Unit 3 Back to the past（话题阅读精练）英语译林版选择性必修第三册.

Unit 3 Back to the past 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、历史人物相关 be honored as（被誉为）a national hero/scholar make remarkable contributions to（为…… 做出卓越贡献） devote one's life to（毕生致力于）a cause/study possess extraordinary wisdom/courage（拥有非凡的智慧 / 勇气） overcome countless hardships（克服无数艰难险阻） leave a profound legacy（留下深远的遗产） be remembered for（因…… 被铭记）one's achievements/integrity inspire generations of people（激励一代又一代的人） play a decisive role in（在…… 中起到决定性作用） gain widespread respect/admiration（赢得广泛的尊重 / 敬仰） 二、历史事件相关 break out（爆发）in a war/revolution take place（发生）in a certain era lead to（导致）great changes/social progress bring about（引发）a turning point/transition come to an end（结束）after years of struggle sign a treaty/agreement（签署条约 / 协议） win a decisive victory（取得决定性胜利） witness the rise/fall of（见证…… 的兴衰）a dynasty mark a new chapter in（标志着…… 的新篇章）history have a far-reaching impact on（对…… 产生深远影响） 三、历史研究与记录相关 conduct research on（开展对…… 的研究） collect historical evidence（收集历史证据） record historical facts（记录历史事实） analyze the causes and effects（分析前因后果） preserve cultural relics（保护文物） compile historical documents（编纂历史文献） restore historical sites（修复历史遗址） interpret historical events（解读历史事件） refer to historical records（查阅历史记载） summarize historical experiences（总结历史经验） 四、历史评价与意义相关 be regarded as（被认为是）a milestone/event of great significance in memory of（为了纪念）historical figures/events reflect the social background of（反映…… 的社会背景） embody the spirit of（体现…… 的精神）a nation/era promote the development of（促进…… 的发展）civilization draw lessons from（从…… 中吸取教训）history highlight the importance of（强调…… 的重要性）peace/unity demonstrate the power of（展现…… 的力量）determination/cooperation symbolize the struggle for（象征着对…… 的追求）freedom/justice contribute to the progress of（为…… 的进步做出贡献）humanity 时文拓展阅读 History is not just a collection of dates and events; it is a living narrative of human courage, wisdom, and perseverance. Behind every great historical turning point stand extraordinary individuals who dared to challenge the status quo, and every significant event shapes the world we live in today, leaving an indelible mark on the course of civilization. From ancient times to the modern era, historical figures have illuminated the path of progress with their vision and actions. Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, devoted his life to promoting the ideas of benevolence and propriety, whose teachings have guided Chinese society for over two thousand years and continue to influence people around the world. Similarly, Nelson Mandela, a symbol of justice and reconciliation, spent 27 years in prison fighting against racial segregation in South Africa. His unwavering determination eventually led to the end of apartheid, inspiring millions to strive for equality and freedom. Historical events, meanwhile, are the milestones that mark the evolution of human society. The Industrial Revolution, which began in 18th-century Britain, transformed the world from an agrarian society to an industrialized one, revolutionizing production methods, transportation, and people's way of life. The invention of the steam engine, the rise of factories, and the expansion of global trade brought unprecedented prosperity, while also sparking social reforms to address labor issues and inequality. Another pivotal event is the founding of the United Nations after World War II, which aimed to maintain world peace, promote international cooperation, and prevent the horrors of war from recurring. Studying history allows us to connect with the past, understand the present, and shape the future. It teaches us that progress often comes through struggle, and that the actions of individuals, no matter how small, can have far-reaching consequences. By learning from the achievements and mistakes of those who came before us, we can gain wisdom to face the challenges of today. Moreover, respecting historical facts and preserving historical heritage is crucial for passing down cultural traditions and fostering a sense of national identity. In a world that is constantly changing, history remains our most valuable teacher. It reminds us of our shared humanity and the common goals we strive for—peace, progress, and prosperity. So, let us delve into the stories of great figures and historic events, and let the lessons of history inspire us to build a better world for generations to come. 【译文欣赏】 历史不仅仅是日期和事件的集合，更是人类勇气、智慧与坚韧的鲜活叙事。每一个重大历史转折点的背后，都矗立着那些勇于挑战现状的非凡人物；而每一件重大历史事件，都塑造了我们今日所处的世界，在文明进程中留下了不可磨灭的印记。 从古至今，历史人物以其远见卓识和实际行动照亮了进步之路。中国伟大的哲学家孔子，毕生致力于宣扬仁与礼的思想，其学说引领中国社会两千余年，至今仍影响着世界各地的人们。同样，象征正义与和解的纳尔逊・曼德拉，为反抗南非的种族隔离制度入狱 27 年。他坚定不移的决心最终终结了种族隔离政策，激励着数百万人为平等与自由而奋斗。 与此同时，历史事件是标志人类社会演进的里程碑。始于 18 世纪英国的工业革命，将世界从农业社会转变为工业社会，彻底变革了生产方式、交通出行和人们的生活模式。蒸汽机的发明、工厂的兴起以及全球贸易的扩张带来了前所未有的繁荣，同时也引发了旨在解决劳工问题和不平等现象的社会改革。另一个关键事件是二战后联合国的成立，其宗旨是维护世界和平、促进国际合作，防止战争的恐怖重演。 学习历史让我们能够连接过去、理解现在、塑造未来。它告诉我们，进步往往源于奋斗，而个人的行动无论多么微小，都可能产生深远的影响。通过借鉴前人的成就与教训，我们能够获得应对当下挑战的智慧。此外，尊重历史事实、保护历史遗产，对于传承文化传统、培养民族认同感至关重要。 在这个瞬息万变的世界里，历史仍是我们最宝贵的老师。它提醒着我们共同的人性，以及我们所追求的共同目标 —— 和平、进步与繁荣。因此，让我们深入探索伟大人物与历史事件的故事，让历史的教训激励我们为后代建设一个更美好的世界。 【词汇积累】 status quo [ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwəʊ] n. 现状 indelible [ɪnˈdeləbl] adj. 不可磨灭的 benevolence [bəˈnevələns] n. 仁慈；仁爱 propriety [prəˈpraɪəti] n. 礼仪；得体 reconciliation [ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn] n. 和解；调和 segregation [ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn] n. 隔离；分离 unwavering [ʌnˈweɪvərɪŋ] adj. 坚定不移的 revolutionize [ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz] vt. 彻底变革；使革命化 agrarian [əˈɡreəriən] adj. 农业的；耕地的 foster [ˈfɒstə(r)] vt. 培养；促进 pivotal [ˈpɪvətl] adj. 关键的；中枢的 heritage [ˈherɪtɪdʒ] n. 遗产；传统 distraction [dɪˈstrækʃn] n. 分心；干扰 inspiration [ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn] n. 灵感；鼓舞 【长难句分析】 1. Behind every great historical turning point stand extraordinary individuals who dared to challenge the status quo, and every significant event shapes the world we live in today, leaving an indelible mark on the course of civilization. 抓标志：介词短语置于句首（主谓倒装）；关系代词 who；定语从句（we live in today，省略关系代词 that/which）；现在分词短语作伴随状语 判类型：并列句（第一句为倒装句，含定语从句；第二句含定语从句和伴随状语） 试翻译：每一个重大历史转折点的背后，都矗立着那些勇于挑战现状的非凡人物；而每一件重大历史事件，都塑造了我们今日所处的世界，在文明进程中留下了不可磨灭的印记。 2. Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, devoted his life to promoting the ideas of benevolence and propriety, whose teachings have guided Chinese society for over two thousand years and continue to influence people around the world. 抓标志：同位语（the great Chinese philosopher）；关系代词 whose；并列谓语（have guided...and continue to influence...） 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构）＋同位语＋非限制性定语从句 试翻译：中国伟大的哲学家孔子，毕生致力于宣扬仁与礼的思想，其学说引领中国社会两千余年，至今仍影响着世界各地的人们。 【词汇延伸】 challenge the status quo 挑战现状 leave an indelible mark 留下不可磨灭的印记 strive for equality and freedom 为平等与自由而奋斗 transform the world from...to... 将世界从…… 转变为…… pass down cultural traditions 传承文化传统 foster a sense of national identity 培养民族认同感 高考真题链接 (高考真题改编) The life of Marie Curie is a story of perseverance, curiosity, and groundbreaking scientific achievement. Born in Warsaw in 1867, Curie faced numerous barriers as a woman pursuing a career in science in the late 19th century. Despite financial hardships and gender discrimination, she moved to Paris to study physics and mathematics, where she met her future husband and research partner, Pierre Curie. Together, the Curies conducted pioneering research on radioactivity, a term Marie herself coined. In 1898, they discovered two new elements: polonium (named after Marie's native Poland) and radium. Their work laid the foundation for modern nuclear physics and revolutionized medical treatment, as radium became a key tool in the fight against cancer. In 1903, Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, sharing the Physics Prize with Pierre and Henri Becquerel. She later won a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, making her the first person ever to receive two Nobel Prizes in different scientific fields. Beyond her scientific contributions, Marie Curie was also a dedicated teacher and humanitarian. During World War I, she developed mobile X-ray units to assist wounded soldiers, saving countless lives. She refused to patent her discoveries, believing that scientific knowledge should be shared for the benefit of humanity. Her selfless spirit and unwavering commitment to science continue to inspire scientists and activists around the world. Today, Marie Curie’s legacy lives on through research institutions, scholarships, and the ongoing fight against cancer. Her life reminds us that passion, hard work, and a commitment to the greater good can overcome even the greatest obstacles. 1. What challenges did Marie Curie face in her early career? A. Lack of research funding and laboratory space. B. Financial difficulties and gender discrimination. C. Opposition from her family and friends. D. Limited access to educational resources in Paris. 2. Why did Marie Curie name the new element "polonium"? A. To honor her husband's research. B. To celebrate her Nobel Prize win. C. To pay tribute to her native country. D. To recognize her research team's efforts. 3. What makes Marie Curie unique in the history of Nobel Prizes? A. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. B. She won Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields. C. She shared her Nobel Prize with her husband. D. She used her Nobel Prize money to fund medical research. 4. What can we learn from Marie Curie's life? A. Scientific discoveries should be patented for personal gain. B. Gender barriers are impossible to overcome in scientific fields. C. Passion and dedication can lead to extraordinary achievements. D. Scientific research should prioritize personal fame and recognition. 【答案】1．B 2． C 3．B 4．C 【导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了居里夫人的生平事迹。作为一位杰出的科学家，居里夫人在面临诸多困难的情况下，在放射性研究领域取得了突破性成就，两次获得诺贝尔奖，同时她还致力于人道主义事业，其精神激励着无数后人。 1. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中 “Despite financial hardships and gender discrimination, she moved to Paris to study physics and mathematics...” 可知，居里夫人在早期职业生涯中面临着经济困难和性别歧视的挑战。故选 B。 2. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中 “In 1898, they discovered two new elements: polonium (named after Marie's native Poland) and radium.” 可知，居里夫人将新元素命名为 “钋” 是为了向她的祖国波兰致敬。故选 C。 3. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中 “She later won a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, making her the first person ever to receive two Nobel Prizes in different scientific fields.” 可知，居里夫人是历史上第一位在两个不同科学领域获得诺贝尔奖的人，这是她的独特之处。故选 B。 4. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据全文内容，居里夫人在面临重重困难时，凭借对科学的热情和不懈奉献，取得了非凡的成就，并且无私地分享自己的研究成果。由此可推知，我们能从她的人生中学到：热情和奉献能带来非凡的成就。故选 C。 1. Despite financial hardships and gender discrimination, she moved to Paris to study physics and mathematics, where she met her future husband and research partner, Pierre Curie. 抓标志：介词短语（Despite...）作让步状语；不定式（to study...）作目的状语；关系副词 where 引导定语从句 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构）＋让步状语＋目的状语＋定语从句 试翻译：尽管面临经济困难和性别歧视，她还是搬到了巴黎学习物理和数学，在那里她遇到了未来的丈夫和研究伙伴皮埃尔・居里。 2. Their work laid the foundation for modern nuclear physics and revolutionized medical treatment, as radium became a key tool in the fight against cancer. 抓标志：并列谓语（laid...and revolutionized...）；as 引导原因状语从句 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构，含并列谓语）＋原因状语从句 试翻译：他们的研究为现代核物理奠定了基础，并彻底变革了医疗方式，因为镭成为了对抗癌症的关键工具。 ① groundbreaking adj. 开创性的；突破性的 ② barrier n. 障碍；壁垒 ③ gender discrimination 性别歧视 ④ radioactivity n. 放射性；放射现象 ⑤ coin vt. 创造（新词）；铸造 ⑥ lay the foundation for 为…… 奠定基础 ⑦ humanitarian n. 人道主义者；adj. 人道主义的 ⑧ unwavering adj. 坚定不移的 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 记叙文 346 日球层物理学领域的领军人物尤金・纽曼・帕克的生平、科研贡献、研究经历及个人品格。 Passage2 阅读理解 记叙文 371 文章讲述了珍・古道尔的生平事迹，从儿时萌生研究野生动物的梦想，到前往贡贝溪国家公园开展黑猩猩研究并取得重大突破，再到创立相关机构推动动物保护和青少年环保行动，展现了她对动物研究和生态保护事业的毕生奉献。 Passage3 阅读理解 记叙文 315 南丁格尔冲破世俗偏见投身护理事业，在克里米亚战争中救死扶伤，战后革新护理行业的传奇一生。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 289 科学家们对一艘几十年前在加利福尼亚海岸沉没的名为“美国遗产”的补给船进行了详细的3D数字重建，包括船体上聚集的数百只海绵动物，并讲述了其发现和确认身份的过程。 Passage5 完形填空 记叙文 256 挪威探险家Roald Amundsen在1911年12月14日到达南极点的历史事件，详细描述了他的准备过程、艰难的旅程、对极地科学的贡献以及他的探险精神对后人的影响。 Passage6 语法填空 记叙文 396 尼古拉·特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）和托马斯·爱迪生（Thomas Edison）之间的竞争故事，详细说明了这两位发明家在电力和创新领域所产生的影响以及他们各自的技术观点。 Passage7 语法填空 记叙文 439 J.K.罗琳与一位身患癌症的《哈利·波特》小粉丝凯蒂·霍克之间温馨而感人的故事。 Passage8 语法填空 记叙文 191 第二次世界大战中最令人印象深刻的战役“霸王行动”（诺曼底登陆）的背景、过程、危险性以及战后幸存者的纪念活动。 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东济南·期中）Eugene Newman Parker, a leading figure in heliospheric (日球层) physics for the past half century, passed away peacefully at his home in Chicago on March 15. He was 94. Acknowledged as a visionary in the field of heliophysics, Parker changed our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system. NASA even stated that “the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr. Eugene Parker”. In 2018, Parker became the first living scientist to witness the launch of a spacecraft that was named in his honor. Parker is best known for his groundbreaking theory on the existence of a phenomenon called “solar wind”, a stream of charged particles (粒子) that flow off the sun. It can become wild, causing space weather that impacts the Earth. When Parker’s research was published in 1958, his theory was met with doubt by the scientific community. The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum (真空), and was thus completely empty of any matter. But there were no errors in his study or his calculations, and the theory was later proven to be correct in 1962, when a NASA spacecraft mission to Venus revealed the constant presence of a supersonic wind — exactly as Parker had predicted. That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers: “If you do something new or innovative, expect trouble. But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that.” Parker never co-authored a paper with his students, thus encouraging them to be independent. Parker was humble (谦卑的), straightforward, and wise. His son Eric said, “My sister Joyce and I didn’t get a real feel for what a ‘big dog’ our dad was in the field.” They got an even better sense when a month after Parker’s death, they traveled to Lund, Sweden, to accept on his behalf the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy. 1．What can we learn from the second paragraph? A．A spacecraft was named in memory of Parker. B．The sun has less effect on Earth than expected. C．Parker deserved credit for his great contributions. D．NASA provided new insights into the lunar effect. 2．Why did people question Parker’s theory of “solar wind” at first? A．Some mistakes were found in his calculations. B．It went against the popular opinion at that time. C．The presence of a supersonic wind was proven by NASA． D．Matter was believed to exist in the space between planets. 3．What advice did Parker often give to young researchers? A．Expect challenges and critically evaluate your work. B．Stick to conventional methods to minimize risks. C．Depend on your professor for decision-making. D．Cooperate frequently to ensure success. 4．What words can be used to describe Parker according to the passage? A．Responsible and accessible. B．Frank and generous. C．Distinguished yet modest. D．Intelligent yet distant. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。介绍了日球层物理学领域的领军人物尤金・纽曼・帕克的生平、科研贡献、研究经历及个人品格。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“NASA even stated that “the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr. Eugene Parker”. (美国国家航空航天局甚至表示：“日球层物理学领域的存在，在很大程度上要归功于尤金・帕克博士”)”及“Parker became the first living scientist to witness the launch of a spacecraft that was named in his honor (帕克成为首位在世见证以自己名字命名的航天器发射的科学家)”可知，帕克的巨大贡献值得被认可。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When Parker’s research was published in 1958, his theory was met with doubt by the scientific community. The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum (真空), and was thus completely empty of any matter. (1958年帕克的研究发表时，他的理论遭到了科学界的质疑。当时的普遍观点是，行星之间的空间是绝对真空，因此完全没有任何物质)”可知，人们最初质疑他的“太阳风”理论是因为它与当时的主流观点相悖。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“If you do something new or innovative, expect trouble. But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that. (如果你做的是新的、创新的事，就要预料到会遇到麻烦。但要批判性地思考它，因为如果你错了，你会想成为第一个知道这一点的人)”可知，他常给出的建议是预料挑战并批判性评估自己的工作。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“Eugene Newman Parker, a leading figure in heliospheric (日球层) physics (尤金・纽曼・帕克是日球层物理学领域的领军人物)”以及最后一段“Parker was humble (谦卑的), straightforward, and wise. (帕克为人谦卑、直率、睿智)”可知，帕克是杰出且谦逊的。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2025高二上·广东佛山·学业考试）Born in London in April 1934, Jane Goodall’s interest in animals began in early childhood. At just eight, she announced she’d go to Africa “to live with wild animals and write books about them” — a dream she never let go. With little more than determination, a notebook, and her stuffed toy chimpanzee Jubilee, Jane set off to Gombe Stream National Park in 1960. At the time, it was almost unheard of for a young woman, especially one without a degree, to lead a research project in the field. Without formal scientific background, she rose before sunrise, hiked into the hills alone, and observed from a distance for months, hoping that the chimpanzees might one day accept her. Slowly, painstakingly, she was rewarded. One day, a chimpanzee she called David Greybeard approached her. That moment marked the beginning of a relationship built on trust and respect. It also laid the foundation for one of the most important studies of animal behaviour in history. She once observed a chimp carefully pulling off the leaves from a grass stem (茎) and using it to fish insects from an ant hill. Until that moment, tool-making was thought to be a uniquely human trait. Jane also documented chimpanzees showing emotions once believed to belong only to humans: joy, play, friendship and even war. Jane’s work extended far beyond the forests of Gombe. In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, combining research with a powerful new vision: that protecting animals must include supporting the people who live alongside them. In 1991, inspired by a conversation with a group of students who felt hopeless about the planet’s future, Jane established Roots & Shoots, giving young people the tools, platform and inspiration to lead projects that help people, animals, and the environment. Even into her 90s, Jane continued to travel, speak and inspire millions worldwide, delivering a simple yet powerful message: What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make. Every school workshop supported, tree planted, and young mind inspired builds toward the future Jane imagined, Dr. Jane Goodall’s vision lives on — not through admiring from afar, but through actions taken close to home. 1．What can we learn about Jane’s journey to Gombe Stream National Park? A．Her lack of a degree made her hesitant. B．Her patience contributed to the research. C．She was not allowed to lead the research at first. D．She was accompanied by professional researchers. 2．What did Jane Goodall find out about chimpanzees? A．They have similar intelligence to humans. B．They behave more like humans than expected. C．They are good at learning through observation. D．They mainly live on insects and small animals. 3．What is the main idea of paragraph 5? A．Jane’s achievements in animal research. B．Jane’s efforts to seek organizational support. C．Jane’s experiences of enlarging membership. D．Jane’s devotion to inspiring widespread action. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了珍・古道尔的生平事迹，从儿时萌生研究野生动物的梦想，到前往贡贝溪国家公园开展黑猩猩研究并取得重大突破，再到创立相关机构推动动物保护和青少年环保行动，展现了她对动物研究和生态保护事业的毕生奉献。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Without formal scientific background, she rose before sunrise, hiked into the hills alone, and observed from a distance for months, hoping that the chimpanzees might one day accept her (没有正规的科学背景，她日出前就起身，独自徒步进山，远距离观察了好几个月，希望黑猩猩们有朝一日能接纳她)”以及“Slowly, painstakingly, she was rewarded (慢慢地、煞费苦心地，她得到了回报)”可知，珍的耐心为她的研究奠定了基础，助力研究顺利开展。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Until that moment, tool-making was thought to be a uniquely human trait (在那之前，制造工具还被认为是人类独有的特征)”以及“Jane also documented chimpanzees showing emotions once believed to belong only to humans: joy, play, friendship and even war (珍还记录到黑猩猩会表现出曾被认为只有人类才有的情感：喜悦、玩耍、友谊，甚至争斗)”可知，珍发现黑猩猩的行为比人们预想的更接近人类。故选 B。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Jane’s work extended far beyond the forests of Gombe. In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, combining research with a powerful new vision: that protecting animals must include supporting the people who live alongside them. In 1991, inspired by a conversation with a group of students who felt hopeless about the planet’s future, Jane established Roots & Shoots, giving young people the tools, platform and inspiration to lead projects that help people, animals, and the environment. Even into her 90s, Jane continued to travel, speak and inspire millions worldwide, delivering a simple yet powerful message: What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make.(珍的工作远远超出了贡贝的森林。1977年，她创立了珍·古道尔研究所（Jane Goodall Institute），将研究与一个强大的新愿景结合起来：保护动物必须包括支持与它们生活在一起的人。1991年，珍在与一群对地球的未来感到绝望的学生的谈话中受到启发，成立了Roots & Shoots，为年轻人提供工具、平台和灵感，让他们领导帮助人类、动物和环境的项目。即使在她90多岁的时候，珍还在继续旅行、演讲，并激励着全世界数百万人，传递着一个简单而有力的信息：你所做的事情会产生影响，你必须决定你想要产生什么样的影响。)”可知，珍1977年创立珍・古道尔研究所，将研究与“保护动物需支持周边居民”的愿景结合，1991 年又成立Roots & Shoots项目，为年轻人提供平台参与环保行动，晚年还坚持奔走宣讲，传递行动改变世界的理念。整体体现了珍致力于推动更广泛的环保行动，激励更多人参与其中。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二上·广西桂林·期末）Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 into a rich family. From her early years, she exhibited an extraordinary tendency towards assisting others. In an era when society expected that a young woman of her status would marry into wealth and lead a comfortable and carefree life. Florence had a distinct vision. Nursing, during that period, was regarded as a lowly occupation, yet she was firmly convinced that her true calling lay in serving humanity through this very field. When the Crimean War broke out in 1854, the news reached Florence. Florence heard about the terrible situation of the wounded soldiers and decided to take action. She led a team of nurses to the front. As soon as they got there, they met many terrible challenges, but Florence was not afraid. There was a serious shortage of medical supplies and basic necessities were often in short supply. The hygienic (卫生的) conditions were extremely poor, posing a serious threat to the recovery of patients. Some officers were deeply influenced by traditional ideas that women had no ability to contribute in such a bad environment. Florence remained determined. She worked day and night to attend to the sick and wounded selflessly. Her efforts achieved a lot and the survival rate of soldiers was significantly improved. After the war, Florence’s work was far from finished. She was determined to revolutionize the nursing profession. She established some well-known nursing schools, where she could pass on her knowledge and values to future generations. She also wrote several influential books on nursing practices, which became essential resources in the field. Her remarkable achievements not only enhanced the status of nurses but also had a far-reaching and profound impact on the healthcare. Florence Nightingale passed away in 1910, but her memory as “the Lady with the Lamp” inspired countless nurses and healthcare workers to follow in her noble footsteps. 1．What can we learn about Florence Nightingale? A．She married into wealth. B．She was born into a poor family. C．She wanted to lead a relaxing life. D．She desired to serve humanity as a nurse. 2．How did Florence Nightingale face the challenges during the Crimean War? A．With her strong determination. B．With the help of some officers. C．With the support from her family. D．With the help of soldiers in war. 3．What was Florence’s main contribution after the Crimean War? A．She became a famous war hero. B．She was devoted to nursing innovation. C．She was invited to give lectures. D．She was engaged in medical research. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Nightingale’s education. B．Nightingale’s family. C．Nightingale’s achievements. D．Nightingale’s books. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述南丁格尔冲破世俗偏见投身护理事业，在克里米亚战争中救死扶伤，战后革新护理行业的传奇一生。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Nursing, during that period, was regarded as a lowly occupation, yet she was firmly convinced that her true calling lay in serving humanity through this very field.(在那个时期，护理被视为一份卑微的职业，但她坚信自己真正的使命是通过这个领域为人类服务。)”可知，南丁格尔希望以护士的身份为人类服务，这与选项D表述一致。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Some officers were deeply influenced by traditional ideas that women had no ability to contribute in such a bad environment. Florence remained determined. She worked day and night to attend to the sick and wounded selflessly.(一些军官深受传统观念影响，认为女性在如此恶劣的环境中无法做出贡献。南丁格尔依旧意志坚定，她夜以继日地无私照料伤病员。)”可知，面对克里米亚战争中的重重挑战，南丁格尔凭借坚定的意志应对。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“After the war, Florence’s work was far from finished. She was determined to revolutionize the nursing profession. She established some well-known nursing schools, where she could pass on her knowledge and values to future generations. She also wrote several influential books on nursing practices, which became essential resources in the field. (战争结束后，南丁格尔的事业远未止步。她决心彻底改革护理行业，创办了多所知名的护理学校，将自己的知识与理念传承给后人。她还撰写了数本极具影响力的护理实操专著，这些著作也成为了该领域的必备参考资料。)”可知，战后她的主要贡献是致力于护理行业的革新。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中的“Her remarkable achievements not only enhanced the status of nurses but also had a far-reaching and profound impact on the healthcare.(她的卓越成就不仅提升了护士的社会地位，更对医疗保健领域产生了深远且重大的影响。)”可知，文章围绕南丁格尔在护理领域的诸多成就展开，概括了她的一生贡献。故选C项。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·全国·课后作业）A ship that sank off the coast of California decades ago was recently reconstructed in detail. The 3D digital model even included hundreds of sponges (海绵动物) that have gathered on the ship’s surface since it sank. Named American Heritage, the supply ship sank in Santa Monica Bay on May 4, 1995, and for decades its exact location was unknown. Researchers with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) spotted a strange shape in that area in 2008. But it wasn’t until May 2018 that MBARI scientists identified its exact location and mapped the site in detail, showing what appeared to be a shipwreck (失事船只). Even then, the identity of the shipwreck was uncertain. Yet another MBARI team revisited the location to do further exploration. They sent remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and took photos of the damaged ship. Though it was covered with deep-sea sponges and other animals, the scientists were able to spot letters spelling out its name, confirming that the shipwreck was American Heritage. As one of the MBARI scientists who found American Heritage, chief ROV pilot Knute Brekke had worked on the ship before. And he was on duty with the diving company American Pacific Marine — the owner of American Heritage — the night the ship began taking in water and eventually sank. MBARI spokesperson Kim Fulton-Bennett said to Live Science about the discovery, “The model is not complete, as floating ropes and poor visibility kept the pilots from getting too close to the wreck. But the 3D reconstruction is detailed enough to show that American Heritage is now home to thousands of sponges. Shipwrecks often turn into the shelter for diverse communities of ocean life.” 1．Which is the right order of the following events? ① Something strange was found in the area. ② ROVs were sent under sea to take photos. ③ A ship sank in Santa Monica Bay. ④ The identity of the ship was confirmed. ⑤ Scientists tried to locate the shipwreck. A．②③⑤④① B．③①⑤②④ C．⑤③①④② D．④③①②⑤ 2．What can we learn about Knute Brekke? A．He was familiar with the sunken ship. B．He was in charge of a diving company. C．He was responsible for the rescue work. D．He was the first one to witness the accident. 3．What’s Kim Fulton-Bennett’s attitude towards the 3D model? A．Critical. B．Doubtful. C．Amazed. D．Objective. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．A valuable treasure was discovered. B．Special sponges were found under sea. C．3D model reconstructed a sunken ship. D．A sunken ship was gotten out of water. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们对一艘几十年前在加利福尼亚海岸沉没的名为“美国遗产”的补给船进行了详细的3D数字重建，包括船体上聚集的数百只海绵动物，并讲述了其发现和确认身份的过程。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Named American Heritage, the supply ship sank in Santa Monica Bay on May 4, 1995, and for decades its exact location was unknown. Researchers with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) spotted a strange shape in that area in 2008. But it wasn’t until May 2018 that MBARI scientists identified its exact location and mapped the site in detail, showing what appeared to be a shipwreck (失事船只). (这艘名为“美国遗产”的补给船于1995年5月4日在圣莫尼卡湾沉没，几十年来其确切位置一直未知。2008年，蒙特雷湾水族馆研究所（MBARI）的研究人员在该地区发现了一个奇怪的形状。但直到2018年5月，MBARI的科学家们才确定了它的确切位置，并详细绘制了该地点的地图，显示这似乎是一艘失事船只。)”以及第三段“Even then, the identity of the shipwreck was uncertain. Yet another MBARI team revisited the location to do further exploration. They sent remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and took photos of the damaged ship. Though it was covered with deep-sea sponges and other animals, the scientists were able to spot letters spelling out its name, confirming that the shipwreck was American Heritage. (即便如此，失事船只的身份仍不确定。MBARI的另一个团队回到该地点进行进一步探索。他们派出遥控潜水器（ROVs），并拍摄了这艘受损船只的照片。尽管船上覆盖着深海海绵和其他动物，科学家们还是发现了拼出其名字的字母，证实这艘失事船只是“美国遗产号”。)”可知，事件发生的顺序为：一艘船在圣莫尼卡湾沉没；在该地区发现了奇怪的东西；科学家试图找到失事船只的位置；遥控潜水器被派到海底拍照；船的身份得到确认。即③①⑤②④。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“As one of the MBARI scientists who found American Heritage, chief ROV pilot Knute Brekke had worked on the ship before. And he was on duty with the diving company American Pacific Marine — the owner of American Heritage — the night the ship began taking in water and eventually sank. (作为发现“美国遗产号”的MBARI科学家之一，首席遥控潜水器驾驶员克努特·布雷克曾在这艘船上工作过。在“美国遗产号”开始进水并最终沉没的那天晚上，他正在潜水公司美国太平洋海洋公司——即“美国遗产号”的船主——值班。)”可知，Knute Brekke对沉船很熟悉。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“MBARI spokesperson Kim Fulton-Bennett said to Live Science about the discovery, “The model is not complete, as floating ropes and poor visibility kept the pilots from getting too close to the wreck. But the 3D reconstruction is detailed enough to show that American Heritage is now home to thousands of sponges. Shipwrecks often turn into the shelter for diverse communities of ocean life.” (MBARI发言人金·富尔顿-贝内特对《生活科学》杂志谈到这一发现时说：“这个模型还不完整，因为漂浮的绳索和能见度低，使得飞行员无法太靠近沉船。但3D重建足够详细，可以显示美国遗产号现在是数千只海绵的家园。失事船只往往会成为各种海洋生物群体的避难所。”)”可知，Kim Fulton-Bennett既指出了3D模型的不足，也指出了其优点，说明其对3D模型的态度是客观的。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A ship that sank off the coast of California decades ago was recently reconstructed in detail. The 3D digital model even included hundreds of sponges (海绵动物) that have gathered on the ship’s surface since it sank. (几十年前在加利福尼亚海岸沉没的一艘船最近被详细重建。这个3D数字模型甚至包括了数百只海绵动物，它们自船沉没以来就聚集在船的表面。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们对一艘几十年前在加利福尼亚海岸沉没的名为“美国遗产”的补给船进行了详细的3D数字重建，包括船体上聚集的数百只海绵动物，并讲述了其发现和确认身份的过程。C项“3D model reconstructed a sunken ship (3D模型重建了一艘沉船)”准确概括了文章主旨。故选C项。 Passage 5 （24-25高二下·河北衡水·期中）On December 14th, 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen stood at the southernmost point of Earth, planting his nation’s flag atop the icy vastness of Antarctica (南极). His historic achievement marked the victory of a fierce yet silent race against British rival Robert Falcon Scott, reflecting thoughtful planning and courageous ambition. Amundsen’s success relied mainly on considerate preparation. While Scott relied on ponies (小马)and motorized sledges, Amundsen embraced Inuit wisdom, using sled dogs adaptable well to the polar conditions. These helpful animals carried supplies efficiently and even provided food when needed — an unpleasant but practical solution in the unforgiving environment. His team practiced skiing strictly and wore layered fur clothing to fight against temperatures below -40℃. Every detail, from lightweight sledges to a carefully mapped supply depot system, was optimized for survival. The journey was austere. Battling freezing coldness and endless ice, Amundsen’s team covered 1,400 miles across frozen deserts. When they reached the Pole, they left a tent and a letter for Scott — a gesture connecting sportsmanship and quiet success. Tragically, Scott and his men failed to make the return journey, showing the high risks of polar exploration. Beyond great glory, Amundsen’s expedition transformed polar science. His detailed records of weather, ice formations, and navigation techniques advanced human understanding of Antarctica. Innovations in cold-weather equipment and travel methods became foundation for future explorers. Amundsen proved that in the battle between humans and nature, respect for tradition and adaptability were keys to victory, which inspired generations to explore further. 1．What was the primary reason for Amundsen’s success over Scott in reaching the South Pole? A．Superior physical strength of his team. B．Warmer weather conditions during his expedition. C．Advanced motorized technology for transportation. D．Strategic use of Inuit survival methods and sled dogs. 2．What does the underlined word “austere” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Tough. B．Unpleasant. C．Amusing. D．Endless. 3．Which words can best describe Amundsen? A．Ambitious and cautious. B．Adventurous and modest. C．Responsible and strict. D．Independent and confident. 4．How did Amundsen’s expedition contribute to future polar exploration? A．It popularized the use of ponies in icy regions. B．It discouraged further expeditions due to its risks. C．It focused solely on national glory rather than research. D．It provided scientific data and improved survival techniques. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了挪威探险家Roald Amundsen在1911年12月14日到达南极点的历史事件，详细描述了他的准备过程、艰难的旅程、对极地科学的贡献以及他的探险精神对后人的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“While Scott relied on ponies (小马)and motorized sledges, Amundsen embraced Inuit wisdom, using sled dogs adaptable well to the polar conditions. These helpful animals carried supplies efficiently and even provided food when needed — an unpleasant but practical solution in the unforgiving environment. His team practiced skiing strictly and wore layered fur clothing to fight against temperatures below -40℃. Every detail, from lightweight sledges to a carefully mapped supply depot system, was optimized for survival.(当Scott依靠小马和机动雪橇时，Amundsen则借鉴了因纽特人的智慧，使用了能很好适应极地环境的雪橇犬。这些得力的动物高效地运送着物资，甚至在必要时还能充当食物——在这无情的环境中，这虽令人不悦，但却是个切实可行的办法。他的团队严格练习滑雪，并穿着多层皮毛衣物来抵御零下40摄氏度的低温。从轻便的雪橇到精心规划的补给站系统，每一个细节都经过优化，以确保能在这种环境中生存下来。)”可知，Amundsen借鉴了因纽特人的智慧，使用了能很好适应极地环境的雪橇犬，并且在各个方面都进行了周全的准备以确保生存。而Scott依靠小马和机动雪橇。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据划线单词下文“Battling freezing coldness and endless ice, Amundsen’s team covered 1,400 miles across frozen deserts.(Amundsen的团队与严寒和无边无际的冰雪作斗争，穿越冰封的荒漠，行进了1400英里。)”可知，旅程中要与极寒和无尽的冰雪作斗争，还要在冰冻的沙漠中行进1400英里，这些都表明旅程是艰难的。由此可知，划线单词的意思和“艰难的”相似。选项A“tough”意为“艰苦的、艰难的”，与此相符。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，Amundsen参与了前往南极点的探险活动，南极探险充满了未知和危险，在极端恶劣的环境中前行，跨越千里冰封的荒漠，这无疑需要极大的勇气和冒险精神，所以他是富有冒险精神的；再根据第三段“When they reached the Pole, they left a tent and a letter for Scott — a gesture connecting sportsmanship and quiet success. (当他们抵达南极点时，留下了一顶帐篷和一封给Scott的信——这一举动既展现了体育精神，也体现了低调的成功。)”可知，当Amundsen的团队到达南极点时，他们留下了一顶帐篷和一封信给Scott，这一行为体现了他的体育精神和低调的成功态度，说明他不是那种张扬炫耀的人，表现出了谦逊的品质。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“His detailed records of weather, ice formations, and navigation techniques advanced human understanding of Antarctica. Innovations in cold-weather equipment and travel methods became foundation for future explorers.(他对天气、冰层结构和导航技术的详细记录增进了人类对南极洲的了解。在防寒装备和旅行方法上的创新也为后来的探险家们奠定了基础。)”可知，Amundsen的探险队通过对天气、冰层结构和航海技术的详细记录，增进了人类对南极洲的了解，并且在寒冷天气装备和旅行方法方面的创新为未来的探险者奠定了基础，即提供了科学数据并改进了生存技术。故选D。 Passage 6 （24-25高二上·安徽蚌埠·月考）In the scientific history, few rivalries (竞争) have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation. The paths of Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison first crossed in the late 1800s when Tesla arrived in the United States with his boundless enthusiasm and inventive spirit. Tesla, a young Serbian engineer, sought opportunities to work on his ambitious ideas. Edison, already an established inventor and entrepreneur, recognized Tesla’s talent and employed him at his company, the Edison Machine Works. It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant method for electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances. The turning point in their rivalry occurred with the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893．Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system. This success crushed Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority, leading to the widespread adoption of AC as the standard for electrical power transmission (传输). However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world. While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”. Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (产生共鸣) today. 1．In which aspect did Tesla’s and Edison’s views on electrical systems differ? A．The source of electrical power. B．The invention of electrical devices. C．The efficiency of power generation. D．The method of electrical transmission. 2．How did Tesla prove the reliability of AC power? A．By conducting a public experiment at Niagara Falls. B．By displaying AC- powered lighting in a community. C．By getting support from George Westinghouse. D．By highlighting the limitations of DC power. 3．Why did Tesla’s AC system finally achieve success? A．It provided higher voltage outputs. B．It was easier to operate and maintain. C．It had superior long-range performance. D．It received more financial backing. 4．What message does the author want to convey in the text? A．Every cloud has a silver lining. B．Real knowledge comes from practice. C．A rising tide lifts all boats. D．Rivalry fuels progress. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是记叙文。通过讲述尼古拉·特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）和托马斯·爱迪生（Thomas Edison）之间的竞争故事，详细说明了这两位发明家在电力和创新领域所产生的影响以及他们各自的技术观点。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant method for electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances.(正是在特斯拉为爱迪生工作的那段时间里，竞争的种子播下了。爱迪生主张将直流电（DC）作为主要的配电方式，而特斯拉则看到了交流电（AC）系统的潜力，交流电可以在更远的距离上提供更高的效率)”可知，特斯拉和爱迪生在电传动的方法有所不同。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world.(然而，由于爱迪生的影响，交流电最初被认为是危险和不可靠的。为了证明它的安全性，特斯拉举行了一次公开演示，他用尼亚加拉大瀑布供电的交流电机点亮了一串灯，从而彻底证明了交流电在世界各地的家庭和企业中使用是安全的)”可知，特斯拉通过在尼亚加拉大瀑布进行公开实验来证明交流电的可靠性。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”.(虽然双方都在为控制美国各地的配电网络而激烈竞争，但最终特斯拉的交流系统胜出，因为与直流系统相比，它在长距离上的效率更高，而直流系统随着距离源点的增加而迅速失去电压。最后，连爱迪生自己也接受了失败，他终于承认“特斯拉解决了一个极其困难的问题”)”可知，因为交流系统具有优越的远程性能，所以最终取得了成功。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“In the scientific history, few rivalries (竞争) have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation.(在科学史上，很少有竞争能像尼古拉·特斯拉和托马斯·爱迪生之间的竞争那样引人入胜。这两位发明家，各有其独特的方法和愿景，从事激烈的竞争，永远改变了世界的电力和创新)”以及最后一段“Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (产生共鸣) today.(尽管他们有分歧，这两个人还是不情愿地互相尊重。爱迪生称特斯拉是“世界上最伟大的电气天才之一”，而特斯拉则称赞爱迪生对电学领域的贡献。尽管他们的竞争决定了19世纪后期电力的发展，但其影响至今仍在产生共鸣)”可知，文章主要讲述了尼古拉·特斯拉和托马斯·爱迪生之间的竞争改变世界的电力和创新，所以作者想在文章中传达竞争推动进步的观点。故选D项。 Passage 7 （25-26高二上·北京·期中）It is a story every bit as moving and magical as her Harry Potter books. The 1 between J.K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, and Catie Hoch, a Harry Potter fan from New York, began in early 2000, some three years after the then six-year-old had developed a fast-growing childhood cancer. Her mother, Gina Peca, had read the first three Harry Potter to Catie, who was such a fan that she would wear her Harry Potter clothes, complete with big round glasses and a red short coat, as she 2 to hospital from home. By the end of 1999, Catie had been through several rounds of surgery and chemotherapy (化疗), losing all her hair but none of her spirit. Ms. Peca was 3 that there would soon be no more Harry Potter to read. She sent an email to the book’s publishers with a 4 for J.K. Rowling, asking when the fourth book would be finished and telling of the joy that the books had brought to Catie’s life. A few weeks later, a reply came that had Catie and her mother 5 for joy. It read, “I am working very hard on book four at the moment — on a bit that involves some new creatures Hagrid has brought along for the Care of Magical creatures classes. This is all Top Secret, so you are 6 to tell only some close friends and your mum, but no one else... With lots of love, J.K. Rowling.” After Catie replied, Miss Rowling was back in touch: “Do you think people will mind? I seem to have 7 an awful lot of characters along the way...” Catie’s condition began to worsen. Her mother emailed Miss Rowling to tell her that Catie could no longer use her computer. A few days later, the author 8 to read abstracts to Catie from the then unpublished book four. So it happened that at home in New York, a little girl with cancer became the first person in the world to hear the latest adventures of Harry Potter, later published as The Goblet of Fire. Catie’s mother, father and two brothers sat with her, listening on speaker-phone. When Miss Rowling came to America for a book tour, she hoped to meet her little friend. 9 time ran out. On May 18, 2000, Catie died, aged nine. Hearing the family had started a memorial fund in Catie’s name, Miss Rowling sent a letter and a check for $100,000. “…I consider myself 10 to have had contact with Catie. I am crying so hard as I type. She left footprints on my heart...” 1．A．friendship B．agreement C．cooperation D．competition 2．A．marched B．escaped C．travelled D．drove 3．A．shocked B．fearful C．determined D．grateful 4．A．comment B．book C．gift D．message 5．A．waving B．chatting C．screaming D．running 6．A．allowed B．forbidden C．encouraged D．required 7．A．attracted B．met C．discovered D．collected 8．A．needed B．demanded C．offered D．continued 9．A．Thus B．But C．And D．So 10．A．fortunate B．successful C．strong D．content 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．C 9．B 10．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了J.K.罗琳与一位身患癌症的《哈利·波特》小粉丝凯蒂·霍克之间温馨而感人的故事。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：《哈利·波特》的作者J·K·罗琳和来自纽约的哈利·波特迷凯蒂·霍克之间的友谊始于2000年初，大约三年前，当时6岁的凯蒂患上了一种迅速发展的儿童癌症。A. friendship友谊；B. agreement协议；C. cooperation合作；D. competition竞争。根据后文“When Miss Rowling came to America for a book tour, she hoped to meet her little friend.”可知，凯蒂·霍克是她的朋友，所以是她们的友谊始于2000年初。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她的母亲吉娜·佩卡曾把《哈利·波特》的前三部读给凯蒂听。凯蒂是哈利·波特的忠实粉丝，从家里去医院的路上，她会穿着哈利·波特的衣服，戴着大大的圆眼镜，穿着红色短外套。A. marched行进；B. escaped逃跑；C. travelled转送；D. drove驾驶。根据后文“By the end of 1999, Catie had been through several rounds of surgery and chemotherapy (化疗), losing all her hair but none of her spirit.”可知，凯蒂经历了几轮手术和化疗，所以是去医院。故选C项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：佩卡担心很快就没有《哈利·波特》可读了。A. shocked震惊的；B. fearful害怕的；C. determined坚决的；D. grateful感激的。根据后文“asking when the fourth book would be finished and telling of the joy that the books had brought to Catie’s life”可知，应是害怕很快就没有《哈利·波特》可读了，所以询问第四本书何时完成。故选B项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她给这本书的出版商发了一封电子邮件，给J.K.罗琳留言，询问第四本书何时完成，并讲述了这些书给凯蒂的生活带来的快乐。A. comment评论；B. book书；C. gift礼物；D. message信息。根据后文“asking when the fourth book would be finished and telling of the joy that the books had brought to Catie’s life”可知，佩卡询问第四本书何时完成，并讲述了这些书给凯蒂的生活带来的快乐，应是给J.K.罗琳留言。故选D项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：几周后，她收到了一封回信，凯蒂和她的母亲高兴得尖叫起来。A. waving挥手；B. chatting聊天；C. screaming尖叫；D. running跑。根据后文“It read, “I am working very hard on book four at the moment — on a bit that involves some new creatures Hagrid has brought along for the Care of Magical creatures classes. This is all Top Secret, so you are 　　6　　 to tell only some close friends and your mum, but no one else... With lots of love, J.K. Rowling.””可知，J.K.罗琳回复了佩卡的留言，并且透露了第四本书的内容，让凯蒂和她的母亲高兴得尖叫起来。故选C项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：上面写着：“我目前正在非常努力地写第四本书——有一点涉及到海格带来的保护神奇生物课上的一些新生物。这都是最高机密，所以你只能告诉一些亲密的朋友和你的妈妈，但不能告诉其他人……爱你的，J.K.罗琳。”A. allowed允许；B. forbidden禁止；C. encouraged鼓励；D. required要求。根据前文“This is all Top Secret”可知，这都是最高机密，所以J.K.罗琳只允许凯蒂告诉一些亲密的朋友和她的妈妈。故选A项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：凯蒂回复后，罗琳小姐又联系了她：“你觉得人们会介意吗？我似乎在这个过程中收集了很多角色……”A. attracted吸引；B. met遇见；C. discovered发现；D. collected收集。根据后文“an awful lot of characters along the way...”结合实际可知，《哈利·波特》创造了许多角色，所以是“收集了很多角色”符合语境。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：几天后，作者主动提出给凯蒂读当时尚未出版的第四本书的摘要。A. needed需要；B. demanded要求；C. offered提供；D. continued继续。根据后文“So it happened that at home in New York, a little girl with cancer became the first person in the world to hear the latest adventures of Harry Potter, later published as The Goblet of Fire.”可知，凯蒂提前听到了第四本的内容，所以是罗琳主动提出给凯蒂读当时尚未出版的第四本书的摘要。故选C项。 9．考查连词词义辨析。句意：但时间已然耗尽。A. Thus因此；B. But但是；C. And和；D. So所以。根据前文“When Miss Rowling came to America for a book tour, she hoped to meet her little friend.”以及后文“On May 18, 2000, Catie died, aged nine.”可知，罗琳想见凯蒂，但是凯蒂去世了，两句间是转折关系。故选B项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我认为自己很幸运能和凯蒂有过接触。A. fortunate幸运的；B. successful成功的；C. strong强壮的；D. content满意的。根据后文“I am crying so hard as I type. She left footprints on my heart ...”可知，凯蒂在罗琳心里留下深刻印象，所以是觉得自己很幸运能和凯蒂有过接触。故选A项。 Passage 8 （24-25高二下·全国·课后作业） The Second World War, lasting until 1945, consisted of many important battles, 1 which Operation Overlord, also known as the D-Day landings, was the most impressive one. After the war started, Germany attacked many European countries, France 2 (include). To attack Germany, Allied troops from the United States, Britain and Canada took part in the Operation Overlord. They made an attempt 3 (land) on the beaches of Normandy in France. The operation was 4 (extreme) dangerous. Many soldiers were killed 5 they had the chance to get off the boats. The situation was so terrible that the commanders even considered giving up. But finally the operation ended as a story of bravery and acts of 6 (hero) . On June 6, 2004, survivors of the D-Day landings from many different countries returned 7 France to remember their lost comrades. Many of them went to the cemetery and memorial 8 (lie) on a cliff. This cliff overlooks the beach and 9 English Channel. On the memorial, there is part of a poem called “For the Fallen”. The poem 10 (write) by an English poet Laurence Binyon and was first published in 1914. 【答案】 1．of/among 2．included 3．to land 4．extremely 5．before 6．heroism 7．to 8．lying 9．the 10．was written 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了第二次世界大战中最令人印象深刻的战役“霸王行动”（诺曼底登陆）的背景、过程、危险性以及战后幸存者的纪念活动。 1．考查介词。句意：第二次世界大战持续到1945年，其中包括许多重要战役，其中霸王行动，也被称为诺曼底登陆，是最令人印象深刻的一场。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词battles指的是物，且根据句意可知，此处表示“在……之中”，应用介词of或among。故填of/among。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：战争开始后，德国袭击了许多欧洲国家，包括法国。“France ____2____ (include)”为独立主格结构，France与include之间是被动关系，应用过去分词形式，故填included。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们试图在法国诺曼底的海滩上登陆。make an attempt to do sth. 为固定搭配，意为“试图做某事”，空处应用动词不定式，故填 to land。 4．考查副词。句意：这次行动极其危险。此处应为副词作状语修饰形容词dangerous，extreme的副词为extremely表示“极其地”，符合句意。故填extremely。 5．考查连词。句意：许多士兵还没来得及下船就被杀死了。根据句意以及空前句子“Many soldiers were killed”和空后句子“they had the chance to get off the boats”可知，此处应为连词before引导时间状语从句，表示“在……之前”。故填before。 6．考查名词。句意：但最终，这次行动以勇敢和英雄事迹的故事结束。此处应为名词作介词of的宾语，用名词heroism表“英雄精神，英勇表现”，符合句意，为不可数名词。故填heroism。 7．考查介词。句意：2004年6月6日，来自许多不同国家的诺曼底登陆幸存者返回法国，纪念他们失去的战友。return“返回，回去”为不及物动词，后跟名词作宾语表“返回某地”为固定短语return to。故填to。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们中的许多人去了位于悬崖上的墓地和纪念碑。句子谓语动词是went，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰名词cemetery and memorial，lie与逻辑主语cemetery and memorial之间为主动关系，所以使用现在分词形式。故填lying。 9．考查冠词。句意：这座悬崖俯瞰着海滩和英吉利海峡。此处“English Channel”为专有名词，其前应使用定冠词the表示特指。故填the。 10．考查时态语态。句意：这首诗是由英国诗人劳伦斯·比尼奥创作的，并于1914年首次发表。此处为谓语动词与was published并列，应为一般过去时，write和主语The poem之间为动宾关系，所以使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was written。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 3 Back to the past 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、历史人物相关 be honored as（被誉为）a national hero/scholar make remarkable contributions to（为…… 做出卓越贡献） devote one's life to（毕生致力于）a cause/study possess extraordinary wisdom/courage（拥有非凡的智慧 / 勇气） overcome countless hardships（克服无数艰难险阻） leave a profound legacy（留下深远的遗产） be remembered for（因…… 被铭记）one's achievements/integrity inspire generations of people（激励一代又一代的人） play a decisive role in（在…… 中起到决定性作用） gain widespread respect/admiration（赢得广泛的尊重 / 敬仰） 二、历史事件相关 break out（爆发）in a war/revolution take place（发生）in a certain era lead to（导致）great changes/social progress bring about（引发）a turning point/transition come to an end（结束）after years of struggle sign a treaty/agreement（签署条约 / 协议） win a decisive victory（取得决定性胜利） witness the rise/fall of（见证…… 的兴衰）a dynasty mark a new chapter in（标志着…… 的新篇章）history have a far-reaching impact on（对…… 产生深远影响） 三、历史研究与记录相关 conduct research on（开展对…… 的研究） collect historical evidence（收集历史证据） record historical facts（记录历史事实） analyze the causes and effects（分析前因后果） preserve cultural relics（保护文物） compile historical documents（编纂历史文献） restore historical sites（修复历史遗址） interpret historical events（解读历史事件） refer to historical records（查阅历史记载） summarize historical experiences（总结历史经验） 四、历史评价与意义相关 be regarded as（被认为是）a milestone/event of great significance in memory of（为了纪念）historical figures/events reflect the social background of（反映…… 的社会背景） embody the spirit of（体现…… 的精神）a nation/era promote the development of（促进…… 的发展）civilization draw lessons from（从…… 中吸取教训）history highlight the importance of（强调…… 的重要性）peace/unity demonstrate the power of（展现…… 的力量）determination/cooperation symbolize the struggle for（象征着对…… 的追求）freedom/justice contribute to the progress of（为…… 的进步做出贡献）humanity 时文拓展阅读 History is not just a collection of dates and events; it is a living narrative of human courage, wisdom, and perseverance. Behind every great historical turning point stand extraordinary individuals who dared to challenge the status quo, and every significant event shapes the world we live in today, leaving an indelible mark on the course of civilization. From ancient times to the modern era, historical figures have illuminated the path of progress with their vision and actions. Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, devoted his life to promoting the ideas of benevolence and propriety, whose teachings have guided Chinese society for over two thousand years and continue to influence people around the world. Similarly, Nelson Mandela, a symbol of justice and reconciliation, spent 27 years in prison fighting against racial segregation in South Africa. His unwavering determination eventually led to the end of apartheid, inspiring millions to strive for equality and freedom. Historical events, meanwhile, are the milestones that mark the evolution of human society. The Industrial Revolution, which began in 18th-century Britain, transformed the world from an agrarian society to an industrialized one, revolutionizing production methods, transportation, and people's way of life. The invention of the steam engine, the rise of factories, and the expansion of global trade brought unprecedented prosperity, while also sparking social reforms to address labor issues and inequality. Another pivotal event is the founding of the United Nations after World War II, which aimed to maintain world peace, promote international cooperation, and prevent the horrors of war from recurring. Studying history allows us to connect with the past, understand the present, and shape the future. It teaches us that progress often comes through struggle, and that the actions of individuals, no matter how small, can have far-reaching consequences. By learning from the achievements and mistakes of those who came before us, we can gain wisdom to face the challenges of today. Moreover, respecting historical facts and preserving historical heritage is crucial for passing down cultural traditions and fostering a sense of national identity. In a world that is constantly changing, history remains our most valuable teacher. It reminds us of our shared humanity and the common goals we strive for—peace, progress, and prosperity. So, let us delve into the stories of great figures and historic events, and let the lessons of history inspire us to build a better world for generations to come. 【译文欣赏】 历史不仅仅是日期和事件的集合，更是人类勇气、智慧与坚韧的鲜活叙事。每一个重大历史转折点的背后，都矗立着那些勇于挑战现状的非凡人物；而每一件重大历史事件，都塑造了我们今日所处的世界，在文明进程中留下了不可磨灭的印记。 从古至今，历史人物以其远见卓识和实际行动照亮了进步之路。中国伟大的哲学家孔子，毕生致力于宣扬仁与礼的思想，其学说引领中国社会两千余年，至今仍影响着世界各地的人们。同样，象征正义与和解的纳尔逊・曼德拉，为反抗南非的种族隔离制度入狱 27 年。他坚定不移的决心最终终结了种族隔离政策，激励着数百万人为平等与自由而奋斗。 与此同时，历史事件是标志人类社会演进的里程碑。始于 18 世纪英国的工业革命，将世界从农业社会转变为工业社会，彻底变革了生产方式、交通出行和人们的生活模式。蒸汽机的发明、工厂的兴起以及全球贸易的扩张带来了前所未有的繁荣，同时也引发了旨在解决劳工问题和不平等现象的社会改革。另一个关键事件是二战后联合国的成立，其宗旨是维护世界和平、促进国际合作，防止战争的恐怖重演。 学习历史让我们能够连接过去、理解现在、塑造未来。它告诉我们，进步往往源于奋斗，而个人的行动无论多么微小，都可能产生深远的影响。通过借鉴前人的成就与教训，我们能够获得应对当下挑战的智慧。此外，尊重历史事实、保护历史遗产，对于传承文化传统、培养民族认同感至关重要。 在这个瞬息万变的世界里，历史仍是我们最宝贵的老师。它提醒着我们共同的人性，以及我们所追求的共同目标 —— 和平、进步与繁荣。因此，让我们深入探索伟大人物与历史事件的故事，让历史的教训激励我们为后代建设一个更美好的世界。 【词汇积累】 status quo [ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwəʊ] n. 现状 indelible [ɪnˈdeləbl] adj. 不可磨灭的 benevolence [bəˈnevələns] n. 仁慈；仁爱 propriety [prəˈpraɪəti] n. 礼仪；得体 reconciliation [ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn] n. 和解；调和 segregation [ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn] n. 隔离；分离 unwavering [ʌnˈweɪvərɪŋ] adj. 坚定不移的 revolutionize [ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz] vt. 彻底变革；使革命化 agrarian [əˈɡreəriən] adj. 农业的；耕地的 foster [ˈfɒstə(r)] vt. 培养；促进 pivotal [ˈpɪvətl] adj. 关键的；中枢的 heritage [ˈherɪtɪdʒ] n. 遗产；传统 distraction [dɪˈstrækʃn] n. 分心；干扰 inspiration [ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn] n. 灵感；鼓舞 【长难句分析】 1. Behind every great historical turning point stand extraordinary individuals who dared to challenge the status quo, and every significant event shapes the world we live in today, leaving an indelible mark on the course of civilization. 抓标志：介词短语置于句首（主谓倒装）；关系代词 who；定语从句（we live in today，省略关系代词 that/which）；现在分词短语作伴随状语 判类型：并列句（第一句为倒装句，含定语从句；第二句含定语从句和伴随状语） 试翻译：每一个重大历史转折点的背后，都矗立着那些勇于挑战现状的非凡人物；而每一件重大历史事件，都塑造了我们今日所处的世界，在文明进程中留下了不可磨灭的印记。 2. Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, devoted his life to promoting the ideas of benevolence and propriety, whose teachings have guided Chinese society for over two thousand years and continue to influence people around the world. 抓标志：同位语（the great Chinese philosopher）；关系代词 whose；并列谓语（have guided...and continue to influence...） 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构）＋同位语＋非限制性定语从句 试翻译：中国伟大的哲学家孔子，毕生致力于宣扬仁与礼的思想，其学说引领中国社会两千余年，至今仍影响着世界各地的人们。 【词汇延伸】 challenge the status quo 挑战现状 leave an indelible mark 留下不可磨灭的印记 strive for equality and freedom 为平等与自由而奋斗 transform the world from...to... 将世界从…… 转变为…… pass down cultural traditions 传承文化传统 foster a sense of national identity 培养民族认同感 高考真题链接 (高考真题改编) The life of Marie Curie is a story of perseverance, curiosity, and groundbreaking scientific achievement. Born in Warsaw in 1867, Curie faced numerous barriers as a woman pursuing a career in science in the late 19th century. Despite financial hardships and gender discrimination, she moved to Paris to study physics and mathematics, where she met her future husband and research partner, Pierre Curie. Together, the Curies conducted pioneering research on radioactivity, a term Marie herself coined. In 1898, they discovered two new elements: polonium (named after Marie's native Poland) and radium. Their work laid the foundation for modern nuclear physics and revolutionized medical treatment, as radium became a key tool in the fight against cancer. In 1903, Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, sharing the Physics Prize with Pierre and Henri Becquerel. She later won a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, making her the first person ever to receive two Nobel Prizes in different scientific fields. Beyond her scientific contributions, Marie Curie was also a dedicated teacher and humanitarian. During World War I, she developed mobile X-ray units to assist wounded soldiers, saving countless lives. She refused to patent her discoveries, believing that scientific knowledge should be shared for the benefit of humanity. Her selfless spirit and unwavering commitment to science continue to inspire scientists and activists around the world. Today, Marie Curie's legacy lives on through research institutions, scholarships, and the ongoing fight against cancer. Her life reminds us that passion, hard work, and a commitment to the greater good can overcome even the greatest obstacles. 1. What challenges did Marie Curie face in her early career? A. Lack of research funding and laboratory space. B. Financial difficulties and gender discrimination. C. Opposition from her family and friends. D. Limited access to educational resources in Paris. 2. Why did Marie Curie name the new element "polonium"? A. To honor her husband's research. B. To celebrate her Nobel Prize win. C. To pay tribute to her native country. D. To recognize her research team's efforts. 3. What makes Marie Curie unique in the history of Nobel Prizes? A. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. B. She won Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields. C. She shared her Nobel Prize with her husband. D. She used her Nobel Prize money to fund medical research. 4. What can we learn from Marie Curie's life? A. Scientific discoveries should be patented for personal gain. B. Gender barriers are impossible to overcome in scientific fields. C. Passion and dedication can lead to extraordinary achievements. D. Scientific research should prioritize personal fame and recognition. 1. Despite financial hardships and gender discrimination, she moved to Paris to study physics and mathematics, where she met her future husband and research partner, Pierre Curie. 抓标志：介词短语（Despite...）作让步状语；不定式（to study...）作目的状语；关系副词 where 引导定语从句 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构）＋让步状语＋目的状语＋定语从句 试翻译：尽管面临经济困难和性别歧视，她还是搬到了巴黎学习物理和数学，在那里她遇到了未来的丈夫和研究伙伴皮埃尔・居里。 2. Their work laid the foundation for modern nuclear physics and revolutionized medical treatment, as radium became a key tool in the fight against cancer. 抓标志：并列谓语（laid...and revolutionized...）；as 引导原因状语从句 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构，含并列谓语）＋原因状语从句 试翻译：他们的研究为现代核物理奠定了基础，并彻底变革了医疗方式，因为镭成为了对抗癌症的关键工具。 ① groundbreaking adj. 开创性的；突破性的 ② barrier n. 障碍；壁垒 ③ gender discrimination 性别歧视 ④ radioactivity n. 放射性；放射现象 ⑤ coin vt. 创造（新词）；铸造 ⑥ lay the foundation for 为…… 奠定基础 ⑦ humanitarian n. 人道主义者；adj. 人道主义的 ⑧ unwavering adj. 坚定不移的 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 记叙文 346 日球层物理学领域的领军人物尤金・纽曼・帕克的生平、科研贡献、研究经历及个人品格。 Passage2 阅读理解 记叙文 371 文章讲述了珍・古道尔的生平事迹，从儿时萌生研究野生动物的梦想，到前往贡贝溪国家公园开展黑猩猩研究并取得重大突破，再到创立相关机构推动动物保护和青少年环保行动，展现了她对动物研究和生态保护事业的毕生奉献。 Passage3 阅读理解 记叙文 315 南丁格尔冲破世俗偏见投身护理事业，在克里米亚战争中救死扶伤，战后革新护理行业的传奇一生。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 289 科学家们对一艘几十年前在加利福尼亚海岸沉没的名为“美国遗产”的补给船进行了详细的3D数字重建，包括船体上聚集的数百只海绵动物，并讲述了其发现和确认身份的过程。 Passage5 完形填空 记叙文 256 挪威探险家Roald Amundsen在1911年12月14日到达南极点的历史事件，详细描述了他的准备过程、艰难的旅程、对极地科学的贡献以及他的探险精神对后人的影响。 Passage6 语法填空 记叙文 396 尼古拉·特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）和托马斯·爱迪生（Thomas Edison）之间的竞争故事，详细说明了这两位发明家在电力和创新领域所产生的影响以及他们各自的技术观点。 Passage7 语法填空 记叙文 439 J.K.罗琳与一位身患癌症的《哈利·波特》小粉丝凯蒂·霍克之间温馨而感人的故事。 Passage8 语法填空 记叙文 191 第二次世界大战中最令人印象深刻的战役“霸王行动”（诺曼底登陆）的背景、过程、危险性以及战后幸存者的纪念活动。 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东济南·期中）Eugene Newman Parker, a leading figure in heliospheric (日球层) physics for the past half century, passed away peacefully at his home in Chicago on March 15. He was 94. Acknowledged as a visionary in the field of heliophysics, Parker changed our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system. NASA even stated that “the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr. Eugene Parker”. In 2018, Parker became the first living scientist to witness the launch of a spacecraft that was named in his honor. Parker is best known for his groundbreaking theory on the existence of a phenomenon called “solar wind”, a stream of charged particles (粒子) that flow off the sun. It can become wild, causing space weather that impacts the Earth. When Parker’s research was published in 1958, his theory was met with doubt by the scientific community. The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum (真空), and was thus completely empty of any matter. But there were no errors in his study or his calculations, and the theory was later proven to be correct in 1962, when a NASA spacecraft mission to Venus revealed the constant presence of a supersonic wind — exactly as Parker had predicted. That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers: “If you do something new or innovative, expect trouble. But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that.” Parker never co-authored a paper with his students, thus encouraging them to be independent. Parker was humble (谦卑的), straightforward, and wise. His son Eric said, “My sister Joyce and I didn’t get a real feel for what a ‘big dog’ our dad was in the field.” They got an even better sense when a month after Parker’s death, they traveled to Lund, Sweden, to accept on his behalf the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy. 1．What can we learn from the second paragraph? A．A spacecraft was named in memory of Parker. B．The sun has less effect on Earth than expected. C．Parker deserved credit for his great contributions. D．NASA provided new insights into the lunar effect. 2．Why did people question Parker’s theory of “solar wind” at first? A．Some mistakes were found in his calculations. B．It went against the popular opinion at that time. C．The presence of a supersonic wind was proven by NASA． D．Matter was believed to exist in the space between planets. 3．What advice did Parker often give to young researchers? A．Expect challenges and critically evaluate your work. B．Stick to conventional methods to minimize risks. C．Depend on your professor for decision-making. D．Cooperate frequently to ensure success. 4．What words can be used to describe Parker according to the passage? A．Responsible and accessible. B．Frank and generous. C．Distinguished yet modest. D．Intelligent yet distant. Passage 2 （2025高二上·广东佛山·学业考试）Born in London in April 1934, Jane Goodall’s interest in animals began in early childhood. At just eight, she announced she’d go to Africa “to live with wild animals and write books about them” — a dream she never let go. With little more than determination, a notebook, and her stuffed toy chimpanzee Jubilee, Jane set off to Gombe Stream National Park in 1960. At the time, it was almost unheard of for a young woman, especially one without a degree, to lead a research project in the field. Without formal scientific background, she rose before sunrise, hiked into the hills alone, and observed from a distance for months, hoping that the chimpanzees might one day accept her. Slowly, painstakingly, she was rewarded. One day, a chimpanzee she called David Greybeard approached her. That moment marked the beginning of a relationship built on trust and respect. It also laid the foundation for one of the most important studies of animal behaviour in history. She once observed a chimp carefully pulling off the leaves from a grass stem (茎) and using it to fish insects from an ant hill. Until that moment, tool-making was thought to be a uniquely human trait. Jane also documented chimpanzees showing emotions once believed to belong only to humans: joy, play, friendship and even war. Jane’s work extended far beyond the forests of Gombe. In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, combining research with a powerful new vision: that protecting animals must include supporting the people who live alongside them. In 1991, inspired by a conversation with a group of students who felt hopeless about the planet’s future, Jane established Roots & Shoots, giving young people the tools, platform and inspiration to lead projects that help people, animals, and the environment. Even into her 90s, Jane continued to travel, speak and inspire millions worldwide, delivering a simple yet powerful message: What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make. Every school workshop supported, tree planted, and young mind inspired builds toward the future Jane imagined, Dr. Jane Goodall’s vision lives on — not through admiring from afar, but through actions taken close to home. 1．What can we learn about Jane’s journey to Gombe Stream National Park? A．Her lack of a degree made her hesitant. B．Her patience contributed to the research. C．She was not allowed to lead the research at first. D．She was accompanied by professional researchers. 2．What did Jane Goodall find out about chimpanzees? A．They have similar intelligence to humans. B．They behave more like humans than expected. C．They are good at learning through observation. D．They mainly live on insects and small animals. 3．What is the main idea of paragraph 5? A．Jane’s achievements in animal research. B．Jane’s efforts to seek organizational support. C．Jane’s experiences of enlarging membership. D．Jane’s devotion to inspiring widespread action. Passage 3 （24-25高二上·广西桂林·期末）Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 into a rich family. From her early years, she exhibited an extraordinary tendency towards assisting others. In an era when society expected that a young woman of her status would marry into wealth and lead a comfortable and carefree life. Florence had a distinct vision. Nursing, during that period, was regarded as a lowly occupation, yet she was firmly convinced that her true calling lay in serving humanity through this very field. When the Crimean War broke out in 1854, the news reached Florence. Florence heard about the terrible situation of the wounded soldiers and decided to take action. She led a team of nurses to the front. As soon as they got there, they met many terrible challenges, but Florence was not afraid. There was a serious shortage of medical supplies and basic necessities were often in short supply. The hygienic (卫生的) conditions were extremely poor, posing a serious threat to the recovery of patients. Some officers were deeply influenced by traditional ideas that women had no ability to contribute in such a bad environment. Florence remained determined. She worked day and night to attend to the sick and wounded selflessly. Her efforts achieved a lot and the survival rate of soldiers was significantly improved. After the war, Florence’s work was far from finished. She was determined to revolutionize the nursing profession. She established some well-known nursing schools, where she could pass on her knowledge and values to future generations. She also wrote several influential books on nursing practices, which became essential resources in the field. Her remarkable achievements not only enhanced the status of nurses but also had a far-reaching and profound impact on the healthcare. Florence Nightingale passed away in 1910, but her memory as “the Lady with the Lamp” inspired countless nurses and healthcare workers to follow in her noble footsteps. 1．What can we learn about Florence Nightingale? A．She married into wealth. B．She was born into a poor family. C．She wanted to lead a relaxing life. D．She desired to serve humanity as a nurse. 2．How did Florence Nightingale face the challenges during the Crimean War? A．With her strong determination. B．With the help of some officers. C．With the support from her family. D．With the help of soldiers in war. 3．What was Florence’s main contribution after the Crimean War? A．She became a famous war hero. B．She was devoted to nursing innovation. C．She was invited to give lectures. D．She was engaged in medical research. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Nightingale’s education. B．Nightingale’s family. C．Nightingale’s achievements. D．Nightingale’s books. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·全国·课后作业）A ship that sank off the coast of California decades ago was recently reconstructed in detail. The 3D digital model even included hundreds of sponges (海绵动物) that have gathered on the ship’s surface since it sank. Named American Heritage, the supply ship sank in Santa Monica Bay on May 4, 1995, and for decades its exact location was unknown. Researchers with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) spotted a strange shape in that area in 2008. But it wasn’t until May 2018 that MBARI scientists identified its exact location and mapped the site in detail, showing what appeared to be a shipwreck (失事船只). Even then, the identity of the shipwreck was uncertain. Yet another MBARI team revisited the location to do further exploration. They sent remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and took photos of the damaged ship. Though it was covered with deep-sea sponges and other animals, the scientists were able to spot letters spelling out its name, confirming that the shipwreck was American Heritage. As one of the MBARI scientists who found American Heritage, chief ROV pilot Knute Brekke had worked on the ship before. And he was on duty with the diving company American Pacific Marine — the owner of American Heritage — the night the ship began taking in water and eventually sank. MBARI spokesperson Kim Fulton-Bennett said to Live Science about the discovery, “The model is not complete, as floating ropes and poor visibility kept the pilots from getting too close to the wreck. But the 3D reconstruction is detailed enough to show that American Heritage is now home to thousands of sponges. Shipwrecks often turn into the shelter for diverse communities of ocean life.” 1．Which is the right order of the following events? ① Something strange was found in the area. ② ROVs were sent under sea to take photos. ③ A ship sank in Santa Monica Bay. ④ The identity of the ship was confirmed. ⑤ Scientists tried to locate the shipwreck. A．②③⑤④① B．③①⑤②④ C．⑤③①④② D．④③①②⑤ 2．What can we learn about Knute Brekke? A．He was familiar with the sunken ship. B．He was in charge of a diving company. C．He was responsible for the rescue work. D．He was the first one to witness the accident. 3．What’s Kim Fulton-Bennett’s attitude towards the 3D model? A．Critical. B．Doubtful. C．Amazed. D．Objective. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．A valuable treasure was discovered. B．Special sponges were found under sea. C．3D model reconstructed a sunken ship. D．A sunken ship was gotten out of water. Passage 5 （24-25高二下·河北衡水·期中）On December 14th, 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen stood at the southernmost point of Earth, planting his nation’s flag atop the icy vastness of Antarctica (南极). His historic achievement marked the victory of a fierce yet silent race against British rival Robert Falcon Scott, reflecting thoughtful planning and courageous ambition. Amundsen’s success relied mainly on considerate preparation. While Scott relied on ponies (小马)and motorized sledges, Amundsen embraced Inuit wisdom, using sled dogs adaptable well to the polar conditions. These helpful animals carried supplies efficiently and even provided food when needed — an unpleasant but practical solution in the unforgiving environment. His team practiced skiing strictly and wore layered fur clothing to fight against temperatures below -40℃. Every detail, from lightweight sledges to a carefully mapped supply depot system, was optimized for survival. The journey was austere. Battling freezing coldness and endless ice, Amundsen’s team covered 1,400 miles across frozen deserts. When they reached the Pole, they left a tent and a letter for Scott — a gesture connecting sportsmanship and quiet success. Tragically, Scott and his men failed to make the return journey, showing the high risks of polar exploration. Beyond great glory, Amundsen’s expedition transformed polar science. His detailed records of weather, ice formations, and navigation techniques advanced human understanding of Antarctica. Innovations in cold-weather equipment and travel methods became foundation for future explorers. Amundsen proved that in the battle between humans and nature, respect for tradition and adaptability were keys to victory, which inspired generations to explore further. 1．What was the primary reason for Amundsen’s success over Scott in reaching the South Pole? A．Superior physical strength of his team. B．Warmer weather conditions during his expedition. C．Advanced motorized technology for transportation. D．Strategic use of Inuit survival methods and sled dogs. 2．What does the underlined word “austere” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Tough. B．Unpleasant. C．Amusing. D．Endless. 3．Which words can best describe Amundsen? A．Ambitious and cautious. B．Adventurous and modest. C．Responsible and strict. D．Independent and confident. 4．How did Amundsen’s expedition contribute to future polar exploration? A．It popularized the use of ponies in icy regions. B．It discouraged further expeditions due to its risks. C．It focused solely on national glory rather than research. D．It provided scientific data and improved survival techniques. Passage 6 （24-25高二上·安徽蚌埠·月考）In the scientific history, few rivalries (竞争) have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation. The paths of Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison first crossed in the late 1800s when Tesla arrived in the United States with his boundless enthusiasm and inventive spirit. Tesla, a young Serbian engineer, sought opportunities to work on his ambitious ideas. Edison, already an established inventor and entrepreneur, recognized Tesla’s talent and employed him at his company, the Edison Machine Works. It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant method for electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances. The turning point in their rivalry occurred with the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893．Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system. This success crushed Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority, leading to the widespread adoption of AC as the standard for electrical power transmission (传输). However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world. While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”. Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (产生共鸣) today. 1．In which aspect did Tesla’s and Edison’s views on electrical systems differ? A．The source of electrical power. B．The invention of electrical devices. C．The efficiency of power generation. D．The method of electrical transmission. 2．How did Tesla prove the reliability of AC power? A．By conducting a public experiment at Niagara Falls. B．By displaying AC- powered lighting in a community. C．By getting support from George Westinghouse. D．By highlighting the limitations of DC power. 3．Why did Tesla’s AC system finally achieve success? A．It provided higher voltage outputs. B．It was easier to operate and maintain. C．It had superior long-range performance. D．It received more financial backing. 4．What message does the author want to convey in the text? A．Every cloud has a silver lining. B．Real knowledge comes from practice. C．A rising tide lifts all boats. D．Rivalry fuels progress. Passage 7 （25-26高二上·北京·期中）It is a story every bit as moving and magical as her Harry Potter books. The 1 between J.K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, and Catie Hoch, a Harry Potter fan from New York, began in early 2000, some three years after the then six-year-old had developed a fast-growing childhood cancer. Her mother, Gina Peca, had read the first three Harry Potter to Catie, who was such a fan that she would wear her Harry Potter clothes, complete with big round glasses and a red short coat, as she 2 to hospital from home. By the end of 1999, Catie had been through several rounds of surgery and chemotherapy (化疗), losing all her hair but none of her spirit. Ms. Peca was 3 that there would soon be no more Harry Potter to read. She sent an email to the book’s publishers with a 4 for J.K. Rowling, asking when the fourth book would be finished and telling of the joy that the books had brought to Catie’s life. A few weeks later, a reply came that had Catie and her mother 5 for joy. It read, “I am working very hard on book four at the moment — on a bit that involves some new creatures Hagrid has brought along for the Care of Magical creatures classes. This is all Top Secret, so you are 6 to tell only some close friends and your mum, but no one else... With lots of love, J.K. Rowling.” After Catie replied, Miss Rowling was back in touch: “Do you think people will mind? I seem to have 7 an awful lot of characters along the way...” Catie’s condition began to worsen. Her mother emailed Miss Rowling to tell her that Catie could no longer use her computer. A few days later, the author 8 to read abstracts to Catie from the then unpublished book four. So it happened that at home in New York, a little girl with cancer became the first person in the world to hear the latest adventures of Harry Potter, later published as The Goblet of Fire. Catie’s mother, father and two brothers sat with her, listening on speaker-phone. When Miss Rowling came to America for a book tour, she hoped to meet her little friend. 9 time ran out. On May 18, 2000, Catie died, aged nine. Hearing the family had started a memorial fund in Catie’s name, Miss Rowling sent a letter and a check for $100,000. “…I consider myself 10 to have had contact with Catie. I am crying so hard as I type. She left footprints on my heart...” 1．A．friendship B．agreement C．cooperation D．competition 2．A．marched B．escaped C．travelled D．drove 3．A．shocked B．fearful C．determined D．grateful 4．A．comment B．book C．gift D．message 5．A．waving B．chatting C．screaming D．running 6．A．allowed B．forbidden C．encouraged D．required 7．A．attracted B．met C．discovered D．collected 8．A．needed B．demanded C．offered D．continued 9．A．Thus B．But C．And D．So 10．A．fortunate B．successful C．strong D．content Passage 8 （24-25高二下·全国·课后作业） The Second World War, lasting until 1945, consisted of many important battles, 1 which Operation Overlord, also known as the D-Day landings, was the most impressive one. After the war started, Germany attacked many European countries, France 2 (include). To attack Germany, Allied troops from the United States, Britain and Canada took part in the Operation Overlord. They made an attempt 3 (land) on the beaches of Normandy in France. The operation was 4 (extreme) dangerous. Many soldiers were killed 5 they had the chance to get off the boats. The situation was so terrible that the commanders even considered giving up. But finally the operation ended as a story of bravery and acts of 6 (hero) . On June 6, 2004, survivors of the D-Day landings from many different countries returned 7 France to remember their lost comrades. Many of them went to the cemetery and memorial 8 (lie) on a cliff. This cliff overlooks the beach and 9 English Channel. On the memorial, there is part of a poem called “For the Fallen”. The poem 10 (write) by an English poet Laurence Binyon and was first published in 1914. 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $