内容正文:
Grammar & Writing 语法完全指南
第十三章 定语从句
一、什么是定语从句?
1、核心定义
定语从句是在复合句中充当定语的从句,修饰主句中的名词或代词(即先行词),相当于一个“形容词从句”。
2、定语从句的三要素
· 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词
· 关系词:连接主句和从句的词(关系代词或关系副词)
· 从句本身:有完整的主谓结构,但意义不完整
3、定语从句的基本结构
先行词 + 关系词 + 从句(不完整句子)
4、定语从句在句中的位置
定语从句必须紧跟在先行词之后,这是与状语从句最大的区别之一。
正确示例
错误示例
The man who is standing there is my father.
The man is my father who is standing there.
(站在那里的那个人是我父亲。)
(× 那个人是我父亲站在那里的。)
二、关系代词的用法
关系代词在定语从句中代替先行词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
· who:指人,在从句中作主语或表语
作主语(不可省略):
The girl who is singing is my sister. (正在唱歌的女孩是我妹妹。)
作表语(较少用):
He is not the man who he was. (他已不是过去的他了。)
· whom:指人,在从句中作宾语(口语中常用 who 代替)
作宾语(常可省略)
The man (whom) you met yesterday is a famous writer. (你昨天见到的那个人是位著名作家。)
注意:在介词后必须用 whom
This is the teacher from whom I learned a lot. (这就是我从他那里学到很多的老师。)
· whose:指人或物,在从句中作定语,表示所属关系
指人:The boy whose father is a doctor won the prize. (父亲是医生的那个男孩获奖了。)
指物:I live in a room whose window faces south. (我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。)
· which:指物或动物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
作主语(不可省略):The book which is on the desk is mine. (桌上的那本书是我的。)
作宾语(常可省略):The story (which) he told us was very interesting. (他给我们讲的故事很有趣。)
· that:指人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,多用限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句
作主语(不可省略):The boy that is playing football is my brother. (正在踢足球的男孩是我弟弟。)
作宾语(常可省略):This is the best movie (that) I have ever seen. (这是我看过的最好的电影。)
三、关系副词的用法
关系副词在定语从句中作状语,代替先行词中的“介词 + which”结构。
· when:指时间,先行词是 time, day, year, moment 等时间名词,在从句中作时间状语 = on/in/at/during which
I will never forget the day when I first came to this school. (我永远不会忘记我第一次来到这所学校的那天。) = I will never forget the day on which I first came to this school.
· where:指地点,先行词是 place, city, room, country 等地点名词
在从句中作地点状语 = in/at/on which
This is the house where I was born. (这就是我出生的房子。) = This is the house in which I was born.
· why:指原因,先行词只有 reason,在从句中作原因状语 = for which
The reason why he was late is not clear. (他迟到的原因不清楚。) = The reason for which he was late is not clear.
四、限制性定语从句 vs. 非限制性定语从句
对比表
对比项
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
与先行词关系
紧密,是先行词不可缺少的定语
松散,是对先行词的补充说明
逗号
无逗号分开
有逗号与主句分开
引导词
关系代词/副词(that 可用)
关系代词/副词(that 不可用)
省略
作宾语时可省略关系词
不可省略关系词
功能
定义、限定先行词,使含义明确
补充信息,即使去掉也不影响主句基本意思
翻译
常译为“的”字结构
常译为并列句或另起一句
五、 “介词 + 关系代词”结构
1、基本结构:介词 + which/whom/whose
This is the house in which I lived ten years ago. (这就是我十年前住的房子。)
2、 介词的选择依据:
(1) 根据从句中动词、形容词或名词的搭配:
This is the book for which I paid 50 yuan.(pay for)
He is the man to whom I spoke yesterday.(speak to)
(2) 根据先行词与介词的搭配:
I will never forget the day on which I met him.(on the day)
(3) 根据句意需要:
The pencil with which he is writing is blue.
3、注意事项
· 介词可置于从句末尾,此时关系代词可用 that,也可省略:
This is the house (that/which) I lived in ten years ago.
· 固定短语动词的介词一般不前置:
The children (whom) she looks after are very healthy.(√)
The children after whom she looks are very healthy.(× 不自然)
· whose 可与介词连用:The boss in whose company I work is very kind.
六、关系词用法的特殊情况
1、只能用 that 的情况
· 先行词是不定代词(all, much, little, something, anything, everything, nothing, none 等)
· 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰
· 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰
· 先行词既有人又有物:
· 主句是以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句(避免重复)
2、只能用 which 的情况
· 引导非限制性定语从句
· 介词后(介词 + which)
· 指代前面整个句子或部分内容
3、关系词的省略
· 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略
· 关系代词在从句中作表语时可以省略
· 关系副词 why 在 the reason 后可以省略
· 关系副词 when 在某些时间名词后可以省略(尤其是 time)
· “介词 + which”在某种情况下可省略介词,只用 which
· 注意:关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略!
七、定语从句与其它从句的区别
1. 定语从句 vs. 同位语从句
定语从句
同位语从句
修饰关系:修饰先行词
等同关系:解释先行词具体内容
关系词作用:在从句中充当成分
引导词作用:只引导,不在从句中充当成分
that:可充当成分,可省略
that:不充当成分,一般不可省略
疑问词:不可用 whether
疑问词:可用 whether
2. 定语从句 vs. 强调句(It is...that...)
定语从句
强调句
that 在从句中充当成分
that 不充当任何成分
去掉 it is...that 结构不成立
去掉 it is...that 结构仍完整
可换用 which
不可换用 which
3. 定语从句 vs. 结果状语从句
定语从句
结果状语从句(so...that...)
修饰名词
修饰动词或整个句子
that 在从句中充当成分
that 不充当成分,只引导从句
前无 so/such
前有 so 或 such
八、定语从句的简化
1. 简化为分词短语
· 从句为主动关系 → 现在分词:
The man who is sitting by the window is my uncle. → The man sitting by the window is my uncle.
· 从句为被动关系 → 过去分词:
The book which was written by Lu Xun is very popular. → The book written by Lu Xun is very popular.
2. 简化为不定式短语
· 主句含序数词、最高级或 the only, the next 等:
He is the first person who has reached the top. → He is the first person to reach the top.
· 从句表将来或目的:
I have a lot of work that I must do. → I have a lot of work to do.
3. 简化为介词短语
The boy who is in blue is my brother. → The boy in blue is my brother.
4. 简化为形容词短语
A person who is full of energy is always welcome. → A person full of energy is always welcome.
1
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$