主题19 灾害防范与安全素养（精练册）-【考出好成绩】2026年山东新中考英语单元分层练习课件PPT（人教版）

该初中英语中考复习课件聚焦课标“人与自然”主题下的“灾害防范与安全素养”核心考点，严格对接中考阅读细节提取、写作应用体裁等考查要求，结合人教版、外研版相关单元梳理考点，分析阅读理解（占比约40%）、完形填空（25%）等常考题型的命题规律，体现备考针对性。 课件亮点在于“真题实战+素养提升”模式，精选2025泰安、聊城等地二模真题，如通过洛杉矶野火阅读理解，示范词义猜测（如“moisture”指代“水分”）和细节理解技巧，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。配套完形填空语境分析法等解题策略，助力学生掌握答题技巧，教师可依此开展系统复习，提升中考冲刺效率。

研究山东新考情 更懂中考新方向 山东新中考 英语 精练册 2 第一部分 课标主题读写综合 范畴3 人与自然 主题十九 灾害防范与安全素养 3 考查维度 1. 阅读维度:选取贴近学生生活的灾害防范与安全场景、当下热点时事等素材,考查细节提取能力。 2. 写作维度:以中考高频应用体裁为载体,依托学生可感知的安全场景设置任务,要求运用具体细节描写,引导学生形成系统的安全应对思维。 教材链接 人教 八下 Unit 5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came? 外研 八上Module 8 Accidents 鲁教 八上Unit 3 What were you doing when the rainstorm came? 4 A(2025 泰安二模) 一、阅读理解 Climate change is the biggest threat to our planet.As temperatures increase,the ice caps and glaciers( 冰川 ) around the world are starting to melt(融化),meaning sea levels will get higher. We are already seeing the results of climate change with an increase in extreme weather events such as hurricanes( 飓风 ) and wildfires and serious shortages of water.All over the world there are people living in difficult conditions.But difficult conditions often inspire creative solutions. Wildfires often cause destruction in many places around the world.In 2015,bush fires burned down plants in South Australia.This made the land difficult to 5 farm as strong winds blew the soil away.A farmer called Brian Fischer had a brilliant idea.He ploughed( 耕 ) the fields in spirals( 螺旋形 ) .This means that it doesn't matter which way the wind blows because it can never blow away the soil. A lack of water is also a serious problem.In the Himalayan Desert,water is difficult to find in spring.The Ice Stupa project has come up with a clever solution.In winter,a pipe( 管道 ) takes water from higher up in the mountains down to the desert,where it rushes out as a fountain(喷泉) . Because it is so cold in the desert,the water freezes and makes frozen towers of ice.In spring, the ice melts giving the farmers the water they need for their land. 1.The  underlined  word  “They"refers  to“             ”. A.houses that are designed to stand up to winds  B.violent storms that kill hundreds of people C.the  companies  that  built  houses  in  a  round shape D.the Philippines that are hit by typhoons 2.Which of the following extreme weather are mentioned in the passage? ①typhoon ②heavy rain ③hurricanes ④wildfires ⑤thunder A.①③④ B.①③⑤ C.②③④ D.②④⑤ A A 3. What is NOT needed to deal with the lack of water? A.The ice melt in spring to provide the water. B.The frozen ice towers can store water. C.A pipe takes water from higher up in the mountain. D.A fountain is built to carry the falling water. 4.What is the writer's main purpose? A.To remind people to save water. B.To find results of serious problems. C.To make people come up with smart ideas. D.To explain causes of difficult conditions. D C A【 主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍由气候变化导致的一些环境问题及解决方案。 1.A 解析：词义猜测题。根据“One company has come up with a house that stands up to the strongest of winds.The houses built in a dome shape and the curved surfaces...” 可知，“They” 指代前文提到的“为抵御强风而设计的房屋”。 2.A 解析：细节理解题。根据“an increase in extreme weather events such as hurricanes and wildfires”及 “Every year the Philippines are hit by typhoons.”可知，文中提到的极端天气包括台风、飓风和野火。 3.D   解 析： 细节理解题。根据“In winter,a   pipe   takes   water   from higher up in the mountains down to the desert,where it rushes out as a fountain...the water freezes and makes frozen towers of ice.In spring,the ice melts...” 可知，解 决缺水问题需要管道输水、冰塔 储水和春季融冰，而“建造喷泉输 送落水”并非必要条件(喷泉是水 流冲出的自然形态)。 4.C 解析：写作目的题。文章通过列举抵御台风、防治野火侵蚀、解 决缺水问题的三个案例，旨在说明 “困境常激发创造性解决方案”, 鼓励人们提出巧妙想法。 B(2025  聊城二模) In early January 2025,a huge fire broke out in Los Angeles,California.The strong Santa Ana wind made the fire spread very quickly.The fire hurt not only people's houses but also the environment around them. A lot of forests and grasslands were burned. Many trees turned black,and the green grass was gone.All those plants were important for animals. Without them,animals lost their homes and food. Squirrels( 松鼠 ) that lived in tree holes had to run away.Deer that ate the grass had nothing to eat.Some small animals like mice and rabbits died in the fire. The   soil   also   got   into   big   trouble.Plants usually  help  keep  the  soil  in  place.But  after  the fire,there  were  no  plants.When  it  rained,the  rain washed   the    soil   away.In   some   hilly    places,  mudslides(泥石流) happened.They broke roads and even destroyed some houses. The air became dirty,too.The fire sent a lot of smoke and bad things into the air.People in the areas near the fire had to wear masks.If someone had trouble breathing,they were in even more danger. All in all,the 2025 Los Angeles wildfire was a big blow for nature.It will take a very long time for everything to get back to normal.People need to think about how to prevent(预防)this kind of fire in the future. 1.What happened in Los Angeles in early January 2025?               A.A heavy rain hit the city. B.An earthquake took place. C.A big wildfire broke out. D.A strong Santa Ana wind hurt the city. 2. Which of the following influences is NOT mentioned? A.The animals lost their homes and food. B.The air was polluted. C.The soil got into big trouble. D.Many people lost their lives. C D 3.What  can  we  infer( 推断 ) from  the  passage? A.The Los Angeles wildfire was a real disaster. B.Everything will get back to normal very soon. C.Putting out the Los Angeles wildfire didn't cost much money. D.Measures have been taken to prevent the wildfire from happening in the future. 4.How is the passage organized? A.①②/③④⑤ B.①/②③④/⑤ C.①②③④/⑤ D.①/②③④⑤ 5.What is the best title for the passage? A.The power of nature B.The causes of the wildfire C.The wildfire in Los Angeles D.The changes of Los Angeles A B C C ①When people think of wildfires, burning trees often come up. If you see a city burning while its trees remain standing, you might wonder if something unusual is happening. ②For weeks in January, large wildfires spread through Los Angeles. They destroyed a large number of homes and many people lost their lives. As pictures of the fires spread across the Internet, people noticed trees standing next to burned-out homes and cars. Some didn’t believe that a fire would leave trees untouched. “Is there a secret attack on L. A. homes?” they asked. The simple answer is no. As plenty of pictures and videos from Los Angeles show, trees can and do catch fire. . 15 ③But it’s true that some did not burn. Scientists say there is a simple explanation for that. ④It is all about moisture. “It’s quite easy to understand,” said Miranda Hart, a biology professor. “Trees are filled with thousands and thousands of liters (升) of water.” To be clear, trees do burn when fires are big and hot enough. But if a tree full of water is next to something very dry, the dry thing will burn first and even change the way of the fire. “In that way, you can imagine the fire just going around the tree if there’s enough ‘fuel’ (燃料) on either side of it,” Prof. Hart added. 16 ⑤In addition, the tree type also matters. Certain trees are more likely to catch fire. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year), for example, are hard to burn. That’s because their leaves include more water. While for conifers-trees with needlelike (针状的) leaves, things are the opposite. ⑥In Los Angeles, palms (棕榈树) are everywhere. They’ve become a symbol of the city. But based on the research, palm trees are especially easy to spread fire because of their structure and type. So, to reduce fire risks, the local fire departments have advised against planting more palms. Without proper care, these trees can burn and spread rapidly during wildfires and endanger the people and objects nearby. 17 1. Some people had doubts about the wildfires in Los Angeles because . A. they have lasted much longer than usual B. hidden enemies attacked homes and cars C. some trees remained unchanged in the fires D. pictures of the fires spread across the Internet 2. The underlined word “moisture” in Paragraph ④ probably means “ ”. A. dry condition B. water content C. high heat D. cold temperature C B 18 3. How would a fire pass through a tree full of water and dry things according to Prof. Hart? a tree full of water a dry thing fire’s path 4. According to the passage, which type of tree is easier to catch fire? A. Trees with thin, narrow and hard leaves. B. Trees which drop their leaves every year. C. Trees with rich water in their broad leaves. D. Trees that are taller than the others around. B A 19 5. Which of the following shows the structure of this text according to the theory (理论) below? problem-raising (提出) → problem-analyzing (分析)→problem-solving A. ①②→③④→⑤⑥ B. ①②→③④⑤→⑥ C. ①→②③→④⑤⑥ D. ①→②③④⑤→⑥ B 20 【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文 , 介绍洛杉矶大规模山火中部分房屋烧毁而有些树木未受波及而引发质疑 ,随后从树木水分含量和种类分析 难引燃原因 ,提及棕榈树等易燃树种会加剧火势 ,最后说明当地消防部门减少种植易燃棕榈树的做法。 1. C 解析:细节理解题。根据第②段 “Some didn’t believe that a fire would leave trees untouched. ‘Is there a secret attack on L. A. homes?’ they asked. ”可知 , 人们看到火灾现场的房屋和车辆严重受损 ,而树木却看似完好无损, 因而对火灾的真实性和起因存疑。 2. B 解析:词义猜测题。根据第④段教授的解释可知 ,这里强调树木内部富含大量水分 , 故该词应指 “ 水分”或“水含量”。 3. B 解析:推理判断题。文中提到 , 如果树木水分充足 ,火焰往往会绕过树木 , 转而先点燃干燥的可燃物。对照选项 ,能体现“火焰绕过树木”这一特点的示意图对应选项 B。 4. A 解析:细节理解题。文中指出针叶树或结构特殊的棕榈树更容易被点燃 , 因为它们的叶片干燥、细长。选项 A“ 叶片细长坚硬的树”与此相符。 5. B 解析:篇章结构题。本文的结 构按照“提出问题→ 分析问题→ 解决问题”展开。第①②段提出疑问(为何有些树没被烧) ;第③④⑤段分析树木耐火的原因;第⑥段提出减少种植易燃棕榈树的解决措施 ,对应“①②→③④⑤→⑥”。 二、完形填空 A Water is one of the most useful things on earth. We drink it, wash with it and cook with it. However, it can be 1 sometimes. This was something that happened to me a few months ago. It started as a normal school day. It was summer and the 2 was really hot. We were studying for our exams when a 3 came. The sky went dark and the rain started to beat heavily against the windows. The rain went on and on. Then, it started to come through the roof (屋顶) and 4 on the desks in the classroom. our books were getting 5 . Suddenly there was a loud sound. We didn’t 6 what it was at first. Then, water came across the floor of our classroom. The schoolwas flooded (淹没). We all felt very 7 and some of the girls started to cry. 23 Miss Miller was calm. She told us all to 8 hands. We slowly walked out of the classroom in a line and came to a safe place. We didn’t leave there 9 the water was gone. Our school was in a mess. Together we 10 every classroom. Everyone felt tired but lucky! 1.( ) A. perfect B. expensive C. harmful D. correct C 2.( ) A. machine B. product C. spirit D. weather D 3.( ) A. chance B. storm C. lesson D. teacher B 4.( ) A. lock B. shut C. hide D. fall D 5.( ) A. wet B. rich C. thick D. boring A 6.( ) A. forget B. realise C. invent D. satisfy B 7.( ) A. funny B. excited C. angry D. afraid D 8.( ) A. hold B. shake C. wash D. change A 9.( ) A. if B. although C. until D. while C 10.( ) A. gave up B. tidied up C. picked up D. made up B 25 B Recently, the wildfires in California, USA have caught the world’s eye. On January 7, 2025, a fire started near Palisades (帕利塞兹) in western Los Angeles County. Later, the fire 1 quickly eastward because of the strong Santa Ana winds (圣安娜风). By January 13, the 2 was really bad. 24 people lost their lives and 16 were missing. In just a few days, more than 12, 300 buildings, including many homes, were burned down. Universities had to close, and lots of people became 3 . What’s worse, 105 fires broke out across the area, and the 4 burned area reached 162.68 square kilometers. The local government and firefighters are working hard. Firefighters from nearby areas and other countries 5 . They used helicopters (直升机) and fire trucks. But the strong winds and large burned areas made it very difficult to 6 the fires. . 26 These California wildfires are really terrible. They should be a 7 to people all over the world. Although we live far away from California, we all share the 8 earth. We need to get along well with 9 . For example, we can save water and electricity, 10 forests and grasslands. Let’s work together to keep our earth beautiful and peaceful. 27 1.( ) A. ran B. spread C. flew D. arrived B 2.( ) A. instruction B. position C. operation D. situation D 3.( ) A. useless B. careless C. homeless D. fearless C 4.( ) A. total B. special C. normal D. usual A 5.( ) A. took in B. moved in C. joined in D. dropped in C 6.( ) A. put out B. put up C. take away D. take out A 7.( ) A. warning B. example C. notice D. suggestion A 8.( ) A. different B. big C. small D. same D 9.( ) A. animals B. people C. nature D. cities C 10.( ) A. build B. protect C. plant D. improve B 28 B 【主旨大意】本文主要讲述了2025 年 1 月美国加州爆发的严重野火灾情及其影响,并呼吁全球共同关注环境保护。 1. B 解析 : ran 跑 ; spread 蔓延 ;flew 飞 ; arrived 到达。根据“quickly” 可知 ,火势迅速蔓延。 2. D 解析 : instruction 指示 ; position 位置 ; operation 操作 ; situation 情况。根据“was really bad”可知 ,情况变得非常糟糕。 3. C 解析 : useless 无用的 ; careless 粗心的 ; homeless 无家可归的 ; fearless 无畏的 。根据“ more than 12, 300 buildings , including many homes, were burned down”可知 ,人们无家可归。 4. A 解析: total 总的 ; special 特殊的 ;normal 正常的 ; usual 通常的。根据“ burned area reached 162. 68 square kilometers”可知 , 总火灾面积达到 162. 68 平方公里。 5. C 解析:took in 吸收 ;moved in 搬入 ;joined in 加入 ;dropped in 顺便拜访。根据“other countries”可知 , 其他国家加入。 6. A 解析: put out 扑灭 ; put up 张贴 ;take away拿走 ;take out 取出。根据“the fires”可知 ,扑灭大火。 7. A 解析:warning警告 ;example 例子 ; notice 通知 ; suggestion 建议。根据“ people all over the world”可知 ,是一种警告。 8. D 解析 : different 不同的 ; big 大 的 ; small 小的 ; same 相同的 。根据“earth”可知 ,共享同一个地球。 9. C 解析:animals动物;people人们; nature 自然;cities 城市。根据“For example, we can save water and electricity”可知 ,与自然和谐相处。 10. B 解析 : build 建造 ; protect 保护 ;plant种植 ;improve 改善。根据“forests and grasslands ”可知 , 保护森林和草原。 三、阅读还原(2025 德州一模) When Mother Nature gets really mad,there's not much we can do to stop her. In  the  past  year,we've  seen  a  lot  of  big natural    disasters   that   have    amazed    us    and reminded  us  that  we  can't  control  everything.  There have been floods,droughts( 干旱 ) ,big earthquakes  and  volcanoes  erupting(火山喷发). 1.            They have also caused a lot of damage to big cities and small towns. Some travelers might be upset with officials for canceling lots of flights.2.                  During natural disasters,we depend on things like dams,early warning systems,modern weather radars( 雷达 ) ,and brave people who help those in need. 3.                 D B F 31  Even though we try to control or predict natural disasters,we often get surprised   when unexpected events challenge what we know.Most of  the   time,we   can't   stop   them   before   they happen.4.               And how people react to natural disasters can sometimes save a lot of lives. This is what nature is.It always shows us that as long as we're on Earth,we'll have to deal with its features—like winds,waves,fires,rain, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.5.              When we start feeling too proud or focusing too much on our small achievements,remember that a tiny volcano on a little island in the North Atlantic,a place most of us can't even pronounce, once made us stop and stare in total amazement. A E 根据短文内容，从方框中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使文章意思通顺、内容完整。其中有一项多余。 A.We  need  to  accept  both  the  order  and  the disorder of nature. B.But really,they  should blame Mother Nature for  that. C.As these actions show,Mother Nature is also celebrating the  day. D.But these methods can only help us so much. E.We can only react to disasters. F.These events have not only shocked us. 四、阅读表达(2025 德州二模) A powerful windstorm swept through North China this week,turning skies orange and making trees dance like crazy.According to weather reports,winds reached over 130 km/h(as strong as a tropical( 热带的 ) storm)in mountainous areas of Beijing and Hebei,while flat areas experienced winds of 90—110 km/h.This kind of storm is very unusual for April,and it lasted for more than 48 hours,knocking down street signs and forcing airplanes to cancel flights. Besides strong winds,the storm carried thick sand and dust from Mongolia and China's northwest deserts.The thick sand and dust darkened the sky,making it look like nighttime during the day.In cities like Beijing and Tianjin,the air pollution reached the worst level possible (Air quality indexes 空气质量指数500).People had to wear masks not only for health protection but also to avoid breathing in dirty air.Schools closed,parks shut down,and delivery services received many orders as people stayed indoors. The storm caused many dangers,including: *Falling signs *Flying trash and branches *Tipped-over trucks on highways Experts warned that the wind was strong enough to lift small vehicles.At the same time, heavy snowstorms in Inner Mongolia made the situation even worse. How Did People Stay Safe? Scientists gave the following advice: ☆Close windows tightly ☆Stay indoors ☆Move loose items inside One  Beijing  student  said,“It  felt  like  nature was   challenging  us."Many   students  had   online classes,but the  loud  wind noises made  it hard  to hear. 1. What does the phrase “making trees dance like crazy"mean? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ It means the strong wind made the trees shake violently. 2. How fast is the wind in mountainous areas? ________________________________________________________________________ Over 130 km/h. 3. Why did the sky look like nighttime during the day? ________________________________________________________________________ Because the thick sand and dust carried by the storm darkened the sky. 37 4. What dangers did the strong wind bring?(At least two examples) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Falling signs.Flying trash and branches.Tipped-over trucks on highways. 5. What advice can we take to protect ourselves during windstorms?(At least 3 suggestions) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Close windows tightly.Stay indoors.Move loose items inside. 38 39 $