Unit 4 单元知识点一:Welcome-Grammar 教学设计 2025-2026学年译林版英语八年级下册

2026-01-30
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摘要:

该初中英语单元复习资料采用大单元整合设计,系统梳理了Unit 4 "A good read"的核心词汇与语法知识。通过对重点词汇(如be tired out、fall over等)的场景化解析及近义辨析,结合疑问词+动词不定式、must/have to的语法结构、功能及易错点梳理,构建了“词汇-语法-语用”一体化知识网络。 其亮点在于创新采用“情境应用-对比辨析-分层训练”复习策略,如通过“be tired out与be exhausted的语义梯度对比”培养语言能力,借助“疑问词+不定式与宾语从句转换练习”提升思维品质。配套经典题型与每日一练分层设计,结合参考答案形成完整评价体系,助力学生巩固知识,也为教师提供精准复习指导。

内容正文:

英语八年级下学期 Unit 4 A good read Welcome to the unit(Choosing what to read)—Grammar(疑问词+动词不定式;must/have to用法) 1.巩固本单元新单词及词组 2.掌握本单元的句型及语法重难点并能够综合运用 1.掌握单元主题名著阅读要点,体会名著文化 2.理解动词不定式的语法功能;能够区分must和have to的用法区别 词汇表重点解析 1. be tired out 描述人因体力消耗过大而极度疲惫的状态,适用于多种日常场景。 描述运动 / 劳作后疲劳:指因长时间运动、干活导致身体累到极致。 After running 5 kilometers, I was tired out and could only sit on the ground. My parents are tired out after a whole day of cleaning the new house. 描述学习 / 工作后疲劳:指因长时间用脑、忙碌工作而身心俱疲。 The students were tired out after the final exam and wanted to have a good rest. He is tired out from working late every night this week. 描述照顾人 / 处理琐事后疲劳:指因操心、忙碌琐碎事务而感到疲惫不堪。 She was tired out after looking after her little sister all day. 【辨析】 be tired 轻度 最基础表达,泛指 “累的” I am tired after school. be tired of / 不表 “身体累”,表 “厌倦……” He is tired of playing computer games. be tired out 重度 强调 “筋疲力尽、累垮”,口语化 We are tired out after the long trip. be exhausted 重度 正式一点,表 “精疲力竭” The workers were exhausted after 10 hours’ work. 2. fall over 该短语无被动语态,后可接宾语(表示 “绊倒的对象”)或副词 / 介词短语(表摔倒的场景),主要描述身体失去平衡摔倒的具体动作,适用于日常、运动等场景。 表示 “绊倒;摔倒”(无宾语,侧重动作本身):指因地面滑、被东西绊到等原因直接摔倒。 The little boy ran too fast and fell over on the road. Be careful not to fall over on the wet floor. 表示 “被…… 绊倒”(后接宾语,宾语为绊倒的物品 / 对象) 结构为 fall over + 宾语,宾语多为桌椅、石头、绳子等具体事物。 She fell over a stone and hurt her knee when she was walking in the park. Don’t leave the toy on the floor, or someone will fall over it. 描述 “(物体)翻倒;倒下”:可用于指非生命物体因外力或重心不稳而倾倒。 The strong wind made the flower pot fall over from the windowsill. He hit the shelf and a few books fell over. 【辨析】 fall over 绊倒;向前跌倒(侧重 “被绊到” 的动作) 可接宾语(绊倒的对象),或不接宾语 He fell over the bike and broke his arm. fall down 摔倒;掉下(侧重 “向下摔 / 落” 的结果,无被绊含义) 不接宾语,后可接 from 加地点 She fell down from the stairs yesterday. fall off 从……上摔下来 / 掉下来(侧重 “脱离某个物体”),直接接宾语(掉落的地点 / 物体),不加 from The cat fell off the wall and ran away. 简单记忆:被绊到用 over,向下掉用 down,从某物上掉用 off 3. continue 作不及物动词:表示 “继续进行;持续下去”,后面不接宾语,常与介词 with on 搭配,或直接接副词。 直接使用(侧重动作持续) The rain continued for three days. After a short rest, we continued walking. 接介词 with(后接名词,表 “继续做某事”) 常用搭配:continue with sth. She continued with her homework after dinner. Let’s continue with the next part of the lesson. 接介词 on(后接名词 / 动名词,表 “继续进行”,更口语化) He continued on his way without saying a word. 作及物动词:后面可接名词、动名词(doing)或不定式(to do),表 “继续做某事”,三者在初中阶段可通用,无明显语义差异。 接名词 We will continue our trip tomorrow morning. The teacher asked us to continue the discussion after class. 接动名词(doing) He continued reading the book even though it was late. They continued working hard to finish the task on time. 接不定式(to do) She continued to speak after the noise stopped. My brother continued to study English when he went to college. 【辨析】 continue 动词 可直接接名词 /doing/to do,用法更简洁 We continue our lesson. go on短语动词 接 doing 表 “继续做同一件事”;接 to do 表 “做另一件事”;接 with + 名词 We go on with our lesson. / We go on studying. 【派生词】 continuous 形容词 连续的;不间断的 There was continuous rain for a week. continual 形容词 频繁的;反复的(有间断) I am tired of his continual complaints. 4. either 作代词:表示 “两者中的任何一个”,可单独使用,也可与 of 连用,作主语时谓语动词用单数。 单独使用 There are two pens. You can take either.(两支笔,你拿哪一支都行。) —Do you want tea or coffee? —Either is OK.(茶或咖啡都行。) 与 of 连用:either of + 复数名词/代词 Either of the books is interesting.(两本书中的任何一本都很有趣。) You can ask either of them for help.(你可以找他们两人中的任何一个帮忙。) 作形容词:修饰单数名词,意为 “两者中的任何一个的”,只能放在名词前作定语。 You can park on either side of the street.(你可以把车停在街道的任意一侧。) Either answer is correct.(两个答案中的任何一个都是对的。) 作副词:用于否定句末尾,意为 “也(不)”,相当于 too 的否定形式(too 用于肯定句)。 基本结构:否定句 + , either. I don’t like swimming, and my sister doesn’t like it, either.(我不喜欢游泳,我妹妹也不喜欢。) He didn’t finish his homework, and I didn’t, either.(他没完成作业,我也没完成。) 作连词:与 or 连用,构成 either...or... 结构,意为 “要么…… 要么……;或者…… 或者……”,连接两个并列成分。 连接主语:谓语动词遵循就近原则(与靠近的主语保持一致) Either you or I am going to the party.(要么你,要么我去参加派对。) Either he or his parents are at home.(要么他,要么他父母在家。) 连接宾语 / 表语 / 状语等 You can either stay at home or go out with me.(你要么待在家,要么跟我出去。) The gift is either for you or for your brother.(这份礼物要么是给你的,要么是给你弟弟的。) 【辨析】 either 否定句 句末,用逗号隔开 She can’t dance, and I can’t, either. too 肯定句 句末,用逗号隔开 She can dance, and I can, too. also 肯定句 句中(be 动词后,实义动词前) She also can dance. / I also like music. either 表 “两者任一(肯定)”,neither 表 “两者都不(否定)”,两者常对应使用: Either of the pens is good.(两支笔都好)→ Neither of the pens is good.(两支笔都不好) Either you or he goes. → Neither you nor he goes. 5. pull 作动词(及物 / 不及物):表示 “拉、拖、拽”,指用力使物体向自己方向移动,反义词为 push(推)。 (1) 及物动词(后接宾语) 基本用法:直接接被拉的物体,是最常用形式。 Please pull the door open and come in. He pulled the box to the corner of the room. 常见搭配(接介词 / 副词): pull sth. + 方向介词:pull the drawer out(拉出抽屉)、pull the rope up(拉起绳子) pull sb./sth. to sp.:The teacher pulled him to the office to talk. (2) 不及物动词(后接介词) 需搭配介词表示拉的方向或对象,常见介词有 at on towards。 The child pulled at his mother’s hand to buy ice cream. She pulled towards the bus stop when she saw the bus coming. 作名词(可数 / 不可数) (1) 表示 “拉;拖;拽”(不可数) Give the rope a hard pull, and the box will move. The pull of the current made it hard to swim back. (2) 表示 “拉力;引力”(可数 / 不可数) The moon has a pull on the earth’s oceans (潮汐). The pull of the magnet can attract small metal objects. (3) 拓展含义:“影响力;吸引力”(可数) The big city has a strong pull on young people. 【辨析】 pull 拉(向自己方向) pull the door, pull a cart Pull the handle to open the window. push 推(远离自己方向) push the box, push the button Push the door hard, it’s stuck. pull up (车)停下;拉起 The car pulled up at the school gate. pull out (车)驶出;拔出 He pulled out a pen from his pocket. pull through (重病 / 困境中)恢复;渡过难关 The doctor said he would pull through the operation. pull together 齐心协力 We need to pull together to finish the project. 6. break free 该短语无被动语态,后常接介词 from 引出 “挣脱 / 摆脱的对象”,基本结构为 break free (from sb./sth.),在句中作谓语,适用于物理和抽象两种场景。 物理场景:挣脱具体的束缚。指从人的控制、绳索、牢笼等实际束缚中挣脱出来,侧重动作的结果。 The bird broke free from the cage and flew into the sky. The little dog broke free from its owner’s hand and ran away. He tried hard to break free and escape from the room. 抽象场景:摆脱无形的束缚 / 困境:指摆脱困境、坏习惯、负面情绪、他人的影响等抽象的 “束缚”,是初中写作的高频活用场景。 She finally broke free from her shyness and made many friends. It’s not easy to break free from bad habits like playing computer games too much. The village broke free from poverty with the help of the government. 【辨析】 break free (from) 挣脱;摆脱 既可指物理挣脱,也可指抽象摆脱,语气较强 get rid of 除掉;摆脱 侧重 “去掉无用 / 有害的人 / 物 / 习惯”,仅用于抽象场景 escape from 从…… 逃跑;逃离 侧重 “从危险 / 封闭空间逃离”,物理场景更常用 She broke free from her laziness.(抽象,语气强) She got rid of her laziness.(抽象,侧重 “去掉坏习惯”) She escaped from the burning house.(物理,侧重 “逃离危险”) 7. army 表示 “军队;陆军”(专有含义) 指国家的武装力量,尤指陆军(海军为 navy,空军为 air force),表示 “某国军队” 时,前需加定冠词 the,且首字母可大写(正式语境)。 He joined the army when he was 18 years old.(他 18 岁参军了。) The Chinese People's Liberation Army is a great army.(中国人民解放军是一支伟大的军队。) 单复数注意:表示 “一支军队” 用 an army,表示 “多国军队” 用 armies。 Two armies fought in the battle.(两支军队在战斗中交锋。) 表示 “大批,大群”(普通含义,比喻用法) 用于描述数量众多的人或物,是初中阶段的拓展用法,常用搭配为 an army of + 复数名词。 An army of students volunteered to clean the park.(一大群学生自愿去清理公园。) We saw an army of ants moving on the ground.(我们看到一大群蚂蚁在地上爬。) join the army 参军;入伍 My uncle joined the army in 2010. an army of 大批;一大群 An army of fans waited for the singer at the airport. in the army 在军队服役 His father has been in the army for 20 years. 【辨析】 army 名词 军队;陆军;大批 He is in the army. soldier 名词 士兵;军人 My brother is a soldier in the army. 8. straight 作形容词:表示 “直的;笔直的;整齐的”,可作定语或表语,修饰名词或描述主语的状态。 作定语(修饰名词,置于名词前) straight hair(直发)、a straight line(一条直线)、a straight road(笔直的路) She has long straight hair. Draw a straight line on the paper, please. 作表语(置于系动词后) The road is straight for two kilometers. Stand straight when the teacher comes in. 作副词:表示 “笔直地;直接地;立即;坦率地”,修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。 表示 “笔直地”(描述动作方向) Go straight along the street and you’ll see the park.(沿着街道直走,你会看到公园。) He looked straight at me without saying a word.(他直视着我,一言不发。) 表示 “直接地”(描述动作方式,不绕道 / 不中转) We flew straight to Beijing from Shanghai.(我们从上海直飞北京。) She went straight home after school.(她放学后直接回家了。) 表示 “立即;马上”(描述动作时间,口语化) I’ll call you straight after the meeting.(会议结束后我马上给你打电话。) 表示 “坦率地;直率地”(描述说话方式) Tell me straight what you think about the plan.(坦率地告诉我你对这个计划的看法。) 【辨析】 straight 本身可作副词 正确:Go straight on. 错误:Go straightly on. straight 侧重 “形状 / 方向上的笔直”,形容具体事物 头发、道路、线条、目光 direct 侧重 “过程 / 方式上的直接”,可形容具体或抽象事物 航班、路线、联系、回答 a straight road(笔直的路,形状) a direct flight(直飞航班,过程不中转) 【派生词】 straight 形容词 / 副词 直的;笔直地 The stick is straight. / Stand straight. straighten 动词 使变直;整理 She straightened her hair with a comb. 9. right away 在句中作状语,可置于句末(最常用)、句首(用逗号隔开)或动词后,修饰实义动词,适用于日常交流、紧急场景、指令传达等语境。 置于句末(最常用) I will call you right away.(我马上给你打电话。) If you need help, please tell me right away.(如果你需要帮助,请立刻告诉我。) 置于句首(表强调) Right away, the firemen arrived at the scene.(消防员立刻赶到了现场。) Right away, we started to clean the classroom.(我们马上开始打扫教室。) 置于动词后(较少用,口语化) He came right away when he heard the bell.(他听到铃声立刻就来了。) 【辨析】 right away 口语化,侧重 “无延迟,立刻行动” Do it right away! at once 正式 / 口语均可,与 right away 可互换 Come here at once! immediately 稍正式,可置于句首 / 中 / 末 He left immediately. in a minute/moment 表 “过一会儿就做”,有短暂延迟 I’ll be back in a minute. at the moment 表 “此刻,现在”,不表 “马上” I’m busy at the moment. 核心:right away 与 at once 可互换,语气最强,最常用于紧急指令或即时动作。 10. discuss discuss 为及物动词,后必须接宾语(名词、代词、从句),不能单独使用,也不能接不定式(to do) 接名词 / 代词作宾语(最常用) discuss a problem(讨论问题)、discuss a plan(商议计划)、discuss sth. with sb.(与某人讨论某事) We will discuss the new project in the meeting tomorrow. She refused to discuss her personal life with others. 接宾语从句:从句常用 that/which/what/whether 引导,表达 “讨论的具体内容”。 They are discussing whether they should go camping this weekend. We need to discuss what we can do to help the poor students. 【派生词】 discuss 动词 讨论;商议 discuss sth. with sb. We discuss the book with each other. discussion 名词 讨论;商讨 have a discussion about sth. We had a discussion about the movie. The plan is still in discussion. 【辨析】 discuss 及物动词 直接接宾语,无需加介词 较正式,侧重 “深入交流、商议” We discuss the problem carefully. talk about 短语动词 后接宾语需加介词 about 较口语化,侧重 “随意交谈、提及” We talk about the problem for a while. 11. clear 作形容词:表示 “清晰的;清楚的;晴朗的;畅通的”,可作定语、表语或宾语补足语。 作定语(修饰名词,置于名词前) clear voice(清晰的声音)、clear water(清澈的水)、clear sky(晴朗的天空)、clear road(畅通的道路) She has a clear pronunciation in English. We can see the stars in the clear night sky. 作表语(置于系动词后) The meaning of the sentence is clear to me. The weather will be clear tomorrow. 作宾语补足语 Please keep your desk clear.(请保持桌面整洁。) I hope to make my point clear.(我希望把我的观点说清楚。) 作副词:表示 “清楚地;清晰地;完全地;径直地”,修饰动词、形容词或整个句子,注意与 clearly 区别。 表示 “清楚地;清晰地”(最常用,可与 clearly 互换) Speak clear (clearly) so that everyone can hear you. I can see clear (clearly) what is happening over there. 表示 “完全地;彻底地”(口语化,后常接介词 of) The boy jumped clear of the falling stone.(男孩纵身一跃,躲开了掉落的石头。) 表示 “径直地”(较少用,描述动作方向) He walked clear to the end of the street without stopping. 作动词(及物 / 不及物):表示 “清除;清理;使清晰;解除”,后常接介词 of out 等构成搭配。 及物动词(后接宾语) clear the table(清理餐桌)、clear the snow(清除积雪)、clear one’s mind(理清思绪) Please clear the rubbish from the classroom. She tried to clear her mind before the exam. 不及物动词(后接介词) clear up(放晴;整理)、clear out(清理;搬出) The weather will clear up in the afternoon. We need to clear out the old books from the shelf. 【辨析】 clear 口语化,可修饰动词,多置于动词后;表 “完全地 / 径直地” 时不可替换 日常交流、非正式写 Speak clear. / Jump clear of the car. clearly 更正式,可修饰动词、形容词、从句,位置更灵活(句首 / 中 / 末) 正式写作、强调语气Clearly, he is right. / I can clearly understand the text. 核心规则:表 “清楚地说 / 看 / 听” 时,两者可互换;正式语境优先用 clearly。 make sth. clear 动词短语 把某事说清楚 / 弄明白 Please make it clear when the meeting starts. clear up 动词短语(天气)放晴;整理,收拾The sky cleared up after the rain. / Clear up your room before dinner. clear out 动词短语 清理;搬出,腾空 We cleared out the old furniture last weekend. clear of 介词短语 远离;不接触 Keep clear of the broken glass. in clear 介词短语 用清晰的语言;明明白白地 He wrote the note in clear. 【易混词】 (1) clear(形容词)与 clean(形容词) clear 清晰的;晴朗的;畅通的 声音、视线、天空、道路等 a clear view(清晰的视野) clean 干净的;整洁的 物品、环境、身体等 a clean room(干净的房间) (2) clear(动词)与 clean(动词) clear 清除(障碍物、垃圾、思绪等),侧重 “移走使畅通 / 清晰” clear the snow/table/mind Clear the road for the ambulance. clean清洁(表面的污垢),侧重 “弄干净” clean the window/hand/floor Clean your hands before eating. 12. advise 作及物动词:后接名词、代词、动名词(doing)或宾语从句作宾语,不能直接接不定式(to do)。 接名词 / 代词作宾语 advise sth.(建议某事)、advise sb.(劝告某人) The teacher advised a new plan for our study. I advised her, but she didn’t listen. 接动名词(doing)作宾语 advise doing sth.(建议做某事) My parents advise doing more exercise every day. The doctor advised drinking warm water for the cold. 接宾语从句:从句常用 should + 动词原形(should 可省略),即虚拟语气结构,主语为第一人称更常用。 I advise that we (should) start early tomorrow. She advised that he (should) see a doctor at once. 接 “sb. + to do sth.” 作宾语补足语 advise sb. to do sth.(建议某人做某事),是初中阶段的重点用法。 The teacher advised us to read English aloud every morning. He advised me not to stay up late before exams.(否定形式:advise sb. not to do sth.) 【派生词与词性转换】 advise 动词 建议;劝告 advise doing sth. advise sb. to do sth. I advise waiting for a while. advice 不可数名词 建议;忠告 a piece of advice(一条建议) give sb. advice on sth. take/follow one’s advice She gave me a piece of advice on my study. 关键区别:advise 是动词,advice 是不可数名词,不能说 “an advice”,需用 “a piece of advice” 表示 “一条建议”。 【辨析】 advise 动词 advise sb. to do sth. advise doing sth. advise on sth. 从句用 (should) + 动词原形 suggest 动词 suggest doing sth. suggest sth. to sb. 从句用 (should) + 动词原形 核心差异: advise 可接 “sb. to do sth.”,suggest 不可; suggest 表 “向某人提建议” 需用 “suggest sth. to sb.”,而 advise 直接用 “advise sb. sth.”。 He advised me to go.(正确) He suggested me to go.(错误,应改为 He suggested going. / He suggested that I (should) go.) 13. hand in hand in 为及物短语动词,必须接宾语,宾语可置于短语中间(hand + 宾语 + in)或短语末尾(hand in + 宾语);若宾语为代词(it/them),则必须置于短语中间。在句中作谓语。 宾语为名词:可置于中间或末尾 hand in homework(上交作业)、hand in a report(提交报告)、hand in a form(递交表格) Please hand in your homework before class. Please hand your homework in before class. 宾语为代词(it/them):必须置于中间 Your composition is great. Please hand it in tomorrow.(不能说 hand in it) These are our project plans. We will hand them in this afternoon.(不能说 hand in them) 【辨析】 hand in 上交;提交 及物短语动词,接具体材料 作业、报告、表格、申请等正式材料 turn in 上交;提交 与 hand in 可互换,更口语化 日常场景、非正式材料 submit 提交;呈交 及物动词,更正式 论文、方案、正式申请等(初中拓展) Please hand in/turn in your test papers after the exam. He submitted his graduation thesis to the professor.(拓展用法) 14. review 作动词(及物 / 不及物):表示 “复习;回顾;评论;检查”,其中 “复习” 是初中阶段最核心的含义。 及物动词(后接宾语) ① 表示 “复习(知识、功课)”(最常用) review lessons(复习功课)、review knowledge(复习知识)、review notes(复习笔记) We need to review what we learned today before going to bed. She reviews her English vocabulary every morning. ② 表示 “回顾(经历、事件);检查(工作、文件)” The manager reviewed the company’s work last year. He reviewed the whole accident carefully to find the reason. ③ 表示 “评论(书籍、电影、产品)” The teacher reviewed the new novel in class. Many people reviewed this phone online. 不及物动词(后接介词) 常接介词 on/about,表示 “对…… 进行评论 / 回顾”,搭配为 review on/about sth.。 The critic reviewed on the new movie in the newspaper. We will review about the past term’s study next week. 作名词(可数 / 不可数):表示 “复习;回顾;评论;检查报告”,可数名词表 “一次复习 / 一篇评论”,不可数名词表 “复习 / 评论” 这一行为。 ① 表示 “复习”(常用,可数 / 不可数均可) have a review(进行一次复习)、do a review of(对…… 进行复习)、in review(在复习中) Let’s have a review of the unit before the test. Daily review is important for learning English. ② 表示 “评论;评论文章”(可数) a book review(书评)、a movie review(影评)、write a review(写一篇评论) I read a good review of this book in the magazine. She wrote a review about the film for the school newspaper. ③ 表示 “回顾;检查”(可数 / 不可数) We had a review of the team’s performance last month. The doctor made a review of the patient’s health condition. 【易混词辨析】 (1) review(复习)与 revise(修订 / 复习) 两者都有 “复习” 含义,revise 作 “复习” 时多为英式英语,美式英语更常用 review。 review 复习(侧重 “重温、巩固”) 英 / 美通用,搭配 lessons/notes 等 Review lessons every day. revise ① 修订(文章、计划);② 复习(英式) 作 “复习” 时多接 for(为…… 复习) He revised his essay twice. / He revised for the exam. (2) review(评论)与 comment(评论) review 动 / 名 侧重 “正式、详细的评论”(书籍、电影、产品) She reviewed the movie. / a movie review comment 动 / 名 侧重 “简短、随意的评论”,后接 on He commented on the news. / a comment on the plan 【词性转换】 review 动 / 名 复习;回顾;评论 I review lessons every day. / This is a book review. reviewer 名词 评论者;审稿人 The reviewer gave the movie a good score. reviewable 形容词 可评论的;可检查的 This plan is reviewable by the manager.(初中拓展) 15. give away 含义一:赠送;捐赠(最常用),指将自己的物品无偿送给他人,或捐赠给公益机构、需要的人。 名词宾语: She gave away her old books to the school library. She gave her old books away to the school library. 代词宾语: I don’t need these toys anymore. I’ll give them away to the children’s home.(不能说 give away them) 常用搭配:give away sth. to sb./sp.(把某物赠送给某人 / 某地) 含义二:泄露;暴露,指无意中透露秘密、信息,或因行为、表情暴露真实想法、身份。 名词宾语: He didn’t mean to give away the secret to his friend. 代词宾语: Don’t give it away—it’s a surprise for her birthday. 常用搭配:give away a secret/information(泄露秘密 / 信息) 含义三:颁发;授予(正式场合),指在仪式上为获奖者、优秀者颁发奖品、证书、奖章等。 The headmaster gave away the prizes at the school sports meeting. 常用搭配:give away prizes/awards/certificates(颁发奖品 / 奖项 / 证书) 含义四:背弃;出卖(情感 / 道德层面,拓展用法),指背叛朋友、家人,或违背承诺。 He would never give away his friends even in danger. 【短语辨析】 (1) 表 “赠送;捐赠” 时,与 give out/donate 的区别 give away 赠送;捐赠 侧重 “无偿送给特定的人 / 机构”,个人行为为主 give out 分发;发放 侧重 “向一群人分发物品”(如传单、奖品、食物) donate 捐赠 正式用词,侧重 “向公益机构、慈善组织捐赠”,后接 to She gave away her clothes to her cousin.(赠送) Volunteers gave out food to the homeless.(分发) They donated money to the disaster area.(捐赠,正式) (2) 表 “泄露” 时,与 let out/reveal 的区别 give away 侧重 “无意中泄露”,口语化 轻松 let out 与 give away 可互换,同样侧重 “无意泄露” 口语化 reveal 侧重 “有意揭露、透露”,较正式 严肃 He gave away/let out the exam answer by mistake.(无意泄露) The reporter revealed the truth of the event.(有意揭露) 16. ending 基本用法:后接介词 of,表 “…… 的结尾 / 结局” the ending of a story(故事的结局)、the ending of a movie(电影的结尾)、the ending of the party(派对的尾声) We all like the ending of this novel. The ending of the basketball match was very exciting. 后接介词 to,表 “…… 的结局”(固定搭配,更侧重 “对应关系”) a happy ending to sth.(某事的圆满结局) There is a happy ending to the fairy tale. We hope for a good ending to the problem. 作主语 / 表语 The ending made all of us cry.(作主语) My favorite part of the film is its surprising ending.(作表语) 复数形式 endings:表 “多种结局;多个结尾” This game has three different endings depending on your choices. Some stories have open endings that make readers think. 【辨析】 ending 可数名词 结尾;结局 特指故事、电影、书籍、作品等的最终部分,侧重 “内容上的结局” the ending of a novel、happy ending end 名词(可数 / 不可数)/ 动词 结束;尽头;终止 泛指一切事物的结束或终点,可指时间、空间、事件的终止,还可作动词 ① 名词:at the end of(在…… 末尾 / 尽头)、in the end(最后);② 动词:end the meeting(结束会议) 简单记忆:谈作品 / 故事的 “结局” 用 ending,泛指 “结束 / 尽头” 用 end。 The ending of the story is moving.(故事的结局,用 ending) At the end of the road, there is a park.(路的尽头,用 end) The party came to an end at 10 o’clock.(派对结束,用 end) 【词性转换】 ending 可数名词 结尾;结局 a happy ending、the ending of a movie end 名 / 动 结束;尽头;终止 名词:at the end of、in the end;动词:end up(最终成为)、end the class endless 形容词 无尽的;无限的 endless time、endless love 17. first of all first of all 在句中作状语,主要用于列举场景,位置灵活,可置于句首(最常用,用逗号隔开)、句中(前后用逗号隔开),用于强调 “第一个” 要点,后常接 secondly/thirdly/finally 等词衔接后续内容。 置于句首(最常用,表强调) First of all, we need to finish our homework before watching TV. First of all, let me introduce myself to everyone. 置于句中(补充强调,较少用) We, first of all, should respect our parents and teachers. You need to, first of all, calm down before solving the problem. 与其他列举词搭配(写作核心用法) 这是中考写作的高频结构,用于清晰列举观点或步骤,提升文章逻辑性: First of all, it can help us save time. Secondly, it is good for our health. Finally, it can improve our ability. To make a cake, first of all, mix the flour and eggs. Then, pour the mixture into a pan. Finally, bake it in the oven. 【辨析】 first of all 首先;第一 语气正式,强调 “列举的第一个要点”,后常接 secondly/finally 写作列举、正式演讲、陈述观点 first 首先;第一 用法最灵活,可表列举、时间顺序,正式 / 非正式均可,后接 then/next 所有场景(列举、步骤、日常表达) at first 起初;一开始 表 “时间上的最初阶段”,常与 later/finally 对比,描述变化 描述事情发展、个人感受的变化 in the first place 首先;原本 语气较正式,可表列举,也可表 “追究原因 / 反问” 正式列举、反问句(Why did you do that in the first place?) 核心记忆: 表列举顺序:正式用 first of all,通用用 first; 表时间起初:只能用 at first。 First of all, I want to thank my parents.(列举,正式) At first, I didn’t like English, but now I love it.(时间起初,表变化) 18. check out check out 可作及物或不及物短语动词,作及物动词时必须接宾语,宾语位置规则为:名词宾语可置于短语中间(check + 宾语 + out)或末尾(check out + 宾语);代词宾语(it/them)必须置于短语中间。 含义一:结账离开(酒店、宾馆)(最常用,不及物 / 及物),指在酒店办理退房手续。 不及物用法(无需接宾语,最常用): We will check out tomorrow morning. They checked out of the hotel at 10 a.m.(后接 of + 酒店名称,表 “从某酒店退房”) 及物用法(接宾语,表 “办理某物的退房手续”,较少用): She checked out the room before leaving. 含义二:核实;查证(及物),指确认信息、事实、情况的真实性或准确性,后接名词/代词/从句作宾语。 名词 / 代词宾语: You should check out the facts before you believe them. I’ll check it out and tell you the result later.(代词宾语置于中间) 宾语从句(常省略引导词 that): Please check out (if/whether) the train time is correct. 含义三:借阅(图书馆书籍)(及物),指在图书馆办理借书手续。 名词宾语: I checked out three books from the school library yesterday. He checked the book out last week.(名词宾语置于中间) 代词宾语: This novel is very popular. You can check it out today. 含义四:查看;了解(口语化,及物 / 不及物),指为了解情况而查看、打探,口语中使用频率高。 There’s a new café nearby. Let’s check it out this weekend. She checked out the new movie and said it was great. 【辨析】 check out 核实(信息 / 事实);借阅(书籍);退房 用法更广泛,可接具体事物作宾语,校园 / 出行场景常用 check up (on) 检查(身体);核实(情况)作“核实”时侧重 “仔细核查”,后常接 on;还可表“体检” Check out the library book on time.(借阅,用 check out) The doctor checked up on his health condition.(检查身体,用 check up on) I’ll check up on the news and let you know.(核实情况,用 check up on) check out 结账离开 check out (of the hotel) check in 办理入住 check in (at the hotel) We checked in at the hotel at 3 p.m. and checked out the next morning. 星号*单词 1. made-up 含义一:虚构的;编造的,指故事、名字、理由、信息等并非真实存在,是人为编造出来的。 作定语(修饰名词,置于名词前) a made-up story(虚构的故事)、a made-up name(假名)、a made-up excuse(编造的借口) The teacher told us a made-up story about a magic bird. He used a made-up reason to skip the meeting. 作表语(置于系动词后,后常接介词 for 表 “为…… 编造的”) The whole story is made-up. His excuse for being late was completely made-up. 含义二:化妆的;化了妆的,指人脸上化了妆,侧重描述外貌状态,后可接介词 with 表“用……化的妆”。 作表语(最常用,置于 be/get 等系动词后) She was made-up when she went to the party. The actress got made-up before the performance. 作定语(较少用,修饰名词) The made-up lady looked much younger than her age. 含义三:拼凑的;组合的,指由不同部分拼凑、组合而成的事物。 This is a made-up team of students from different classes. 【辨析】 (1) made-up(虚构的)与 fictional/false 的区别 made-up 虚构的;编造的 口语化,侧重 “人为编造、非真实”,可修饰故事、借口、名字等 日常表达、非正式文本 fictional 虚构的;小说的 较正式,侧重 “属于小说、影视作品中的虚构内容” 文学、影视类文本 false 虚假的;错误的 侧重 “与事实不符、带有欺骗性”,可修饰信息、证件、借口等 强调 “欺骗性” 的场景 a made-up story(随口编造的故事) a fictional character(小说中的虚构人物) a false document(虚假的证件) (2) made-up(化妆的)与 cosmetic 的区别 made-up 形容词 化了妆的 描述人的状态,作表语 / 定语 cosmetic 形容词 / 名词 ① 形容词:化妆用的;② 名词:化妆品 修饰 “化妆品 / 化妆相关物品”,不描述人 She looks made-up today.(她今天化了妆。) She bought some cosmetic products.(她买了一些化妆用品。) 【注意】 made-up 由短语动词 make up 变来,两者词性和含义不同,需严格区分,这是易混点: make up 短语动词① 编造;虚构(故事、借口);② 化妆;③ 组成;④ 和解 作谓语,后接宾语 made-up 形容词 ① 虚构的;编造的;② 化妆的 作定语 / 表语,修饰名词 / 描述主语 She made up a story.(她编了一个故事。— 动词短语作谓语) It’s a made-up story.(这是一个虚构的故事。— 形容词作定语) She makes up every morning.(她每天早上化妆。— 动词短语作谓语) She is made-up every morning.(她每天早上都化着妆。— 形容词作表语) 2. crash 作动词(及物 / 不及物):表示“碰撞;坠毁;猛撞;闯入;崩溃”,其中“碰撞 / 坠毁”是核心含义 不及物动词(最常用,后接介词表碰撞对象 / 地点) ① 表示 “(车辆、飞机等)碰撞;坠毁” crash into sth.(撞上某物)、crash to the ground(摔落到地面) A car crashed into a tree by the road yesterday. The plane crashed in the mountains last week. ② 表示 “(发出巨响地)猛摔;猛撞” The glass crashed onto the floor and broke into pieces. He crashed against the door in a hurry. ③ 拓展含义:“(计算机、系统)崩溃” My computer crashed when I was doing my homework. 及物动词(后接宾语,表 “撞坏;猛撞某物”) He crashed his bike into the wall and hurt his leg. The storm crashed the windows of the house. 作名词(可数 / 不可数):表示 “碰撞事故;坠毁;巨响;崩溃”,可数名词表 “一次事故 / 一声巨响”,不可数名词表 “碰撞 / 崩溃” 这一行为。 ① 表示 “(车辆、飞机的)碰撞事故;坠毁”(核心,可数) a car crash(车祸)、a plane crash(飞机坠毁)、a traffic crash(交通事故) There was a serious crash on the highway this morning. The crash killed three people and injured five. ② 表示 “(东西摔碎、碰撞的)巨响”(可数) We heard a loud crash from the kitchen. The crash of thunder scared the little girl. ③ 拓展含义:“(计算机的)崩溃”(可数 / 不可数) The computer had a crash and I lost all my files. 作形容词(拓展用法) 表示 “突发的;应急的;撞毁的”,多作定语修饰名词。 They set up a crash team to deal with the accident.(应急小组) This is a crash course in English.(速成课程) 【辨析】 (1) crash(碰撞)与 knock(撞击) crash (车辆、重物等)猛撞;坠毁 后常接 into,侧重 “高速、剧烈的碰撞”,多伴随损坏 / 事故 程度重,强调 “猛烈、失控” knock (用手、轻物)敲;撞击 后常接 at/on/into,侧重 “轻敲、轻微碰撞”,一般无严重损坏 程度轻,强调 “主动 / 轻微” The bus crashed into a bridge.(公交车猛撞桥,事故) He knocked into a stranger on the street.(他在街上撞到一个陌生人,轻微碰撞) Please knock at the door before entering.(进门请敲门,轻敲) (2) crash(事故)与 accident(事故) crash(车辆、飞机的)碰撞 / 坠毁事故 特指 “因猛撞导致的严重事故”,搭配较固定(car/plane crash) 范围窄,仅指碰撞类严重事故 accident 意外事故 泛指 “一切意外发生的事故”,可指小意外或严重事故,搭配广泛(traffic accident, small accident)范围广,所有意外事故 A terrible crash happened on the motorway.(高速上发生严重撞车事故) She had a small accident and hurt her finger.(她出了个小意外,伤到了手指) 3. summary 作可数名词 表示 “总结;摘要;概要”,复数形式为 summaries,可作主语、宾语、表语,常与介词 of 搭配。 a summary of sth.(…… 的总结 / 摘要) 常用场景:a summary of a story(故事总结)、a summary of the text(课文摘要)、a summary of the meeting(会议纪要) Please write a summary of this passage in 50 words. The teacher asked us to make a summary of the unit after learning it. 作主语 / 表语 The summary of the novel is very clear.(作主语) My homework is a summary of the English lesson.(作表语) 复数形式 summaries We need to read the summaries of the three stories before class. She wrote two summaries for different parts of the book. 常用动词:write(写)、make(作)、give(给出)、read(读)、prepare(准备) He gave a summary of his research at the meeting. I need to prepare a summary for the speech. 【辨析】 summary 可数名词 / 形容词 总结;摘要 对原文内容的浓缩、提炼,不添加新观点,仅还原核心信息 课文摘要、故事总结、文本概括、会议纪要 conclusion可数名词 结论;结尾 基于前文内容得出的新观点、判断或最终看法,是主观的总结 议论文结尾、实验报告、研究结论 简单记忆:还原内容用 summary,得出观点用 conclusion。 Write a summary of the story (还原故事核心内容). In my conclusion, reading is the best way to learn (提出自己的观点). 【词性转换】 summary 可数名词 / 形容词 总结;摘要;概括的 a summary of the text / in summary summarize及物动词 总结;概括;摘要 summarize the text/story/meeting Please summarize the passage in three sentences. 写作中常用转换:Write a summary of... = Summarize... Write a summary of the lesson. = Summarize the lesson. 语法(疑问词+动词不定式、must/have to用法) 疑问词+动词不定式 疑问词 + 动词不定式(如 what to do、how to go)是初中英语的核心语法结构,可在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分,能让句子表达更简洁。 一、 构成形式 1. 常用疑问词 可用于该结构的疑问词分为两类: 疑问代词:what、which、who、whom 疑问副词:how、when、where、why 2. 基本结构 疑问词 + to + 动词原形 例:what to buy(买什么)、how to solve the problem(如何解决这个问题)、where to go(去哪里) 3. 注意事项 该结构中不能加主语,因为疑问词本身就充当不定式的逻辑宾语或状语。 错误:how we to learn English 正确:how to learn English 若不定式动词是及物动词,疑问代词(what/which/who/whom)需充当它的宾语,后面无需再跟宾语。 例:I don’t know what to write.(what 是 write 的宾语,不能说 what to write it) 二、 句法功能 1. 作宾语(最常用) 放在及物动词或介词后面,相当于一个宾语从句。 常见接该结构的动词:know、decide、tell、learn、wonder、show、forget 等。 例 1:She doesn’t know which dress to choose. = She doesn’t know which dress she should choose. 例 2:Can you tell me how to get to the station? = Can you tell me how I can get to the station? 放在介词后: 例:The teacher gave us some advice on how to improve our writing. 2. 作主语 放在句首,谓语动词用单数形式;也可用 it 作形式主语,将该结构后置。 例 1:When to start is still a question.(谓语用 is) 例 2:It’s important how to communicate with others. 3. 作表语 放在系动词(be、seem 等)后面,说明主语的内容。 例:The problem is where to find the missing key. 三、 核心考点与易错点 1. 不能使用该结构的情况 当疑问词是 why 时,只能用于 why not + 动词原形(表建议),不能用 why to do。 正确:Why not ask the teacher for help?(为什么不向老师求助?) 错误:Why to ask the teacher for help? 2. 与宾语从句的转换 该结构可与 “疑问词 + 主语 + 情态动词 / 助动词 + 动词原形” 的宾语从句互换,转换后时态需根据主句调整。 原句:He didn’t tell me what to do next. 转换:He didn’t tell me what I should do next. 3. 逻辑主语的一致性 该结构的逻辑主语通常与主句主语一致,否则需用宾语从句。 一致(正确):I don’t know how to fix the bike.(逻辑主语是 I,主句主语也是 I) 不一致(需换从句):She doesn’t know how her son can finish the work.(不能说 how to finish the work,逻辑主语是 her son,和主句主语 she 不一致) 四、 常见固定搭配例句 疑问词 + 不定式结构 例句 what to do He is thinking about what to do this weekend. which one to choose There are two pens; I can’t decide which one to choose. how to study English She told me some tips on how to study English well. where to park the car Do you know where to park the car near here? when to hand in the homework The teacher told us when to hand in the homework. 五、 教学小贴士 针对初中课堂,重点掌握三点: 1 该结构的构成和三种句法功能; 2 与宾语从句的转换规则; 3 why 不能用于该结构的特殊情况。 must/have to用法 must 和 have to 都表示 “必须;不得不”,是初中英语情态动词的核心考点,两者用法既有重合也有显著区别,主要体现在语气、主语、时态、否定形式四个方面。 一、 核心用法与共性 两者都可表达 “必须做某事”,后接动词原形,无人称和数的变化(have to 需根据主语和时态变化形式),否定形式均表示 “不必;禁止”(含义不同)。 例句:You must finish your homework today. 例句:You have to finish your homework today. 二、 核心区别 1. 语气与逻辑:主观必须 vs 客观必须 这是两者最核心的区别,也是中考考查的重点。 must 语气强,主观 说话人自己认为“必须做”,是主观的命令、要求、义务或推测 个人意愿、规定、主观判断 have to语气中,客观 因外界规则、客观条件、他人要求而 “不得不做”,是被动的必须 客观规则、现实条件、他人命令 例句对比: I must study hard.(我自己觉得必须努力学习,主观意愿) I have to study hard.(因为考试要求 / 父母期望,不得不努力,客观要求) You must follow the school rules.(学校规定,说话人传达主观规定) You have to follow the school rules.(学校规则是客观存在的,不得不遵守) 2. 时态变化:无变化 vs 有变化 must 是情态动词,无人称和时态变化,仅用于一般现在时 / 一般将来时;have to 是 “实义动词 + 不定式” 结构,需根据主语和时态变化形式,可用于各种时态。 She has to get up early every day.(主语三单,一般现在时) He had to leave early yesterday.(一般过去时,must 无过去式) We will have to finish the work tomorrow.(一般将来时) They have had to wait for an hour.(现在完成时) 3. 否定形式:禁止 / 不应该 vs 不必 两者的否定形式含义完全不同,是中考极易出错的点,必须严格区分。 词汇 否定形式 核心含义 语气 例句 must must not = mustn’t 禁止;不准;不应该 强,表 “禁止做某事” You mustn’t smoke in the classroom.(禁止吸烟) have to do/does/did not have to = don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to 不必;用不着 中,表 “客观上不需要做” You don’t have to finish it today.(不必今天完成) 关键记忆: mustn’t = 禁止(绝对不能做) don’t have to = 不必(可以做,也可以不做) 例句对比: You mustn’t swim here.(这里禁止游泳,绝对不能做) You don’t have to swim here.(你不必在这里游泳,可以去别的地方) 4. 疑问句与回答:用法不同 (1) 疑问句形式 must:直接将 must 提前,即 Must + 主语 + 动原? have to:借助助动词 do/does/did,即 Do/Does/Did + 主语 + have to + 动原? Must I go now?(我必须现在走吗?) Do you have to go now?(你不得不现在走吗?) (2) 回答方式(中考核心) must 引导的疑问句,回答不能用 must/mustn’t,需根据含义用 needn’t/don’t have to(不必)或 yes, you must(必须);have to 引导的疑问句,直接用 do/does/did 回答。 疑问句 肯定回答 否定回答(核心:不必) Must I...? Yes, you must. No, you needn’t./ No, you don’t have to. Do you have to...? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. —Must I finish the work today? —No, you needn’t.(不必今天完成) —Do you have to get up early? —No, I don’t.(不用早起) 三、 特殊用法:must 表推测 must 可用于肯定句中表 “肯定推测”,意为 “一定;肯定”,后接动词原形(对现在的推测)或 be doing(对正在进行的动作的推测),这是 have to 没有的用法。 对现在的推测:主语 + must + 动原 例句:He is not at school. He must be ill.(他不在学校,一定是生病了) 对正在进行的动作的推测:主语 + must + be doing 例句:The light is on. She must be studying.(灯亮着,她一定在学习) 注意:must 表推测时,否定形式用 can’t(不可能),不用 mustn’t。 例句:He can’t be at home. The door is locked.(他不可能在家,门是锁着的) 经典题型01 单项选择 —________ I hand in the report now? —No, you ________. You can finish it this weekend. A.Must; mustn’t B.Must; needn’t C.Can; don’t D.Can; have to 经典题型02 词汇运用 This book is a wonderful ________(读物) for students who love history and adventure. 一、单项选择 1.We should learn some basic life skills since we_________ depend on ourselves some day. A.can B.can't C.must D. mustn't 2.The Maths problem is too difficult. The students don't know _________it. A.how to solve B.what to solve C. when to solve D. why to solve 3.-Miss Li,I don't want to say sorry to Daniel. -I'm afraid you _________. After all, you broke his glasses. A.may B.have to C.mustn't D.needn't 4.Her nervous smile_________ her true feelings when she said she wasn't worried about the exam. A.gave up B.gave away C.gave in D. gave back 5.-I am worried about my study, but I don't know_________ about my problems.-Come on! You can talk to me. We are good friends. A.what to talk B. what to talk about C.who to talk to D. who to talk 二、短文填空 Reading an English newspaper is a good way to improve a student's language 1._________(able), as there are many useful words in an English newspaper. It may help students increase(增加)their vocabulary as well as improve their reading skills. They can get new 2._________(knowledge)from newspapers. But what is the proper way to read an English newspaper? Do students 3._________(have)to look over all the contents(内容)of the newspaper? The 4._________(one)step is to choose a right newspaper with good language. Then turn to the front page and read the headlines(标题)to know what has 5._________(happen). As the most important things are put on the front page, it's easy to find out what you're interested in and then turn to the page to read it. There is no need to look 6._________all the articles. Secondly, read newspapers every day. Remember words according to the context(上下文), in which these words may appear again. You will remember them 7._________(easy). Don't look up every 8._________(know)word in your dictionary. You can try to 9._________(guess)the meaning by reading sentences.If your guess is wrong, never mind. Keep reading, 10._________you will become familiar(熟悉的)with the words after reading them several times in different texts. 参考答案 经典题型 B,read 每日一练 一、CABBC 二、 6 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 ability knowledge have first happened through easily unknown guess and $

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Unit 4 单元知识点一:Welcome-Grammar 教学设计 2025-2026学年译林版英语八年级下册
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Unit 4 单元知识点一:Welcome-Grammar 教学设计 2025-2026学年译林版英语八年级下册
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Unit 4 单元知识点一:Welcome-Grammar 教学设计 2025-2026学年译林版英语八年级下册
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