专题05 阅读理解之体裁命题研究（复习讲义）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题05 阅读理解之体裁命题研究 目录 01 析·考情精解 2 02 构·知能架构 3 03 破·考点攻坚 4 考点一 考查应用文 4 真题动向 考查通过文本阅读和图表识别，从中获取有用信息的能力，侧重于学以致用 必备知识 1.应用文的特点：2.应用文的命题方向：3.应用文二轮复习主攻方向：①科普类应用文（2025年全国I卷透射出方向，融入科技前沿）；②含有隐含条件的细节理解题或计算题。（此为易错题） 关键能力 能力1 识别图表信息，获取直接信息或规律。 能力2 根据文章中的关键信息定位+隐含的附加条件进行计算，留心隐含附加条件是关键。 命题预测 考向 主要考查学生细节理解能力 考点二 考查记叙文 11 考点三 考查普通说明文 18 考点四 考查科普说明文 26 考点五 考查议论文 34 命题轨迹透视 从近三年高考试题来看，阅读理解以应用文、记叙文和说明文为主，题目难度适中。命题趋势：在语篇中考查学生快速获取信息的能力，强化阅读能力的培养。 考点频次总结 考点 2025年 2024年 2023年 应用文 全国一卷·阅读理解A 全国二卷·阅读理解A 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解A 新高考II卷·阅读理解A 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解A 新高考II卷·阅读理解A 记叙文 全国一卷·阅读理解B 全国二卷·阅读理解B 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B 新高考II卷·阅读理解B 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B 新高考II卷·阅读理解B 普通说明文 全国一卷·阅读理解C 全国二卷·阅读理解C 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C 新高考II卷·阅读理解C 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C 新高考II卷·阅读理解C 科普说明文 全国一卷·阅读理解D 全国二卷·阅读理解D 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D 新高考II卷·阅读理解D 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D 新高考II卷·阅读理解D 议论文 全国一卷·阅读理解C 2026命题 预测 预计在2026年高考中，会以多种体裁和题材语篇为命题情景，考查考生获取信息的能力，阅读理解中将会保持多样性。 考点一 考查应用文 1．【融入科技前沿，识别图表，科技应用文】（2025年全国一卷·阅读理解A） The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbons The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — Electricity Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammonia Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 1. What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A. 11.6%. B. 45.1%. C. 74.5%. D. 86.1%. 2. Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A. Planes. B. Trucks. C. Trains. D. Ships. 3. What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A. Limiting fuel consumption. B. Putting more effort into renewables. C. Improving energy efficiency. D. Making electricity more affordable. 2.【学以致用，关注生活英语】（2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解A） The City of Burlington public art program is presenting a series of temporary public art signs at the Beachway in conjunction with the Ontario Culture Days. This project will select 10 visual artists and 10 writers to create artwork that will be displayed on temporary signs along the multi-use path. This call is open to Burlington-based artists and is open to all art forms that can be presented in a sign format. This includes, but is not limited to: visual art, graphic art, photography, poetry, short story, non-fiction, etc. Submissions may be from existing or newly created work. The artist fee for this project is $400. The City of Burlington will pay for all costs related to the production, installation (安装) and maintenance of the signs. Estimated Project Timeline August 2 Call for Artists responses due By August 12 Successful artists selected; enter into a contract with the City of Burlington September 6 Final artwork files due September 23 – October 13 Artwork displayed for duration of Culture Days celebration Application Package Artwork Statement: Please provide a brief statement (maximum 150 words) outlining your artwork concept. Artwork or Writing Submission: • Visual Art Submission: Please submit an artwork sketch (草图) of your concept. This can be a work in progress rather than a completed piece. If you are proposing to use a completed artwork, please submit it as your “sketch”. • Writing Submission: Submissions must be a maximum of 250 words. It may be a stand-alone piece such as a poem or short story or a part taken from a larger piece. Artist Biography: Please provide a short introduction (maximum 50 words) to the artist written in the third person. 21. What is the purpose of this text? A. To raise money for local artists. B. To release a collection of artwork. C. To introduce a cultural festival. D. To call for artworks for a project. 22. How long will the public art signs be on display? A. Ten days. B. Three weeks. C. One month. D. Two months. 23. Which of the following meets the application requirements? A. A 150-word poem. B. A 100-word self-introduction. C. A 300-word story. D. A 200-word artwork statement. 3. 【注意隐含条件陷阱，防止选择失误】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Bike Rental & Guided Tours Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam. Why MacBike MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. Prices Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears 1 hour €7.50 €5.00 3 hours €11.00 €7.50 1 day (24 hours) €14.75 €9.75 Each additional day €8.00 €6.00 Guided City Tours The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 1. What is an advantage of MacBike? A. It gives children a discount. B. It of offers many types of bikes. C. It organizes free cycle tours. D. It has over 2,500 rental shops. 2. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A. €15.75. B. €19.50. C. €22.75. D. €29.50. 3. Where does the guided city tour start? A. The Gooyer, Windmill. B. The Skinny Bridge. C. Heineken Brewery. D. Dam Square. 应用文的特点：内容贴近日常生活，它包括：广告、通知、便条、课程选择、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异。 应用文的命题方向：1.计算题（直接计算题和间接计算题）；2.细节理解题；3.推理判断题（考考查文章出处；考查读者对象；考查写作目的） 应用文二轮复习主攻方向：1.科普类应用文（2025年全国I卷透射出方向，融入科技前沿）； 随着科技的发展需要，要特别重视理科相关知识的应用文。它们主要包括实验步骤说明、实验报告、工艺操作流程、研究报道的相关图表等。 2.含有隐含条件的细节理解题或计算题。（此为易错题）。其他都在一轮复习中解决。 应用文文中的计算题有时需要考虑间接的隐含条件才能计算正确。这些“暗”信息会涉及附加条件以及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。数字计算题的话题有：1.广告类；2.故事类；3. 科普知识类；4.史地自然类；5.文化教育类。设问方式以when，in which year，how many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。解此类试题常用“整合推算”法。 此类题要求考生对具体细节信息,尤其是年龄、时间、数量等数字信息进行加工,但此类试题的重点不在于计算,而在于考查考生对具体信息的处理能力,故试题设置的计算一般比较简单。 考向 1 科技应用文 1.（2026·河北省雄安新区期末）With the rise of smartphones and more hobby options, many people worry that fewer young people read books. The report Teenager Reading in the Digital Age, published in April 2024, examined how much teenagers read for leisure. A research team led by Leonie Rutherford, a specialist in young people and media at Deakin University in Australia, surveyed 13,000 high school students about their free-time reading habits between March 2022 and June 2023. Here are the results of the survey. The study also looked at reading blogs, online magazines, and news media. Most students read these forms weekly or less often. Only 10% said they read them every day, while more than a third never read them at all. Listening to audiobooks was also uncommon, with only 13% of students reporting that they listened to audiobooks in their free time. Given these findings, the researchers suggest efforts to increase reading among young people. They point out that reading for leisure can improve vocabulary and contextual knowledge, support better school grades, enhance employment opportunities, and promote mental well-being. Supporting this view, a paper published in 2012 by a professor of educational research at the University of Bamberg in Germany showed that continuous reading leads to improved reading and writing skills, and that it is important to read books, rather than short content such as e-mails and blogs. 1．How many students read books every day according to the survey? A．1,430. B．1,560. C．1,950. D．2,080. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Fading of traditional reading. B．Popularity in digital reading. C．Reasons for leisure reading. D．Reading outside of books. 3．What can we learn from the paper in 2012? A．Continuous reading is difficult. B．Reading books is more beneficial. C．Checking e-mails improves reading. D．Few students have good reading habits. 考向 2 间接信息理解题 2. （2026·山海关区第一中学2期末）Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence created by machines, like computer systems fitted with learning algorithms (算法). These algorithms can keep enhancing their ability to make predictions as they obtain more information. Such tools are so advanced that they can deal with large quantities of information in seconds. When it comes to crop resilience (抗灾力), AI can be helpful in several ways: it can aid in creating better tools for crop monitoring, designing better robots for crop dusting or harvesting and developing better software to assist in breeding crops with features such as disease-resistance and drought tolerance. It also has a strong social aspect, as it can help farmers and policymakers make wise decisions. Identifying diseases and taking early action can make managing a disease much easier. In the past, satellite data was very rough: it couldn’t provide a high enough resolution (分辨率) to diagnose a problem. However, the resolution is continuously improving. As a result, their potential for use in monitoring has been increasing. Of course, a lot of work is needed at the beginning. First, people have to collect and organize thousands of images of healthy and diseased plants under various conditions. So collecting and organizing these images requires time and investment. Then, algorithms are developed to learn from these images of healthy and diseased plants, so as to identify the characteristics of diseases. But there are also issues with safety regulations. The unplanned use of drones might bring about safety risks to the public. It is still a new industry. However, since it has many advantages, I believe it will only grow further. This is because policies will find a balance between protecting the public and bringing benefits to agriculture. 1．Why was satellite data limited before? A．Few images. B．Safety issues. C．No algorithms. D．Low resolution. 2．What is needed initially for AI in crops? A．Buying new drones. B．Training farm workers. C．Gathering plant images. D．Building more satellites. 3．What is the picture used to explain? A．Drone flight routes. B．Banana growth stages. C．Satellite data mapping. D．AI in disease detection. 考向 3 附加隐含条件的计算题 3.（2026·重庆市沙坪坝区重庆市第一中学校高三一模） “E- Drive Share” Electric Car Rental Guide To support low- carbon travel and reduce urban emissions, E- Drive Share has launched electric car rental services in downtown areas, with convenient pick- up and drop- off points. Rental Basics · Coverage: Downtown & Suburban Business Districts (20 pick - up/ drop - off spots; check app for locations) · Operating hours:24/7 (customer service 8:00 AM-10:00 PM) · Eligibility: Valid driver's license (held for at least 1 year)+ aged 21-65 · Rental fees:$15/ hour (daily cap $80)+$5 insurance fee per trip; 15% discount for weekly rentals Rental Steps 1. Download the“E - Drive Share” app(iOS/ Android) and complete identity verification with IDand driver's license 2. Reserve a car 15 minutes in advance via the app (select pick - up time & location) 3. Unlock the car with the app or scan the QR code on the windshield 4. Return the car to any designated spot (ensure battery level≥20%; otherwise $10 fee) 5. Settle the bill via the app (WeChat/ Alipay/ Credit Card accepted) Vehicle & Rules · Models: Compact electric cars (5- seater; max load 500 kg) with USB charging ports · Forbidden: Smoking in the car ($200 cleaning fee)+ overloading + driving outside coverage area. · Maintenance: Free roadside assistance for mechanical issues (call (555) 678-9012) · Special offer: First- time users get 1 free hour of rental (valid for 7 days after registration) 1．How much will a first- time user pay for a 3 - hour rental trip? A．$35 B．$40 C．$45 D．$50 2．What is required to rent a car? A．A driver's license held for 6 months. B．Age between 18-20. C．A weekly rental reservation. D．Valid ID and driver's license. 3．What will happen if a user returns the car with a 15% battery level? A．They will be charged a $10 fee. B．They can get a 15% discount. C．The car will be locked immediately. D．They need to pay $80 extra. 考点二 考查记叙文 1. （2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解B） When you’re a teacher, a big part of your job is battling student misconceptions. Often students come to the classroom believing that learning can’t be fun and that what they learn isn’t relevant to the real world — much less to their personal interests. I’ve discovered that if I show students how what they learn is relevant to my hobbies, they’re much more willing to make connections to their personal interests and develop their own hobbies. No matter what subject I’m teaching, I find ways to bring my hobbies into the classroom. For example, I’m a car enthusiast, so when I teach physics, I contextualize concepts with my knowledge about cars. If we’re covering friction, for example, I bring different tires (轮胎) into my classroom so that my students can conduct lab experiments with them to see how friction works in real-life applications. When I first brought my hobbies to my classroom, I was focused on how doing so would build engagement and help my students understand concepts in science. But I quickly learned that the practice also helped me build stronger relationships with them. When I let them see an aspect of my life outside of school, some students who were also interested in cars connected with me more and became more engaged in my courses. Even those who didn’t share that interest with me seemed more engaged once I showed a different side of myself. What started as an experiment is now more of a philosophy. Even when I’m planning classes, I tend to think about how I can bring in my hobbies. I find that doing so energizes my instruction, engages my students, and demonstrates to them how abstract concepts play out in the real world. Best of all, my passion for my hobbies seems to inspire them to be passionate about finding their own. 24. What poses a challenge to teachers according to the author? A. Students’ misunderstandings about teachers. B. Students’ false assumptions about learning. C. The irrelevance of textbooks to students’ life. D. The gap between teachers’ and students’ hobbies. 25. Why does the author bring tires into the classroom? A. To teach an engineering skill. B. To explain the structure of a car. C. To share a real-life experience. D. To illustrate a scientific concept. 26. What was the unexpected outcome of the author’s teaching method? A. A higher class attendance rate. B. Better examination results. C. A closer teacher-student bond. D. More spare time for students. 27. Which of the following best describes the author as a teacher? A. Innovative. B. Humorous. C. Decisive. D. Sympathetic. 2. （2024年新课标I卷·阅读理解B） “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude. 25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian. C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance. C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection. 记叙文的特点：记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。 阅读此类文章应特别注意： （1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生、发展、高潮和结局； （2）若是＂哲理故事＂，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义； （3）若是 ＂逸闻趣事＂，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。 记叙文的命题特点：1、阅读理解记叙文细节理解题居多，落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”。 2、阅读理解记叙文重视首尾段作用，尤其是标题概括题和写作意图题。 3、猜词词义题注意运用“代入法”“排除法”从逻辑性和褒贬性出发。 4、文章寓意题选项字面意思和言外之意与文章主旨结合，去伪存真。 5、形容词适配题注意原文定位，找到动词或形容词，确定最佳答案。 6、标题概括题既要注意文章线索“点睛”作用，还要注意首尾段呼应， 尤其是尾段主旨升华。记叙文标题兼具概括性、新颖性和针对性。 7、记叙文中推理判断题的特点： ①推断隐含意义——关键词句细推敲 ②推断情感态度题——字里行间寻情愫 ③推断写作意图——首尾结合见意图 ④推断人物性格——情节主旨相结合 记叙文最突出的阅读题型： 1.记叙文的特殊特征——描述人物特点（推理判断类）； 高考阅读理解中常有描述人物特点的阅读理解题。命题人通过文章中对人物的事迹、语言、心理等进行描述，进而让考生推测人物的性格特征。 把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 【描写人物特征的形容词】 generous慷慨的；brave勇敢的；impatient不耐烦的； outgoing外向的；easy-going随和的；modest谦虚的；optimistic乐观的；cautious小心，谨慎的；caring乐于助人的; 关心他人的; 体贴人的； responsible负责任的； determined有决心的；modest谦虚的；creative有创造力的；ambitious有雄心的；adventurous冒险的；cooperative 有合作意识的；honest诚实的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的；confident adj.自信的；diligent adj.勤奋的；voluntary adj.自愿的,主动的；energetic adj. 精力旺盛的；humorous adj.幽默的；enthusiastic adj.热情的；experienced adj.有经验的 intelligent聪明的; 智能的; 有才智的; 悟性强的; 有智力的; grateful感激的；helpful有帮助的；talkative健谈的；athletic运动型; 体育运动的; 健壮的；patient有耐心的；innovative创新的；positive 积极的；committed坚信的; 尽心尽力的; 坚定的；considerate 体贴的；ashamed惭愧的; regretful后悔的；disappointed失望的；disappointed失望的；overjoyed过度高兴的；pleased满意的；indifferent冷漠的；sorrowful悲伤的；sympathetic同情的；hardworking勤劳的；proud自豪的；energetic充满活力的；courageous勇敢的; 无畏的；independent独立的；sensitive敏感的。 熟记这些人物特征的形容词，深刻理解每个词的含义。设想每个词可能支撑的事实。这样我们在考试上，就能迅速找到正确答案。 关于人物的性质特征的描述，在试题题有时出现两个并列的词。例如：Determined and adaptable这时要注意，考生一定要从文章找到两个词的相关依据，不要看到一个词依据就做出判断，这样容易出错。 2.描述作者对发生事件的态度； 高考记叙文阅读理解中常有描述作者对事件的态度阅读理解题。命题人通过文章中对文章的整体内容的思考，进而让考生推测作者的写作态度。 【解题指导】 把描述作者态度的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事实相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 【描写作者态度的形容词】（选项常用词） ambitious有雄心的；undoubted无怀疑的；indifferent冷漠的；unconfident没信心的；uncaring不关心的；worried担心的；satisfied满意的；cautious谨慎的；favorable赞同的；doubtful怀疑的；uninterested不感兴趣的；frightened 害怕的；puzzled迷惑不解的；concerned关心的；happy高兴的；tolerant忍受的；sympathetic同情的； delighted高兴的；carefree无忧无虑的; 无牵挂的; 不负责任的 unclear不清楚的； opposed反对的；appreciative adj.感激的; 感谢的; 欣赏的; 赏识的; suspicious adj.感觉可疑的; 怀疑的; 令人怀疑的; 可疑的; 不信任的; 持怀疑态度的；objective adj.客观的; 就事论事的; 不带个人感情的; 客观存在的; 基于事实的; confused迷惑不解的；conservative adj.保守的; 守旧的;pessimistic悲观的； disapproving不同意的；ambiguous模棱两可的；skeptical怀疑的 熟记这些作者态度的形容词，深刻理解每个词的含义。设想每个词可能的描述事实。这样我们在考试上，就能迅速找到正确答案。 3.考查推理判断之人生感悟； 1.命题形式：人生感悟是记叙文的独特的命题形式，它是从故事中人物的思想变化，经过一系列事物的发展，最终到达一个成熟的人生，从而感悟真谛，产生联想。人生感悟属于主旨概括题，类似于中心大意题。一方面，需要考生研读全文把握大意。另一方面需要吃透选项字面意思和言外之意方能把二者有效结合起来做出最佳选择。 27. What does the author’s experience show? (2025全国一卷) 45. What message does Tara's story convey? (2023天津卷) 2.解题策略： ①平时多注意收集英语谚语并吃透其字面意思和言外之意，有备无患； ②仔细阅读文本，把握大意，尤其是关注记叙文尾段，多是感想或体会； ③把文章大意和四个选项内容逐一进行比对，逐个排除，筛选出最佳答案。 1.（2026·广东省大湾区普通高中毕业年级联合模拟考试（一））As part of its series to prepare students for the future, Stanford University has invited Mike, a 2024 graduate, to share his views. Currently working as a development analyst at an affordable housing organization serving communities in California and Seattle, Mike brings his story to the table. Growing up in affordable housing with his family, Mike felt the benefits of a stable living environment. But he saw other people — relatives and friends — who were constantly moving, living in overcrowded apartments, and even being priced out and having to move elsewhere. That made him realize housing is an important issue and drove him to be a part of addressing those challenges that cities face. Since he started the job in February, Mike has cooperated with local governments to develop plans to construct and fund new affordable housing. His work involves understanding complex policies, researching partnerships and analyzing land suitability. “It is really interdisciplinary, as it connects policy, urban design, and social needs. I’m learning new things every day. Affordable housing is a way to make cities more sustainable, not just economically but also environmentally, by shortening journeys to work or building energy-efficient houses. It motivates me to know that this hard work will eventually result in people being housed, which has widespread effects in communities and families,” he notes. Fortunately, the great courses taken in university have prepared him for his role. everything from real estate law to real estate development and finance through the civil engineering department. “The courses are probably the most relevant to what I am doing now, helping me understand my own experience and think about how I want to channel that into a career,” he mentions. For students interested in pursuing a similar path, Mike stresses taking project-based courses is helpful. He also urges students to apply to career-building programs due to more opportunities for guidance, work experience and networking with other people who may be their future colleagues. 1．What primarily inspired Mike to work on affordable housing? A．His college courses. B．His green values. C．His career ambition. D．His housing experience. 2．Which of the following words can best describe Mike’s job? A．Demanding but rewarding. B．Routine but influential. C．Independent and profitable. D．Specialized and eco-focused. 3．What does Mike intend to do according to the last paragraph? A．To promote courses. B．To highlight challenges. C．To stimulate interest. D．To provide suggestions. 4．From which section of a magazine is the text probably taken? A．Campus Life. B．Career Insights. C．Social Issues. D．Academic Features. 2.（2026·江苏省扬州市期末）During his time at Massachusetts’ Springfield College, Bob Smith was a football star on the offensive line. In 1998, as the team’s captain, he led the school to its first postseason game. However, compared with other football giants, he was “way too small” to consider a football career. After college, Smith moved out to California with his eyes set on a bodybuilding career. Seeing Smith setting off with only $500, his dad warned him he wouldn’t make it more than two weeks. He moved sports equipment for one company and then worked in the store of the Venice Beach’s Gold’s Gym for $6 an hour. “If you wanted to know about nutrition or protein, I was your guy,” he said. He did everything he could to make ends meet. “I was struggling, but I wasn’t ever sad. I was in the place where fitness had become famous, and I actually loved what I did.” Soon after, he got his start wrestling at a small market, where Bob Smith gradually earned his fame. Smith also authored several children’s books. When Smith set out to create a book series for kids, he was committed to the message, “It’s okay to be different. And it’s okay to be yourself.” So he created the character of a monster truck named Elbow Grease who isn’t the best in any competition, but remains true to himself and always finishes what he sets out to do. “Elbow Grease’s strength is determination and the ability to just focus and work hard on the task ahead,” he said. Ever the advocate for WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment), Smith poured his all into expanding wrestling’s reach into the global market by learning Mandarin—he has been studying Mandarin for five years, and now has the ability to speak it at news conferences. He became fascinated with the language, even studying with a tutor. 1．Why did Bob Smith give up the football career? A．His figure was not strong enough. B．The career was not promising. C．He wanted to challenge himself. D．Being a captain stressed him out. 2．How did Bob’s father feel about the bodybuilding career? A．Supportive. B．Unconfident. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 3．Why did Bob Smith create the character Elbow Grease? A．To promote his book series. B．To earn himself a good fame. C．To better convey his belief. D．To attract more children readers. 4．What kind of person is Bob Smith? A．Optimistic and warm-hearted. B．Creative and considerate. C．Devoted and strong-minded. D．Generous and hardworking. 考点三 考查普通说明文（阅读理解C篇） 1．（2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解C）Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 28. Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Its design. B. Its findings. C. Its purposes. D. Its significance. 29. What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Funny. B. Abusive. C. Insightful. D. Praising. 30. What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A. A long, positive one. B. An unemotional, negative one. C. A short, negative one. D. An enthusiastic, positive one. 31. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Many companies are producing fake reviews. B. Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C. Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D. It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. 2.（2024年新课标II卷·阅读理解C ） We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 9. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 10. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D. They have a strong environmental awareness. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 普通说明文的特点：普通说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的C篇，以介绍说明型为主。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。 普通说明文的命题特点：高考普通说明文的考查主要出现在C篇有时还有B篇。通过观察C篇各个问题的信息句，命题老师的命题点通常位于：主题句（话题句、总结句）、承上启下句、转折（对比／因果／递进／解释／并列／条件）句中，此外比较常见的还有定语从句（状语、同位语、特殊句式）、举例项、引用、特殊标点后。 因此在阅读时，需要额外关注这些点位的句子，便于解题时快速、有效定位。 在解题时，充分利用语篇标志词，利用句子内部、句子之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。 说明文采用多种方式说明事物，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。 ☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点； ☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异； ☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处； ☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似； ☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同； ☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。 除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 普通说明文的突出特点： 普通说明文中的细节理解题 一、细节理解题方法 题型特点：考查对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。问题通常以“who”“what”“when”“where”“why”“how”等疑问词引导。 解题技巧： 先看题干，明确题目要求，确定关键词。关键词可以是人名、地名、时间、数字、核心名词等。 根据关键词在文中快速定位相关信息，仔细阅读定位处的上下文，与选项进行逐一对比。注意选项与原文的表述可能存在同义替换、词性转换等情况。 对于一些较复杂的细节题，可能需要综合多个段落的信息来判断。 二、说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点： 1.在列举处命题。如用First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。 2.在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。 3.在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much...as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。 4.在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。 5.在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系的理解。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。 说明文中的深层推断题 【题型解读】 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。 【设题趋势】     常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly等。 具体的设问方式如: What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph? Where does this passage probably come from? 【推理判断题解题技巧】 1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征: (1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。 (2) 选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等。 (3) 正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 推理判断题之预测文章走势 根据阅读文章全部内容推断文章的未来走势。预测文章走势的方法：1.利用文章最后一段的内容，预测作者未来要写的方向；2.根据文章的第一段内容，预测文章的前面可能写的内容；3.理清文章的写作思路，把握文章的重要内容及写作方法是预测文章走势的根本。 常见的设问方式： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？ 有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。 考查推理判断之写作方法 推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： （1）How is the passage organized? （2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________. （3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  __________. （4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________. 了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。 1.（2026·广东省大湾区普通高中毕业年级联合模拟考试（一））Colorful songbirds known as honeycreepers were once common in Hawaii. However, these native creatures are now struggling to survive because of avian malaria, a deadly disease spread by invasive (侵袭的) mosquitoes. Of the more than 50 species that once lived throughout the islands, just 17 remain today. Now, scientists have come up with a clever plan to help the birds. They are using drones to drop thousands of lab-grown, non-biting male mosquitoes engineered to carry a type of bacteria called Wolbachia that acts as mosquito birth control. When these special males mate with wild females, the resulting eggs will not hatch, which should reduce the overall mosquito population and give the birds a much-needed break. Since the “Birds, Not Mosquitoes” (BNM) project was started in 2023, over 40 million such mosquitoes have been released. Most of the mosquito drops have been made from helicopters. But recently, scientists began experimenting with eight-foot-long drones. A drone can’t carry as many mosquitoes as a helicopter can — just 23,000 compared to 250,000 — but it’s safer, because it doesn’t require any humans to be on board. Drones are also easier to arrange at a moment’s notice, which is a major benefit in an area with often unpredictable weather. The mosquitoes are being dropped inside small capsules. Each capsule contains roughly 1,000 males, which are kept alive inside a temperature-controlled transport box attached to the drone. Once released, they “fall to the forest floor where they provide protection to the mosquitoes until they’re ready to fly away,” says Adam Knox, a drone pilot involved in the project. “The capsules then begin to break down once exposed to wind and rain,” he adds. This technique, previously used against human diseases, marks its first wildlife-saving application. With climate change pushing mosquitoes to higher altitudes — the last shelter for honeycreepers, time is running out. Several of the remaining honeycreeper species are highly endangered. Some die after a single bite from an infected mosquito. Thus, curbing the mosquito population with methods like the BNM project may be the birds’ only chance to survive. 1．What can be learnt about honeycreepers from paragraph 1? A．They spread avian malaria to mosquitoes. B．A mosquito-borne disease threatens them. C．Thirty-three species of them have died out. D．They are losing habitats to native creatures. 1．What led to the shift to a new carrier in the project? A．Its success in previous similar projects. B．Its expanded carrying capacity and range. C．Its superior operational safety and flexibility. D．Its adaptability to various weather conditions. 2．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．How to protect mosquitoes from diseases. B．How to deliver the lab-grown mosquitoes. C．How to lessen the project’s impact on nature. D．How to control the temperature of containers. 3．What does the underlined word “curbing” in the last paragraph mean? A．Wiping out. B．Keeping track of. C．Coexisting with. D．Keeping under control. 2.（2026·江苏省扬州市期末）All urban green spaces matter for wildlife, but city farms have a distinct advantage in terms of footprint — they take up only slightly more space than a football field. Fitting this design, the original idea of a city farm was simple: take a tiny piece of land to connect communities through food production and farming. Since the launch of Kentish Town — the first city farm to open its doors in October 1972 — such farms have popped up across the UK, serving as vital habitats for nature. Ecologist Mike Williams seconds the view that they play an irreplaceable role in promoting wildlife diversity. He has been recording species at one farm for five years. “For me, it’s the abundance of species here, rather than the potential for rarer wildlife, that truly matters.” Increasingly, the work of city farms is moving beyond the limits of a small field situated in the urban areas — with volunteers driving the growing focus on conservation. After some basic training, they are now more involved in regular wildlife surveys, and this involvement not only boosts their confidence and creates positive connections with the natural world but also supports those emotionally in need, like Tom Davis, who might be overcoming personal challenges. Tom’s world was turned upside down when he was diagnosed with a terrible disease. “To find myself in a position where I could barely get out of the door was frustrating,” he recalls. “But having a city farm nearby is amazing. I have easy access to green space and restore my passion for life.” Regular visits to city farms have become a new lifestyle for people in the UK. These much-loved places welcome over a million visitors a year and connect people with nature. Some experts point out that local authorities should be unavoidably committed to supporting city farms. Their sustained engagement is essential for these farms to fulfill their ecological conservation function. 1．What does Mike Williams highlight about city farms? A．The remote location. B．The small footprint. C．The high production. D．The wildlife richness. 2．What does the author want to indicate through Tom’s story? A．City farms can offer psychological comfort. B．Volunteers’ participation is highly valuable. C．City farms help to cure some terrible diseases. D．Basic training needs to be improved for surveys. 3．Who are advised to play a key role in tending city farms? A．Local residents. B．Farm managers. C．Regular visitors. D．Government officials. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．UK farms’ latest development and conservation. B．Green spaces’ advantages in wildlife protection. C．Visitors’ influence on UK city farm management. D．City farms’ multiple benefits for nature and people. 考点四 考查科普说明文（阅读理解D篇） 1．（2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解D） Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP — an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes — how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 【文章的结构分析】 Para1研究目的 make use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide 利用植物的天然能力吸收二氧化碳 Para2过程与方法 use SLEAP to track multiple features of root growth使用 SLEAP 追踪根系生长的多个特征。 Para3过程与方法 use SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes 利用计算机视觉（SLEAP）分析植物根系表型的新方法. Para4结果 determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs.确定哪些基因对其植物设计最具优势。 Para5评价和影响 Our cooperation is so special and impactful我们的合作有独特价值与深远影响。 1. What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A. Keeping more carbon in plants. B. Optimizing the use of energy. C. Enhancing biological diversity. D. Reducing carbon absorption. 2. Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A. To generate plant images. B. To conduct research on animals. C. To study climate patterns. D. To track features of root growth. 3. What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A. Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B. Collect samples of plant root systems. C. Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D. Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 4. What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A. Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B. Computer programming is a must for scientists. C. Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D. Cooperation outweighs competition in research. 2.（2024年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D） In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 【文章的结构分析】 Para1研究背景（问题） most records of biodiversity are often in the form of digital records；not perfect大多数生物多样性记录通常以数字记录的形式存在，但并非完美 Para2研究原因 Observational data，Are they usable?Daru想知道这种观测数据是否有用。 Para3过程与方法 Using a global dataset Daru和他的团队使用了一个全球数据集进行测试 Para4-5结论与解释 the large number of observation-only records are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species.大量的仅观察记录有失偏颇，倾向于于某些地区、时间段和物种。 Para6-8研究前景 Biodiversity apps；inform users利用生物多样性应用程序引导用户 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 科普说明文的特点： 科普研究类文本结构 总的结构：研究的问题，对象，内容----研究的方法，过程---研究的结果，发现 1. 提出问题----（各类观点/背景信息）----实验发现----解决问题 2. 现象----原因----进一步推进----如何做到----进一步推进----总结 3.结论--实验--总结 结论是批旧立新；实验是设立参照组；总结是照应结论和展望未来。 命题点是：结论是什么？实验说明了什么？未来是什么？ 干扰项特点：截取关键句或非关键句的部分词汇生造一个逻辑，可以说是无中生有。 考生要注意：即使选项每个词文中都有，也要留意这是命题人可能在用熟悉词来混淆视线。 高考说明文阅读技巧 1. 把握首段/尾段/及段落主题句（段首句） 2. 通过每个段落主题句快速掌握文章结构 3. 把握关键词/并忽略无关紧要的修饰词 4. 耐心分析与解题相关的长难句 说明文阅读方法及解题技巧： Step 1. 略读。在第一遍通读文章时，明确每段话的主题句，了解段落大意。（阅读过程中标记关键词：人名、专有名词、表结论/对比/因果等） Step 2. 梳理段落主题句，掌握文章架构，体会作者写作目的及意图。 Step 3. 做题。仔细阅读题干，判断题目与文章各个段落的相关性，二次精读时将选项代入对应段落，继而得出答案。 把握说明方法，抓准关键词 在行文中，为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或把事理阐述明白，通常会用到下列说明方法：举例子、做比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图标、引用、假设、对比或类比等。 对应的就会出现一些标志性的用词：find/discover/prove/indicate/state/stress/explain/show/for example/ for instance/define/compare/cause 表示上下文逻辑关系的词 科普说明文的命题规律： 1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：研究报告是说明文类中重要的一种形式，也是英语试题中最难的部分，二轮复习需进一步强化。研究报告通常包括科普类、心理学类、语言类、宇宙探索类、社会交往类、人工智能类等，涉及的内容比较广泛。 2．从命题思路上看： 研究报告类说明文通常包括研究结果、研究方法、研究过程、结论阐述、专家评议。研究结果通常会考查主旨大意，关键找中心句，研究方法、研究过程通常考查细节理解和推理判断，专家评议通常考查情感态度、推理判断。 科普说明文的突出特点： 考查研究报告 一、Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 研究发现型：研究发现——研究过程(背景、目标、对象、原理、方法、数据、结果...) —— 研究结论(前景、影响、意义、评价、未来方向、不足...) 1.基本规律：研究报告说明文一般难度都比较大，命题者设题的难度并不大。 2．实用解题方法：① 某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。 ②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。 ③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。 ④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。 ⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。 ⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while 有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。 二 、Problem--study--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“问题-研究-分析-结论”（Problem–Study-Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 三 、Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“现象-分析-结论”（Phenomenon–Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 1.（2026·内蒙古通辽市第一中学第五次考试）Scientists are enlisting some unusual recruits in their efforts to forecast earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural phenomena. Thousands of dogs, goats and other farm animals, as well as a wide range of wildlife, are being enrolled in studies that monitor their movements from space. The project uses tiny digital transmitters fitted to mammals, birds and even insects. These devices allow researchers to track animals’ movements through a dedicated satellite, scheduled for launch next year. While the study aims to observe how animals respond to approaching natural events such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, its purpose goes far beyond disaster prediction. According to scientists, it also helps provide new insights into migration, the spread of diseases among animals and the effects of climate crisis on wildlife. The value of studying tagged animals has already been demonstrated in early experiments on the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily. Sensors attached to goats showed that the animals became nervous before volcanic eruptions and refused to move to higher grazing areas they would normally be happy to visit. This abrupt disruption of normal behavior points to an aversion — a deeply ingrained instinct shaped by environmental threat signals rather than deliberate judgment. Similar studies in the Abruzzo mountains outside Rome found that dogs, sheep and other farm animals reacted in ways that predicted seven out of eight major earthquakes in the region over a 12-year period. Accounts of animals behaving unusually before natural disasters are not new. For instance, the Greek historian Thucydides recorded that animals fled the city of Helice shortly before an earthquake in 373 BC． Likewise, before the 1975 Haicheng earthquake in China, snakes and rats were witnessed leaving their burrows. Why animals behave this way is still unclear. During the build-up to an earthquake, geological plates release ions into the air, which animals may be able to sense, said Martin Wikelski, founder of the International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space (Icarus). Advances in tagging technology have made such studies possible, with modern transmitters weighing only a few grams. Beyond geological research, scientists can also use the technology to monitor wildlife health. For example, electronic ear tags attached to wild pigs have shown that African swine fever, a highly contagious virus, spreads easily between wild and domestic pigs. “This information could help limit the disease’s impact on farms. The same technology is expected to shed light on animal mations and how species respond to habitat changes triggered by global warming,” said Wikelski. 1．What can be inferred from the study described in the text? A．It enables large-scale remote observation of animal responses. B．It aims to gain insights into the spread of diseases among people. C．It shows goats on Mount Etna avoid higher grazing areas by nature. D．It proves farm animals like dogs can accurately predict earthquakes. 2．What does the underlined word “aversion” in paragraph 3 most probably refer to? A．A conscious decision requiring reasoning ability. B．A learned behavior based on previous experience. C．A temporary emotional reaction to unfamiliar surroundings. D．A built- in tendency to withdraw when exposed to danger cues. 3．How does the author develop paragraph 4? A．By quoting expert opinions. B．By analyzing scientific data. C．By listing historical examples. D．By making a sharp comparison. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wild Animals’ Hidden Abilities. B．The History of Earthquake Prediction. C．Living Sensors of Environmental Signals. D．How Satellites Monitor Animal Migration and Diseases. 2.（2026·浙江省杭州第二中学月考）“Men are from Mars, women from Venus” has become a convenient shorthand for every household debate, from map-reading to loading the dishwasher. Yet beneath the jokes lies a serious question: are the two sexes born with fundamentally different wiring, or have we simply repeated the story until it feels true? A high-profile set of scans appears to offer hard proof of a difference. British psychologist Stuart Ritchie reported in 2012 that male brains are, on average, roughly one-tenth heavier than female brains and contain more white-matter. Lise Eliot, a neuroscientist at Chicago Medical School, believes such headlines are too dramatic. After re-analyzing thousands of images collected across six countries, she calls the brain “a unisex (不分性别的) organ”. The gap between group averages, she insists, is no wider than the difference between male and female kidneys, and the figures fail to predict how the organ actually processes algebra, empathy or parking instructions. Put simply, size decides nothing. If body structure is not the real boss, what is? Social experience. A 1970 survey’ showed boys beating girls thirteen-to-one on the mathematics SAT, a figure once highlighted by former Harvard president Lawrence Summers as proof of natural male scientific talent. However, when later student groups offered girls equal laboratory hours, encouraged female teachers and rewrote textbooks to include more real-world problems, the ratio fell to three-to-one, suggesting that opportunity, not body part, writes most of the scoreboard. Margaret McCarthy, a neuropharmacologist at the University of Maryland, applauds Eliot for “forcing the debate forward”. She also notes that wiping out every sex difference would sound an extreme note. Equal, she reminds us, is not identical; biology may still whisper where society shouts. 1．Why does the author present Ritchie’s finding? A．To correct statistical errors in psychology. B．To stress the risk of repeating the same story. C．To explain boys’ bad habits in reading maps. D．To present scan evidence of sex differences. 2．What is implied by Eliot’s re-analysis of brain volume? A．Kidneys may decide brain sizes. B．Males do well in tackling complex tasks. C．It can’t tell how a person thinks or acts. D．Brain size might influence sex rules. 3．What can we infer from the narrowed math score gap after 1970? A．Equal chances play a big role. B．Boys are losing interest in STEM. C．Standardized tests can’t be trusted. D．Biology favors girls in math. 4．What might be McCarthy’s attitude to erasing sex differences? A．Favorable. B．Disapproving. C．Unclear. D．Indifferent. 考点五 考查议论文 1.（2025年全国一卷·阅读理解C ） While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 8. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 9. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 10. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 2．（2024年新课程K卷·阅读理解C） Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 【篇章结构】 段落 功能 关键词句 Para.1 提出问题 "Is comprehension the same...?" 双重疑问句引发思考 Para.2-3 对比论证 "When reading texts of several hundred words..., learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than on screen. " Para.4 理论深化 "shallowing hypothesis" 解释心理机制 Para.5 延伸对比 "Audio and video...but remember less" 扩大讨论维度 Para.6 结论建议 "educators shouldn’t assume..." 提出辩证解决方案 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A .Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 议论文的特点：议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。 议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。 议论文的阅读方法： 1. 抓论点、寻论据 阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把握了中心。 2. 重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大体的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： (1)“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”的过程。 (2)“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。 议 论 文 文 章 类 型 演绎论证议论文 是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。 归纳论证议论文 是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。 比较论证议论文 是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。 命题 要点 由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。 议论文中的主旨大意题 主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。 【常考类型】 题型1 段落大意题 每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出段落大意 题型2 文章大意题 考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力 题型3 标题归纳题 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子 考查议论文中的推理判断题 1.推断题特征 推断题要求学生在理解文章表面信息的基础上，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者态度，理解文章的寓意等。推断题是议论文中出现频率最高、难度最大的题目。推断题常常考查写作目的、作者意图、结论推断或者文章出处推断等。常见的题目如下： ①From the example in paragraph...， we can infer that____________. ②Whats the purpose of the text？ ③Whats the attitude of the author towards...？ 2.推断题的解题策略 ①立足议论文中明确的客观信息，挖掘内在的逻辑关系，合理地进行推断。 ②全面分析所有相关信息，避免片面性，做到判断有据，推理有据，忠于原文。 ③不可用主观臆断来代替文中作者的观点，不能用事实代替推理，不能用具体代替抽象，不能用现象代替实质。 ④要特别注意表现作者感情、态度、观点的语句。 ⑤“立足原文，只推一步”：根据原文内容简单推理，一步即可推得。 ⑥选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如only、never、all、absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often、usually、sometimes、some、may、might、can、could、probably等。 考查议论文中的细节理解题 1.细节题的特征 这类题目一般难度不大，以表层理解为主，多数情况下是直接信息题，主要考查学生在快速阅读文章的同时从中获取某些特定信息的能力。它们往往以what、which、who、when、where、how来提问，有时还会加上一个前提。 2.细节题的解题策略 在处理细节题时，要做到又快又准。快：快速发现题干关键词，再运用略读和跳读的技巧在文中迅速定位。准：解题时要抓准关键词，要注意选项与原文的细微差别，在准确理解细节的情况下，确定最佳答案。 3.细节题的解题关键、 准确识别选项和题干改写过程中的，同义句表达是解题关键。常用的方法：1.采用同义词手段改写；2.采用正话反说的方法改写；3.采用虚拟语气进行改写；4.采用同义句式方式改写。 1.（2026·山东省淄博市期末）The age-old belief that humans are superior to nature and non-human life is deeply rooted in traditions. Even in modern times, this belief continues, influencing how we view the natural world. Characteristics once considered unique to humans — such as intelligence, tool use, moral behavior, and the ability to feel pain — have now been observed in other species. Chimpanzees solve complex puzzles, crows craft and use tools, and fish exhibit clear responses to painful situations. Even plants, once thought passive, demonstrate sensory abilities comparable to our own. These discoveries challenge the long-held assumption of human exceptionalism. In The Arrogant Ape, primatologist Christine Webb critically examines this belief. She argues that the idea of human uniqueness contradicts evolutionary science, which emphasizes gradual differences between species rather than absolute distinctions. Webb warns that this mindset misleads scientific research — biologists often focus on primates (灵长类动物) and well-known mammals while neglecting the majority of Earth’s biodiversity. Additionally, unfair comparison — such as studying captive (圈养的) chimpanzees and free humans — further strengthen false ideas of superiority. Concerned about ethical issues and unreliable data from lab studies, Webb conducts her research only in natural habitats or refuges for apes. Her observations suggest that many non-human beings likely possess some form of consciousness. Critics dismiss such claims as anthropomorphism (类人化). However, Webb argues against that refusing to acknowledge cross-species similarities creates unnecessary barriers in science. She also points out the double standard: while human cognition is accepted without question, animal intelligence is often dismissed without sufficient evidence. Webb argues that abandoning human exceptionalism is crucial for solving global crises. Zoonotic diseases, mass extinctions, and climate change all result from humanity’s damaging relationship with nature. By recognizing our place within the natural world and integrating the knowledge of native people about ecological balance — we can rebuild sustainable connections with the environment. Eventually, letting go of outdated superiority myths may inspire stronger support for animal welfare and the planet’s health. 1．What does the first paragraph talk about? A．An explanation of a religious belief. B．New findings about animal behavior. C．Different views on human superiority. D．A comparison between humans and animals. 2．What view does Webb hold on human exceptionalism? A．It corresponds with evolutionary science. B．It leads to too many studies on primates. C．It encourages humans to treat animals better. D．It narrows research focuses and methods. 3．Why does Webb intend to study apes only in habitats or refuges? A．To avoid the ethical problems of captive research. B．To simplify the process of collecting research data. C．To prove apes are more intelligent than other animals. D．To focus on the most “popular favored” mammal species. 4．Which statement would Webb most likely to agree with? A．Beliefs about human superiority are updated. B．Humans need to change their sense of superiority. C．Economic growth holds greater significance than environment. D．The knowledge of natives about ecological balance is outdated. 2.（2026·河南省南阳市高三期末）In a significant move within the technology sector, CharacterAI, a well-known U.S.-based chatbot service, has recently enforced a ban prohibiting users under the age of 18 from interacting with its customized AI “companions.” This decisive action comes among growing concerns from parents, mental health professionals, and policymakers regarding the potential for adolescents to develop unhealthy emotional dependencies on such simulated relationships. Furthermore, the company faces legal challenges, including lawsuits saying that interactions on its platform have contributed to harmful outcomes for some young users. Supporters of the ban, such as Robbie Torrey, a senior director at the advocacy group Common Sense Media, argue that it is a necessary step. Research conducted by his organization indicates that these companion chatbots can engage in emotionally manipulative (控制的)dialogues and are inadequate at identifying and redirecting teens in crisis. Torrey publicly supported the restriction but expressed serious doubts about its practical enforcement, questioning the platform’s ability to accurately identify underage users. He also raised a critical concern: that teens banned from CharacterAI might simply migrate to other, less-regulated similar platforms, resulting in not lessening the underlying risk. However, the ban has its critics. Some researchers, like Dian Wang from the University of Illinois, suggest that a blanket prohibition might be an over correction. Studies from his team have recorded instances where teens and their parents reported positive experiences, claiming that structured interactions with AI helped practice social and conversational skills. Wang advocates for a more refined approach, emphasizing the “untapped opportunities” for positive applications if AI tools are deliberately and ethically designed with teenage development in mind, rather than being marketed as all-in-one digital friends. An alternative perspective suggests redesigning the technology itself. Several experts propose that instead of offering multifunctional “companion” bots, companies could develop specialized AI with limited, well-defined purposes-such as tutoring academic subjects or practicing specific social skills-with clear boundaries and built-in safeguards. This approach, they argue, could provide benefits while minimizing the risks associated with open-ended, emotionally intensive interactions. 1．What is the direct cause of CharacterAI’s decision to ban teenage users? A．A drop in overall user engagement. B．Increasing concerns about potential harm. C．Technological failures in the AI characters. D．Government’s orders to shut down the service. 2．According to Robbie Torrey, what is a major flaw in the ban? A．Parents have not been properly notified. B．It makes the AI companions less intelligent. C．It is too expensive for the company to maintain. D．Teens might switch to other similar risky platforms. 3．How do interactions with AI benefit the teens according to Dian Wang? A．They decrease the potential risks for them. B．They help them enhance interpersonal skills. C．They bring multifunctional virtual friends to them. D．They entertain them with positive experiences. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The AI Companion Agreement: Teens Have Reported Positive Experience. B．The AI Companion Protest: Teens Are Facing the Dangers of All Technology. C．The AI Companion Debate: Should Teens Be Banned for Their Safety? D．The AI companion Debate: Should AI Be Redesigned for Special Purpose? 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司6 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解之体裁命题研究 目录 01 析·考情精解 2 02 构·知能架构 3 03 破·考点攻坚 4 考点一 考查应用文 4 真题动向 考查通过文本阅读和图表识别，从中获取有用信息的能力，侧重于学以致用 必备知识 1.应用文的特点：2.应用文的命题方向：3.应用文二轮复习主攻方向：①科普类应用文（2025年全国I卷透射出方向，融入科技前沿）；②含有隐含条件的细节理解题或计算题。（此为易错题） 关键能力 能力1 识别图表信息，获取直接信息或规律。 能力2 根据文章中的关键信息定位+隐含的附加条件进行计算，留心隐含附加条件是关键。 命题预测 考向 主要考查学生细节理解能力 考点二 考查记叙文 15 考点三 考查普通说明文 25 考点四 考查科普说明文 36 考点五 考查议论文 47 命题轨迹透视 从近三年高考试题来看，阅读理解以应用文、记叙文和说明文为主，题目难度适中。命题趋势：在语篇中考查学生快速获取信息的能力，强化阅读能力的培养。 考点频次总结 考点 2025年 2024年 2023年 应用文 全国一卷·阅读理解A 全国二卷·阅读理解A 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解A 新高考II卷·阅读理解A 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解A 新高考II卷·阅读理解A 记叙文 全国一卷·阅读理解B 全国二卷·阅读理解B 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B 新高考II卷·阅读理解B 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B 新高考II卷·阅读理解B 普通说明文 全国一卷·阅读理解C 全国二卷·阅读理解C 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C 新高考II卷·阅读理解C 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C 新高考II卷·阅读理解C 科普说明文 全国一卷·阅读理解D 全国二卷·阅读理解D 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D 新高考II卷·阅读理解D 新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D 新高考II卷·阅读理解D 议论文 全国一卷·阅读理解C 2026命题 预测 预计在2026年高考中，会以多种体裁和题材语篇为命题情景，考查考生获取信息的能力，阅读理解中将会保持多样性。 考点一 考查应用文 1．【融入科技前沿，识别图表，科技应用文】（2025年全国一卷·阅读理解A） The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbons The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — Electricity Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammonia Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 1. What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A. 11.6%. B. 45.1%. C. 74.5%. D. 86.1%. 2. Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A. Planes. B. Trucks. C. Trains. D. Ships. 3. What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A. Limiting fuel consumption. B. Putting more effort into renewables. C. Improving energy efficiency. D. Making electricity more affordable. 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. B 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2018年不同交通方式的温室气体排放占比，以及飞机、汽车等各类交通工具的未来绿色燃料路径。 1. C细节理解题。根据图表信息ROAD VEHICLES部分中“ROAD (PASSENGER) 45.1% (道路(客运)45.1%)”以及“ROAD (GOODS) 29.4% (道路(货运)29.4%)”可知，道路车辆总占比为45.1%+29.4%=74.5%，即道路车辆在2018年全球交通排放中占比74.5%。故选C项。 直接计算题 数字计算题最常用的方法是：1.仔细理解题干中的信息要求；2.从文章中定位计算需要的信息；3.通过计算得出答案。 2. C细节理解题。根据图表信息TRAINS — Electricity部分中“Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. (一些列车已经通过轨道或电线实现了电气化；其他火车可以通过非常简单的方式实现电动化)”可知，火车相较其他交通方式更易实现绿色化。故选C项。 3. B细节理解题。根据最后一段中““We need to speed up the development of green energy and it will all get used,” says Wipke. (Wipke说：“我们需要加速绿色能源的开发，而且这些能源都会被利用起来。”)”可知，Wipke建议加大对可再生能源的投入，即加大对绿色能源的投入。故选B项。 命题解读 新情境：文章以2018年不同交通方式的温室气体排放占比，以及飞机、汽车等各类交通工具的未来绿色燃料路径为命题情境，培养学生的环境保护意识。 新考法：考查考生从科普类应用文中获取信息的能力，体现了国家重视科技的重要思想。 新角度：本题命题人打破传统的生活、旅游类应用文的考查角度，用科普应用文考查学习获取信息的能力。 2.【学以致用，关注生活英语】（2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解A） The City of Burlington public art program is presenting a series of temporary public art signs at the Beachway in conjunction with the Ontario Culture Days. This project will select 10 visual artists and 10 writers to create artwork that will be displayed on temporary signs along the multi-use path. This call is open to Burlington-based artists and is open to all art forms that can be presented in a sign format. This includes, but is not limited to: visual art, graphic art, photography, poetry, short story, non-fiction, etc. Submissions may be from existing or newly created work. The artist fee for this project is $400. The City of Burlington will pay for all costs related to the production, installation (安装) and maintenance of the signs. Estimated Project Timeline August 2 Call for Artists responses due By August 12 Successful artists selected; enter into a contract with the City of Burlington September 6 Final artwork files due September 23 – October 13 Artwork displayed for duration of Culture Days celebration Application Package Artwork Statement: Please provide a brief statement (maximum 150 words) outlining your artwork concept. Artwork or Writing Submission: • Visual Art Submission: Please submit an artwork sketch (草图) of your concept. This can be a work in progress rather than a completed piece. If you are proposing to use a completed artwork, please submit it as your “sketch”. • Writing Submission: Submissions must be a maximum of 250 words. It may be a stand-alone piece such as a poem or short story or a part taken from a larger piece. Artist Biography: Please provide a short introduction (maximum 50 words) to the artist written in the third person. 21. What is the purpose of this text? A. To raise money for local artists. B. To release a collection of artwork. C. To introduce a cultural festival. D. To call for artworks for a project. 22. How long will the public art signs be on display? A. Ten days. B. Three weeks. C. One month. D. Two months. 23. Which of the following meets the application requirements? A. A 150-word poem. B. A 100-word self-introduction. C. A 300-word story. D. A 200-word artwork statement. 【答案】21. D 22. B 23. A 【解析】这是一篇应用文，介绍伯灵顿市公共艺术项目相关说明。 21. 主旨大意题。根据第一段 “The City of Burlington public art program is presenting a series of temporary public art signs... This project will select 10 visual artists and 10 writers... This call is open to Burlington-based artists...”（伯灵顿市公共艺术项目正配合“安大略文化日”在湖滨大道展示一系列临时公共艺术标牌。该项目将选拔10位视觉艺术家和10位作家，创作将在多用途路径沿线的临时标牌上展示的作品。此征集活动面向居住在伯灵顿的艺术家开放……）以及下文提到的申请要求可知，这篇文章的主要目的是为一个艺术项目征集作品。故选 D。 关键词 注意关键词：此处select，submission→call for artworks。 22. 细节理解题。根据时间表（Estimated Project Timeline）中的最后一行 “September 23–October 13: Artwork displayed for duration of Culture Days celebration”（9月23日至10月13日：作品在文化日庆祝活动期间展出）计算可知，从9月23日到9月30日是8天，10月1日到10月13日是13天，总计21天，即三周（Three weeks）。故选 B。 同义表达 注意同义表达：此处September 23–October 13→21days→Three weeks。 23. 细节理解题。根据 “Application Package”部分的要求：“Artwork Statement: maximum 150 words”（艺术说明：最多 150 词）；“Writing Submission: maximum250words”（文字作品：最多 250词）；“Artist Biography: maximum 50 words”（艺术家简介：最多50词）。对比选项：A项“150词的诗歌”属于文字作品，符合不超过250词的要求，正确；B项“100词的简介”超过了50词的要求；C项“300词的故事”超过了250词的要求；D项“200词的艺术说明”超过了150词的要求。故选 A。 3. 【注意隐含条件陷阱，防止选择失误】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Bike Rental & Guided Tours Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam. Why MacBike MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. Prices Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears 1 hour €7.50 €5.00 3 hours €11.00 €7.50 1 day (24 hours) €14.75 €9.75 Each additional day €8.00 €6.00 Guided City Tours The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了在阿姆斯特丹进行自行车租赁和雇佣导游的操作方式，价格等细节。 1. What is an advantage of MacBike? A. It gives children a discount. B. It of offers many types of bikes. C. It organizes free cycle tours. D. It has over 2,500 rental shops. B推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. (我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车，包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车)”可推知，MacBike的优势是它提供许多类型的自行车。故选B。 2. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A. €15.75. B. €19.50. C. €22.75. D. €29.50. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→renting a bike→with hand brake and three gears→two days ●文章定位： Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears 1 hour €7.50 €5.00 3 hours €11.00 €7.50 1 day (24 hours) €14.75 €9.75 Each additional day €8.00 €6.00 ●解析思维过程→1 day (24 hours)→Hand Brake, Three Gears→€14.75 ●间接附加条件→1 day y→€8（经常被忽视） ●解析思维过程→1 day+1 day→€14.75+8=22.75欧元 ●故选C 【答案】2. C 间接计算题 间接计算题一定要注意文章中隐藏的附加条件，这是造成计算失误的重要因素，所以在做应用文计算题时，一定要认真细致，避免简单题做错。 3. Where does the guided city tour start? A. The Gooyer, Windmill. B. The Skinny Bridge. C. Heineken Brewery. D. Dam Square. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. (旅游团每小时从大坝广场出发，每天下午1点开始)”可知，导游城市之旅从大坝广场开始。故选D。 应用文的特点：内容贴近日常生活，它包括：广告、通知、便条、课程选择、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异。 应用文的命题方向：1.计算题（直接计算题和间接计算题）；2.细节理解题；3.推理判断题（考考查文章出处；考查读者对象；考查写作目的） 应用文二轮复习主攻方向：1.科普类应用文（2025年全国I卷透射出方向，融入科技前沿）； 随着科技的发展需要，要特别重视理科相关知识的应用文。它们主要包括实验步骤说明、实验报告、工艺操作流程、研究报道的相关图表等。 2.含有隐含条件的细节理解题或计算题。（此为易错题）。其他都在一轮复习中解决。 应用文文中的计算题有时需要考虑间接的隐含条件才能计算正确。这些“暗”信息会涉及附加条件以及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。数字计算题的话题有：1.广告类；2.故事类；3. 科普知识类；4.史地自然类；5.文化教育类。设问方式以when，in which year，how many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。解此类试题常用“整合推算”法。 此类题要求考生对具体细节信息,尤其是年龄、时间、数量等数字信息进行加工,但此类试题的重点不在于计算,而在于考查考生对具体信息的处理能力,故试题设置的计算一般比较简单。 考向 1 科技应用文 1.（2026·河北省雄安新区期末）With the rise of smartphones and more hobby options, many people worry that fewer young people read books. The report Teenager Reading in the Digital Age, published in April 2024, examined how much teenagers read for leisure. A research team led by Leonie Rutherford, a specialist in young people and media at Deakin University in Australia, surveyed 13,000 high school students about their free-time reading habits between March 2022 and June 2023. Here are the results of the survey. The study also looked at reading blogs, online magazines, and news media. Most students read these forms weekly or less often. Only 10% said they read them every day, while more than a third never read them at all. Listening to audiobooks was also uncommon, with only 13% of students reporting that they listened to audiobooks in their free time. Given these findings, the researchers suggest efforts to increase reading among young people. They point out that reading for leisure can improve vocabulary and contextual knowledge, support better school grades, enhance employment opportunities, and promote mental well-being. Supporting this view, a paper published in 2012 by a professor of educational research at the University of Bamberg in Germany showed that continuous reading leads to improved reading and writing skills, and that it is important to read books, rather than short content such as e-mails and blogs. 1．How many students read books every day according to the survey? A．1,430. B．1,560. C．1,950. D．2,080. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Fading of traditional reading. B．Popularity in digital reading. C．Reasons for leisure reading. D．Reading outside of books. 3．What can we learn from the paper in 2012? A．Continuous reading is difficult. B．Reading books is more beneficial. C．Checking e-mails improves reading. D．Few students have good reading habits. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍2024年《数字时代青少年阅读》报告的调查结果，分析青少年休闲阅读现状及相关研究结论。 1．细节理解题。 根据图表中“Daily(每天阅读)”占比15%，以及第二段中“A research team led by Leonie Rutherford, a specialist in young people and media at Deakin University in Australia, surveyed 13,000 high school students about their free-time reading habits between March 2022 and June 2023.(澳大利亚迪肯大学青少年与媒体专家 Leonie Rutherford 带领的研究团队，在2022年3月至2023年6月期间调查了13000名高中生的课余阅读习惯)”，计算得13000×15%=1950 。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“The study also looked at reading blogs, online magazines, and news media. Most students read these forms weekly or less often. Only 10% said they read them every day, while more than a third never read them at all. Listening to audiobooks was also uncommon, with only 13% of students reporting that they listened to audiobooks in their free time.(该研究还关注了阅读博客、在线杂志和新闻媒体的情况。大多数学生每周或更少时间阅读这些内容。只有10%的学生表示他们每天阅读这些内容，而超过三分之一的学生从未阅读过。听有声书也并不常见，只有13%的学生报告他们在空闲时间听有声书)”可知，本段主要介绍书本之外的其他阅读形式。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Supporting this view, a paper published in 2012 by a professor of educational research at the University of Bamberg in Germany showed that continuous reading leads to improved reading and writing skills, and that it is important to read books, rather than short content such as e-mails and blogs.(为支持这一观点，德国班贝格大学教育研究教授在2012年发表的一篇论文表明，持续阅读能提升读写能力，且阅读书籍比阅读电子邮件和博客等短内容更重要)”可知，该论文指出阅读书籍更有益。故选B。 考向 2 间接信息理解题 2. （2026·山海关区第一中学2期末）Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence created by machines, like computer systems fitted with learning algorithms (算法). These algorithms can keep enhancing their ability to make predictions as they obtain more information. Such tools are so advanced that they can deal with large quantities of information in seconds. When it comes to crop resilience (抗灾力), AI can be helpful in several ways: it can aid in creating better tools for crop monitoring, designing better robots for crop dusting or harvesting and developing better software to assist in breeding crops with features such as disease-resistance and drought tolerance. It also has a strong social aspect, as it can help farmers and policymakers make wise decisions. Identifying diseases and taking early action can make managing a disease much easier. In the past, satellite data was very rough: it couldn’t provide a high enough resolution (分辨率) to diagnose a problem. However, the resolution is continuously improving. As a result, their potential for use in monitoring has been increasing. Of course, a lot of work is needed at the beginning. First, people have to collect and organize thousands of images of healthy and diseased plants under various conditions. So collecting and organizing these images requires time and investment. Then, algorithms are developed to learn from these images of healthy and diseased plants, so as to identify the characteristics of diseases. But there are also issues with safety regulations. The unplanned use of drones might bring about safety risks to the public. It is still a new industry. However, since it has many advantages, I believe it will only grow further. This is because policies will find a balance between protecting the public and bringing benefits to agriculture. 1．Why was satellite data limited before? A．Few images. B．Safety issues. C．No algorithms. D．Low resolution. 2．What is needed initially for AI in crops? A．Buying new drones. B．Training farm workers. C．Gathering plant images. D．Building more satellites. 3．What is the picture used to explain? A．Drone flight routes. B．Banana growth stages. C．Satellite data mapping. D．AI in disease detection. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍人工智能在提升作物抗灾力中的应用，包括疾病监测等，也提及前期工作和安全监管问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In the past, satellite data was very rough: it couldn’t provide a high enough resolution (分辨率) to diagnose a problem. (过去，卫星数据非常粗糙：它无法提供足够高的分辨率来诊断问题)”可知，以前卫星数据有限是因为分辨率低。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“First, people have to collect and organize thousands of images of healthy and diseased plants under various conditions. (首先，人们必须收集并整理数千张不同条件下健康和患病植物的图像)”可知，人工智能应用于作物的初期需要收集植物图像。故选C。 3．推理判断题。图片分为两个部分，图a展示了用于监测的空中平台，包括无人机和卫星，它们用于香蕉病害检测和健康检测，然后通过手机进行疾病检测确认；图b展示了通过数据映射在世界各地标记出香蕉检测和疾病警报的位置。根据第一段“When it comes to crop resilience (抗灾力), AI can be helpful in several ways: it can aid in creating better tools for crop monitoring, designing better robots for crop dusting or harvesting and developing better software to assist in breeding crops with features such as disease-resistance and drought tolerance.(当谈到作物的抗灾能力时，人工智能可以在几个方面提供帮助：它可以帮助创造更好的作物监测工具，设计更好的喷洒农药或收割机器人，开发更好的软件来帮助培育具有抗病和抗旱等特性的作物)”以及第二段“Identifying diseases and taking early action can make managing a disease much easier.(识别疾病并及早采取行动可以使疾病的管理更容易)”可知，文章主要介绍了人工智能用于探测植物病害，由此可推知，图片是为了解释人工智能在疾病检测中的应用，故选D。 考向 3 附加隐含条件的计算题 3.（2026·重庆市沙坪坝区重庆市第一中学校高三一模） “E- Drive Share” Electric Car Rental Guide To support low- carbon travel and reduce urban emissions, E- Drive Share has launched electric car rental services in downtown areas, with convenient pick- up and drop- off points. Rental Basics · Coverage: Downtown & Suburban Business Districts (20 pick - up/ drop - off spots; check app for locations) · Operating hours:24/7 (customer service 8:00 AM-10:00 PM) · Eligibility: Valid driver's license (held for at least 1 year)+ aged 21-65 · Rental fees:$15/ hour (daily cap $80)+$5 insurance fee per trip; 15% discount for weekly rentals Rental Steps 1. Download the“E - Drive Share” app(iOS/ Android) and complete identity verification with IDand driver's license 2. Reserve a car 15 minutes in advance via the app (select pick - up time & location) 3. Unlock the car with the app or scan the QR code on the windshield 4. Return the car to any designated spot (ensure battery level≥20%; otherwise $10 fee) 5. Settle the bill via the app (WeChat/ Alipay/ Credit Card accepted) Vehicle & Rules · Models: Compact electric cars (5- seater; max load 500 kg) with USB charging ports · Forbidden: Smoking in the car ($200 cleaning fee)+ overloading + driving outside coverage area. · Maintenance: Free roadside assistance for mechanical issues (call (555) 678-9012) · Special offer: First- time users get 1 free hour of rental (valid for 7 days after registration) 1．How much will a first- time user pay for a 3 - hour rental trip? A．$35 B．$40 C．$45 D．$50 2．What is required to rent a car? A．A driver's license held for 6 months. B．Age between 18-20. C．A weekly rental reservation. D．Valid ID and driver's license. 3．What will happen if a user returns the car with a 15% battery level? A．They will be charged a $10 fee. B．They can get a 15% discount. C．The car will be locked immediately. D．They need to pay $80 extra. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍E-Drive Share电动汽车租赁的基础规则、流程、车型及相关优惠。 1．细节计算题。根据Rental fees中的“$15/ hour + $5 insurance fee per trip(每小时 15 美元，每次行程另加 5 美元保险费)”以及Special offer中的“First- time users get 1 free hour of rental(首次用户可享 1 小时免费租车时长)”可知，首次用户租3小时，实际付费时长为2小时，费用计算为 $15×2 + $5 = $35。故选A项。 注意本文中的“First- time users get 1 free hour of rental(首次用户可享 1 小时免费租车时长)”是一个隐含的附加条件，做题时不可忽视。 2．细节理解题。根据Rental Steps中的“1. Download the‘E- Drive Share’ app(iOS/ Android) and complete identity verification with ID and driver's license(下载“E-Drive Share”应用程序（苹果/安卓系统适用），并使用身份证和驾照完成身份验证)”可知，租车需要有效的身份证和驾照。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据Rental Steps中的“4. Return the car to any designated spot (ensure battery level≥20%; otherwise $10 fee)(将车辆归还至任意指定网点（确保电池电量≥20%；否则将收取10美元费用）)”可知，归还车辆时电池电量为15%，会被收取10美元费用。故选A项。 考点二 考查记叙文 1. （2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解B） When you’re a teacher, a big part of your job is battling student misconceptions. Often students come to the classroom believing that learning can’t be fun and that what they learn isn’t relevant to the real world — much less to their personal interests. I’ve discovered that if I show students how what they learn is relevant to my hobbies, they’re much more willing to make connections to their personal interests and develop their own hobbies. No matter what subject I’m teaching, I find ways to bring my hobbies into the classroom. For example, I’m a car enthusiast, so when I teach physics, I contextualize concepts with my knowledge about cars. If we’re covering friction, for example, I bring different tires (轮胎) into my classroom so that my students can conduct lab experiments with them to see how friction works in real-life applications. When I first brought my hobbies to my classroom, I was focused on how doing so would build engagement and help my students understand concepts in science. But I quickly learned that the practice also helped me build stronger relationships with them. When I let them see an aspect of my life outside of school, some students who were also interested in cars connected with me more and became more engaged in my courses. Even those who didn’t share that interest with me seemed more engaged once I showed a different side of myself. What started as an experiment is now more of a philosophy. Even when I’m planning classes, I tend to think about how I can bring in my hobbies. I find that doing so energizes my instruction, engages my students, and demonstrates to them how abstract concepts play out in the real world. Best of all, my passion for my hobbies seems to inspire them to be passionate about finding their own. 24. What poses a challenge to teachers according to the author? A. Students’ misunderstandings about teachers. B. Students’ false assumptions about learning. C. The irrelevance of textbooks to students’ life. D. The gap between teachers’ and students’ hobbies. 25. Why does the author bring tires into the classroom? A. To teach an engineering skill. B. To explain the structure of a car. C. To share a real-life experience. D. To illustrate a scientific concept. 26. What was the unexpected outcome of the author’s teaching method? A. A higher class attendance rate. B. Better examination results. C. A closer teacher-student bond. D. More spare time for students. 27. Which of the following best describes the author as a teacher? A. Innovative. B. Humorous. C. Decisive. D. Sympathetic. 【答案】24. B 25. D 26. C 27. A 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者通过个人教学经验，阐述将个人爱好融入课堂如何有效纠正学生误解、 提升学习参与度并深化师生关系，并升华到教育哲学层面，强调真实生活连接对激发学生内在热情的价值。 24. 细节理解题。从第一段“Often students come to the classroom believing that learning can't be fun and that what they learn isn't relevant to the real world — much less to their personal interests.”（学生们经常带着这样一种观念来到教室：学习不可能是有趣的，而且他们所学的东西与现实世界无关，更不用说与他们的个人兴趣有关了。）可知，学生对学习持有错误的假设（不认为学习是有趣的或相关的），这给教师带来了挑战。故选 B。 25. 细节理解题。从第二段“...so when I teach physics, I contextualize concepts with my knowledge about cars. If we’re covering friction, for example, I bring different tires (轮胎) into my classroom so that my students can conduct lab experiments with them to see how friction works in real-life applications.”（…… 所以当我教授物理时，我会利用我关于汽车的知识将概念情境化。例如，如果我们正在学习摩擦力，我会把不同的轮胎带到教室里，这样我的学生就可以用它们进行实验，看看摩擦力在现实生活中的应用。）可知，作者带轮胎进教室是为了通过实验来阐释 “摩擦力” 这一科学概念。故选 D。 26. 细节理解题。从第三段 “When I first brought my hobbies to my classroom, I was focused on how doing so would build engagement... But I quickly learned that the practice also helped me build stronger relationships with them.”（当我第一次把我的爱好带进教室时，我关注的是这样做如何能提高参与度…… 但我很快了解到，这种做法还帮助我与学生建立了更牢固的关系。）可知，除了提高参与度外，意外的收获是增强了师生之间的纽带。故选 C。 27. 推理判断题。通过全文可知，作者不拘泥于传统的教学方式，而是将自己的个人爱好（如汽车）与物理教学相结合，通过带轮胎进教室实验等新颖的方式激发学生的兴趣，并建立师生关系。最后一段提到 “What started as an experiment is now more of a philosophy... I find that doing so energizes my instruction...”（起初的一次实验现在更多地成为了一种哲学…… 我发现这样做为我的教学注入了活力……）。这种勇于尝试新方法、将抽象概念具体化的教学风格体现了作者是一位具有创新精神的教师。故选 A。 2. （2024年新课标I卷·阅读理解B） “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→think of him ●文章定位：If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。) → odd ●解析思维过程→laugh at his unusual methods→ odd→15→A. He’s odd ●故选A 细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。) ”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。 25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian. C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners. 25. C细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一种古老的中国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此，在研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知，Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 26. D主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance. C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection. 27. A推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的:自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。 记叙文的特点：记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。 阅读此类文章应特别注意： （1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生、发展、高潮和结局； （2）若是＂哲理故事＂，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义； （3）若是 ＂逸闻趣事＂，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。 记叙文的命题特点：1、阅读理解记叙文细节理解题居多，落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”。 2、阅读理解记叙文重视首尾段作用，尤其是标题概括题和写作意图题。 3、猜词词义题注意运用“代入法”“排除法”从逻辑性和褒贬性出发。 4、文章寓意题选项字面意思和言外之意与文章主旨结合，去伪存真。 5、形容词适配题注意原文定位，找到动词或形容词，确定最佳答案。 6、标题概括题既要注意文章线索“点睛”作用，还要注意首尾段呼应， 尤其是尾段主旨升华。记叙文标题兼具概括性、新颖性和针对性。 7、记叙文中推理判断题的特点： ①推断隐含意义——关键词句细推敲 ②推断情感态度题——字里行间寻情愫 ③推断写作意图——首尾结合见意图 ④推断人物性格——情节主旨相结合 记叙文最突出的阅读题型： 1.记叙文的特殊特征——描述人物特点（推理判断类）； 高考阅读理解中常有描述人物特点的阅读理解题。命题人通过文章中对人物的事迹、语言、心理等进行描述，进而让考生推测人物的性格特征。 把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 【描写人物特征的形容词】 generous慷慨的；brave勇敢的；impatient不耐烦的； outgoing外向的；easy-going随和的；modest谦虚的；optimistic乐观的；cautious小心，谨慎的；caring乐于助人的; 关心他人的; 体贴人的； responsible负责任的； determined有决心的；modest谦虚的；creative有创造力的；ambitious有雄心的；adventurous冒险的；cooperative 有合作意识的；honest诚实的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的；confident adj.自信的；diligent adj.勤奋的；voluntary adj.自愿的,主动的；energetic adj. 精力旺盛的；humorous adj.幽默的；enthusiastic adj.热情的；experienced adj.有经验的 intelligent聪明的; 智能的; 有才智的; 悟性强的; 有智力的; grateful感激的；helpful有帮助的；talkative健谈的；athletic运动型; 体育运动的; 健壮的；patient有耐心的；innovative创新的；positive 积极的；committed坚信的; 尽心尽力的; 坚定的；considerate 体贴的；ashamed惭愧的; regretful后悔的；disappointed失望的；disappointed失望的；overjoyed过度高兴的；pleased满意的；indifferent冷漠的；sorrowful悲伤的；sympathetic同情的；hardworking勤劳的；proud自豪的；energetic充满活力的；courageous勇敢的; 无畏的；independent独立的；sensitive敏感的。 熟记这些人物特征的形容词，深刻理解每个词的含义。设想每个词可能支撑的事实。这样我们在考试上，就能迅速找到正确答案。 关于人物的性质特征的描述，在试题题有时出现两个并列的词。例如：Determined and adaptable这时要注意，考生一定要从文章找到两个词的相关依据，不要看到一个词依据就做出判断，这样容易出错。 2.描述作者对发生事件的态度； 高考记叙文阅读理解中常有描述作者对事件的态度阅读理解题。命题人通过文章中对文章的整体内容的思考，进而让考生推测作者的写作态度。 【解题指导】 把描述作者态度的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事实相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 【描写作者态度的形容词】（选项常用词） ambitious有雄心的；undoubted无怀疑的；indifferent冷漠的；unconfident没信心的；uncaring不关心的；worried担心的；satisfied满意的；cautious谨慎的；favorable赞同的；doubtful怀疑的；uninterested不感兴趣的；frightened 害怕的；puzzled迷惑不解的；concerned关心的；happy高兴的；tolerant忍受的；sympathetic同情的； delighted高兴的；carefree无忧无虑的; 无牵挂的; 不负责任的 unclear不清楚的； opposed反对的；appreciative adj.感激的; 感谢的; 欣赏的; 赏识的; suspicious adj.感觉可疑的; 怀疑的; 令人怀疑的; 可疑的; 不信任的; 持怀疑态度的；objective adj.客观的; 就事论事的; 不带个人感情的; 客观存在的; 基于事实的; confused迷惑不解的；conservative adj.保守的; 守旧的;pessimistic悲观的； disapproving不同意的；ambiguous模棱两可的；skeptical怀疑的 熟记这些作者态度的形容词，深刻理解每个词的含义。设想每个词可能的描述事实。这样我们在考试上，就能迅速找到正确答案。 3.考查推理判断之人生感悟； 1.命题形式：人生感悟是记叙文的独特的命题形式，它是从故事中人物的思想变化，经过一系列事物的发展，最终到达一个成熟的人生，从而感悟真谛，产生联想。人生感悟属于主旨概括题，类似于中心大意题。一方面，需要考生研读全文把握大意。另一方面需要吃透选项字面意思和言外之意方能把二者有效结合起来做出最佳选择。 27. What does the author’s experience show? (2025全国一卷) 45. What message does Tara's story convey? (2023天津卷) 2.解题策略： ①平时多注意收集英语谚语并吃透其字面意思和言外之意，有备无患； ②仔细阅读文本，把握大意，尤其是关注记叙文尾段，多是感想或体会； ③把文章大意和四个选项内容逐一进行比对，逐个排除，筛选出最佳答案。 1.（2026·广东省大湾区普通高中毕业年级联合模拟考试（一））As part of its series to prepare students for the future, Stanford University has invited Mike, a 2024 graduate, to share his views. Currently working as a development analyst at an affordable housing organization serving communities in California and Seattle, Mike brings his story to the table. Growing up in affordable housing with his family, Mike felt the benefits of a stable living environment. But he saw other people — relatives and friends — who were constantly moving, living in overcrowded apartments, and even being priced out and having to move elsewhere. That made him realize housing is an important issue and drove him to be a part of addressing those challenges that cities face. Since he started the job in February, Mike has cooperated with local governments to develop plans to construct and fund new affordable housing. His work involves understanding complex policies, researching partnerships and analyzing land suitability. “It is really interdisciplinary, as it connects policy, urban design, and social needs. I’m learning new things every day. Affordable housing is a way to make cities more sustainable, not just economically but also environmentally, by shortening journeys to work or building energy-efficient houses. It motivates me to know that this hard work will eventually result in people being housed, which has widespread effects in communities and families,” he notes. Fortunately, the great courses taken in university have prepared him for his role. everything from real estate law to real estate development and finance through the civil engineering department. “The courses are probably the most relevant to what I am doing now, helping me understand my own experience and think about how I want to channel that into a career,” he mentions. For students interested in pursuing a similar path, Mike stresses taking project-based courses is helpful. He also urges students to apply to career-building programs due to more opportunities for guidance, work experience and networking with other people who may be their future colleagues. 1．What primarily inspired Mike to work on affordable housing? A．His college courses. B．His green values. C．His career ambition. D．His housing experience. 2．Which of the following words can best describe Mike’s job? A．Demanding but rewarding. B．Routine but influential. C．Independent and profitable. D．Specialized and eco-focused. 3．What does Mike intend to do according to the last paragraph? A．To promote courses. B．To highlight challenges. C．To stimulate interest. D．To provide suggestions. 4．From which section of a magazine is the text probably taken? A．Campus Life. B．Career Insights. C．Social Issues. D．Academic Features. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述了斯坦福大学2024届毕业生迈克（Mike）受邀分享自己投身保障性住房工作的经历与见解。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Growing up in affordable housing with his family, Mike felt the benefits of a stable living environment. But he saw other people — relatives and friends — who were constantly moving, living in overcrowded apartments, and even being priced out and having to move elsewhere. That made him realize housing is an important issue and drove him to be a part of addressing those challenges that cities face.(迈克与家人成长于保障性住房中，他深切感受到了稳定居住环境带来的益处。但他也看到，其他一些人——包括亲戚和朋友——却不断搬家，住在拥挤不堪的公寓里，甚至因房价过高而被迫搬离。这让他意识到住房是一个重要问题，也驱使他投身于解决城市面临的这些挑战之中。)”可知，他的住房经历激发了迈克投身于保障性住房工作。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“His work involves understanding complex policies, researching partnerships and analyzing land suitability.(他的工作涉及理解复杂的政策、研究合作伙伴关系以及分析土地适宜性。)”可知，他的工作要求很高，根据第三段“Affordable housing is a way to make cities more sustainable, not just economically but also environmentally, by shortening journeys to work or building energy-efficient houses. It motivates me to know that this hard work will eventually result in people being housed, which has widespread effects in communities and families(保障性住房不仅能让城市在经济上更具可持续性，还能通过缩短通勤距离或建造节能房屋，在环境上实现可持续发展。一想到我的辛勤工作最终能让人们有房可住，而这又会对社区和家庭产生广泛影响，我就备受鼓舞)”可知，他的工作是有收获的，因此可用demanding和rewarding描述他的工作，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For students interested in pursuing a similar path, Mike stresses taking project-based courses is helpful. He also urges students to apply to career-building programs due to more opportunities for guidance, work experience and networking with other people who may be their future colleagues.(对于有意踏上类似职业道路的学生，迈克强调，选修基于项目的课程很有帮助。他还敦促学生申请职业建设类项目，因为这些项目能提供更多指导机会、工作经验以及与其他可能成为未来同事的人建立人脉的机会。)”可知，最后一段迈克在给出建议。故选D。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“As part of its series to prepare students for the future, Stanford University has invited Mike, a 2024 graduate, to share his views.(作为斯坦福大学助力学生为未来做准备系列活动的一部分，校方邀请了2024届毕业生迈克（Mike）分享他的见解。)”和最后一段“For students interested in pursuing a similar path, Mike stresses taking project-based courses is helpful. He also urges students to apply to career-building programs due to more opportunities for guidance, work experience and networking with other people who may be their future colleagues.(对于有意踏上类似职业道路的学生，迈克强调，选修基于项目的课程很有帮助。他还敦促学生申请职业建设类项目，因为这些项目能提供更多指导机会、工作经验以及与其他可能成为未来同事的人建立人脉的机会。)”可知，本文主要讲的是斯坦福大学2024届毕业生迈克（Mike）受邀分享自己投身保障性住房工作的经历与见解，因此可能来自于杂志的职业见解板块。故选B。 2.（2026·江苏省扬州市期末）During his time at Massachusetts’ Springfield College, Bob Smith was a football star on the offensive line. In 1998, as the team’s captain, he led the school to its first postseason game. However, compared with other football giants, he was “way too small” to consider a football career. After college, Smith moved out to California with his eyes set on a bodybuilding career. Seeing Smith setting off with only $500, his dad warned him he wouldn’t make it more than two weeks. He moved sports equipment for one company and then worked in the store of the Venice Beach’s Gold’s Gym for $6 an hour. “If you wanted to know about nutrition or protein, I was your guy,” he said. He did everything he could to make ends meet. “I was struggling, but I wasn’t ever sad. I was in the place where fitness had become famous, and I actually loved what I did.” Soon after, he got his start wrestling at a small market, where Bob Smith gradually earned his fame. Smith also authored several children’s books. When Smith set out to create a book series for kids, he was committed to the message, “It’s okay to be different. And it’s okay to be yourself.” So he created the character of a monster truck named Elbow Grease who isn’t the best in any competition, but remains true to himself and always finishes what he sets out to do. “Elbow Grease’s strength is determination and the ability to just focus and work hard on the task ahead,” he said. Ever the advocate for WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment), Smith poured his all into expanding wrestling’s reach into the global market by learning Mandarin—he has been studying Mandarin for five years, and now has the ability to speak it at news conferences. He became fascinated with the language, even studying with a tutor. 1．Why did Bob Smith give up the football career? A．His figure was not strong enough. B．The career was not promising. C．He wanted to challenge himself. D．Being a captain stressed him out. 2．How did Bob’s father feel about the bodybuilding career? A．Supportive. B．Unconfident. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 3．Why did Bob Smith create the character Elbow Grease? A．To promote his book series. B．To earn himself a good fame. C．To better convey his belief. D．To attract more children readers. 4．What kind of person is Bob Smith? A．Optimistic and warm-hearted. B．Creative and considerate. C．Devoted and strong-minded. D．Generous and hardworking. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述鲍勃・史密斯因身材放弃美式橄榄球，赴加州打拼健美与摔跤，创作童书传递做自己的信念，还学普通话推广摔跤，凭着坚韧执着，一路坚持的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, compared with other football giants, he was “way too small” to consider a football career.(然而，与其他足球巨星相比，他的身材“太矮小了”，根本无法考虑从事美式橄榄球职业。)”可知，鲍勃・史密斯放弃美式橄榄球生涯是因为他的身材条件不够好。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Seeing Smith setting off with only $500, his dad warned him he wouldn’t make it more than two weeks.(看到史密斯只带着500美元出发，他的父亲警告他撑不过两周。)”可知，父亲对他的健美生涯持不相信的态度。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“When Smith set out to create a book series for kids, he was committed to the message, “It’s okay to be different. And it’s okay to be yourself.” So he created the character of a monster truck named Elbow Grease who isn’t the best in any competition, but remains true to himself and always finishes what he sets out to do. (史密斯着手为孩子们创作一套童书时，一心想要传递这样的理念：“与众不同也无妨，做真实的自己就好。”于是他塑造了怪兽卡车“Elbow Grease”这一角色 —— 它在各项比赛中都算不上顶尖，却始终忠于自我，凡事一旦开始，必会坚持到底。)”可知，史密斯创造该角色是为了更好地传达自己的信念。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“I was struggling, but I wasn’t ever sad.(我很挣扎，但我从来没有悲伤过。)”能看出他面对困境不气馁，意志坚定；从为推广摔跤学五年普通话、创作童书传递理念等行为，结合第五段“Ever the advocate for WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment), Smith poured his all into expanding wrestling’s reach into the global market by learning Mandarin—he has been studying Mandarin for five years, and now has the ability to speak it at news conferences.(史密斯始终是世界摔角娱乐联盟的拥护者，为了将摔角运动的影响力拓展至全球市场，他倾尽心力学习中文 —— 至今已研习五年，如今已能在新闻发布会上用中文发言。)”可知，他做事尽心尽力、全身心投入。由此推断他是一个执着且意志坚定的人。故选C项。 考点三 考查普通说明文（阅读理解C篇） 1．（2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解C）Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 28. Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Its design. B. Its findings. C. Its purposes. D. Its significance. 28. 段落大意题。根据第二段的内容“The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels... The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read... presented in a random order.”（这项研究使用了芝加哥酒店的 1,600 条评论作为数据集…… 这些评论被展示给 400 名受试者。每位受试者阅读八条评论…… 以随机顺序呈现。）可知，本段详细描述了研究的数据来源、受试者人数、评论的分组比例及呈现方式。这属于研究的设计方案（Design）。故选 A。 29. What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Funny. B. Abusive. C. Insightful. D. Praising. 29.词义猜测题。根据第四段上下文，“A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short.”（另一方面，冗长的正面评论被认为是可疑的，参与者往往更信任那些保持其 glowing 评论简短的作者。）通过 positive（正面的）和 trust（信任）的语境，以及文中提到的对 “赞美性” 评论的讨论，可以推断出 glowing 在此处表示 “赞扬的、评价极高的”。故选 D。 30. What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A. A long, positive one. B. An unemotional, negative one. C. A short, negative one. D. An enthusiastic, positive one. 30. 推理判断题。根据第四段末尾的内容，“The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in.”（负面评论越是冷静、客观（不带感情色彩），就越有可能让读者信以为真。）以及前文提到的 “A long, negative review... tended to convince participants.”（篇幅长且信息丰富的负面评论往往能说服参与者。）可知，读者最容易信任那种不带强烈情感色彩（冷静客观）的负面评论。故选 B。 31. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Many companies are producing fake reviews. B. Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C. Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D. It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. 31. 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容，“...increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that... given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn't a good sign.”（…… 越来越多的虚假评论正由 AI 编写，这使得它们看起来更加真实。尽管许多公司使用算法来清除虚假评论，但 Azimi 指出…… 考虑到我们识别虚假评论的能力有限，这并不是一个好兆头。）由此可以推断，随着 AI 技术的介入和人类识别能力的局限，未来辨别虚假评论将会变得更加困难。故选 D。 2.（2024年新课标II卷·阅读理解C ） We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 8. C细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。 9. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 9. B细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。 10. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D. They have a strong environmental awareness. ●题干关键词→What can be concluded→ BMF employees ●文章定位：BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. ●解析思维过程→About half of them walk or bike to work→they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic →reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment→D .They have a strong environmental awareness. ●故选D 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 11. A主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 普通说明文的特点：普通说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的C篇，以介绍说明型为主。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。 普通说明文的命题特点：高考普通说明文的考查主要出现在C篇有时还有B篇。通过观察C篇各个问题的信息句，命题老师的命题点通常位于：主题句（话题句、总结句）、承上启下句、转折（对比／因果／递进／解释／并列／条件）句中，此外比较常见的还有定语从句（状语、同位语、特殊句式）、举例项、引用、特殊标点后。 因此在阅读时，需要额外关注这些点位的句子，便于解题时快速、有效定位。 在解题时，充分利用语篇标志词，利用句子内部、句子之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。 说明文采用多种方式说明事物，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。 ☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点； ☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异； ☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处； ☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似； ☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同； ☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。 除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 普通说明文的突出特点： 普通说明文中的细节理解题 一、细节理解题方法 题型特点：考查对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。问题通常以“who”“what”“when”“where”“why”“how”等疑问词引导。 解题技巧： 先看题干，明确题目要求，确定关键词。关键词可以是人名、地名、时间、数字、核心名词等。 根据关键词在文中快速定位相关信息，仔细阅读定位处的上下文，与选项进行逐一对比。注意选项与原文的表述可能存在同义替换、词性转换等情况。 对于一些较复杂的细节题，可能需要综合多个段落的信息来判断。 二、说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点： 1.在列举处命题。如用First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。 2.在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。 3.在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much...as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。 4.在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。 5.在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系的理解。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。 说明文中的深层推断题 【题型解读】 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。 【设题趋势】     常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly等。 具体的设问方式如: What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph? Where does this passage probably come from? 【推理判断题解题技巧】 1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征: (1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。 (2) 选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等。 (3) 正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 推理判断题之预测文章走势 根据阅读文章全部内容推断文章的未来走势。预测文章走势的方法：1.利用文章最后一段的内容，预测作者未来要写的方向；2.根据文章的第一段内容，预测文章的前面可能写的内容；3.理清文章的写作思路，把握文章的重要内容及写作方法是预测文章走势的根本。 常见的设问方式： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？ 有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。 考查推理判断之写作方法 推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： （1）How is the passage organized? （2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________. （3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  __________. （4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________. 了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。 1.（2026·广东省大湾区普通高中毕业年级联合模拟考试（一））Colorful songbirds known as honeycreepers were once common in Hawaii. However, these native creatures are now struggling to survive because of avian malaria, a deadly disease spread by invasive (侵袭的) mosquitoes. Of the more than 50 species that once lived throughout the islands, just 17 remain today. Now, scientists have come up with a clever plan to help the birds. They are using drones to drop thousands of lab-grown, non-biting male mosquitoes engineered to carry a type of bacteria called Wolbachia that acts as mosquito birth control. When these special males mate with wild females, the resulting eggs will not hatch, which should reduce the overall mosquito population and give the birds a much-needed break. Since the “Birds, Not Mosquitoes” (BNM) project was started in 2023, over 40 million such mosquitoes have been released. Most of the mosquito drops have been made from helicopters. But recently, scientists began experimenting with eight-foot-long drones. A drone can’t carry as many mosquitoes as a helicopter can — just 23,000 compared to 250,000 — but it’s safer, because it doesn’t require any humans to be on board. Drones are also easier to arrange at a moment’s notice, which is a major benefit in an area with often unpredictable weather. The mosquitoes are being dropped inside small capsules. Each capsule contains roughly 1,000 males, which are kept alive inside a temperature-controlled transport box attached to the drone. Once released, they “fall to the forest floor where they provide protection to the mosquitoes until they’re ready to fly away,” says Adam Knox, a drone pilot involved in the project. “The capsules then begin to break down once exposed to wind and rain,” he adds. This technique, previously used against human diseases, marks its first wildlife-saving application. With climate change pushing mosquitoes to higher altitudes — the last shelter for honeycreepers, time is running out. Several of the remaining honeycreeper species are highly endangered. Some die after a single bite from an infected mosquito. Thus, curbing the mosquito population with methods like the BNM project may be the birds’ only chance to survive. 1．What can be learnt about honeycreepers from paragraph 1? A．They spread avian malaria to mosquitoes. B．A mosquito-borne disease threatens them. C．Thirty-three species of them have died out. D．They are losing habitats to native creatures. 1．What led to the shift to a new carrier in the project? A．Its success in previous similar projects. B．Its expanded carrying capacity and range. C．Its superior operational safety and flexibility. D．Its adaptability to various weather conditions. 2．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．How to protect mosquitoes from diseases. B．How to deliver the lab-grown mosquitoes. C．How to lessen the project’s impact on nature. D．How to control the temperature of containers. 3．What does the underlined word “curbing” in the last paragraph mean? A．Wiping out. B．Keeping track of. C．Coexisting with. D．Keeping under control. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要说明了夏威夷蜜旋木雀因入侵蚊子传播的禽疟疾濒危，科学家用无人机投放含特殊细菌的雄蚊控蚊量，该技术首次用于野生动物保护，而蜜旋木雀的生存已刻不容缓。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, these native creatures are now struggling to survive because of avian malaria, a deadly disease spread by invasive (侵袭的) mosquitoes. (然而，这些本土生物如今正因由入侵蚊子传播的致命疾病禽疟疾而难以生存。)”可知，一种蚊媒疾病正威胁着蜜旋木雀的生存。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“A drone can’t carry as many mosquitoes as a helicopter can — just 23,000 compared to 250,000 — but it’s safer, because it doesn’t require any humans to be on board. Drones are also easier to arrange at a moment’s notice, which is a major benefit in an area with often unpredictable weather. (无人机不能像直升机那样携带那么多蚊子——只有23000只，而直升机则可携带约250 000只——但它更安全，因为它不需要任何人在飞机上。无人机也更容易随时安排，这在天气经常不可预测的地区是一个主要的好处。)”可知，无人机操作更安全、灵活性更强，这是项目更换投放载体的原因。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The mosquitoes are being dropped inside small capsules. Each capsule contains roughly 1,000 males, which are kept alive inside a temperature-controlled transport box attached to the drone. (这些蚊子被装在小胶囊中投放。每个胶囊大约装有1000只雄蚊，它们被养在无人机上的温控运输箱中维持生命。)”及后续内容可知，本段主要介绍实验室培育的蚊子的投放方式。故选B项。 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Thus, curbing the mosquito population with methods like the BNM project may be the birds’ only chance to survive. (因此，通过“鸟类而非蚊子项目”这类方法来curbing蚊子数量，可能是这些鸟类仅存的生存机会。)”并结合前文可知，蚊子数量得到控制，夏威夷蜜旋木雀才可能生存，划线词curbing意为“控制”。故选D项。 2.（2026·江苏省扬州市期末）All urban green spaces matter for wildlife, but city farms have a distinct advantage in terms of footprint — they take up only slightly more space than a football field. Fitting this design, the original idea of a city farm was simple: take a tiny piece of land to connect communities through food production and farming. Since the launch of Kentish Town — the first city farm to open its doors in October 1972 — such farms have popped up across the UK, serving as vital habitats for nature. Ecologist Mike Williams seconds the view that they play an irreplaceable role in promoting wildlife diversity. He has been recording species at one farm for five years. “For me, it’s the abundance of species here, rather than the potential for rarer wildlife, that truly matters.” Increasingly, the work of city farms is moving beyond the limits of a small field situated in the urban areas — with volunteers driving the growing focus on conservation. After some basic training, they are now more involved in regular wildlife surveys, and this involvement not only boosts their confidence and creates positive connections with the natural world but also supports those emotionally in need, like Tom Davis, who might be overcoming personal challenges. Tom’s world was turned upside down when he was diagnosed with a terrible disease. “To find myself in a position where I could barely get out of the door was frustrating,” he recalls. “But having a city farm nearby is amazing. I have easy access to green space and restore my passion for life.” Regular visits to city farms have become a new lifestyle for people in the UK. These much-loved places welcome over a million visitors a year and connect people with nature. Some experts point out that local authorities should be unavoidably committed to supporting city farms. Their sustained engagement is essential for these farms to fulfill their ecological conservation function. 1．What does Mike Williams highlight about city farms? A．The remote location. B．The small footprint. C．The high production. D．The wildlife richness. 2．What does the author want to indicate through Tom’s story? A．City farms can offer psychological comfort. B．Volunteers’ participation is highly valuable. C．City farms help to cure some terrible diseases. D．Basic training needs to be improved for surveys. 3．Who are advised to play a key role in tending city farms? A．Local residents. B．Farm managers. C．Regular visitors. D．Government officials. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．UK farms’ latest development and conservation. B．Green spaces’ advantages in wildlife protection. C．Visitors’ influence on UK city farm management. D．City farms’ multiple benefits for nature and people. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国城市农场占地小却能促进野生生物多样性，还能给人们带来心理慰藉，专家还建议当地政府助力其发展。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“For me, it’s the abundance of species here, rather than the potential for rarer wildlife, that truly matters.(对我来说，真正重要的是这里丰富的物种，而不是出现珍稀野生生物的可能性)”可知，Mike Williams强调城市农场的特点是拥有丰富的野生生物。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“After some basic training, they are now more involved in regular wildlife surveys, and this involvement not only boosts their confidence and creates positive connections with the natural world but also supports those emotionally in need, like Tom Davis, who might be overcoming personal challenges.(经过基础培训后，他们如今更多地参与到常规的野生生物调查工作中，并且这种参与不仅能增强他们的信心，建立与自然世界的积极联系，还能为那些有情感需求的人提供支持，比如正努力克服个人困境的汤姆·戴维斯)”以及第四段中汤姆的经历和表述可推知，作者通过汤姆的故事想表明城市农场能为人们提供心理上的慰藉。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Some experts point out that local authorities should be unavoidably committed to supporting city farms. Their sustained engagement is essential for these farms to fulfill their ecological conservation function.(一些专家指出，地方政府理应致力于支持城市农场。他们的持续参与对于这些农场履行其生态保护职能至关重要)”可知，专家建议政府官员在照料城市农场方面发挥关键作用。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段介绍城市农场的设计初衷，第二段说明其对野生生物的作用，第三、四段讲述其对人们的心理慰藉作用，第五段提及专家对政府支持城市农场的建议可知，文章主要介绍了城市农场对自然和人类的多种益处。故选D项。 考点四 考查科普说明文（阅读理解D篇） 1．（2026年1月浙江卷·阅读理解D） Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP — an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes — how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 【文章的结构分析】 Para1研究目的 make use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide 利用植物的天然能力吸收二氧化碳 Para2过程与方法 use SLEAP to track multiple features of root growth使用 SLEAP 追踪根系生长的多个特征。 Para3过程与方法 use SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes 利用计算机视觉（SLEAP）分析植物根系表型的新方法. Para4结果 determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs.确定哪些基因对其植物设计最具优势。 Para5评价和影响 Our cooperation is so special and impactful我们的合作有独特价值与深远影响。 1. What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A. Keeping more carbon in plants. B. Optimizing the use of energy. C. Enhancing biological diversity. D. Reducing carbon absorption. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage.(索尔克研究所的科学家们通过强化植物根系，利用其吸收二氧化碳的天然能力。这一优化旨在增加碳的储存量并延长其储存时间。)”可知，索尔克研究所的科学家们希望让植物储存更多的碳。故选A项。 2. Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A. To generate plant images. B. To conduct research on animals. C. To study climate patterns. D. To track features of root growth. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab.(SLEAP 由索尔克研究所的塔尔莫・佩雷拉研发，最初被设计用于在实验室中追踪动物的活动。)”可知，佩雷拉研发SLEAP是为了开展动物相关研究。故选B项。 3. What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A. Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B. Collect samples of plant root systems. C. Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D. Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 细节理解题。根据第四段“What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs(此外，追踪这些植物根系的物理特征，有助于科学家找到与这些特征相关的基因，同时还能弄清多种根系特征是由同一基因决定，还是各自独立调控。这也让索尔克研究所的研究团队能够确定，哪些基因对其植物育种研究最具利用价值。)”可知，SLEAP能帮助科学家识别出利于培育理想根系的基因。故选C项。 4. What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A. Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B. Computer programming is a must for scientists. C. Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D. Cooperation outweighs competition in research. 推理判断题。根据最后一段佩雷拉的话“We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.(我们不只是从不同学科中‘借鉴’，而是真正让各学科处于平等地位，以创造出比各部分总和更有价值的成果。)”可知，跨学科的研究方法能够促进创新。故选C项。 2.（2024年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D） In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 【文章的结构分析】 Para1研究背景（问题） most records of biodiversity are often in the form of digital records；not perfect大多数生物多样性记录通常以数字记录的形式存在，但并非完美 Para2研究原因 Observational data，Are they usable?Daru想知道这种观测数据是否有用。 Para3过程与方法 Using a global dataset Daru和他的团队使用了一个全球数据集进行测试 Para4-5结论与解释 the large number of observation-only records are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species.大量的仅观察记录有失偏颇，倾向于于某些地区、时间段和物种。 Para6-8研究前景 Biodiversity apps；inform users利用生物多样性应用程序引导用户 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→know about→the records of species collected ●文章定位： Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. ●解析思维过程→ in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records→electronic（同义表达）→B. They are mostly in electronic form. ●故选B 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→focus on ●文章定位： These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? ●解析思维过程→ using observational data to investigate→Are they usable?→they—observational data→C. Observational data. ●故选C 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→led to→biases ●文章定位： 第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. 第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. ●解析思维过程→bias→take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it→recording their encounters with species in areas nearby→C. Improper way of sampling. ●故选C 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→led to→biases ●文章定位： Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. ●解析思维过程→ guidance→①to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — ②encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image→D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. ●故选D 科普说明文的特点： 科普研究类文本结构 总的结构：研究的问题，对象，内容----研究的方法，过程---研究的结果，发现 1. 提出问题----（各类观点/背景信息）----实验发现----解决问题 2. 现象----原因----进一步推进----如何做到----进一步推进----总结 3.结论--实验--总结 结论是批旧立新；实验是设立参照组；总结是照应结论和展望未来。 命题点是：结论是什么？实验说明了什么？未来是什么？ 干扰项特点：截取关键句或非关键句的部分词汇生造一个逻辑，可以说是无中生有。 考生要注意：即使选项每个词文中都有，也要留意这是命题人可能在用熟悉词来混淆视线。 高考说明文阅读技巧 1. 把握首段/尾段/及段落主题句（段首句） 2. 通过每个段落主题句快速掌握文章结构 3. 把握关键词/并忽略无关紧要的修饰词 4. 耐心分析与解题相关的长难句 说明文阅读方法及解题技巧： Step 1. 略读。在第一遍通读文章时，明确每段话的主题句，了解段落大意。（阅读过程中标记关键词：人名、专有名词、表结论/对比/因果等） Step 2. 梳理段落主题句，掌握文章架构，体会作者写作目的及意图。 Step 3. 做题。仔细阅读题干，判断题目与文章各个段落的相关性，二次精读时将选项代入对应段落，继而得出答案。 把握说明方法，抓准关键词 在行文中，为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或把事理阐述明白，通常会用到下列说明方法：举例子、做比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图标、引用、假设、对比或类比等。 对应的就会出现一些标志性的用词：find/discover/prove/indicate/state/stress/explain/show/for example/ for instance/define/compare/cause 表示上下文逻辑关系的词 科普说明文的命题规律： 1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：研究报告是说明文类中重要的一种形式，也是英语试题中最难的部分，二轮复习需进一步强化。研究报告通常包括科普类、心理学类、语言类、宇宙探索类、社会交往类、人工智能类等，涉及的内容比较广泛。 2．从命题思路上看： 研究报告类说明文通常包括研究结果、研究方法、研究过程、结论阐述、专家评议。研究结果通常会考查主旨大意，关键找中心句，研究方法、研究过程通常考查细节理解和推理判断，专家评议通常考查情感态度、推理判断。 科普说明文的突出特点： 考查研究报告 一、Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 研究发现型：研究发现——研究过程(背景、目标、对象、原理、方法、数据、结果...) —— 研究结论(前景、影响、意义、评价、未来方向、不足...) 1.基本规律：研究报告说明文一般难度都比较大，命题者设题的难度并不大。 2．实用解题方法：① 某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。 ②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。 ③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。 ④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。 ⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。 ⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while 有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。 二 、Problem--study--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“问题-研究-分析-结论”（Problem–Study-Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 三 、Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“现象-分析-结论”（Phenomenon–Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 1.（2026·内蒙古通辽市第一中学第五次考试）Scientists are enlisting some unusual recruits in their efforts to forecast earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural phenomena. Thousands of dogs, goats and other farm animals, as well as a wide range of wildlife, are being enrolled in studies that monitor their movements from space. The project uses tiny digital transmitters fitted to mammals, birds and even insects. These devices allow researchers to track animals’ movements through a dedicated satellite, scheduled for launch next year. While the study aims to observe how animals respond to approaching natural events such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, its purpose goes far beyond disaster prediction. According to scientists, it also helps provide new insights into migration, the spread of diseases among animals and the effects of climate crisis on wildlife. The value of studying tagged animals has already been demonstrated in early experiments on the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily. Sensors attached to goats showed that the animals became nervous before volcanic eruptions and refused to move to higher grazing areas they would normally be happy to visit. This abrupt disruption of normal behavior points to an aversion — a deeply ingrained instinct shaped by environmental threat signals rather than deliberate judgment. Similar studies in the Abruzzo mountains outside Rome found that dogs, sheep and other farm animals reacted in ways that predicted seven out of eight major earthquakes in the region over a 12-year period. Accounts of animals behaving unusually before natural disasters are not new. For instance, the Greek historian Thucydides recorded that animals fled the city of Helice shortly before an earthquake in 373 BC． Likewise, before the 1975 Haicheng earthquake in China, snakes and rats were witnessed leaving their burrows. Why animals behave this way is still unclear. During the build-up to an earthquake, geological plates release ions into the air, which animals may be able to sense, said Martin Wikelski, founder of the International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space (Icarus). Advances in tagging technology have made such studies possible, with modern transmitters weighing only a few grams. Beyond geological research, scientists can also use the technology to monitor wildlife health. For example, electronic ear tags attached to wild pigs have shown that African swine fever, a highly contagious virus, spreads easily between wild and domestic pigs. “This information could help limit the disease’s impact on farms. The same technology is expected to shed light on animal mations and how species respond to habitat changes triggered by global warming,” said Wikelski. 1．What can be inferred from the study described in the text? A．It enables large-scale remote observation of animal responses. B．It aims to gain insights into the spread of diseases among people. C．It shows goats on Mount Etna avoid higher grazing areas by nature. D．It proves farm animals like dogs can accurately predict earthquakes. 2．What does the underlined word “aversion” in paragraph 3 most probably refer to? A．A conscious decision requiring reasoning ability. B．A learned behavior based on previous experience. C．A temporary emotional reaction to unfamiliar surroundings. D．A built- in tendency to withdraw when exposed to danger cues. 3．How does the author develop paragraph 4? A．By quoting expert opinions. B．By analyzing scientific data. C．By listing historical examples. D．By making a sharp comparison. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wild Animals’ Hidden Abilities. B．The History of Earthquake Prediction. C．Living Sensors of Environmental Signals. D．How Satellites Monitor Animal Migration and Diseases. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们利用卫星追踪动物，研究它们对自然灾害的反应，以及这种研究在疾病传播、动物迁徙和气候变化等方面的应用。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The project uses tiny digital transmitters fitted to mammals, birds and even insects. These devices allow researchers to track animals’ movements through a dedicated satellite, scheduled for launch next year. (该项目使用安装在哺乳动物、鸟类甚至昆虫身上的微型数字发射器。这些设备将允许研究人员通过一颗定于明年发射的专用卫星追踪动物的行动)”可知，通过卫星追踪动物，可以大规模远程观察动物的反应。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Sensors attached to goats showed that the animals became nervous before volcanic eruptions and refused to move to higher grazing areas they would normally be happy to visit. This abrupt disruption of normal behavior points to an aversion — a deeply ingrained instinct shaped by environmental threat signals rather than deliberate judgment. (安装在山羊身上的传感器显示，火山爆发前，这些动物会变得紧张，并拒绝前往它们通常会乐意去的高海拔牧区。这种正常行为的突然中断表明了一种aversion  ——一种由环境威胁信号塑造的根深蒂固的本能，而不是经过深思熟虑的判断)”可知，动物在面临火山爆发等自然灾害时，会表现出一种本能上的厌恶，拒绝前往通常喜欢的地方，这种厌恶是由环境威胁信号塑造的，而不是经过深思熟虑的判断。因此，划线词aversion指的是“一种面对危险信号时退缩的本能倾向”。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Accounts of animals behaving unusually before natural disasters are not new. For instance, the Greek historian Thucydides recorded that animals fled the city of Helice shortly before an earthquake in 373 BC. Likewise, before the 1975 Haicheng earthquake in China, snakes and rats were witnessed leaving their burrows. (关于动物在自然灾害前行为异常的报道并不新鲜。例如，希腊历史学家Thucydides记载，公元前373年地震前不久，动物逃离了赫利克城。同样，在中国1975年海城地震前，有人目睹蛇和老鼠离开洞穴)”可知，作者是通过列举历史事例的方式展开第四段内容的。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Scientists are enlisting some unusual recruits in their efforts to forecast earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural phenomena. Thousands of dogs, goats and other farm animals, as well as a wide range of wildlife, are being enrolled in studies that monitor their movements from space. (科学家们正在招募一些不寻常的“新兵”，以预测地震、火山爆发和其他自然现象。数千只狗、山羊和其他家畜，以及各种野生动物，正在被纳入从太空监测它们行动的研究中)”可知，文章核心是介绍动物能够感知自然灾害来临前的环境信号，表现出异常行为，科学家利用卫星追踪技术监测这些行为，将动物视为“活的传感器”来预测灾害、研究生态问题。因此，“Living Sensors of Environmental Signals (环境信号的活传感器)”精准概括了文章的中心主旨，适宜作为标题使用。故选C项。 2.（2026·浙江省杭州第二中学月考）“Men are from Mars, women from Venus” has become a convenient shorthand for every household debate, from map-reading to loading the dishwasher. Yet beneath the jokes lies a serious question: are the two sexes born with fundamentally different wiring, or have we simply repeated the story until it feels true? A high-profile set of scans appears to offer hard proof of a difference. British psychologist Stuart Ritchie reported in 2012 that male brains are, on average, roughly one-tenth heavier than female brains and contain more white-matter. Lise Eliot, a neuroscientist at Chicago Medical School, believes such headlines are too dramatic. After re-analyzing thousands of images collected across six countries, she calls the brain “a unisex (不分性别的) organ”. The gap between group averages, she insists, is no wider than the difference between male and female kidneys, and the figures fail to predict how the organ actually processes algebra, empathy or parking instructions. Put simply, size decides nothing. If body structure is not the real boss, what is? Social experience. A 1970 survey’ showed boys beating girls thirteen-to-one on the mathematics SAT, a figure once highlighted by former Harvard president Lawrence Summers as proof of natural male scientific talent. However, when later student groups offered girls equal laboratory hours, encouraged female teachers and rewrote textbooks to include more real-world problems, the ratio fell to three-to-one, suggesting that opportunity, not body part, writes most of the scoreboard. Margaret McCarthy, a neuropharmacologist at the University of Maryland, applauds Eliot for “forcing the debate forward”. She also notes that wiping out every sex difference would sound an extreme note. Equal, she reminds us, is not identical; biology may still whisper where society shouts. 1．Why does the author present Ritchie’s finding? A．To correct statistical errors in psychology. B．To stress the risk of repeating the same story. C．To explain boys’ bad habits in reading maps. D．To present scan evidence of sex differences. 2．What is implied by Eliot’s re-analysis of brain volume? A．Kidneys may decide brain sizes. B．Males do well in tackling complex tasks. C．It can’t tell how a person thinks or acts. D．Brain size might influence sex rules. 3．What can we infer from the narrowed math score gap after 1970? A．Equal chances play a big role. B．Boys are losing interest in STEM. C．Standardized tests can’t be trusted. D．Biology favors girls in math. 4．What might be McCarthy’s attitude to erasing sex differences? A．Favorable. B．Disapproving. C．Unclear. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕“男性和女性是否天生存在根本的大脑差异”这一核心问题展开，介绍了不同专家的研究发现和观点，探讨了生理结构与社会经验对两性差异的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“A high-profile set of scans appears to offer hard proof of a difference. British psychologist Stuart Ritchie reported in 2012 that male brains are, on average, roughly one-tenth heavier than female brains and contain more white-matter.(一组备受关注的扫描似乎为这种差异提供了确凿的证据。英国心理学家斯图尔特·里奇2012年报告称，男性大脑平均比女性大脑重约十分之一，且含有更多的白质)”可知，作者呈现里奇的研究发现，是为了展示关于两性差异的扫描证据。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The gap between group averages, she insists, is no wider than the difference between male and female kidneys, and the figures fail to predict how the organ actually processes algebra, empathy or parking instructions. Put simply, size decides nothing.(她坚持认为，群体平均值之间的差距并不比男性和女性肾脏之间的差异更大，而且这些数据无法预测该器官（大脑）实际上是如何处理代数、同理心或停车指令的。简单来说，尺寸决定不了任何事情)”可推断，艾略特对大脑体积的重新分析表明，大脑体积无法说明一个人如何思考或行动。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“However, when later student groups offered girls equal laboratory hours, encouraged female teachers and rewrote textbooks to include more real-world problems, the ratio fell to three-to-one, suggesting that opportunity, not body part, writes most of the scoreboard.(然而，当后来的学生群体为女孩提供平等的实验室时间、鼓励女教师任教并改写教科书以纳入更多现实世界的问题时，这一比例降至3:1，这表明，在成绩的构成中，机会而非身体部位（生理因素）占据了主导地位)”可推断，1970年后数学成绩差距缩小，说明平等的机会发挥了重要作用。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“She also notes that wiping out every sex difference would sound an extreme note. Equal, she reminds us, is not identical; biology may still whisper where society shouts.(她还指出，消除所有性别差异听起来会是一种极端的说法。她提醒我们，平等并不等同于完全相同；在社会大声强调平等的地方，生理因素可能仍在悄悄发挥作用)”可推断，麦卡锡对消除性别差异的态度是不赞成的。故选B项。 考点五 考查议论文 1.（2025年全国一卷·阅读理解C ） While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 8. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 9. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 10. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【答案】8. C 9. A 10. B 11. A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 8. C细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 9. A推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 10. B推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 11. A主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 2．（2024年新课程K卷·阅读理解C） Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 【篇章结构】 段落 功能 关键词句 Para.1 提出问题 "Is comprehension the same...?" 双重疑问句引发思考 Para.2-3 对比论证 "When reading texts of several hundred words..., learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than on screen. " Para.4 理论深化 "shallowing hypothesis" 解释心理机制 Para.5 延伸对比 "Audio and video...but remember less" 扩大讨论维度 Para.6 结论建议 "educators shouldn’t assume..." 提出辩证解决方案 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A .Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 28. D词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 29. A推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 30. A细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。 31. C推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 议论文的特点：议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。 议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。 议论文的阅读方法： 1. 抓论点、寻论据 阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把握了中心。 2. 重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大体的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： (1)“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”的过程。 (2)“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。 议 论 文 文 章 类 型 演绎论证议论文 是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。 归纳论证议论文 是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。 比较论证议论文 是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。 命题 要点 由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。 议论文中的主旨大意题 主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。 【常考类型】 题型1 段落大意题 每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出段落大意 题型2 文章大意题 考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力 题型3 标题归纳题 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子 考查议论文中的推理判断题 1.推断题特征 推断题要求学生在理解文章表面信息的基础上，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者态度，理解文章的寓意等。推断题是议论文中出现频率最高、难度最大的题目。推断题常常考查写作目的、作者意图、结论推断或者文章出处推断等。常见的题目如下： ①From the example in paragraph...， we can infer that____________. ②Whats the purpose of the text？ ③Whats the attitude of the author towards...？ 2.推断题的解题策略 ①立足议论文中明确的客观信息，挖掘内在的逻辑关系，合理地进行推断。 ②全面分析所有相关信息，避免片面性，做到判断有据，推理有据，忠于原文。 ③不可用主观臆断来代替文中作者的观点，不能用事实代替推理，不能用具体代替抽象，不能用现象代替实质。 ④要特别注意表现作者感情、态度、观点的语句。 ⑤“立足原文，只推一步”：根据原文内容简单推理，一步即可推得。 ⑥选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如only、never、all、absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often、usually、sometimes、some、may、might、can、could、probably等。 考查议论文中的细节理解题 1.细节题的特征 这类题目一般难度不大，以表层理解为主，多数情况下是直接信息题，主要考查学生在快速阅读文章的同时从中获取某些特定信息的能力。它们往往以what、which、who、when、where、how来提问，有时还会加上一个前提。 2.细节题的解题策略 在处理细节题时，要做到又快又准。快：快速发现题干关键词，再运用略读和跳读的技巧在文中迅速定位。准：解题时要抓准关键词，要注意选项与原文的细微差别，在准确理解细节的情况下，确定最佳答案。 3.细节题的解题关键、 准确识别选项和题干改写过程中的，同义句表达是解题关键。常用的方法：1.采用同义词手段改写；2.采用正话反说的方法改写；3.采用虚拟语气进行改写；4.采用同义句式方式改写。 1.（2026·山东省淄博市期末）The age-old belief that humans are superior to nature and non-human life is deeply rooted in traditions. Even in modern times, this belief continues, influencing how we view the natural world. Characteristics once considered unique to humans — such as intelligence, tool use, moral behavior, and the ability to feel pain — have now been observed in other species. Chimpanzees solve complex puzzles, crows craft and use tools, and fish exhibit clear responses to painful situations. Even plants, once thought passive, demonstrate sensory abilities comparable to our own. These discoveries challenge the long-held assumption of human exceptionalism. In The Arrogant Ape, primatologist Christine Webb critically examines this belief. She argues that the idea of human uniqueness contradicts evolutionary science, which emphasizes gradual differences between species rather than absolute distinctions. Webb warns that this mindset misleads scientific research — biologists often focus on primates (灵长类动物) and well-known mammals while neglecting the majority of Earth’s biodiversity. Additionally, unfair comparison — such as studying captive (圈养的) chimpanzees and free humans — further strengthen false ideas of superiority. Concerned about ethical issues and unreliable data from lab studies, Webb conducts her research only in natural habitats or refuges for apes. Her observations suggest that many non-human beings likely possess some form of consciousness. Critics dismiss such claims as anthropomorphism (类人化). However, Webb argues against that refusing to acknowledge cross-species similarities creates unnecessary barriers in science. She also points out the double standard: while human cognition is accepted without question, animal intelligence is often dismissed without sufficient evidence. Webb argues that abandoning human exceptionalism is crucial for solving global crises. Zoonotic diseases, mass extinctions, and climate change all result from humanity’s damaging relationship with nature. By recognizing our place within the natural world and integrating the knowledge of native people about ecological balance — we can rebuild sustainable connections with the environment. Eventually, letting go of outdated superiority myths may inspire stronger support for animal welfare and the planet’s health. 1．What does the first paragraph talk about? A．An explanation of a religious belief. B．New findings about animal behavior. C．Different views on human superiority. D．A comparison between humans and animals. 2．What view does Webb hold on human exceptionalism? A．It corresponds with evolutionary science. B．It leads to too many studies on primates. C．It encourages humans to treat animals better. D．It narrows research focuses and methods. 3．Why does Webb intend to study apes only in habitats or refuges? A．To avoid the ethical problems of captive research. B．To simplify the process of collecting research data. C．To prove apes are more intelligent than other animals. D．To focus on the most “popular favored” mammal species. 4．Which statement would Webb most likely to agree with? A．Beliefs about human superiority are updated. B．Humans need to change their sense of superiority. C．Economic growth holds greater significance than environment. D．The knowledge of natives about ecological balance is outdated. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了灵长类动物学家Christine Webb批判“人类优越论”，指出其弊端并呼吁摒弃该观念以解决全球危机。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“These discoveries challenge the long - held assumption of human exceptionalism.(这些发现挑战了长期以来人类特殊论的假设)”以及第一段整体先阐述传统“人类优越论”，接着通过动物行为的新发现来挑战该观点，可知第一段主要讲的是关于人类优越性的不同观点。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Webb warns that this mindset misleads scientific research — biologists often focus on primates (灵长类动物) and well-known mammals while neglecting the majority of Earth’s biodiversity.(Webb 警告说，这种心态误导了科学研究——生物学家往往关注灵长类动物和知名哺乳动物，而忽视了地球上大多数的生物多样性)”可知，Webb认为人类特殊论使研究重点狭窄。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Concerned about ethical issues and unreliable data from lab studies, Webb conducts her research only in natural habitats or refuges for apes.(出于对实验室研究中的伦理问题和不可靠数据的担忧，Webb只在自然栖息地或猿类避难所进行研究)”可知，Webb只在栖息地或避难所研究猿类是为了避免圈养研究的伦理问题。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Webb argues that abandoning human exceptionalism is crucial for solving global crises.(Webb 认为，摒弃人类特殊论对于解决全球危机至关重要)”可推知，Webb认为人类需要改变他们的优越感。故选B。 2.（2026·河南省南阳市高三期末）In a significant move within the technology sector, CharacterAI, a well-known U.S.-based chatbot service, has recently enforced a ban prohibiting users under the age of 18 from interacting with its customized AI “companions.” This decisive action comes among growing concerns from parents, mental health professionals, and policymakers regarding the potential for adolescents to develop unhealthy emotional dependencies on such simulated relationships. Furthermore, the company faces legal challenges, including lawsuits saying that interactions on its platfo$