内容正文:
Grammar & Writing
省 略
英语中有时为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下,往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语,这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见,尤其是在口语中。
要点① 词法的省略
(一)冠词的省略
1.两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时,在不引起歧义的情况下,第二个名词前的冠词可省略。
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?
这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩?
Both the old and(the)young will be invited to the party.
老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。
用and连接两个名词时,如果两个名词前只有一个冠词,通常情况下指的是同一个人或事物;如果两个名词前都有冠词,则通常指两个不同的人或事物。
He is the gardener and gatekeeper.
他是园丁兼门卫。
They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.
他们一个是园丁,一个是门卫。
2.在as/though引导的状语从句的倒装结构中,当句首是名词时,要省略冠词。
Child as he is,he knows a lot about English literature.
尽管他是个孩子,但他很了解英国文学。
Star though she is,the girl always remains modest.
尽管这个女孩是个明星,但她始终保持谦逊。
3.表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时,常省略冠词。
The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.
正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语)
She was appointed director of the commercial organisation.
她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语)
4.在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略。
He came in,book in hand.=He came in,with a book in his hand.他走了进来,手里拿着一本书。
5.副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the。
The hungry young man eats most.
这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。
(二)常见介词的省略
1.在表示一段时间或方式的短语中的for和in常省略,但for用于否定句或句首时不可以省略。
He doesn't do it (in)the way I do.
他没有按照我的方式去做。
The big fire lasted(for)several hours.
那场大火持续了几个小时。
For a whole year,I was helping my dad on the farm.
一整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。
I haven't heard from him for a long time.
我很长时间没收到他的来信了。
2.of的省略
of在与age,size,material,colour,height,shape等表示年龄、大小、材料、颜色、高度、形状等的名词连用时,常可以省略。
The two pairs of shoes are(of)the same size。
这两双鞋号码一样大。
3.在动词ing形式前介词的省略
常用的这类短语或句式有:
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
spend/waste... (in) doing sth.花费/浪费……做某事
there's no use/good (in) doing sth.
做某事没有用/好处
there's no point/sense (in) doing sth.
做某事没有意义
there's no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要
stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事
be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事
have a good/pleasant time (in) doing sth.做某事很开心
(三)替代性省略
在某些情况下,当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时,还需要用某个替代词。
1.省略的动词或动词加其他成分可以用do来代替。
He speaks English more fluently than you do.
他说英语比你说得流利。
2.在believe,expect,suppose,think和it appears/seems之后,表示同意前面说过的话时可以用so代替单词(形容词、副词)、词组或句子;表示对前面说过的话加以否定时,可以用not或not...so。
—Can you finish your work today?
你今天能完成工作吗?
—I think so./I don't think so./I think not.
我认为能。/我认为不能。
3.“So/Nor(Neither)+谓语/助动词+主语”这一句型用来替代前面提到的情况,表明它也适用于后者。
—I don't think I can walk any further.
我认为我不能再行走了。
—Neither can I.Let's stop here for a rest.
我也不行了。我们在这儿停下来休息一会吧。
4.省略掉的名词词组、形容词词组、从句或比较结构可用the same来代替。
—I lost my bike last month.
我上个月把自行车弄丢了。
—The same happened to me.
我也丢了一辆自行车。
[名师点津]
hope,guess,be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式,不能用not...so的形式。
—The boys are not doing a good job at all,are they?
男孩子们工作做得一点儿也不好,是吗?
—I guess not.我猜是没做好。
(四)连词和从句引导词的省略
1.引导宾语从句的连词that常可以省略;并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可以省略,但是后面的that不可以省略。
He said(that)he had come here an hour before and that he had cheeked in at a hotel.
他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了,还说他已经登记入住了一家旅馆。
2.关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时,常省略关系代词。
Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month?
你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗?
3.可以省略not only...but (also)...,whether...(or not),so (that)...,now (that)等连词中括号内的词。
He was not only a writer but(also)an actor.
他不仅是个作家,而且是个演员。
Whether he'll attend the meeting (or not)is not known yet.
他是否会参加这个会议还不知道。
The vase had been put on the top of the cupboard so (that) it wouldn't get broken.
花瓶放在橱柜顶上,以免被打破。
Now(that)we are all ready,let's start.
既然大家都准备好了,咱们开始吧。
(五)动词不定式的省略
1.动词不定式to的省略
①had better,would rather,would rather...than,would sooner...than,cannot but,why(not),cannot help but,may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。
We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.
我们最好尽早完成任务。
Why not turn it into a game instead?
为什么不将它转化为一种游戏呢?
②动词不定式短语作介词but,except的宾语,且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时,不定式符号to通常省略。
What do you like to do except dance?
除了跳舞外,你喜欢做什么?
My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
我妈妈什么也做不了,只能等着医生到来。
③两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时,第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.
她告诉那个孩子待在那里等她回来。
【注意】
如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系,则不定式符号to通常保留。
They didn't tell me whether to go on or to stop.
他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。
④在某些感官动词或使役动词(词组)(如hear,listen to,notice,observe,see,watch,make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中,不定式符号to要省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to要保留。
The manager made the workers work day and night.
=The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.
经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。
⑤当what引导的名词性从句作主语,或all,everything等后接定语从句作主语,且从句的谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时,作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.
我本应该放了那只鸟的。
All that I can do is (to) admit the mistake and correct it.
我能做的就是承认并改正错误。
⑥help后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可省略to。
Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage?
你能帮我搬一下行李吗?
⑦在特殊疑问句中,why,why not后跟省略to的动词不定式。
Why talk so much about it?
何必大谈这件事呢?
2.不定式符号后动词的省略
①当hope,wish,want,would like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer等动词后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而省略其他部分。
Mike lied to us but he did not want to.
迈克对我们撒了谎,但是他并不想这样做。
I'm very sorry to have hurt you,but I didn't mean to.
非常对不起,我伤害了你,可我不是故意的。
②当不定式在ask,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permtt,tell,expect,force,invite,beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号to,而省略后面的动词。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.
她想来,但她的父母不允许。
If he doesn't want to play the piano,don't force him to.
如果他不想弹钢琴,别强迫他。
③在特定的上下文中,如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done,通常省略be或have之后的部分。
—Aren't you the headmaster?
你不是校长吗?
—No,and I don't want to be.
我不是,而且我也不想当校长。
④形容词happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready,pleased,afraid等后面接动词不定式时,可以省略不定式符写to后的动词。
—Will you go for a walk?
你想去散步吗?
—I'm glad to.我想去。
1.The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police .
A.not to do B.not to
C.not do D.do not
解析 此处是短语ask sb.not to do sth.的被动式Sb.is asked not to do sth.。在本题中,do sth.指前文的“park his car near the roadside”,为了避免重复,句中仅保留不定式符号to。故选B。
答案 B
1.单句语法填空
①-Would you like to come to the party?
-I'd like to.
②Her job is to look(look) after the children and teach them everyday English.
要点② 句法的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中,可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分,也可以省略多个句子成分。
(一)简单句的省略
1.祈使句中常省略主语you。
Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.
在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。
Do be more careful in future.
今后一定要更加小心。
2.感叹句中句意明确时,主语与谓语动词常省略。
What a beautiful sight(it is)!
多美的景色啊!
How wonderful(it is)!多妙啊!
3.在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。
—(Will you)Have a smoke?你抽烟吗?
—No.Thanks.不,谢谢了。
(Is there)Anything else to say?
还有别的要说吗?
(It)Doesn't matter.没关系。
在口语中,特别是在简洁的回答中,经常为了突出答案,而只回答提问的部分。
—Who did it?谁做的?
—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语)
—What do you get?你拿了什么?
—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语)
—What do you think of the MTV?
你认为这个音乐电视怎么样?
—Very interesting.很有趣。(只保留表语)
—How much do you like me?
你有多喜欢我?
—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语)
Wait!等一下!(只保留谓语)
—What kind of pencil do you want?
你想要哪种铅笔?
—Red.红色的。(只保留定语)
2.写出下面句子中的省略部分
①Wish you and your study all the best!( )
②Must be some mistakes, I think.( )
③—Do you know Mr Li?
—I don't know.( )
④Have a drink?( )
⑤What a wonderful day!( )
答案 ①I ②There ③him ④Will you
⑤it is
(二)并列句中的省略
1.如果主语不同,而谓语动词中的一部分相同,则省略谓语动词中相同的部分。
Some people go to the mountains,and others (go) to the seaside.
有些人到山里去,有些人到海边去。
2.主语相同,谓语动词也相同,则二者都可以省略。
His suggestion made John happy,but(his suggestion made)Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴,却使玛丽很生气。
3.主语相同,而谓语不同,则可以省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while,but(he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟,可很快又抽上了。
3.写出句子中的省略内容
①To some smile is very easy, and to others so hard.( )
②We may go there by train or air.( )
③Does the price include breakfast only, or dinner as well?( )
答案 ①smile is ②by ③include
4.在并列复合句中,如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同,这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party,but I know John won't (sing at the party).
杰克将在聚会上唱歌,但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。
要点③ 状语从句中的省略
在状语从句中,为了使语言更加简洁、生动,经常使用省略形式。状语从句的省略原则:如果从句主语和主句主语一致,或其主语是it,且从句谓语含有动词be,那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。
(一)时间状语从句中的省略
When (she was) very young,she began to learn to play the violin.
她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。
While (I was) at college,I began to know him,a strange but able student.
我在上大学时开始认识他,他是一个奇怪但能力出众的学生。
As (he was) a young man,Lincoln was a shop assistant.
林肯年轻时当过店员。
(二)条件状语从句中的省略
条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary,if possible,if true等。另外unless,as long as等词或短语后也可以用省略形式。
He will come if (he is) asked.
如果有人要他来,他会来的。
If (it is) necessary,ring me at two o'clock.
如果有必要,两点给我打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible.
如果有可能,和我一起来吧。
(三)让步状语从句中的省略
He is a good man,though sometimes (he is) rather dull.
他是个好人,尽管有时很无聊。
Even if(I am)invited to,I won't go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀请我去,我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。
(四)比较状语从句中的省略
She has finished the work earlier than(it was) expected.
她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。
(五)方式状语从句中的省略
as if/as though后还可以加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词ing形式/动词ed形式/动词不定式。
She talked as if (she was) absentminded.
她谈话似乎心不在焉。
He opened the drawer,as if (he was) in search of something important.
他打开抽屉,仿佛在找什么重要的东西。
2.语法填空
(1)The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when (expose) to daylight.
解析 句意:工程师们还正努力研发一种“开关”,当(植物的光芒)暴露在日光下时,光芒会消失。此处为状语从句的省略,省略了从句主语the glow与be动词,将其补全则是when the glow is exposed to daylight。
答案 exposed
(2)In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while (prepare)recipes for under £5 per family a day.
解析 句意:在《省钱:美食》节目中,她每周拜访一个不同的家庭,并在厨师Matt Tebbutt的帮助下提供如何减少食物浪费的最佳建议,同时准备每个家庭每天花不到5英镑(就可以做出饭菜)的食谱。此处考查状语从句的省略,将其补全则是while she is preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day。
答案 preparing
4.(1)用省略结构完成句子
①Unless invited(除非被邀请),he will not come back to the company.
②She'll be here to give you help when/if necessary(如果需要的话).
③Though having tried our best(虽然我们都尽力了),we lost the game.
(2)用所给词的适当形式填空/句型转换
①Don't talk while eating(eat).
②She is so shy that she never speaks first until spoken(speak) to.
③They looked around the room as if looking(look) for something.
④While you are crossing the street,you must be careful.
→While crossing the street,you must be careful.
⑤Unless I am invited to attend the party,I won't go to his house.
→Unless invited to attend the party,I won't go to his house.
⑥When they entered the classroom,all the students looked up at me curiously.
→When entering the classroom,all the students looked up at me curiously.
介绍旅游景点
旅游景点介绍类文章实质上是说明文的一种,所以它首先要具备说明文的特点,即要按照一定的结构顺序(时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等)和模式(先总后分、由整体到局部、由概述到细节等)来展开描写。其次,要重点突出,详略得当。写作时不一定面面俱到,应重点描写该旅游景点的特别之处,突出其特色(如其独特的风景、历史文化、地理风貌、风土人情、传说故事或名胜古迹等),这样才能给读者留下深刻的印象。最后,语言要生动,富有感染力,使读者有身临其境之感,从而产生强烈的旅游欲望。
在写这类文章时,通常有以下几个步骤:首先,整体介绍景点,例如基本的地理位置或人文环境;其次,具体介绍其具有代表性的历史价值或突出的人文特色等;最后,总结概括以吸引读者前去游览。
全文可分为三段进行写作:第一段引入主题,简单介绍;第二段详细介绍相关情况;第三段总结概括。
在语言上要注意:第一,时态多用一般现在时;第二,准确运用方位词,过渡词要恰当;第三,遣词造句要简洁,不可过分渲染或模棱两可。
1.描述“方位”的常用表达
in the center of at the foot of
on the top of in the distance
close to next to
beside opposite
facing two blocks away
at the crossing
...is just in front of you.
on the other side of
2.描写“自然特点”的常用表达
continent 陆地 mainland大陆
mountain山岳 plain平原
grassland草原 desert沙漠
forest森林 valley山谷
island岛 ocean海洋
peak顶峰 slope山坡
hill小山 rock岩石
bank河畔 stream小河
source源头 spring泉
canal运河 lake湖泊
pond池塘 basin盆地
coast海岸 gulf海湾
beach海滩 shore岸
tide潮 wave浪
strait海峡 waterfall瀑布
be covered with由……覆盖
be made up of/consists of由……组成
3.描写“动作”的常用表达
go along go straight ahead
turn left turn right
walk down the street keep going
cross the street
take the first turning on the left
4.描述“历史背景”的常用表达
...has a long history of...years.
...is a...place/country with...history.
...dates back to/dates from...
5.描述“面积”的常用表达
Our city covers/has an area of 500 square kilometers.
6.描述“人口”的常用表达
Our city has a population of...
7.描述“时间”的常用表达
The opening time is from...to...on weekdays,and it works as usual on weekends.
It's open from...to...on weekdays and closed on weekends.
8.描写“景点特色”的常用表达
...is rich in tourist attractions.
It is wellknown for its worldfamous places of interest.
The city,known as...,attracts millions of visitors from all over the world.
Few visitors leave the city feeling disappointed.
9.表达“成立;建立”的句型
The history museum was set up in 1966.
The history museum was founded 50 years ago.
10.表达“接待参观者”的句型
The history museum has had 10 million guests since it was founded years ago.
The history museum has received over 10 million visitors from all over the world since it was set up years ago.
Ten million visitors from all over the world have paid a visit to the history museum since it was set up years ago.
11.表达“挤满了……”的句型
The history museum is full of visitors on weekends.
A great number of people come to the history museum every weekend.
12.表达“洋溢着……”的句型
The park is always full of children's laughter.
The park is always filled with children's laughter.
All across the park you can hear the sound of children's laughter.
As is known to all, (景点名称)is one of the (著名的原因),which located in (所在地).Every year thousands of people from all over the world come to (景点名称/所在地)to visit it.
It covers an area of (面积).From the north to the south,it measures about (长度),and (宽度)from the east to the west.While you pay a visit there,you can see , and .Besides,people there are (friendly,hospitable等形容词)and the transportation is convenient.
If you have a chance to visit it,you are sure to have a good time there.
假设你是李华,你的新西兰笔友Nick将于八月来四川旅游,特来信询问有关旅游景点的情况。请根据下表提供的信息,写一封回信,并表示盼望他的到来。
旅游资源
许多世界著名的风景名胜,如九寨沟(湖水清澈见底,色彩斑斓)及都江堰水利工程(有2 000多年的历史,目前仍在发挥作用)
相关信息
气候适宜,交通便利
注意:
1.词数100左右,信的开头已为你写好(不计入总词数);
2.可根据内容要点适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
参考词汇:省份province;都江堰水利工程Dujiangyan Irrigation System
Dear Nick,
I'm glad to hear that you're coming to Sichuan in August.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
本文要求以李华的口吻回复Nick的来信,向他介绍四川的旅游景点。写作要点如下:
1.因为开头已经给出,要顺着给出的开头写一两句话,把四川的著名景点、历史及其给现代人带来的益处介绍给Nick,之后告诉他四川的天气情况、交通状况,并将四川的优点展示给他。
2.内容要点:风景名胜,如九寨沟、都江堰水利工程。保证要点齐全,但不能一概地简单罗列,要适当发挥。
3.尾段:通常用一两句话收尾,力求干脆利索,不拖泥带水。
Dear Nick,
I'm glad to hear that you're coming to Sichuan in August.You've made a wise choice to travel here.
Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and has many worldfamous places of interest,such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation System.Jiuzhaigou is wellknown for its beautiful lakes,of which the water is clear and looks colorful.It can excite imagination in visitors.Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation System.It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today.Besides,the weather is nice and the transportation is convenient which can make your trip more enjoyable.I'm sure you'll have a good time here.
I'm looking forward to your coming.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
1.本篇范文内容精炼,表达准确,思路清晰:先从整体介绍了旅游地点,然后从具体细节入手,突出了旅游景点的特色。
2.使用了较高级的词和短语。如:choice(选择),places of interest(名胜),be rich in(在……方面丰富),be wellknown for(因……而闻名),play an important part in(在……中扮演重要角色),enjoyable(愉悦的)。
3.运用了多样化的句式结构。如:宾语从句、“介词+which“引导的定语从句、限制性定语从句。
4.运用了恰当的连接词。如:such as,another,besides。
假定你是李华,暑假期间有个美国旅游团要来北京旅游,请你作为导游根据提示信息写一篇短文简要介绍一下北京。
内容:
1.北京是中国的首都及政治、经济和文化中心;
2.北京历史悠久,景点众多,长城、天坛、紫禁城久负盛名;
3.北京美食也很多,北京烤鸭和北京小吃非常出名。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.开头已经给出,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:天坛the Temple of Heaven,紫禁城the Forbidden City,北京烤鸭Peking ducks,北京小吃Beijing snacks
Ladies and Gentleman,
Welcome to Beijing My name is Li Hua,and I feel honored to
[参考范文]
Ladies and Gentleman,
Welcome to Beijing! My name is Li Hua,and I feel honored to be your guide for the tour. Now, I'd like to tell you something about Beijing.
Beijing,also known as Peking, is the capital of China and the centre for politics, economy and culture. It enjoys a long and rich history. There are numerous heritage sites and wonderful examples of ancient architecture,such as the worldfamous Great Wall, the Temple of Heaven and the Forbidden City. Besides sightseeing places,there are many delicious foods such as Peking ducks and Beijing snacks. There is no doubt that Beijing is really a good place to travel.
I hope you all have a pleasant time here.
[基础通关]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.If accepted (accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
2.Video games can be a poor influence if left(leave) in the wrong hands.
3.Just now the patient opened her mouth as if to say (say) something to her husband.
4.When walking(walk) in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
5.The Internet has a much shorter history, especially when compared (compare) to such communication systems as the letter and the telephone.
6.His boss had Tom do(do) his work on Sundays.
7.Look out for cars when crossing (cross) the street.
8.He wouldn't speak though asked(ask).
9.Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. (cry)
10.When faced (face) with the difficulties, I must overcome them.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.我们都有焦虑不安的时候,那时我们什么都不用做,只能勇敢面对问题。
We all have times of anxiety,when there is nothing to do but bravely face the problem.
2.当被问及为什么给那位服务员那么多小费时,这位卡车司机说,人比钱重要得多。
When asked why he gave so large a tip to the waiter,the truck driver said that people were much more important than money.
3.必要的话,你可以向我求助。
If necessary,you can turn to me for help.
4. 她难得看电影。
She seldom, if possible,goes to the cinema.
5.然而,一些人认为格莱美奖不像过去那样重要了。
However, some people think that the Grammys are not as important as they used to be.
Ⅲ.句式升级(使用省略形式)
1.Someone has used my mobile phone,but I don't know who has used it.
Someone has used my mobile phone,but I don't know who.
2.John will go abroad to travel but his brother will not go abroad to travel.
John will go abroad to travel but his brother will not.
3.When I was cooking in the kitchen,I heard the doorbell ring.
When cooking in the kitchen,I heard the doorbell ring.
4.If it is necessary,we will finish it ahead of time.
If necessary,we will finish it ahead of time.
5.After a twohour walk,he should have a rest but he won't have a rest.
After a twohour walk,he should have a rest but he won't.
6.—Aren't you the section chief here?
—No,and I don't want to be the section chief here.
—Aren't you the section chief here?
—No,and I don't want to.
7.—What's your dream?
—Well,my parents wouldn't expect me to be a banker,but I still hope to be a banker.
—What's your dream?
—Well,my parents wouldn't expect me to be a banker,but I still hope to.
8.—Mary,how about going to the movies after supper?
—Going to the movies after supper sounds great!
—Mary,how about going to the movies after supper?
—Sounds great!
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$