第2部分 限时阅读8——说明文-【金版教程】2026年高考英语大二轮大考试题精选重组全书word

限时阅读8——说明文 如何看懂阅读文本？ ①去修饰，抓主干；②理解上下文，合理推断； ③单词不认识不影响做题，灵活处理。 记住：读不懂的时候，不是考单词，而是考能力。 (2025·河南省许昌市高三下期中检测)There are functioning steam railways in other countries: tourists in France can go for a ride in Brittany; so can visitors travelling to the Dandenong Ranges in Australia. But no other country has a heritage railway sector anywhere near as energetic as the UK's, where more than 170 services cross around 600 miles of track and call at 460 stations. Just a few years after the first of these railways opened at Talyllyn in north Wales, in 1951, a fictional Welsh steam engine became the main character in the children's television serial Ivor the Engine. On lines originally built for slate quarries (石板采石场), north Wales still has the biggest group of steam railways, but they exist in all four nations of the UK, typically operating seasonal timetables in tourist areas. These railways are living museums with stations decorated in period style. Some staff wear costumes too. Up to 95% of the 18.5m journeys on heritage railways each year are taken by domestic tourists. They owe their popularity to a combination of nostalgia (怀旧), enjoyment of the countryside and enthusiasm for the old engines. Railways are expensive to run, and the first steam preservation enthusiasts recognised that they would need volunteers to make their dream of a revival come true. This reliance on volunteers is partly due to cuts in budgets from local authorities and other funders. But heritage railways are a good example of what can be achieved by a combined paid and voluntary workforce. As well as the economic contribution that the railways make to rural areas, there is evidence that volunteering can have beneficial effects on people as well. The railways will need to respond, like the rest of the society, to environmental policies. The destructive impact of greenhouse gases is an obvious challenge to a sector that trades on an image of coal­powered transport. Electric railway engines are being used for maintenance, to bring emissions down, and some railways are active in wildlife conservation. There will need to be further adaptation down the line. That the railways don't stand still has always been part of their appeal especially on rainy days in the summer holidays. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国遗产铁路部门十分活跃的情况，包括其分布、受欢迎原因、运营依赖志愿者的情况，以及面临的环境挑战等。 1．How are the UK's steam railways different from other countries'? A．They are active across the countries. B．They serve as tourist attractions. C．They are mainly powered by steam. D．They use small amounts of energy. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But no other country ... call at 460 stations.(但没有哪个国家的遗产铁路部门像英国那样活跃，英国拥有超过170条线路，跨越约600英里的轨道，停靠460个车站。)”可知，英国的蒸汽铁路在全国都很活跃。故选A。 2．Why does the author mention Ivor the Engine? A．To spread knowledge of the classic serial. B．To introduce the origin of steam engines. C．To show the popularity of steam railways. D．To share a childhood memory of travelling. 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Just a few years ... the biggest group of steam railways(1951年，威尔士北部塔尔利林的第一条此类铁路开通后仅几年，一部以虚构的威尔士蒸汽机车为主角的儿童电视连续剧《伊沃尔小火车》便问世了。在原本为石板采石场修建的铁路线上，威尔士北部至今仍拥有规模最大的蒸汽铁路线路)”可推知，作者提到Ivor the Engine是为了展示蒸汽铁路的受欢迎程度。故选C。 3．What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A．Volunteers help to keep heritage railways alive. B．Economic growth depends on individual efforts. C．People can't afford to travel by heritage railway. D．Local officials don't use old means of transport. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Railways are expensive to run ... from local authorities and other funders.(铁路运营成本高昂，而最早致力于保留蒸汽铁路的狂热者认识到，他们需要志愿者来实现复兴的梦想。这种对志愿者的依赖部分原因是地方当局和其他资助者削减了预算。)”可推知，志愿者帮助遗产铁路得以存续。故选A。 4．What is the author's attitude towards heritage railways? A．Indifferent. B．Doubtful. C．Appreciative. D．Negative. 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“These railways are living museums with stations decorated in period style.”和最后一段中的“Electric railway engines ... down the line.(电动铁路机车正被用于铁路养护，以减少排放，一些铁路公司也在积极参与野生动物保护。未来还需要沿着这一方向进行更多的适应性调整。)”可推知，作者对遗产铁路持有赞赏的态度。故选C。 词汇：①heritage n. 遗产，传统　②energetic adj. 精力充沛的，充满活力的　③originally adv. 起初，原来　④due to 因为 佳句：They owe their popularity to a combination of nostalgia （怀旧）， enjoyment of the countryside and enthusiasm for the old engines. 它们之所以受欢迎，是因为怀旧之情、对乡村风光的喜爱以及对老式机车的热爱。 (2025·山西省山西大学附属中学高三下月考)How did nearsighted people manage in the pre­glasses past? Have you ever thought about this? Aristotle may have written the first observations of myopia (近视) around 350 BC. Because their eyeballs are too long, people with this condition can see objects that are close by, but distant objects tend to look blurry. Neil Handley, a museum curator, said not much is known about how people dealt with myopia before the first lenses for nearsighted people were invented in the 15th century in Europe. And he noted that “even in the history of the invention of glasses, that is a late development”. There are 13th­century European examples of handheld convex lenses that were used to treat age­related vision loss known as presbyopia (老花眼). But the technology wasn't applied to treat nearsightedness for another 200 years. “Because of the way that lens is held, you can see through it, and the artist has captured the effect that the glass has，” Handley said. Myopia could be something of a modern condition. Rates of myopia have risen sharply in recent decades, and researchers have projected that half the world will be myopic by 2050. Doctors are still trying to figure out the cause behind this trend. Some have blamed genetic causes or an increase in studying and screen time. It's likely that myopia didn't affect as many people in the past as it does now. Handley said the late creation of nearsighted glasses suggests that treating the small number of people with myopia wasn't regarded as a priority and that people could have gotten by with this condition by making some adaptations in their lifestyle. Or, maybe there was more of an emphasis on putting people in jobs that were suited to their ability to see, he said. For example, people with myopia were historically valued in artisan contexts, such as medieval European monasteries, where illuminating manuscripts and painting required making tiny, precise skills. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在15世纪眼镜发明之前，人们是如何应对近视的，并指出近几十年来近视率急剧上升的现象。 5．What can be learned about the first myopia glasses? A．They came into people's view around 350 BC. B．They could help shorten people's eyeballs. C．They didn't come out until the 15th century. D．They were initially designed for old people. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“before the first lenses for nearsighted people were invented in the 15th century in Europe”可知，第一批近视眼镜直到15世纪才问世。故选C。 6．What does the underlined word “projected” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Noticed. B．Forecast. C．Doubted. D．Conducted. 答案：B 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Rates of myopia have risen sharply in recent decades”可知，此处先介绍了近视率急剧上升的现象，再结合画线词下文“that half the world will be myopic by 2050”可推知，研究人员是基于前面的现象预计2050年患有近视的人的数量，画线词意为“预计”，与forecast同义。故选B。 7．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．People in the past didn't develop myopia. B．Myopia could be cured by changing one's lifestyle. C．People with myopia could also lead a normal life. D．Most art­related jobs favored nearsighted people. 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“people could have gotten by with this condition by making some adaptations in their lifestyle”和最后一段内容可知，过去近视的人可以调整他们的生活方式或从事适合他们视力的工作来应对近视。由此可推知，近视的人也可以过正常的生活。故选C。 8．What does the passage mainly tell us? A．Glasses for nearsighted people have developed a lot. B．Nearsightedness is increasing at an alarming rate. C．Various reasons contribute to modern myopia. D．Myopia was not so disturbing in the past. 答案：D 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了过去人们是如何应对近视的，人们可以通过调整生活方式或从事适合他们视力的工作来应对这种情况，因此近视在过去并不那么令人困扰。故选D。 词汇：①blurry adj. 模糊的　②effect n. 效果；影响；作用　③sharply adv. 急剧地；锐利地　④priority n. 优先事项；优先权　⑤be suited to ... 适合…… 佳句：Rates of myopia have risen sharply in recent decades ... 近几十年来，近视率急剧上升…… (2025·山东省烟台市、德州市高三下二模诊断测试)How do you quantify something as complex and personal as humour? University of Alberta researchers have developed a mathematical method of doing just that and it might not be as personal as we think. The study originated from earlier research where test subjects with aphasia (失语症) were asked to review letter strings and determine whether they were real words or not. Westbury, lead author of the new study, began to notice a trend: participants would laugh when they heard some made­up non­words, like snunkoople. Then how can a made­up word be funny? Westbury assumed the answer lay in the word's entropy (熵值), a mathematical measure of how ordered or predictable it is. Non­words like finglam, with uncommon letter combinations, are low in entropy. Westbury set out to determine whether it was possible to predict what words people would find funny, using entropy as a yardstick. “Once you start thinking about humour in terms of probability, then you start to understand how we find so many different things funny，” he said. In his study, test subjects were asked to compare two non­words and choose the option they considered to be more humorous. Then they were shown a single non­word and rated how humorous they found it in the range of 1 to 100. “The results show that the bigger the difference in the entropy between the two words, the more likely the subjects were to choose the way we expected them to，” says Westbury, noting that the most accurate subject chose correctly up to 92 percent of the time. This nearly universal response says a lot about the nature of humour and its role in human evolution. “We think humour is personal. Actually, humour is an evolutionary message sending device. So if you laugh, you let someone else know something is not dangerous，” says Westbury. “The study may not change the game for stand­up comedians, but the findings may be useful in the business field. For example, people might dislike buying a funny­named medication for a serious illness, or it could go the other way around.” 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于幽默感数学测量方法的研究及其意义。 9．What does the new study focus on? A．The classification of humour levels. B．The measurement of humour perception. C．The means of creating letter strings. D．The potential of humour in commercials. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“How do you quantify something ... as personal as we think.(你如何量化像幽默这样复杂又因人而异的东西呢？阿尔伯塔大学的研究人员已经研发出了一种数学方法来做到这一点，而且它可能并不像我们认为的那么因人而异。)”可知，这项新研究的重点是对幽默感知的测量。故选B。 10．What kind of word seems more humorous according to the study? A．Non­words with high entropy. B．Non­words with abnormal origins. C．Non­words with rare letter groupings. D．Non­words with handwritten letters. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Then how can a made－up word be funny？(那么一个造出来的词怎么可能有趣呢？)”和第三段“Westbury assumed the answer lay in ... are low in entropy.(Westbury (韦斯特伯里)认为答案在于单词的熵值，这是一种对单词有序性或可预测性的数学测量。像finglam这样具有不常见字母组合的非单词，熵值较低。)”可知，具有罕见字母组合的非单词似乎更幽默。故选C。 11．Which of the following best describes test subjects task in Westbury's study? A．Contrast, select and grade. B．Inquire, pick and present. C．Compare, design and report. D．Collect, document and evaluate. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段“In his study ... they found it in the range of 1 to 100.(在他的研究中，受试者被要求比较两个非单词，并选择他们认为更幽默的选项，然后给他们展示一个单个的非单词，并按照1到100的等级对他们认为的幽默程度进行评分。)”可知，在Westbury的研究中，受试者的任务是进行对比、选择和评分。故选A。 12．What does the author want to tell us in the last paragraph? A．Humour differs among individuals. B．Humour has its roots in word play. C．Humour is a product of human evolution. D．Humour is absolutely personal and subjective. 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“This nearly universal response says a lot ... says Westbury.(这种几乎普遍的反应充分说明了幽默的本质及其在人类进化中的作用。Westbury说：‘我们认为幽默是因人而异的。实际上，幽默是一种进化的信息传递工具。所以如果你笑了，你就是在让别人知道某事并不危险。’)”可推知，作者在最后一段想告诉我们幽默是人类进化的产物。故选C。 词汇：①originate v. 起源，产生　②assume v. 假定，认为　③humorous adj. 幽默的　④accurate adj. 准确的　⑤in terms of 就……而言 佳句：This nearly universal response says a lot about the nature of humour and its role in human evolution. 这种几乎普遍的反应充分说明了幽默的本质及其在人类进化中的作用。 (2025·湖南省长沙市天心区长沙长郡中学高三下二模)When someone proposes a false claim, what's the best way to change their mind? A recent paper suggests that immediately negating the claim with evidence isn't especially effective. Instead, “bypassing (绕过)” the false claim with positive counter (反)­claims about the topic might be a better strategy. The conventional response to someone presenting misinformation is to present counter­evidence. As the researchers at the Annenberg Public Policy Center (APPC) put it, “The gold standard for tackling misinformation is usually a correction that actually rebuts the misinformation.” Suppose, for example, that your dad passes back the roast potatoes over a family dinner, saying, “Are these GMOs (转基因产品)? Nah, I don't want any more physical reactions.” You might then say, “Actually, the health bodies of all the G7 agree that GMOs do not cause reactions.” But that likely won't work. The APPC team conducted six experiments where they compared actually correcting someone with “bypassing” and found that using evidence and facts to disprove someone tends to be far less successful at changing attitudes. So, what is bypassing and why is it seemingly more effective? Bypassing is where, instead of providing some negative disapproval of a claim, you provide positive counter­claims about the topic. For example, if someone tells you that 5G kills birds, tell them that 5G adds billions to the world economy. Bypassing means not meeting your misinformed opponent head­on. This is not a battle of arguments or the studies. You are pushing an argument into a different position. It's using someone's movements and logic against them. There are limitations to what the team at APPC has concluded. Their study into bypassing was largely about attitudes to policies, not about belief change or belief correction. Someone might still believe that 5G kills birds or that GMOs cause reactions, but admit that those are necessary bad things, compared to the positive outcomes you present them with. So, bypassing isn't the only tool available, and it might not even be the best if your concern is belief change. Changing someone's belief is a complicated psychological topic, and there is definitely no one­size­fits­all strategy. When it comes to policy decisions and willingness to accept a certain technology or medicine, bypassing seems like a valuable tool to add to your kit. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了采用“绕过”策略更能改变他人的态度。 13．What does the underlined word “rebuts” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Supports. B．Ignores. C．Contradicts. D．Provides. 答案：C 解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“The conventional response to someone presenting misinformation is to present counter－evidence.”可知，面对传播错误信息的人，传统的应对方式是提出反证。由此可知，画线词所在句指应对错误信息的黄金标准通常是一个真正反驳错误信息的纠正，rebut意为“反驳”，与contradict同义。故选C。 14．Which can be used as an example of “bypassing”？ A．GMOs are safe to eat because scientists say so. B．GMOs can produce higher output with less cost. C．5G doesn't kill birds, for they show no connection. D．5G kills birds, but their benefits outweigh the risks. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Bypassing is where ... counter­claims about the topic. (绕过是指你不直接对某种观点进行负面否定，而是围绕该话题提出积极的相反观点。)”可推知，转基因作物可以以更低的成本生产更高的产量，属于关于转基因作物的积极的相反观点。故选B。 15．What do we know about the “bypassing” tool according to the text? A．It is the most reliable way. B．It may facilitate policy­making. C．It is effective in belief correction. D．It appears frequently in debates. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“When it comes to ... a valuable tool to add to your kit. (当涉及政策决策和接受某种技术或药物的意愿时，绕过似乎是一个值得添加到你的工具箱中的有价值的工具。)”可知，绕过可能有助于政策制定。故选B。 16．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Negating the Claim: Does It Work? B．Challenging Misinformation: Bypass It! C．Changing One's Mind: Bypass It Indirectly! D．Bypassing: A Better Way to Shift Attitudes! 答案：D 解析：标题判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要说明了在面对他人提出的错误观点时，绕过该错误观点，通过提出关于该话题的积极相反观点是一种改变他人态度的更好策略，D项(绕过：改变态度的更好方式！)概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的最佳标题。故选D。 词汇：①effective adj. 产生预期结果的；有效的,②conventional adj. 依照惯例的；传统的　③tackle v. 处理；应对　④one­size­fits­all adj. 通用的 佳句：Changing someone's belief is a complicated psychological topic， and there is definitely no one­size­fits­all strategy. 改变一个人的信念是一个复杂的心理课题，绝对没有一刀切的策略。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $