内容正文:
Grammar & Writing 语法完全指南
第十一章 句子种类(按结构)
一、简单句(Simple Sentence)
1、定义与特点
· 定义:只包含一个主谓结构(可能有多主语或多谓语)
· 特点:意思完整,语法独立,不包含从句
· 标志:没有从属连词(that, which, who, when, if等)
2、简单句的四种类型
2.1 单主语单谓语型:只有一个主语和一个谓语
He works.(他工作。)
She is singing.(她在唱歌。)
2.2 多主语单谓语型:两个或多个主语共用一个谓语
Tom and Jerry work.(汤姆和杰瑞工作。)
He, his wife and their children live in Beijing.(他、他妻子和他们的孩子住在北京。)
2.3 单主语多谓语型 :一个主语有两个或多个谓语
He gets up, washes his face and goes to school.(他起床、洗脸然后去上学。)
She smiled, waved and walked away.(她笑了笑,挥挥手,然后走开了。)
2.4 多主语多谓语型:两个或多个主语有两个或多个谓语
Tom and Jerry get up early and go to school.(汤姆和杰瑞早起然后去上学。)
3、简单句的五大基本句型
· S + V(主 + 谓)
· S + V + P(主 + 系 + 表)
· S + V + O(主 + 谓 + 宾)
· S + V + IO + DO(主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾)
· S + V + O + OC(主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补)
二、并列句(Compound Sentence)
1、定义与特点
· 定义:由并列连词连接的两个或多个简单句
· 特点:各分句语法平等,意思相关但各自完整
· 标志:有并列连词(and, but, or, so, for, yet等)
2、并列连词分类与用法
连词
含义
功能
例句
and
和,并且
表示并列、递进
He is tall, and he is strong.
but
但是
表示转折
He is poor, but he is happy.
or
或者,否则
表示选择、否则
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
so
所以
表示结果
It was late, so we went home.
for
因为
表示原因(补充说明)
He must be ill, for he looks pale.
yet
然而
表示转折(语气较强)
He worked hard, yet he failed.
nor
也不
表示否定并列
He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink.
not only...but also
不但...而且
表示递进
He is not only clever but also hardworking.
3、并列句的标点规则
· 逗号 + 并列连词(最常用)
He is tall, and he is strong.
She likes music, but she doesn't like dancing.
· 分号(无连词,关系紧密)
He is tall; he is strong.
Some people like cats; others prefer dogs.
· 分号 + 连接副词 + 逗号
He is tall; however, he is not strong.
She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam.
4、常见连接副词
· 表示递进:besides, moreover, furthermore
· 表示转折:however, nevertheless, nonetheless
· 表示结果:therefore, thus, hence, consequently
· 表示举例:for example, for instance
· 表示总结:in conclusion, in summary
5、并列句的特殊形式:并列复合句
当并列句的某个分句本身又是复合句时,称为并列复合句:
He said that he would come, but he didn't.(他说他会来,但他没来。)
分句1:He said that he would come(复合句)
分句2:he didn't(简单句)
三、复合句(Complex Sentence)
1、定义与特点
· 定义:包含一个主句和一个或多个从句
· 特点:主句能独立成句,从句不能独立成句
· 标志:有从属连词(that, which, who, when, if, because等)
2、从句的三大类型
· 名词性从句:在句中起名词作用
That he is honest is known to all.(主语从句)
I know that he is honest.(宾语从句)
The fact is that he is honest.(表语从句)
· 定语从句:修饰名词或代词
The book that I bought is interesting.(修饰book)
The man who is standing there is my teacher.(修饰man)
· 状语从句:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子
When he arrived, we were having dinner.(时间状语从句)
I stayed at home because it was raining.(原因状语从句)
3、复合句的特点
· 主从关系:主句是主干,从句是分支
· 连接手段:通过从属连词、关系代词、关系副词连接
· 层次性:可以有多个层次的从句
· 信息重点:主句表达主要信息,从句表达次要信息
4、复合句与并列句的区别
对比点
复合句
并列句
结构关系
主从关系
平等关系
连接词
从属连词
并列连词
分句独立性
主句独立,从句不独立
各分句都独立
信息重点
主句是重点
各分句同等重要
标点
主从句间通常无标点
(状语从句在句首时用逗号)
分句间用逗号+连词或分号
四、特殊句型与句式
1、存在句(There be句型)
· 定义与功能:表示"某处有某物/某人",强调存在而非所属。
· 基本结构:There + be + 主语 + 地点/时间状语
1.1 There be句型的特殊规则
(1)主谓一致:be动词与最近的主语一致
There is a book and two pens on the desk.
There are two pens and a book on the desk.
(2)可接各种时态和情态动词
There must be someone in the room.(一定有人)
There might be life on Mars.(可能有生命)
There used to be a tree here.(过去这里有棵树)
(3)可与seem, appear等连用
There seems to be a problem.(似乎有问题)
There appears to be a mistake.(好像有错误)
(4)否定形式
There isn't any water in the glass.
There are no students in the classroom.
(5)疑问形式
Is there any water in the glass?
How many students are there in your class?
2、强调句(It is...that...)
· 定义与功能:强调句子中的某个成分(主语、宾语、状语等)。
· 基本结构:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分
原句:Tom met Mary in the park yesterday.
强调主语:It was Tom that/who met Mary in the park yesterday.
强调宾语:It was Mary that Tom met in the park yesterday.
强调地点状语:It was in the park that Tom met Mary yesterday.
强调时间状语:It was yesterday that Tom met Mary in the park.
2.1 强调句的特点
(1)连接词选择:
强调人可用that或who(作主语)
强调物只能用that
强调时间、地点等状语只能用that
(2)时态一致:
现在时/将来时:It is...that...
过去时:It was...that...
(3)判断方法:去掉It is/was...that,句子仍然完整
It is Tom that loves Mary. → Tom loves Mary.(完整)
2.2 强调句的特殊形式
· 强调谓语动词(用do/does/did)
He does love you.(他确实爱你。)
I did finish my homework.(我确实完成了作业。)
· 强调疑问句
Who was it that broke the window?(到底是谁打破了窗户?)
What is it that you want?(你到底想要什么?)
3、倒装句
· 定义与功能:将谓语的全部或部分放在主语之前,用于强调、平衡句子结构或满足语法要求。
3.1 倒装的两种类型
(1)完全倒装:谓语全部提到主语前
Here comes the bus.(公交车来了。)
Out rushed the children.(孩子们冲了出去。)
In front of the house stands a tall tree.(房前立着一棵高大的树。)
(2)部分倒装:助动词/情态动词/be动词提到主语前
Never have I seen such a beautiful place.(我从未见过如此美丽的地方。)
Only in this way can we solve the problem.(只有用这种方法我们才能解决问题。)
Hardly had he finished when someone knocked at the door.(他刚完成就有人敲门。)
3.2 需要倒装的情况
情况
说明
例句
否定词开头
Never, seldom, hardly, little, not, not only等
Never have I been to Beijing.
only + 状语开头
Only then, only in this way等
Only then did I realize my mistake.
here, there开头
Here, there, now, then等
(主语是名词)
Here comes the teacher.
so, neither/nor开头
表示"也/也不"
He likes apples. So do I. He doesn't like pears. Neither do I.
虚拟语气省略if
Were, had, should提前
Were I you, I would study harder.
as引导的让步状语从句
形容词/副词/名词+as+主语+谓语
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
4、省略句
· 定义与功能:在上下文清楚的情况下,省略句子中的一个或多个成分,使语言简洁。
4.1常见的省略情况
(1)简单句中的省略
(I) Thank you.(谢谢。)
(It) Sounds good.(听起来不错。)
(Is there) Anything wrong?(有什么问题吗?)
(2)并列句中的省略
Some went to the left, others (went) to the right.(一些人向左走,其他人向右走。)
He likes apples, and I (like) oranges.(他喜欢苹果,我喜欢橘子。)
(3)复合句中的省略
When (he was) asked, he kept silent.(当被问到时,他保持沉默。)
I'll help you if (it is) possible.(如果可能的话,我会帮你。)
(4)不定式的省略
You may go if you want to (go).(你想走的话可以走。)
4.2 省略的原则
· 不引起歧义:省略后意思仍然清楚
· 符合习惯:符合英语表达习惯
· 保留必要信息:保留句子核心信息
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