”的规定，属于信息错误。 B. 学期期间每周20小时：将国际学生的时数限制（20小时/周）错误地套用于国内学生，而国内学生学期期间上限为10小时/周，属于典型的张冠李戴。 C. 2份工作，每份每周16小时：总时数32小时/周，无论学期期间（上限10小时）还是暑假（上限30小时）均超出限制，且忽视了“总时数不得超过上限”的规定，属于数字计算错误/忽视总数限制。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 高考阅读理解细节题中，应对“张冠李戴”错误，核心在于精准匹配。 定位：根据题干关键词，快速定位原文相关句。 比对：将选项信息（主语、宾语、动作、时间、地点等）与原文进行逐字比对，尤其关注动作发出者（人物/对象）。 排除：果断排除那些信息虽在文中出现，但被错误地“嫁接”到其他人或事物上的选项。 【干货必记】 核心心法：勤标记，细核对 遇到人名、地名、机构名等关键对象，立即用笔圈出。解题时，紧盯选项中的主语（谁） 和动作（做了什么），回原文逐字比对。 破题三步骤 定位：根据题干关键词，精准找到原文出处。 分解：将选项拆解为“A对象 + B行为 + C信息”的结构。 锁定：只看原文中A对象是否真的做了B行为或拥有C信息。只要主体不符，无论其他部分多么眼熟，都是“张冠李戴”，直接排除。 口诀记牢： 对象动作要匹配， 张冠李戴是陷阱。 回文定位细比对， 只看主体定对错。 通过这种方式，你可以有效避开命题人设置的“信息混搭”陷阱，大幅提升细节题的正确率。 举一反三 1.（2022年北辰月考）The annual City Marathon, held every October, attracts thousands of runners. Last year, the event introduced a new “Green Initiative”: volunteers handed out reusable cups at water stations to reduce plastic waste. The initiative was proposed by the local environmental group “EcoAction” and sponsored by a major sports brand. Meanwhile, the marathon’s medical team, led by Dr. Lee, set up first-aid posts along the route to ensure runners’ safety. What was the role of the medical team in last year’s City Marathon? A. They distributed reusable cups to reduce plastic waste. B. They proposed the Green Initiative for the event. C. They set up first-aid posts along the route for runners’ safety. D. They sponsored the marathon together with a sports brand. 【答案】C 【解析】原文明确说明“the marathon’s medical team... set up first-aid posts along the route”) 马拉松医疗队沿途建立急救点来确保跑步者的安全。 A：张冠李戴——将“志愿者分发杯子”的行为错误归因于医疗团队。 B：张冠李戴——将环保组织“EcoAction”的提案行为安在医疗团队上。 D：张冠李戴——将赞助商（运动品牌）的行为与医疗团队混淆。 2. （2023年河北区月考） In the mid-1990s, two distinct approaches to urban cycling infrastructure emerged in Europe. Amsterdam focused on building a vast network of completely separated, dedicated bicycle lanes, physically protected from car traffic by curbs or barriers. Their philosophy prioritized absolute safety and convenience for cyclists, even if it meant taking space from roads or sidewalks. The city’s traffic planners, led by Hans van Houten, believed this was the only way to achieve mass cycling adoption. Copenhagen, while also building many cycle tracks, adopted a more integrated approach. Their lanes were often raised but adjacent to the roadway, and they emphasized traffic calming measures and strict liability laws that favored cyclists in accidents. The key architect of this system, Niels Jensen, argued that co-existence and mutual awareness between road users were as important as physical separation. He championed designs that made cyclists highly visible to drivers at intersections. A 2022 study comparing the two models found Amsterdam’s system resulted in fewer cyclist-car collisions, especially among children and the elderly. Copenhagen’s model, however, was praised for higher traffic flow efficiency and lower construction costs. The study concluded that the “best” approach depended heavily on a city’s existing layout and cultural attitudes toward cycling. According to the passage, what was a core belief of Niels Jensen, the key architect of Copenhagen’s cycling system? A. He believed that building completely separate bicycle lanes was the only way to achieve mass cycling adoption. B. He argued that mutual awareness between cyclists and drivers was crucial, alongside physical infrastructure. C. He championed designs that prioritized reducing cyclist-car collisions above all other factors. D. His research proved that an integrated approach leads to fewer accidents than a separated one. 【答案】B 【解析】选项B 精准对应原文第二段关于哥本哈根方法及其设计者Niels Jensen的描述：“argued that co-existence and mutual awareness between road users were as important as physical separation”（认为道路使用者之间的共存和相互意识与物理隔离同等重要）。这是Jensen的核心理念。 A (张冠李戴)：将阿姆斯特丹团队（led by Hans van Houten）的理念“the only way to achieve mass cycling adoption”错误地冠在了哥本哈根的Niels Jensen头上。这是典型的人物与观点错配。 C (张冠李戴/过度推断)：将后文研究发现的结果（阿姆斯特丹系统导致“fewer cyclist-car collisions”）错误地归结为Niels Jensen的设计优先目标。原文并未说Jensen将“减少事故”作为高于一切（above all other factors）的目标，他的核心论点是“共存与意识”。这属于将研究发现与个人理念混淆。 D (张冠李戴/信息反向)：首先，进行该研究的是2022年的研究报告，并非Niels Jensen本人（“His research proved”属于人物与事件错配）。其次，研究发现阿姆斯特丹的分离式系统事故更少，与选项D声称的“一体化方法事故更少”结论完全相反。此选项综合了人物错配和信息反向两大陷阱。 3. （2024年红桥月考） In the early 20th century, two pioneering aviators made remarkable transatlantic flights. Charles Lindbergh became famous for his solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris in 1927, flying the Spirit of St. Louis. His achievement earned him the Orteig Prize. A few years later, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1932, piloting a Lockheed Vega. She was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for this feat. Both flights significantly advanced public interest in aviation. According to the passage, what is true about Amelia Earhart? A. She won the Orteig Prize for her solo nonstop transatlantic flight. B. She was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. C. She received the Distinguished Flying Cross for her 1932 solo flight. D. She flew the Spirit of St. Louis during her historic journey. 【答案】C 【解析】选项C对应原文“Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1932... She was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for this feat.” 选项A（张冠李戴）：将Charles Lindbergh获得的奖项（Orteig Prize）错误地归到Amelia Earhart身上。 选项B（信息错误/过度概括）：原文说Earhart是“first woman”（第一位女性），而“first person”（第一位完成此壮举的人）是Charles Lindbergh。此选项混淆了范围，但更接近“信息错误”，不过也带有一定张冠李戴性质（将“第一人”的荣誉从Lindbergh转移给Earhart）。 选项D（张冠李戴）：将Charles Lindbergh的飞机（Spirit of St. Louis）错误地安在Amelia Earhart身上。 易错02：无中生有：用原文词汇编造信息 易错典题 【例】（20-21高三下·天津·开学考试）Sleeping is important, but we all know that, right? Many people have experienced strange sleeping patterns, unusual dreams and a feeling of restlessness and sleepiness during the coronavirus lockdown, despite a good night's sleep. So what sort of things can help you to improve your sleep? 21．Why do some people still feel tired and sleepy in spite of having a good night sleep according to the passage? A．They have slept for too long. B．Their sleeping quality needs improving. C．Their dream should be nice and happy. D．Coronavirus lockdown makes them depressed. 【答案】B 【解析】根据文章第一段，许多人在冠状病毒封锁期间尽管睡了一整夜，但仍感到疲倦和困倦，这是因为他们经历了“奇怪的睡眠模式”和“不寻常的梦境”，这些现象表明他们的睡眠质量存在问题，因此需要改善。选项B（Their sleeping quality needs improving）与此相符。 【错因分析】 A. They have slept for too long.（他们睡得太久了。）文章只提到“a good night's sleep”（睡了一整夜），但并未指出睡眠时间过长。该选项属于无中生有。 C. Their dream should be nice and happy.（他们的梦应该美好快乐。）文章提到“unusual dreams”（不寻常的梦境），但并未对梦的内容提出要求或建议。该选项属于无中生有。 D. Coronavirus lockdown makes them depressed.（冠状病毒封锁使他们抑郁。）文章提到封锁期间出现睡眠问题，但并未提及抑郁情绪，只描述了“restlessness and sleepiness”（不安和困倦）。该选项属于无中生有。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 应对“无中生有”题，关键在于忠于原文。 定位：找到题干关键词的原文出处。 比对：严格核查选项的每个信息点（如原因、结果、数据、比较关系）是否在原文中有直接、明确的依据。 判断：果断排除那些利用原文词汇包装，但整体意思或关键细节在原文中完全找不到支持的选项。切勿主观臆断或添加常识。 【干货必记】 一、核心原则：忠于原文，避免脑补 首先，请记住高考阅读理解的黄金法则——答案必须完全基于原文，尤其是细节题和推断题。无论选项看起来多么“合理”或“符合常识”，只要原文没明确说或无法合理推出，就是“无中生有”。 二、具体识别与排除方法 1. 关键词锁定与精确比对 划出选项关键词：人名、地名、时间、数据、核心动词/形容词。 回原文定位：找到与选项话题对应的原文句子或段落。 逐词比对：特别是： 绝对词：only, all, never, must, everyone——原文是否有同样绝对的表述？ 比较级/最高级：better, best, more…than——原文有比较吗？ 因果关系：because, lead to, result in——原文确有此因果吗？ 程度/范围词：greatly, completely, widely——原文程度是否一致？ 2. 实用解题步骤 读题干，明确任务：是问细节、推断、主旨还是词义？ 扫读选项，预判陷阱：快速浏览选项，圈出可能“编造”的部分。 定位原文，画线标号：找到原文依据处，标上与选项对应的题号。 逐点比对，逻辑验证： 信息点是否全部在原文有对应？ 对应是否精确（尤其是时态、情态动词）？ 结论是否需额外的假设才能成立？ 不确定时，使用排除法：先排除明显错误、过于绝对、与主旨矛盾的选项。 举一反三 1. （25-26高三上·天津河东·月考）The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. What is the book aimed at? A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device. 【答案】B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义进行论证，包括详细探讨其内涵和可行性，进而指导你在认为该理念适合自己时如何去践行它)”可知，这本书旨在倡导简约的数字生活方式。故选B项。 A．“教授批判性思维技能”：文中未提及批判性思维，属于无中生有。 C．“解决哲学问题”：本书虽涉及哲学基础，但核心是数字极简主义实践，并非解决一般哲学问题，属于偏离主题。 D．“推广数字设备的使用”：数字极简主义主张减少设备使用，与推广使用相反，属于反向干扰。 2. （2021·天津河东·一模）I find that not only my best images, but also my most enjoyable experiences in nature, occur when I have an open mind and follow my intuition (直觉). When I feel drawn to a certain scene, I try to make the scene simple and not include anything that is not relevant. I also try all ways to look for beautiful light. Early morning and the end of the day almost always produce light that results in more pleasing images than those taken under the strong light in the middle of a sunny day. Soft cloudy skies are wonderful for photographing all day, especially in our beautiful forests or for small subjects like wildflowers. Rain, storms, and snow also provide wonderful opportunities for new and different kinds of images. 9．Which of the following is true of the author’s images? A．They are not easy to be produced in soft cloudy skies. B．Sometimes the scenes in them are simple and don’t include irrelevant things. C．If they are wildflowers, the best time to produce them is in the rain. D．If produced at the end of the day, they are more beautiful than in the early morning. 【答案】 9．B 【解析】B. Sometimes the scenes in them are simple and don’t include irrelevant things.文章指出：“When I feel drawn to a certain scene, I try to make the scene simple and not include anything that is not relevant.” 作者努力使场景简洁，排除不相关元素。选项中的“sometimes”符合实际情况，因为并非所有场景都绝对简洁，但作者确实会这样做。因此B是原文信息的合理推断，正确。 A. 文章明确提到“Soft cloudy skies are wonderful for photographing all day...”，说明在柔和的阴天拍照很容易且效果很好。因此A与原文相反，属于反向干扰。 C. 文章提到柔和的阴天一整天都适合拍摄野花（“especially... for small subjects like wildflowers”），同时也说雨、雪等天气提供新的机会，但并未指出雨中是拍摄野花的“最佳时间”。因此C属于无中生有。 D. 文章比较了清晨、傍晚与中午的光线，指出清晨和傍晚的光线都比中午的强光更令人愉悦，但并未比较清晨和傍晚哪个更美。因此D进行了原文未提及的比较，属于无中生有或过度推断。 3. （25-26高三上·天津河东·月考）In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods. C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses. 【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我会指导你如何开展自己的数字生活精简计划。在此过程中，我会以2018年开展的一项实验为依据，该实验有超过1600人同意参与数字生活精简。你会听到这些参与者的故事，了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到了哪些你需要规避的陷阱)”可知，第一部分的最后一章呈现的是实际案例。故选C项。 A．“理论模型”：文中未提及理论模型，属于无中生有。 B．“统计方法”：虽提到实验，但重点在参与者的故事而非统计方法，属于细节错位。 D．“历史分析”：无历史相关内容，属于无中生有。 易错03：以偏概全：将部分现象概括为整体 易错典题 【例】（2021年高三上红桥区月考）The “OK” gesture, made by connecting the thumb and forefinger into a circle, is commonly used in the United States to signify approval or agreement. However, its meaning varies dramatically across cultures. During his research trip to Brazil, anthropologist Dr. Evans observed that this same gesture was frequently used among friends in casual settings to mean “perfect” or “excellent.” In contrast, he noted that in France, it could sometimes be interpreted as meaning “zero” or “worthless,” particularly in a negotiation context. Most notably, his interviews in Greece and Turkey revealed that presenting the gesture with the palm facing outward is considered a severe insult, related to an offensive suggestion. Dr. Evans concludes that while the gesture is neutral or positive in some regions, its interpretation is deeply cultural and context-dependent. He warns international travelers and business people against using it freely without local knowledge. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about the “OK” gesture? A. It is universally understood as a sign of agreement. B. In Brazil, it is only used in formal business meetings. C. In all European countries, it carries a negative meaning. D. Its meaning can vary significantly depending on the culture and situation. 【答案】D 【解析】 选项D是对原文中心思想的准确概括。原文明确指出“its meaning varies dramatically across cultures”（其含义在不同文化间差异巨大），并举例说明了在不同国家（美国、巴西、法国、希腊、土耳其）的不同含义，最后总结“its interpretation is deeply cultural and context-dependent”（对其的理解深深依赖于文化和语境）。因此，D项“其含义可因文化和情境不同而有显著差异”是正确的。 【错因分析】 A. 原文以美国为例，说明该手势表示赞同。但选项使用了 “universally”（普遍地）这一绝对化词语，试图将 “在美国的部分含义” 概括为 “全世界的普遍理解” 。这与文中列举的巴西（表示完美）、法国（可能表示零）、希腊和土耳其（可能是侮辱）等多种不同含义直接矛盾。以偏概全。将文中一个地区的特定情况（美国表示同意），扩大为全球的普遍规律。 B. 错误分析：原文提到在巴西，“this same gesture was frequently used among friends in casual settings”（该手势常见于朋友间的随意场合）。选项中的 “only...in formal business meetings”（只用于正式商务会议）完全歪曲了原文信息。原文描述的是非正式的、朋友间的场景，选项将其错误地概括为唯一的、正式的用途。以偏概全，将原文中提到的 “一种使用场景”（ casual settings），错误地概括并限制为 “唯一的应用场景”（only formal meetings），同时忽略了原文明确的描述对象（among friends）。 C. 错误分析：原文以法国为例，说明该手势“有时”可能表示“零”或“无价值”。但选项使用了 “all European countries”（所有欧洲国家）和 “carries a negative meaning”（具有负面含义）这样的绝对化表述。首先，文中只提到了法国一个欧洲国家的情况，无法代表全部。其次，即使在法国，原文也用了“could sometimes be interpreted as”（有时可能被理解为），并非总是负面。选项将 “一个国家的部分情况” 概括为 “整个大陆的普遍且确定的属性” 。以偏概全，这是最典型的形式：将个别例子（法国的可能情况）无限放大为整体属性（所有欧洲国家的确定情况）。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 应对“以偏概全”，关键在于精准把握范围。 定位：找到原文对应细节，注意其限定词（如some, a few）。 比对：警惕选项中的绝对化词汇（如all, every, completely），核查是否将原文的“部分”或“特定情况”夸大为“整体”或“普遍现象”。 判断：忠于原文，排除任何扩大范围或过度概括的选项。 【干货必记】 以偏概全是命题人巧妙设置的“范围陷阱”。选项信息本身在原文中有依据，但它将原文中部分、个别、特定范围的情况，偷偷放大为整体、普遍、全局的结论。 第一步：精读题干，定位原文 根据题目要求，快速找到原文中对应的关键句。 第二步：圈定范围，对比核查 仔细对比选项与原文，重点关注以下两点： 选项是否使用了绝对化表述？ 警惕这些词：all, every, any, only, must, never, always, completely, the most, the best, entirely, absolutely, 以及各种最高级。 选项的主语/范围是否被偷偷放大？ 原文是：some students (部分学生) -> 选项变成：all students (所有学生) 原文是：in some cases (在某些情况下) -> 选项变成：in all cases (在所有情况下) 原文是：A is effective (A有效) -> 选项变成：A is the only effective way (A是唯一有效的方法) 第三步：忠于原文，果断排除 只要发现选项的范围、程度或主体被夸大，与原文描述不符，就要果断将其视为“以偏概全”而排除。正确选项的表述在范围和程度上必须与原文完全吻合。 两大经典“以偏概全”陷阱 部分变全部 原文：Some/Many/A few...（一些/许多/少数...） 陷阱选项：All/Every...（所有/每一个...） 判断：部分不能代表整体，果断排除。 可能变必然 原文：may/could/is likely to/can（可能/也许会） 陷阱选项：must/will/is certain to（必须/必将/肯定） 判断：可能性不能等同于必然性，果断排除。 举一反三 1.（2021·天津·高考真题）Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。 A. 分析：原文通篇未讨论医生或其他专业人士对自我才华的认知。这是凭空添加的观点。错误类型：无中生有。选项内容在原文中完全找不到依据。 B. 分析：这与作者观点完全相悖。作者推崇的正是不纯粹的专家，而是“also a poet and philosopher”的复合型人才。该选项是作者所批评的“Mastering one thing to the exclusion of others”的典型。错误类型：反向干扰。选项与作者明确提出的论点相反。 C. 分析：这是最具迷惑性的干扰项。它过度具体化了作者的观点。作者用“诗人兼哲学家”医生作为一个例子，用以说明“将广阔视角带入专业领域”这一普遍原则。作者的论点不是“医生必须爱诗歌哲学”，而是“医生应具备专业之外的广泛知识和视角”。诗歌哲学只是举例。错误类型：以偏概全。将作者用于举例的个别特质，曲解为必需的、普遍的要求。 2. （2022年高三上北辰区月考）A recent study published in the journal Animal Cognition has shed new light on the problem-solving abilities of crows. Researchers at the University of Cambridge designed an experiment where food was placed inside a transparent tube, out of reach of the birds’ beaks. Among the group of eight crows tested, three individual crows were observed successfully using a provided stick tool to push the food out. This behavior was not instinctual; the crows appeared to assess the situation and deliberately choose the tool. Dr. Helen Murray, the lead researcher, noted, “In our controlled setting, these crows demonstrated a level of causal understanding that is quite sophisticated.” However, she was cautious about overgeneralizing, adding, “Our findings suggest that some corvids possess this capacity, but it doesn’t mean all crows in all contexts will show it. Much depends on individual experience and environmental factors.” The study recommends further observation in wilder habitats to understand how commonly this tool use occurs outside the laboratory. What is a key finding of the Cambridge study on crows, according to the passage? A. The experiment conclusively proves that all crows are capable of using tools in the wild. B. Researchers confirmed that the ability to use tools is a universal instinct among corvids. C. In the study, some crows demonstrated the ability to use a tool to solve a specific problem. D. The study’s primary conclusion is that crows understand complex concepts better than other birds. 【答案】C 【解析】选项C是对原文核心发现的精确转述。原文明确指出，在八只被测试的乌鸦中，“three individual crows”（三只乌鸦） 被观察到能使用工具。这就是 “some crows” 。它们的行为是 “using a provided stick tool to push the food out” ，即用工具解决一个 “specific problem”（获取管中食物）。选项C忠实地反映了研究的范围和核心观察，没有进行任何扩大或过度解读。 A. 错误分析：原文的研究发现是基于特定实验环境（controlled setting）对少数个体（three out of eight）的观察。选项A却将结论无限扩大：范围扩大：将“三只”（some）扩大为“所有”（all crows）。场景扩大：将“在实验环境中”扩大为“在野外”（in the wild）。错误类型：典型的以偏概全。将针对小样本、特定条件下的有限发现，概括为针对整个物种、所有场景的绝对真理。 B. 错误分析：此选项在两个方面进行了不当概括：属性概括错误：原文明确指出，观察到的行为 “was not instinctual”（不是本能的），而是需要评估和选择。选项B却将其定义为“a universal instinct”（一种普遍本能），这与原文直接矛盾。范围扩大：将“some corvids possess this capacity”（一些鸦科动物具有此能力）概括为“universal...among corvids”（鸦科动物中普遍的）。错误类型：以偏概全 + 反向干扰。主要错误在于将“部分个体具有的后天能力”概括为“整个类群的普遍本能”，同时其“本能”的定性也与原文直接相反。 D. 错误分析：原文研究完全没有涉及乌鸦与其他鸟类的比较。研究结论仅限于描述乌鸦自身表现出的某种认知能力（causal understanding）。选项D凭空引入了“better than other birds”（比其他鸟类更好）这一比较关系，这是原文信息完全无法支持的。错误类型：无中生有。引入了原文完全不存在的比较对象和结论。 3. （2020·天津·高考真题）Vinnie’s face turned red. She realized she looked like a child, with her tiny figure. “Small does not mean weak, sir,” she defended herself. “I was born in the country of Wisconsin. I’ve driven teams of horses and carried water. Making a full-length clay(粘土) figure would not exhaust my strength-and that is what I intend to do!” Vinnie confirmed her ability to make a full-length statue by highlighting ______. A．her experience from other projects B．her innocent childhood in the country C．the heavy labor she had done before D．the skill she picked up in Wisconsin 【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第六段中的“I've driven teams of horses and carried water. Making a full-length clay figure would not exhaust my strength-and this is what I intend to do!”可知，我赶过马队，提过水。做一个全身雕像不会耗尽我的力量-我还正想这样呢！此可知，Vinnie通过强调她以前所做的繁重劳动，证实了她有能力制作一个全身雕像。故选C。 A. her experience from other projects （她在其他项目中的经验） 分析：文章从未提及Vinnie之前有任何雕塑或其他项目的经验。她仅提到老师的认可和自己的体力，而非项目经验。错误类型：无中生有。选项凭空添加了“其他项目经验”这一信息。 B. her innocent childhood in the country （她在乡村的纯真童年） 分析：Vinnie确实提到“I was born in the country of Wisconsin”，但她的重点并非童年的“纯真”，而是童年所从事的体力劳动（驾驭马队、挑水）。选项将“乡村童年”整体作为原因，忽略了具体的关键细节（劳动），属于片面概括。错误类型：以偏概全。将原文中作为背景的“乡村童年”概括为全部原因，而真正的原因是其包含的具体劳动经历。 D. the skill she picked up in Wisconsin （她在威斯康星州学到的技能） 分析：Vinnie强调的是她在威斯康星州从事的体力劳动（劳动行为本身），而非学到的某种“技能”。选项将“劳动”偷换为“技能”，容易让人误解为艺术或技术技能，而原文焦点是体力能力。错误类型：偷换概念。将具体的“体力劳动”偷换为模糊的“技能”，歪曲了原文信息。 1. （2026·天津南开·三模） I used to believe that only words could catch the essence of the human soul. The literary works contained such distinct stories that they shaped the way we saw the world. Words were what composed the questions we sought to uncover and the answers to those questions themselves. Words were everything. That belief changed. In an ordinary math class, my teacher posed a simple question: What’s 0.99 rounded to the nearest whole number? Easy. When rounded to the nearest whole number, 0.99=1. Somehow, I thought even though 0.99 is only 0.01 away from 1, there’s still a 0.01 difference. That means even if two things are only a little different, they are still different, so doesn’t that make them completely different? My teacher answered my question by presenting another equation: 1=0.9, which could also be expressed as 1=0.99999... repeating itself without ever ending. There was something mysterious but attractive about the equation. The left side was unchangeable, objective: it contained a number that ended. On the right was something endless. number repeating itself limitless times. Yet, somehow, these two opposed things were connected by an equal sign. Lying in bed, I thought about how much the equation mirrored our existence. The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future. So that’s what life is. Objective but imaginative. Unchangeable but limitless. Life is an equation with two sides that balances itself out. Still, we can’t ever truly seem to put the perfect words to it. So possibly numbers can express ideas as equally well as words can. For now, let’s leave it at that: 1=0.99999... and live a life like it. 1．What does the author emphasize about words in paragraph 1? A．Their wide variety. B．Their literary origins. C．Their unique composition D．Their expressive power. 2．What made the author find the equation attractive? A．The repetition of the number. B．The difference between the two numbers. C．The question the teacher raised. D．The way two different numbers are equal. 3．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “mirrored” in paragraph 6? A．Measured. B．Paralleled. C．Composed. D．Influenced. 4．In what way does the author map mathematical concepts onto life? A．Life is fully expressible only through words. B．Life is a predictable and controllable journey. C．Life is a balance between certainty and possibilities. D．Life can be reduced to a simple numerical calculation. 5．What does the author want to get across in the last paragraph? A．Life is never perfect and it’s unwise to accept it as it is. B．Imperfections and infinite possibilities are what life really is. C．Language and number can equally express the meaning of life. D．Human beings have the power to perfectly define life with words. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者对数学等式的新认识及感悟。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I used to believe that only words could catch the essence of the human soul. The literary works contained such distinct stories that they shaped the way we saw the world. Words were what composed the questions we sought to uncover and the answers to those questions themselves. Words were everything.(我曾以为，只有文字才能捕捉人类灵魂的精髓。文学作品蕴含着各式各样的故事，这些故事塑造了我们看待世界的方式。文字构成了我们试图探索的问题，以及这些问题的答案本身。文字就是一切。)”可知，作者在第一段强调了文字的表现力，即文字能够表达很多东西。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“There was something mysterious but attractive about the equation. The left side was unchangeable, objective: it contained a number that ended. On the right was something endless. number repeating itself limitless times. Yet, somehow, these two opposed things were connected by an equal sign.(这个等式神秘而迷人。等式左边是恒定不变的、客观的：它包含一个有尽头的数字。而右边则是无尽的，数字无限次地循环。然而，不知为何，这两个截然相反的事物却由一个等号连接了起来。)”可知，正是这种两个不同的数（一个有限一个无限）却相等的方式让作者觉得这个等式很有吸引力。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第六段“The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future.(等式的左边代表着，有时生活本身是如此不可改变、如此清晰明了。你出生的具体日期、你离世的具体日期，这些如同整数一般确凿无疑。然而，在生与死之间却存在着一段间隔。等式的右边则意味着一个充满无限可能、无尽机遇，通向广阔未来的时空。)”可知，等式和我们的存在相似，mirrored的意思是“与……十分相似”，和paralleled意思相近。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future.(等式的左边代表着，有时生活本身是如此不可改变、如此清晰明了。你出生的具体日期、你离世的具体日期，这些如同整数一般确凿无疑。然而，在生与死之间却存在着一段间隔。等式的右边则意味着一个充满无限可能、无尽机遇，通向广阔未来的时空。)”可知，作者认为生活就像等式一样，一边是客观、不可改变的（确定性），另一边是富有想象力、无限可能的（可能性），是两者的平衡，故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So that’s what life is. Objective but imaginative. Unchangeable but limitless. Life is an equation with two sides that balances itself out. Still, we can’t ever truly seem to put the perfect words to it.(所以，这就是生活的真谛。客观却又富有想象力。不可改变却又无限可能。生活是一个两边相互平衡的等式。然而，我们似乎永远无法用最完美的文字来诠释它。)”可知，作者在最后一段想要传达的信息是不完美和无限的可能性才是生活的真正本质。故选B。 2.（25-26高三上·天津河北·期末） Picture this: you are typing on a screen, and a smart app instantly proposes a “perfect” word. It feels like magic, doesn’t it? But let’s travel back to the days before computers. Writing then was a physical adventure. To find a word, our parents had to lift a heavy dictionary -sometimes a real workout! They flipped through pages and hunted for meanings like detectives. They didn’t just choose an option, but made a discovery. With such digital “magic” at our fingertips today, are those physical books now obsolete? Why keep a dusty dictionary when an AI can rewrite our sentences in milliseconds? The answer lies in the distinction between convenience and autonomy. Dictionaries are not just lists of definitions; they are training grounds for our brains. Rather than providing fail-safe shortcuts, they equip us with the knowledge to shape language creatively. In doing so, they place the power of choice firmly in our own hands. Consider the popular writing apps we use. They promise to make our writing “smooth” and “efficient”. However, this efficiency carries a hidden price. When we depend entirely on these automated aids, we risk losing our own voice. The British writer George Orwell once warned that using ready-made phrases is akin to letting someone else “construct your sentences for you-even think your thoughts for you.” Today, that “someone else’’ is an algorithm (算法). If we always click “accept’’ on a suggestion, are we really writing, or are we just assembling parts chosen by a computer? This echoes Orwell’s belief that “the worst thing one can do with words is to surrender to them.” Furthermore, there is a profound value in the “inefficient” method. Digital tools are engineered for precision: you ask for a word, and it delivers the exact answer. Conversely, a physical dictionary offers the joy of discovery — the chance to encounter words you weren’t looking for. While searching for “rain”, you might encounter “rainbow” or “rainforest’’. These unanticipated encounters expand our cognitive (认知的) horizons in ways a direct search never could. One method is efficient and the other is inspiring. As digital writing becomes common in our lives, we need dictionaries more than ever. If we abandon them in favour of automated tools, we risk losing the ability to express ourselves clearly and originally. We need these physical books on our shelves-to browse, to learn from, and to be inspired by. Without this drive for lifelong learning, we are left with the ultimate question: Why write at all? 6．What can be inferred about finding words in the past from Paragraph 1? A．It required more strength than patience. B．It was an active process of discovery. C．It served to identify writing errors. D．It was a boring and heavy burden. 7．Why does the author consider physical dictionaries to be “training grounds”? A．They encourage us to use language creatively. B．They offer shortcuts to rewriting sentences. C．They force users to memorise definitions. D．They provide fail-safe lists for writing. 8．The author quotes George Orwell in Paragraph 3 to ________. A．explain the logic of computer algorithms B．prove the accuracy of automated writing. C．stress the value of independent thinking D．further the use of ready-made phrases. 9．What benefit does the “inefficient” method offer in Paragraph 4? A．It ensures precise and instant answers. B．It broadens minds through chance finds. C．It improves the efficiency of digital tools. D．It focuses on searching for specific terms. 10．By asking “Why write at all?” at the end, the author implies that ________. A．physical books serve as training grounds for our brains B．automated aids surrender our ability to think clearly C．true expression demands effort and original thought D．digital aids have liberated writers from boring work 【答案】6．B 7．A 8．C 9．B 10．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了数字工具与实体词典在写作中的作用，强调了实体词典在培养创造性思维和独立思考能力方面的重要性，并指出过度依赖数字工具可能带来的风险。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段“To find a word, our parents had to lift a heavy dictionary -sometimes a real workout! They flipped through pages and hunted for meanings like detectives. They didn’t just choose an option, but made a discovery.(为了找到一个单词，我们的父母不得不拿起一本沉重的字典——有时这真的是一场锻炼！他们翻阅书页，像侦探一样查找意思。他们不只是选择一个选项，而是得到了一个发现。)”可知，过去查找单词是一个积极的发现过程。故选B。 7．细节理解题。根据第二段“Dictionaries are not just lists of definitions; they are training grounds for our brains. Rather than providing fail-safe shortcuts, they equip us with the knowledge to shape language creatively. In doing so, they place the power of choice firmly in our own hands.(字典不仅仅是定义列表；它们是我们大脑的训练场。它们没有提供万无一失的捷径，而是赋予我们创造性地塑造语言的知识。这样做，它们把选择的力量牢牢地掌握在我们自己手中。)”可知，作者认为实体词典是“训练场”是因为它们鼓励我们创造性地使用语言。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据第三段“However, this efficiency carries a hidden price. When we depend entirely on these automated aids, we risk losing our own voice. The British writer George Orwell once warned that using ready-made phrases is akin to letting someone else “construct your sentences for you-even think your thoughts for you.” Today, that “someone else’’ is an algorithm (算法). If we always click “accept’’ on a suggestion, are we really writing, or are we just assembling parts chosen by a computer? This echoes Orwell’s belief that “the worst thing one can do with words is to surrender to them.”(然而，这种高效背后暗藏代价。当我们完全依赖这些自动化辅助工具时，就有可能失去属于自己的表达风格与思想主见。英国作家乔治・奥威尔曾告诫人们，使用现成的套话，无异于让别人替你遣词造句，甚至替你思考。如今，这个 “别人” 变成了一套算法。如果我们对所有建议都一味点击 “接受”，我们究竟是在真正写作，还是仅仅在拼接计算机为我们挑选的文字片段？这与奥威尔的观点不谋而合：一个人对待语言最不可取的做法，就是向它妥协投降。)”可知，作者引用乔治·奥威尔的话是为了强调独立思考的价值。故选C。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段“Conversely, a physical dictionary offers the joy of discovery — the chance to encounter words you weren’t looking for. While searching for “rain”, you might encounter “rainbow” or “rainforest’’. These unanticipated encounters expand our cognitive (认知的) horizons in ways a direct search never could. One method is efficient and the other is inspiring.(相反，纸质词典能带来探索的乐趣——让你有机会邂逅那些本不在查找范围内的单词。当你查阅 “rain（雨）”时，或许会偶遇“rainbow（彩虹）”或是“rainforest（雨林）”。这些意料之外的相遇，以直接检索无法企及的方式，拓宽了我们的认知视野。一种方式高效便捷，另一种则能启迪心灵。)”可知，“低效”方法的好处是通过偶然的发现拓宽了思维。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As digital writing becomes common in our lives, we need dictionaries more than ever. If we abandon them in favour of automated tools, we risk losing the ability to express ourselves clearly and originally. We need these physical books on our shelves-to browse, to learn from, and to be inspired by. Without this drive for lifelong learning, we are left with the ultimate question: Why write at all.(随着数字写作在我们的生活中变得普遍，我们比以往任何时候都更需要词典。如果我们放弃它们而选择自动化工具，我们就有失去清晰和原创表达能力的风险。我们需要这些实体书放在书架上——浏览、学习、从中获得灵感。如果没有这种终身学习的动力，我们就会面临一个终极问题：为什么要写作。)”可知，作者在结尾问“为什么要写作？”意味着真正的表达需要努力和原创思想。故选C。 3.（25-26高三上·天津滨海新·月考） As a child. I never considered myself an athlete at all as I was very uncoordinated (不协调的). However, I did love to run because I felt as if I was flying, but this all changed two years ago when I suffered a knee injury. I was bedridden for two weeks and I had a difficult time moving even short distances. I literally cried myself on my way to the car for a few days. When therapy wasn’t working well for me, I signed up for a hot yoga class for girls, Bikram Yoga to be exact. Starting a yoga practice was truly a godsend because it helped me gain strength in my knees but, most importantly, yoga helped me attain a more peaceful state of mind, body and spirit. Since each class was heated to 105 F, every time I set foot in the yoga studio, I’d feel a surge (涌起) of negative thoughts come upon me like a big ocean wave. Some of these thoughts were, in the beginning of my practice, so strong that I walked out of the class several times, However, as the months passed by, I noticed that when I didn’t get swayed away by my negative thoughts, I could stay in the hot room for longer. After 3-4 months of practicing hot yoga, my arms and legs were beginning to get definition. I also woke up with so much more energy than I had before starting my yoga practice and I gradually started shedding the pounds from my body. Yoga literally made me feel as if I’d taken a shot of energy drink and just gave me that burst that helped my knees heal and made my overall health better. As I saw some of my classmates do poses that looked appealing to me, I started to think maybe I could do them too. Therefore, yoga helped show me that I have no real limitations physically unless I set those limitations myself through eating junk and thinking in negative limiting terms. Also, practicing yoga in front of a mirror helped me connect with myself and practicing with a group of people really helped me to feel a greater sense of connection with humanity whereas before I didn’t. Overall, this yoga practice has helped me to see I’m part of a bigger picture in life! 11．What once depressed the author terribly? A．Her inability to walk B．Her being uncoordinated. C．Her failure to find her car. D．Her serious physical disease. 12．What was the effect of yoga classes on the author’s mind? A．She got emotionally smarter. B．She felt limited but hopeful. C．She became mentally stronger. D．She accepted herself as she was. 13．What difficulty did the author meet while attending each yoga class? A．The temperature was difficult to control in yoga class. B．She couldn’t bear the pain the knee injury brought. C．She was greatly influenced by negative thoughts. D．Lack of confidence prevented the author doing yoga. 14．What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 4? A．She did better than her classmates at school. B．Her physical state has acquired a new outlook. C．She has developed many healthy eating habits. D．Her social circle was widened in the yoga classes. 15．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To call on readers to sign up for yoga courses. B．To present the benefits of practicing yoga regularly. C．To show readers the necessary skills needed to do yoga. D．To share with readers her experience in taking yoga classes. 【答案】11．A 12．C 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者因膝盖受伤而陷入低谷，后通过练习高温瑜伽重获身心力量并改变生活态度的经历。 11．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, I did love to run because I felt as if I was flying, but this all changed two years ago when I suffered a knee injury. I was bedridden for two weeks and I had a difficult time moving even short distances.(然而，我确实喜欢跑步，因为我觉得自己好像在飞，但这一切在两年前我膝盖受伤时发生了改变。我在床上躺了两个星期，即使是很短的距离也很难移动)”可知，作者因膝盖受伤无法行走，这让她非常沮丧。故选A。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Starting a yoga practice was truly a godsend because it helped me gain strength in my knees but, most importantly, yoga helped me attain a more peaceful state of mind, body and spirit.(开始练习瑜伽真是天赐之物，因为它帮助我增强了膝盖的力量，但最重要的是，瑜伽帮助我获得了更平和的身心和精神状态)”可知，瑜伽让作者在精神上变得更强大。故选C。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Since each class was heated to 105 F, every time I set foot in the yoga studio, I’d feel a surge (涌起) of negative thoughts come upon me like a big ocean wave.(因为每节课的温度都高达105华氏度，所以每次我走进瑜伽室，都会感到一股负面情绪像海浪一样向我涌来)”可知，作者在每次上瑜伽课时都会受到负面情绪的极大影响。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段中“After 3-4 months of practicing hot yoga, my arms and legs were beginning to get definition. I also woke up with so much more energy than I had before starting my yoga practice and I gradually started shedding the pounds from my body. Yoga literally made me feel as if I’d taken a shot of energy drink and just gave me that burst that helped my knees heal and made my overall health better.(坚持练习高温瑜伽三到四个月后，我的四肢开始变得线条紧致有型。晨起时的精力也远比开始练瑜伽前充沛得多，体重也在慢慢下降。练瑜伽的感觉，就像喝下了一大口能量饮料，瞬间充满活力；这份活力不仅助力我的膝盖慢慢恢复，也让我的整体健康状况都好了很多)”可知，作者的身体状况有了新的改观。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据全文内容，尤其是最后一段中“Overall, this yoga practice has helped me to see I’m part of a bigger picture in life!(总的来说，这次瑜伽练习让我明白，我是生活中更大画卷的一部分！)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是分享她上瑜伽课的经历。故选D。 4.（25-26高三上·天津红桥·月考） In a groundbreaking new study, researchers discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. Nanoplastics are just 1/1000th the width of an average human hair — so tiny that experts say they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells. One liter of water — equal to two standard- size bottled waters — contained an average of 240,000 plastic particles (粒子) from seven types of plastics, of which 90% were identified as nanoplastics and the rest were microplastics, according to the new study. Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5 millimeters) down to 1/20000th of an inch (1 micrometer) . Anything smaller is a nanoplastic that must be measured in billionths of a meter. In the new study, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers from Columbia University presented a new technology that can see, count and analyze the chemical structure of nanoparticles in bottled water. Instead of 300 per liter, the team behind the latest study found the actual number of plastic bits in three popular brands of water sold in the United States to be in between 110,000 and 370,000, not higher. “The innovative techniques presented in the study open the door for further research to better understand the potential risks to human health.” said Jane Houlihan, research director for Healthy Babies, Bright Futures — a nonprofit committed to reducing babies’ exposures to neurotoxic (毒害神经的) chemicals, who was not involved in the study. “Infants and young children may face the greatest risks, as their developing brains and bodies are often more vulnerable to impacts from toxic exposures.” said Houlihan in an email. Nanoplastics are the most worrisome type of plastic pollution for human health, experts say. That’s because the particles can invade individual cells and tissues in major organs, potentially interrupting cellular processes and depositing harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS, and heavy metals. There are things people can do to reduce their exposure to plastics, said Houlihan. “We can avoid consuming foods and drinks in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabrics and buy consumer products made from natural materials,” Houlihan said. “We can simply assess the plastic in our daily lives and find alternatives whenever possible.” 16．Where can nanoplastics be found in our body? A．The blood. B．The lung. C．The stomach. D．Almost everywhere. 17．What are the differences between nanoplastics and microplastics? A．Nanoplastics are harmful, while microplastics aren’t. B．Nanoplastics exist in bottled water, while microplastics don’t. C．Nanoplastics can migrate through certain tissues, while microplastics can’t. D．Nanoplastics are relatively bigger, while microplastics are much smaller. 18．Why is Jane Houlihan’s statement mentioned in paragraph 7? A．To add more background information for the new study. B．To provide evidence for the discussion of plastic hazard. C．To provide an objective evaluation of the new study. D．To encourage readers to focus on the new study. 19．What is the meaning of the underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 8? A．Fragile. B．Optimistic. C．Emotional. D．Ignorant. 20．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Nanoplastics: A Newly Discovered Plastic Type B．Bottled Water: High Levels of Nanoplastics and Their Health Risks C．How to Reduce Exposure to Plastics in Daily Life D．The Difference Between Nanoplastics and Microplastics 【答案】16．D 17．C 18．C 19．A 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了瓶装水中纳米塑料含量高及其对健康的潜在风险。 16．细节理解题。根据第二段“Nanoplastics are just 1/1000th the width of an average human hair — so tiny that experts say they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells.(纳米塑料的宽度仅为人类平均头发的千分之一，非常小，专家表示，它们可以通过消化道或肺部的组织迁移到血液中，将潜在有害的人工化学物质分布到全身和细胞中)”可知，纳米塑料几乎可以到达我们身体的任何地方。故选D。 17．推理判断题。根据第二段“Nanoplastics are just 1/1000th the width of an average human hair — so tiny that experts say they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells.(纳米塑料的宽度仅为人类平均头发的千分之一，非常小，专家表示，它们可以通过消化道或肺部的组织迁移到血液中，将潜在有害的人工化学物质分布到全身和细胞中)”及第四段“Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5 millimeters) down to 1/20000th of an inch (1 micrometer). Anything smaller is a nanoplastic that must be measured in billionths of a meter.(微塑料是聚合物碎片，其尺寸范围从小于0.2英寸（5毫米）到1/20000英寸（1微米）。任何比这更小的都是纳米塑料，必须以十亿分之一米为单位进行测量)”可知，纳米塑料的核心特点是体积足够小，能够穿透特定组织进入血液循环，而微塑料不具备这一能力。故选C。 18．推理判断题。根据第七段““The innovative techniques presented in the study open the door for further research to better understand the potential risks to human health.” said Jane Houlihan, research director for Healthy Babies, Bright Futures — a nonprofit committed to reducing babies’ exposures to neurotoxic (毒害神经的) chemicals. who was not involved in the study.(“这项研究中提出的创新技术为进一步研究打开了大门，以便更好地了解对人类健康的潜在风险。”健康婴儿、光明未来（一个致力于减少婴儿接触神经毒性化学物质的非营利组织）的研究主任简·霍利汉说，她没有参与这项研究)”可推知，提到简·霍利汉的陈述是为了对这项新研究进行客观评价。故选C。 19．词句猜测题。根据第八段划线词上文“Infants and young children may face the greatest risks, as their developing brains and bodies(婴幼儿和年幼的孩子可能面临最大的风险，因为他们的大脑和身体仍在发育中)”可知，婴儿和幼儿可能面临最大的风险，因为他们的大脑和身体仍在发育中，往往更容易受到有毒物质影响所带来的伤害。由此可知，划线词vulnerable意思是“易受伤害的”，与fragile“易损的”意思接近。故选A。 20．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“In a groundbreaking new study, researchers discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope.(在一项开创性的新研究中，研究人员发现，商店里出售的瓶装水中含有的塑料碎片可能比之前估计的多10到100倍——纳米塑料非常小，在显微镜下都看不到)”、第二段“Nanoplastics are just 1/1000th the width of an average human hair — so tiny that experts say they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells.(纳米塑料的宽度仅为人类平均头发的千分之一，非常小，专家表示，它们可以通过消化道或肺部的组织迁移到血液中，将潜在有害的人工化学物质分布到全身和细胞中)”可知，文章主要说明了瓶装水中纳米塑料含量高及其对健康的潜在风险。由此可知，B选项“瓶装水：高水平的纳米塑料及其健康风险”最符合文章标题。故选B。 5.（20-21高三上·天津南开·月考） US Open Championships The US Open has been in existence for more than 130 years. The first tournament was held in 1881 at the Newport Casino. It was called the US National Singles Championship. Entry was limited to only those clubs which were members of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association, and the competitors were all male, competing in both singles and doubles. Richard Sears won the men's championship and he went on to win the next six men's singles championships. The Wimbledon In 1875, the All England Croquet Club was troubled financially due to declining membership. A new sport called lawn tennis was gaining fast in popularity and taking away the members. Two years later, a new roller was needed for maintaining its lawns so the club proposed to hold a tournament to raise money. Twenty-two players entered that first Wimbledon tournament which was won by Spencer Gore in straight sets over W. C． Marshall. Two hundred spectators each paid a shilling to watch the final game, enabling the club to buy the needed roller plus some extra cash. The French Open The very first French Championship was way back in 1891, and the tournament has since grown into one of the four tennis Grand Slam tournaments we know today. The first competition was a one-day national championship which was won by a British. The competition was poorly attended by world class players. It took 24 years before it became fully international and an accepted tennis grand slam event. After the First World War, French tennis was achieving stature. Suzanne Lenglen was the predominant French player, winning the championships six times between 1920 and 1926. The Australian Open The very first tennis tournament ever played in Australia was held in January 1880, on the courts of the Melbourne Cricket Club. In 1905, the Australian Open was established as the Australasian Tennis Championship and was played at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne. It became the Australian Championship in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969. Women's events were added in 1922. 11．Which of the following statements about the first U.S. Open is right? A．It has a history of 130 years. B．Only men were allowed to play in the game. C．Richard Sears won six championships. D．It has remained about the same through all these years. 12．The purpose of the first Wimbledon tournament was to________. A．raise some fund for a lawn roller B．attract more people to play tennis C．attract more audience to watch the game D．celebrate the renaming of the club 13．According to what is said about the first French Open,________. A．the tournament has been played in the same place all these years B．twenty-two players played in the first tournament C．few good tennis players took part in the first French Championship D．the players played in singles and doubles in the tournament 14．What is common about the four international tournaments is that________. A．they were all born in the same year B．they all had only male players in the first tournament C．they have all experienced financial difficulties D．they all have had a history of 130 years or more 15．The passage mainly tells us________. A．how the four international tennis tournaments came into being B．how long it took for women to have the right to play in the game C．how the four international tennis tournaments get their present names D．why the tennis tournaments are held in these four countries 【答案】11．B 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上四项国际网球锦标赛是如何产生的。 11．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Entry was limited to only those clubs which were members of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association, and the competitors were all male, competing in both singles and doubles.(参赛的俱乐部仅限于美国国家草地网球协会的成员，而且参赛者都是男性，参加单打和双打比赛)”可知，第一届美国网球公开赛的陈述中，B选项“只有男人被允许参加比赛”正确。故选B。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Two years later, a new roller was needed for maintaining its lawns so the club proposed to hold a tournament to raise money.(两年后，为了维护草坪，俱乐部需要一辆新的滚压器，所以俱乐部提议举办一场比赛来筹集资金)”可知，第一届温网锦标赛的目的是为一台草坪滚压器筹集资金。故选A。 13．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The first competition was a one-day national championship which was won by a British. The competition was poorly attended by world class players.(第一场比赛是一个为期一天的全国锦标赛，冠军是一个英国人。参加这场比赛的世界级球员寥寥无几)”可知，根据人们对第一届法网公开赛的看法，很少有优秀的网球运动员参加第一届法网锦标赛。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The US Open has been in existence for more than 130 years.(美国网球公开赛已经存在了130多年)”；第二段中“In 1875, the All England Croquet Club was troubled financially due to declining membership. A new sport called lawn tennis was gaining fast in popularity and taking away the members. Two years later, a new roller was needed for maintaining its lawns so the club proposed to hold a tournament to raise money.( 1875年，全英槌球俱乐部由于会员减少而陷入财政困境。一种被称为草地网球的新运动迅速流行起来，并抢走了成员。两年后，为了维护草坪，俱乐部需要一辆新的滚压器，所以俱乐部提议举办一场比赛来筹集资金)”；第三段中“The very first French Championship was way back in 1891, and the tournament has since grown into one of the four tennis Grand Slam tournaments we know today. (第一届法网锦标赛要追溯到1891年，自那以后，这项赛事发展成为我们今天所知的四项网球大满贯赛事之一)”以及最后一段中“The very first tennis tournament ever played in Australia was held in January 1880, on the courts of the Melbourne Cricket Club.(第一届网球锦标赛于1880年1月在墨尔本板球俱乐部的球场上举行)”可知，这四项国际赛事的共同之处在于它们都有130年或更久的历史。故选D。 15．主旨大意题。根据文章分别介绍了美国网球公开赛、温网锦标赛、法国网球公开赛以及澳网锦标赛的诞生历史，可知，这篇文章主要告诉我们这四项国际网球锦标赛是如何产生的。故选A。 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $