内容正文:
专题09 定语从句
目录
01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1
02 思维导图·网络构建 3
03 考点通关·靶向突破 3
★ 考点一 限制性定语从句 4
★ 考点二 非限制性定语从句 8
考点三 定语从句与简单句的转换 11
04 优题精选·练能提分 14
考点
课标要求
复习目标
限制性定语从句
掌握that、which、who、whom、whose等关系代词的用法;掌握when、where、why等关系副词的用法;能准确判断先行词,选择合适的关系词引导从句;理解限制性定语从句对先行词的修饰限定作用,无逗号分隔,不可省略。
1. 能快速识别限制性定语从句,精准匹配先行词与关系词;2. 熟练运用关系代词、关系副词完成句子填空、改错等题型;3. 能正确书写含限制性定语从句的句子,避免语法错误。
非限制性定语从句
掌握非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别;明确which(指代物/整个句子)、who、whom、whose、as等关系词的特殊用法;知道非限制性定语从句有逗号分隔,可省略,不影响句子主干理解。
1. 能区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,判断句子是否需要逗号;2. 熟练掌握which、as在非限制性定语从句中的特殊用法及差异;3. 能准确解答非限制性定语从句的单选、完形、改错题型。
定语从句与简单句的转换
能将含定语从句的复合句转换为含介词短语、分词短语等的简单句;能将简单句改写为定语从句,使句子表达更丰富;理解转换前后句子的语义一致性,保持表达通顺。
1. 掌握两种句式转换的核心方法,明确转换逻辑;2. 能根据语境需求,灵活进行句式转换,优化表达;3. 应对句型转换题型时,做到转换准确、语法无误。
命题预测
题型聚焦:单选、完形填空、短文改错、句型转换为核心题型,偶尔在书面表达中隐性考查(提升句子丰富度);
考点侧重:关系词辨析(that/which、which/as)、关系副词与关系代词的选择、非限制性定语从句的逗号用法及特殊句式;
趋势变化:结合新情境语篇(如文化、科技、生活场景)考查,强调在语境中运用语法知识,弱化纯语法记忆,凸显语言运用核心素养。
解题锦囊
锦囊1:先找先行词,判断先行词指人、指物、指时间/地点/原因,再锁定关系词范围;
锦囊2:that不用于非限制性定语从句,也不用于介词后,which可用于这两种情况;
锦囊3:as引导非限制性定语从句可放句首/句中/句末,which多放句末,指代整个句子时两者可互换(as有“正如”含义);
锦囊4:关系副词=介词+关系代词(如when=on which,where=in which),可通过还原从句成分判断是否用关系副词;
锦囊5:句型转换时,定语从句改简单句可将从句改为“介词+名词”“分词短语”,简单句改从句需补全先行词和关系词。
考点一 限制性定语从句
一、核心定义
限制性定语从句是用来修饰、限定名词或代词(即先行词)的定语从句,与主句之间无逗号分隔,是主句语义完整不可或缺的部分。其核心作用是缩小先行词的范围,明确所指代的具体对象,若省略该从句,主句的语义会模糊不清、无法准确传达含义。例如:“The student who got the first prize is my deskmate.” 句中“who got the first prize”为限制性定语从句,若省略则变为“The student is my deskmate”,无法明确指哪一位学生,可见该从句对先行词的限定作用至关重要。这类从句多修饰普通名词或代词,广泛用于日常表达和书面语中,是中考定语从句考查的核心基础。
二、关系词分类及用法
关系词是连接先行词与定语从句的核心纽带,分为关系代词和关系副词两类,其选择需同时结合先行词的类型(人、物、时间、地点、原因)和关系词在从句中所作的句子成分(主语、宾语、定语、状语),二者缺一不可。
类别
关系词
先行词类型
在从句中所作成分
例句
关系代词
that
人/物(不用于非限制性定语从句和介词后)
主语、宾语(宾语可省略,口语和书面语通用)
The book (that) I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.(that作宾语,可省略,先行词为物);The boy that helped the old man is from our class.(that作主语,不可省略,先行词为人)。
who
人(包括单数和复数,不指代物)
主语、宾语(宾语可省略,口语中使用频率高于whom)
The girl who is talking to the teacher is my sister.(who作主语,不可省略);The man (who) we met on the street is a policeman.(who作宾语,可省略)。
whom
人(仅指代人,无指代物用法)
宾语(可省略,正式书面语中常用,介词后必须用whom)
The man (whom) we met at the party is a doctor.(whom作宾语,可省略);The girl with whom he talked just now is his cousin.(介词with后用whom,不可省略)。
whose
人/物(表所属关系,后必须接名词)
定语(修饰后面的名词,表“……的”)
This is the boy whose father is a driver.(whose修饰boy,表“男孩的父亲”,先行词为人);I like the house whose windows face the park.(whose修饰house,表“房子的窗户”,先行词为物)。
which
物(不指代人,可用于介词后和非限制性定语从句)
主语、宾语(宾语可省略,口语和书面语通用)
The pen which lies on the desk is mine.(which作主语,不可省略);The story (which) she told us is very moving.(which作宾语,可省略);The song to which he is listening is popular.(介词to后用which)。
关系副词
when
时间名词(day、year、moment、hour、week等)
时间状语(相当于“介词+which”)
I remember the day when we first met.(when作时间状语,=on which,从句完整表达为“we first met on the day”)。
where
地点名词(place、school、city、room、street等)
地点状语(相当于“介词+which”)
This is the school where I studied.(where作地点状语,=in which,从句完整表达为“I studied in the school”)。
why
reason(仅修饰reason这一表原因的名词)
原因状语(相当于“for which”)
Do you know the reason why he was late?(why作原因状语,=for which,从句完整表达为“he was late for the reason”)。
【易混易错】
1. 关系词与先行词的匹配错误:这是中考高频易错点,核心是混淆先行词类型与对应关系词。如先行词为物时,误用who(正确:The book which/that I read is great;错误:The book who I read is great);先行词为时间/地点/原因时,未判断从句成分就盲目用关系副词,若从句缺主语或宾语,需用that/which而非when/where/why。例:I still remember the day that we spent together.(从句缺宾语,用that,不用when);I still remember the day when we played together.(从句缺状语,用when)。
2. 关系词冗余:从句中已有关系词作主语或宾语时,额外添加人称代词,导致句子成分重复。如The girl who she is my classmate is very nice.(who已作从句主语,she多余,应删去she);The pen that I bought it yesterday is lost.(that已作宾语,it多余,删去it)。
3. that的禁用场景:一是不可用于介词后,若介词提前至关系词前,需用which/whom替代that(正确:The book in which I read is good;错误:The book in that I read is good);二是不可用于非限制性定语从句(后续考点详细讲解);三是先行词既有人又有物时,只能用that,不可用which/who(例:The teachers and students that visited the museum were excited)。
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏泰州·月考)Those ________ finished doing it put up your hands.
A.who have B.who has C.which have D.which has
【答案】A
【解析】句意:那些已经完成它的人举手。
考查定语从句的用法和主谓一致。根据“Those...finished doing it put up your hands.”可知,此句是定语从句,先行词those指人,应用关系代词 who;且those为复数,从句谓语动词需用复数形式have。故选A。
2.(24-25九年级上·江苏常州·期末)The book ________ was written many years ago is still of great value.
A.whose B.when C.who D.that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:这本多年前写的书仍然很有价值。
考查定语从句的关系代词辨析。whose谁的;when什么时候;who谁;that那个。根据句子,先行词“the book”是物,且从句“was written many years ago”缺少主语,需用关系词that来引导。故选D。
3.(2025·江苏南京·模拟预测)—How do you like this comedy?
—I think it’s the most interesting program ______ I have ever watched.
A.who B.when C.that D.which
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——你觉得这部喜剧怎么样?——我认为这是我看过的最有趣的节目。
考查定语从句关系代词辨析。who“谁”在定语从句中指代人;when“当……时”,属于关系副词,在从句中充当状语;that“那个”可以空格指代人或物;which“哪个”在定语从句指代物。空格处需引导定语从句修饰先行词“program”,该先行词指事物且被最高级“the most interesting”修饰,此时关系代词需用that。故选C。
4.(2025·江苏扬州·二模)The movie ________we watched last night was really inspiring.
A.who B.when C.where D.which
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我们昨晚看的电影真是鼓舞人心。
考查定语从句。分析句子可知,此处是一个定语从句,先行词movie在定语从句中作宾语,指物,所以关系代词用that或者which或者省略,故选D。
5.(2024·江苏南京·模拟预测)Nanjing is a city ________ attracts a lot of people.
A.where B.which C.why D.how
【答案】B
【解析】句意:南京是一座吸引了许多人的城市。
考查定语从句。where 是关系副词,表地点,在从句中作状语; which 是关系代词,代指名词,在从句中充当主语;why 表原因;how 表方式。定语从句中缺少主语,且指代的是先行词 “city”物,因此需用关系代词 which 或 that,在从句中作主语。故选B。
考点二 非限制性定语从句
一、核心定义
非限制性定语从句是定语从句的重要类别,核心功能是对先行词进行补充说明、附加注释,而非限定范围。它与主句之间必须用逗号分隔,形成语义上的相对独立,即使省略该从句,主句的核心语义依然完整、明确,仅损失部分补充信息。这类从句翻译时通常不直译作前置定语,而是译为独立分句,使表达更通顺自然。例如:“My brother,who is a doctor,works in Beijing.” 句中“who is a doctor”为非限制性定语从句,省略后主句“My brother works in Beijing”语义完整,从句仅补充说明哥哥的职业,这也是它与限制性定语从句最核心的语义差异。非限制性定语从句多用于书面语,能让句式更丰富,表达更精准细腻。
二、核心用法
1. 关系词范围:非限制性定语从句的关系词选择有明确限制,可使用which(指物/整个主句)、who(指人,作主语)、whom(指人,作宾语)、whose(指人/物,表所属)、as(表“正如”),绝对不可使用that,这是中考高频考点,需重点记忆。同时,关系词不可省略,即使在从句中作宾语,也需保留(如The girl,whom we met yesterday,is very kind. 此处whom不可省略)。
2. 特殊用法:这是非限制性定语从句的考查重点,主要体现在which和as的用法上。
(1)which的特殊用法:可指代整个主句的内容,而非单个先行词,译为“这、这件事、这一点”,从句多位于主句之后。例如:He passed the exam,which made his parents happy.(他通过了考试,这件事让他父母很高兴),此处which指代“他通过考试”这件事;She missed the bus,which made her late for school.(她没赶上公交车,这导致她上学迟到了),which指代前文整个事件。此外,which还可指代主句中的某个名词(物),补充说明其特征或情况,与限制性定语从句中which的用法一致,但需加逗号分隔。
(2)as的特殊用法:as引导非限制性定语从句时,核心含义为“正如、正像”,可置于句首、句中或句末,这是它与which的关键区别(which引导的非限制性定语从句不可置于句首)。常见搭配有as we all know(正如我们所知)、as is known to all(众所周知)、as expected(正如预料的那样)等。例如:As we all know,the earth is round.(正如我们所知,地球是圆的),as置于句首;The film,as I expected,is very wonderful.(这部电影,正如我预料的那样,非常精彩),as置于句中;He is a honest boy,as we can see.(他是个诚实的男孩,正如我们所见),as置于句末。当as和which都指代整个主句内容时,若从句表“正如”含义,只能用as;若无此含义,两者可互换。
三、与限制性定语从句的区别
两者的区别贯穿中考定语从句考点,需从标点、关系词、语义作用、省略影响四个核心维度精准区分,避免混用。具体对比如下:
维度
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
示例对比
标点符号
无逗号,与主句紧密衔接
有逗号,与主句语义分离
限制性:The girl who is in red is my sister.(穿红衣服的女孩是我妹妹);非限制性:The girl,who is in red,is my sister.(那个女孩是我妹妹,她穿着红衣服)
关系词
可使用that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where、why
不可使用that,可用which、who、whom、whose、as、when、where(无why)
限制性:The book that I read is good.(可用that);非限制性:The book,which I read,is good.(不可用that)
语义作用
修饰限定先行词,缩小范围,明确指代对象
补充说明先行词,提供附加信息,不限定范围
限制性:I like the pen which is black.(限定“黑色的那支笔”);非限制性:I like the pen,which is black.(喜欢这支笔,补充说明它是黑色的)
省略影响
省略后主句语义模糊,无法明确指代对象
省略后主句语义完整,仅损失附加信息
限制性:The student who won the prize is Tom.(省略从句则不知哪名学生);非限制性:The student,who won the prize,is Tom.(省略从句仍明确“学生是汤姆”)
【特别提示】
1. 先行词为专有名词(如人名、地名、书名、机构名等)时,通常用非限制性定语从句补充说明,因为专有名词本身具有唯一性,无需再限定范围。例如:Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a beautiful city.(北京,中国的首都,是一座美丽的城市);Mo Yan,who is a famous writer,won the Nobel Prize.(莫言,一位著名作家,获得了诺贝尔奖);The Old Man and the Sea,which was written by Hemingway,is a classic novel.(《老人与海》,海明威所著,是一部经典小说)。
2. 先行词为整个主句内容时,只能用非限制性定语从句,由which或as引导,不可用限制性定语从句。例如:He finished the task on time,which surprised everyone.(他按时完成了任务,这让所有人都很惊讶),此处不可省略逗号,也不可用that引导。
1.Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.
A.who B.that C.whose D.which
【答案】C
【解析】句意:怀特先生来到警察局,他的汽车已经被偷了。who引导定语从句,修饰人,作主语,宾语或表语;that引导定语从句,修饰人或事物,作主语,宾语或表语;whose在定语从句中作定语,修饰名词;which引导定语从句,修饰事物,作主语,宾语或表语;此处的定语从句中修饰名词car,故用whose,故选C。
2.Liu Xiang’s ability in hurdling was noticed by Sun Haiping, ________ later became his coach.
A.what B.which C.who D.whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意:刘翔的跨栏能力被孙海平注意到了,他后来成为了刘翔的教练。
考查关系代词的用法。what什么;which哪个;who谁;whom谁。根据句子结构,逗号后为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“Sun Haiping”,且关系代词在从句中作主语,应用主格形式who。故选C。
3.She still remembers the day ________ she first walked into the high-school classroom, ________ left a deep impression on her.
A.when; which B.which; that C.that; when D.when; who
【答案】A
【解析】句意:她仍然记得她第一次走进高中教室的那一天,这给她留下了深刻的印象。
考查定语从句。when是关系副词,可引导定语从句,先行词表示时间,在从句中作时间状语;which是关系代词,可引导定语从句,修饰事物或前面整个句子,在从句中作主语或宾语等;that是关系代词,可引导限制性定语从句,修饰人或事物,但不能引导非限制性定语从句;who是关系代词,可引导定语从句时,先行词指人。第一个空先行词是“the day”,从句“she first walked into the high-school classroom”中缺少时间状语,需用when;第二个空修饰前面整个句子,用which。故选A。
4.Shanghai is experiencing another extreme heatwave, ________ has become more frequent in recent years due to climate change.
A.that B.which C.who D.when
【答案】B
【解析】句意:上海正在经历又一场极端热浪,由于气候变化,这类极端热浪近年来变得愈发频繁。
考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。that不能引导非限制性定语从句;which先行词是物;who先行词是人;when先行词是时间。根据“extreme heatwave”可知,先行词指物,应用which引导。故选B。
5.The Dragon Boat Festival, a traditional festival in China, ______ boasts a long-standing history.
A.who B.which C.where D.when
【答案】B
【解析】句意:端午节是中国的传统节日,它有着悠久的历史。
考查定语从句。who谁,指代人;which哪一个,指代物;where哪里,指代地点;when何时,指代时间。根据句子结构可知,本句为定语从句,先行词是“The Dragon Boat Festival”,指物,且关系词在定语从句中作主语,所以用which引导定语从句。故选B。
考点三 限制性定语从句与简单句的转换
一、核心转换逻辑
定语从句与简单句的转换是中考句型转换题型的核心考点,其核心原则是语义不变、结构优化。转换本质是将定语的表达形式在“从句”与“短语”之间切换——定语从句通过完整句子修饰先行词,表达更严谨具体;简单句通过介词短语、分词短语等修饰成分替代从句,句式更简洁凝练。转换的关键在于精准把握修饰关系,无论形式如何变化,都需保留原句的修饰对象、逻辑关系及核心含义,既不能遗漏关键信息,也不可额外添加语义,同时要符合语法规范,让转换后的句子通顺自然,适配不同语境的表达需求。这种转换能力不仅能应对题型考查,还能帮助学生在书面表达中灵活切换句式,提升语言表达的丰富度。
二、具体转换方法
转换需结合定语从句的引导类型(关系代词、关系副词)及简单句的修饰成分类型(介词短语、分词短语等),针对性采用对应方法,确保转换准确高效。
1. 定语从句改为简单句
(1)关系代词引导的从句:可改为“介词+先行词对应的名词”“分词短语”。
例:
The boy who is wearing a red coat is my brother.(定语从句)→ The boy in a red coat is my brother.(介词短语作定语,简单句)
The book that was written by Lu Xun is popular. → The book written by Lu Xun is popular.(过去分词短语作定语)。
(2)关系副词引导的从句:可改为“介词+时间/地点名词”。
例:I visited the city where I was born. → I visited the city of my birth.(介词短语作定语)。
2. 简单句改为定语从句
找到简单句中的修饰成分(介词短语、分词短语等),确定对应的先行词,补充合适的关系词,将短语扩展为从句。
例:
The girl with long hair is my classmate.(简单句)→ The girl who has long hair is my classmate.(定语从句)
We spent a happy day in the park. → We spent a happy day in the park where we played games.(补充从句内容,完善修饰)。
【注意】
转换的核心是保留原句语义,通过调整修饰成分的形式,实现复合句与简单句的切换,本质是定语的表达形式变化(从句定语↔短语定语)。
1. 语义一致性原则:转换前后必须保持原句核心语义不变,严禁增减信息、改变修饰关系或逻辑。例如:The boy who broke the window was punished.(定语从句)改为简单句时,不可改为The boy broke the window and was punished.(并列句,改变句子结构和语义重心),正确应为The boy breaking the window was punished.(现在分词短语作定语,语义一致)。
2. 语法规范性原则:简单句改定语从句时,需确保关系词与先行词精准匹配(指人用who/whom/whose,指物用which/that,时间用when等),从句语法完整(主谓宾/主系表结构清晰),无成分残缺或冗余。例如:错误:The pen which I write is very good.(从句缺介词with,应为The pen with which I write is very good.);正确:The pen which I write with is very good.(介词后置,语法完整)。
3. 介词选择准确性原则:无论是从句改简单句还是简单句改从句,介词的选择都需贴合先行词的搭配习惯或原句固定短语,避免介词误用。例如:“用钢笔写字”是write with a pen,不可改为write by a pen;“在学校学习”是study in the school,不可改为study at the school(at多用于小地点,school为中等地点,常用in)。
4. 句式适配性原则:转换需结合语境需求,若需简洁表达则选简单句,若需精准修饰、丰富句式则选定语从句。书面表达中,可灵活切换两种句式,避免句式单一,但需确保转换后的句子符合语境逻辑。
5. 避免重复修饰原则:转换后不可出现修饰成分重复的问题,例如:错误:The girl who is a girl with long hair is my sister.(重复修饰girl);正确:The girl with long hair is my sister.(简单句)/ The girl who has long hair is my sister.(定语从句)。
1.In Wenzhou, New Year cake is often the first dish. It means “having more luck and becoming better” in Chinese pronunciation. (用定语从句合并两个句子)
【答案】In Wenzhou, New Year cake is often the first dish, which means “having more luck and becoming better” in Chinese pronunciation.
【解析】根据“It means...”可知,“it”指代的是“New Year cake”,应用“which”引导。故填In Wenzhou, New Year cake is often the first dish, which means “having more luck and becoming better” in Chinese pronunciation.
2.The woman is my aunt. She wears a pair of white shoes. (简单句合并为含有that引导的定语从句的主从复合句)
【答案】The woman that wears a pair of white shoes is my aunt.
【解析】句意:那个女人是我的阿姨。她穿着一双白鞋。根据题意可知,第二句话中的She是指的The woman,故合并时The woman为先行词,题干要求用引导词that。故填The woman that wears a pair of white shoes is my aunt.
3.The girl is my cousin. The girl is wearing a red hat. (合并句子)
The girl wearing a red hat is my cousin.
【答案】 who/that is
【解析】句意:这个女孩是我的表妹。这个女孩戴着一顶红帽子。两个句子可以合并为“戴着一顶红帽子的这个女孩是我的表妹”;第一个空为关系代词,代替指人的先行词“The girl”在从句中充当主语,应用who/that;第二个空应用be动词构成现在进行时,主语为The girl,所以应填is。故填who/that;is。
4.The girl told me the news. She is not here now.(把简单句改为包含定语从句的复合句)
【答案】The girl who told me the news is not here now./The girl that told me the news is not here now.
【解析】句意:那个女孩告诉了我这个消息。她现在不在这里。根据“The girl told me the news. She is not here now”可知,其变为定语从句时,先行词应为The girl,定语从句为“关系词+told me the news”,由于从句缺主语,先行词为人,故应用that或who引导从句,从句应放在先行词之后,主句余下部分为“is not here now”。故填The girl who/that told me the news is not here now.
5.Most of the people giving advice were women.
Most of the people advice were women.
【答案】 who/that gave
【解析】句意:大部分给建议的人都是女性。考查简单句与定语从句的同义转换。原句是简单句,“giving advice”是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰“people”,可以改写为定语从句,题目中先行词是“Most of the people”,指人,定语从句缺主语,用关系代词“who/that”引导,动词“give”要用过去式“gave”。故填who/that;gave。
一、单项选择
1.The tree ________ cut down was over 500 years old.
A.who was B.that were C.which was D.which were
2.Is the man ________ stands near the tree your new neighbor?
A.which B.what C./ D.who
3.The shop ________ sells some clothes at a low price is at the end of the street.
A.which B.where C.when D.who
4.The books ________ were written by the famous writer sold well.
A.that B.those C.who D.what
5.The boy _________ father is a doctor wants to be a scientist when he grows up.
A.who B.whose C.which D.whom
6.Tom says he loves actors ________ their own plays.
A.which write B.that writes C.who write D.who writes
7.I like music ________ I can dance to.
A.what B.who C.that D.whose
8.Chances belong to those ________ keep trying. As long as you keep working hard, you’ll get a big success sooner or later.
A.whose B.which C.whom D.that
9.This is the first birthday gift ________ I received. I’ve kept it for many years.
A.who B.what C.that D.which
10.My sister and her little dog ________ are playing in the garden make me very happy.
A.that B.which C.who D.what
11.The teacher explained the question clearly ________ we had discussed for a long time.
A.what B.whether C.who D.which
12.—Do you know the scientist and his research ________ were mentioned in the report?
—Yes, they focus on environmental protection and are widely praised.
A.whom B.that C.which D.who
13.Li Ming says he loves singers ________ their own music.
A.whom writes B.that writes C.whose write D.who write
14.I prefer movies ________ me something to think about.
A.which gives B.that gives C.that give D.who give
15.I often think of the days ________ I had happy moments in my primary school.
A.what B.when C.that D.which
16.I wonder who knows the name of the girl ________ father works in Dongying Railway Station.
A.which B.that C.whose D.who
17.The dragon is the only animal ________ isn’t real among the Chinese zodiac (生肖).
A.that B.which C.who D.what
18.—We will leave our school in six months.
—I will never forget the persons and the things ________ I have experienced and met.
A.that B.which C.who D.what
19.I felt very happy to get a one-month break from work last year ________ I could travel with my family to Paris.
A.where B.that C.which D.when
20.This is the best movie ________ I have ever seen.
A.which B.that C.who D.whose
21.I’ll never forget the days ________ we spent together five years ago.
A.which B.when C.where D.how
22.We’ll never forget those ________ lost their lives for our country.
A.who B.which C.whom D.whose
23.I will tell Peter ________ I know about our traditions in China.
A.all which B.all that C.all what D.that all
24.Life is a long race ________ we fight against all the difficulties to realize our dreams.
A.when B.which C.how D.where
25.If we study hard with big dreams, there is nothing ________ can’t be achieved.
A.who B.that C.whom D.which
26.The labor class ________ can help students to know some knowledge about farming is so popular in Chinese middle schools nowadays.
A.which B.who C.when D.where
27.The students are reading books ________ are full of the “red spirit”.
A.who B.where C.which D.why
28.Tea is the leaf of a plant ________ grows widely in China, Japan and other countries.
A.what B.who C.that D.when
29.I didn’t see the man ________ stole my handbag clearly.
A.which B.when C.where D.who
30.This is one of the most exciting football games ________ I have ever watched.
A.who B.which C.that D.where
二、完成句子
31.昨天给我们做环保讲座的那位专家是我爸爸的朋友。
The expert us an environmental lecture yesterday is my father’s friend.
32.正在社区工作的志愿者都是中学生。
The volunteers working in the community are all middle school students.
33.参赛选手都称赞节目组在比赛中为他们所提供的最好的服务。
All contestants the program crew the best was offered to them during the competition.
34.她最终在图书馆看到了她寻找的那本书。
She saw the book in the library at last.
35.谁是那个应该被控告受贿的官员?
Who is the officer should be taking bribes?
36.杨波是海嘎村的英雄,他带领着村民走向了幸福的生活。
Yang Bo is a hero in Haiga village villagers to a better life.
37.卡拉更喜欢那种带给她思考的电影。
Carla prefers movies her something to think about.
38.成就属于那些坚持梦想的人。
Achievements belong to those to their dreams.
39.我对跑步很痴迷。那是我唯一想做的事情。
I am crazy about running. That’s the I’ve wanted to do.
40.艾米不是唯一一个擅长回收利用的人。
Amy isn’t the only one recycling.
41.我喜欢能跟着唱的音乐。
I like music I can .
42.那个扮演英雄的演员曾经是学校老师!
The actor the hero a school teacher!
43.当我心情不好或疲惫时,我更爱看那些能使我高兴起来的电影。
When I’m or tired, I prefer movies can .
44.他更喜欢演奏安静舒缓歌曲的乐队。
He prefers groups quiet and slow songs.
45.这是我见过的最美的海滩。
This is the most beautiful beach .
46.嫦娥II号是作为中国第二颗月球探测器发射的宇宙飞船。
Chang’e II is a spaceship was the 2nd lunar probe of China.
47.我非常喜欢这张在故宫博物院拍的全家福。
I really like this family photo taken in the Palace Museum.
48.艺术是一门帮助人们理解彼此文化的语言。
Art is a language people understand each other’s cultures.
49.玩火者必自焚
The man with fire gets burned.
50.有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?
It is always a pleasure to greet a friend from a far-away place.
参考答案
一、
1.C
【解析】句意:那棵被砍倒的树有500多年树龄了。
考查定语从句关系词及主谓一致。who was先行词指人,单数;that were先行词指人或指物,复数;which was先行词指物,单数;which were先行词指物,复数。先行词The tree指物,为单数形式,且其后的定语从句中,关系词指代先行词The tree作主语,谓语需用表示单数的was。故选C。
2.D
【解析】句意:站在树旁边的那个人是你的新邻居吗?
考查定语从句关系代词。which指代物;what不引导定语从句;/关系代词省略,但定语从句缺主语时不可省略;who指代人,在从句中作主语。先行词“the man”指人,定语从句“...stands near the tree”中缺少主语,应用关系代词“who”。故选D。
3.A
【解析】句意:那个以低价卖一些衣服的商店在街道的尽头。
考查关系代词辨析。which哪个,指代事物;where在哪里,指代地点;when当……时,指代时间;who谁,指代人。根据“The shop ... sells some clothes at a low price”可知,本句是定语从句,此处缺少关系代词,先行词是the shop,指物,且从句中缺少主语,所以用关系代词which引导。故选A。
4.A
【解析】句意:那位著名作家写的书卖得很好。
考查定语从句关系代词。that那个,关系代词;those那些;who谁,指人;what什么,不引导定语从句。分析句子结构,空格后“were written by the famous writer”是修饰“The books”的定语从句,从句缺少主语,且先行词“The books”指物,应使用关系代词that或which引导。选项中只有that符合条件。故选A。
5.B
【解析】句意:父亲是医生的那个男孩长大后想成为一名科学家。
考查关系代词。who谁,主格,先行词指人;whose谁的(所有格);which 哪一个,先行词指物;whom 谁,宾格,先行词指人。分析句子结构可知,“...father is a doctor”是定语从句,修饰先行词“The boy”,且从句中缺少定语,用来修饰“father”,表示“男孩的父亲”,所以应用关系代词“whose”来引导定语从句。故选B。
6.C
【解析】句意:汤姆说他喜欢那些写自己戏剧的演员。
考查定语从句。which指代物;that既可以指代人也可以指代物;who指代人。先行词actors指人,需用关系代词who或that,排除A;actors为复数,从句中的谓语动词应用write,排除BD。故选C。
7.C
【解析】句意:我喜欢能让我随着跳舞的音乐。
考查定语从句。what什么,常引导名词性从句,不能引导定语从句;who谁,先行词指人,在从句中作主语或宾语;that那个,先行词指人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语;whose谁的,先行词指人或物,在从句中作定语表所属关系。根据“I like music…I can dance to.”可知,此处包含一个定语从句,先行词是music,指物。关系词在从句中作介词to的宾语,应用关系代词that或which。故选C。
8.D
【解析】句意:机会属于那些不断尝试的人。只要你坚持努力,你迟早会取得巨大的成功。
考查定语从句。whose谁的;which哪一个(指物);whom谁(宾格,指人);that那个(可指人或物,可作主语或宾语)。根据“those”指人且在从句中作主语可知,此处用that引导定语从句。故选D。
9.C
【解析】句意:这是我收到的第一个生日礼物。我已经保留它很多年了。
考查定语从句的关系代词。句子是定语从句,先行词“gift”是物,且被序数词“first”修饰,关系代词在从句中作宾语,应使用that。故选C。
10.A
【解析】句意:我姐姐和她的在花园里玩耍的小狗让我很开心。
考查定语从句关系代词。that可指人或物;which指物;who指人;what不能引导定语从句。先行词“My sister and her little dog”既包含人又包含物,关系代词需用that来引导定语从句。故选A。
11.D
【解析】句意:老师清楚地解释了那个我们讨论了很长时间的问题。
考查关系代词辨析。what什么;whether是否;who谁;which哪一个。根据“The teacher explained the question clearly...we had discussed for a long time.”以及选项可知,需用关系代词which,引导一个定语从句,修饰先行question,并在从句中作动词discuss的宾语,指物。故选D。
12.B
【解析】句意:——你知道报告中提到的那位科学家和他的研究吗?——知道,他们专注于环境保护,广受赞誉。
考查定语从句关系词辨析。whom指人,在从句中作宾语;that指人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;which指物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;who指人,在从句中作主语。分析句子结构可知,这是一个定语从句,先行词是“the scientist and his research”,既有人又有物,当先行词既有人又有物时,关系词只能用that,在从句中作主语。故选B。
13.D
【解析】句意:李明说他喜欢自己写音乐的歌手。
考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,此处是定语从句,从句缺少主语,且先行词singers指人,所以用关系代词who引导定语从句,排除A和C;又因为关系代词在从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的单复数应与先行词保持一致,先行词singers是复数,所以谓语动词用原形write,排除B。故选D。
14.C
【解析】句意:我更喜欢那些给我一些思考的电影。
考查定语从句和主谓一致。句子是定语从句,先行词是movies,且关系词在从句中作主语,用that/which引导定语从句,且关系词指代名词复数,谓语动词用原形。故选C。
15.B
【解析】句意:我经常想起我在小学时度过快乐时光的那些日子。
考查定语从句引导词辨析。what不能引导定语从句;when引导定语从句,修饰表示时间的先行词 (如 day, time, year 等),在从句中作时间状语;that引导定语从句,可在从句中作主语或宾语,修饰人或物;which引导定语从句,修饰物或整个句子,在从句中作主语或宾语。根据“the days…I had happy moments in my primary school.”可知,此处是定语从句,先行词是“days”,在从句中作时间状语,需用关系副词when引导,表示“在那些日子里”。故选B。
16.C
【解析】句意:我想知道谁知道那个女孩的名字,她的父亲在东营火车站工作。
考查关系代词。which指物,不用于人;that可用于人或物,但不表示所有格;whose表示所有格;who用于人,作主语或宾语,不表示所有格。分析句子可知,此处表示“女孩的父亲”,应用whose引导定语从句,修饰先行词“the girl”。故选C。
17.A
【解析】句意:龙是中国十二生肖中唯一不真实的动物。
考查定语从句。根据“The dragon is the only animal...isn’t real among the Chinese zodiac (生肖).”可知,该句为主从复合句,从句为定语从句,先行词是“animal”动物,而且其被“the only”修饰。在定语从句中,当先行词被“the only”修饰时,关系代词只能用“that”,故选A。
18.A
【解析】句意:——我们六个月后就要离开学校了。——我永远不会忘记我所经历和遇到的人和事。
考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,此句是定语从句,先行词“the persons and the things”既有人又有物,在从句中作宾语,关系代词只能用that。故选A。
19.D
【解析】句意:去年我很高兴能有一个月的休假,那时我可以和家人去巴黎旅行。
考查定语从句的关系词辨析。where哪里;that那个;which哪个;when当……时。先行词“a one-month break”表示一段时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when引导。故选D。
20.B
【解析】句意:这是我看过的最好的电影。
考查定语从句关系词辨析。which哪一个,引导定语从句,先行词为物;that那个,引导定语从句,先行词为人或物;who谁,引导定语从句,先行词为人;whose谁的,引导定语从句,在从句中作定语。根据“This is the best movie…I have ever seen.”可知,此处为定语从句,先行词为movie,指物,且先行词前有最高级修饰,只能用that引导。故选B。
21.A
【解析】句意:我永远不会忘记五年前我们一起度过的那些日子。
考查定语从句关系词辨析。which哪一个,关系代词;when当……时,关系副词;where在……地方,关系副词;how如何,关系副词。根据句子结构,先行词“the days”在定语从句“we spent together five years ago”中作动词“spent”的宾语,需用关系代词which指代物并充当宾语。故选A。
22.A
【解析】句意:我们永远不会忘记那些为我们的国家牺牲生命的人。
考查关系代词辨析。who谁,主格;which哪个,指物;whom谁,宾格;whose谁的,所有格。根据“We’ll never forget those...lost their lives for our country.”可知,空格处引导定语从句修饰“those”,这里指的是人,并在从句中作主语,指代人时主格关系代词用“who”。故选A。
23.B
【解析】句意:我会把我所知道的所有关于我们中国传统的事情告诉彼得。
考查定语从句中关系代词的用法。all which不正确,which不用于all后;all that所有……;all what不正确,what不用于all后;that all语序错误。根据“I will tell Peter…I know about our traditions in China.”可知,此处是定语从句,先行词是all,关系代词用that。故选B。
24.D
【解析】句意:生活是一场漫长的赛跑,在这场赛跑中我们与所有困难斗争以实现梦想。
考查定语从句关系词。when先行词表时间;which先行词表事物;how不引导定语从句;where先行词表地点。先行词“race”为抽象地点(赛跑/过程),且从句“we fight against...”不缺主干成分,需用关系副词where引导定语从句,相当于in which。故选D。
25.B
【解析】句意:如果我们努力学习并有远大梦想,没有什么是不能实现的。
考查关系代词辨析。who仅指代人(可作主语 / 宾语);that可指代人 / 事物(可作主语 / 宾语),且先行词为不定代词(如 nothing)时只能用that;whom仅指代人(只能作宾语);which仅指代事物(可作主语 / 宾语),但先行词为不定代词时不可用。分析句子结构可知,本句是定语从句,先行词“nothing”是不定代词,指物,需用“that”引导定语从句。故选B。
26.A
【解析】句意:如今,能够帮助学生了解一些农业知识的劳动课在中国的中学里非常受欢迎。
考查定语从句。which哪个,指代物;who谁,指代人;when什么时候,指时间;where哪里,指地点。根据“The labor class…can help students to know some knowledge about farming”可知,此处是定语从句,先行词是The labor class,指物,在从句中作主语,用which引导定语从句。故选A。
27.C
【解析】句意:学生们正在阅读充满“红色精神”的书籍。
考查定语从句关系词。who引导定语从句时,先行词是人;where引导定语从句时,先行词是地点;which引导定语从句时,先行词是物;why引导定语从句时,先行词是原因。此句先行词books是物,所以用which。故选C。
28.C
【解析】句意:茶叶是一种植物的叶子,这种植物在中国、日本和其他国家广泛生长。
考查定语从句关系词。what不能引导定语从句;who引导定语从句时,先行词是人;that引导定语从句时,先行词可以是人或物;when引导定语从句时,先行词是时间。此句先行词a plant是物,所以用that。故选C。
29.D
【解析】句意:我没有清楚地看到偷我手提包的那个人。
考查定语从句。which哪个;when什么时候;where哪里;who谁。根据“I didn’t see the man...stole my handbag clearly.”可知,此处为定语从句,先行词the man为人,用who连接,在从句中作主语。故选D。
30.C
【解析】句意:这是我看过的最令人兴奋的足球比赛之一。
考查定语从句关系词。who谁;which哪一个;that那;where哪里。先行词“football games”指物,且被最高级“the most exciting”修饰,在定语从句中作宾语,关系词应用that。故选C。
二、
31. who/that gave
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,空格处为定语从句,give a lecture“做讲座”,根据“yesterday”可知,句子时态为一般过去时,故此处应用过去式gave;第一空为定语从句引导词,从句缺主语,先行词The expert为人,故应用who或that引导定语从句。故填who/that;gave。
32. that/who are
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,此处是定语从句,表示正在工作的志愿者,先行词“The volunteers”表示人,且在句中作主语,应用that/who引导;从句中为现在进行时,其构成为“am/is/are doing”,主语“The volunteers”表示复数,系动词用are。故填that/how;are。
33. praised for service that/which
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,第一处缺少“称赞”,英文表达是“praise”,根据“was offered”可知,时态是一般过去时,所以“praise”要用过去式“praised”;“称赞某人某事”用“praise sb. for sth”结构,所以第二处用“for”;第三处缺少“服务”,“服务”英文是“service”,不可数名词;第四处,根据句子结构分析可知,此句是一个定语从句,“the best service”是先行词,指物,在从句中作主语,所以用关系词that/which引导。故填praised;for;service;that/which。
34. she was looking for
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,此处缺少“她寻找的”。“她寻找的”英文为“she was looking for”,过去进行时表示过去某一阶段一直发生的动作。“the book”为先行词,在定语从句中作宾语,因此可以选用关系代词that或which来引导从句,也可以省略。故填she;was;looking;for。
35. that accused of
【解析】根据中英文句子可知,此句是定语从句,先行词是the officer,定语从句缺主语,引导词用that;被控告“be accused of”,故填that;accused;of。
36. who/that led
【解析】根据所给句意可知,空白处应用定语从句,先行词“a hero”表示人,应用关系代词who/that,在句中作主语;第二空表示“带领”,用动词lead,根据句意可知,应用一般过去时。故填who/that;led。
37. that/which give
【解析】句子是定语从句,先行词movies指物,用that或which引导定语从句,“带给”give,根据“prefers”可知用一般现在时,movies是复数,从句中谓语用动词原形。故填that/which;give。
38. who stick
【解析】分析句子成分可知,第一空为定语从句引导词,从句缺主语,先行词是those,所以用who引导定语从句;stick to“坚持”,由于先行词those是复数人称,句子时态为一般现在时,故谓语动词需用原形。故填who;stick。
39. only thing that
【解析】the only thing“唯一的事”,先行词是the only thing,需用that引导定语从句。故填only;thing;that。
40. who/that is good at
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,先行词是是 “the only one”,指人,故关系代词用who/that作主语;be good at “擅长……”,由于主语为单数,时态是一般现在时,be动词用is。故填who/that;is;good;at。
41. that/which sing along with
【解析】由汉语和所给的英语翻译可知,这里是定语从句,先行词是music,是物,关系词用 that 或 which。“跟着唱”译成:sing along with。故填that/which;sing;along;with。
42. who/that plays used to be
【解析】根据所给句意可知,第1空和第2空表示“扮演的人”,含有定语从句,先行词“The actor”表示人,且在从句中作主语,应用who/that引导定语从句,扮演“play”,动词,在从句中作谓语,此句为一般现在时,主语“The actor”为第三人称单数,play用第三人称单数,;第三至五空表示“过去是”,应用短语used to be。故填who;plays;used;to;be。
43. down that cheer me up
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,空格处为“心情不好”down,形容词作表语;“使某人振奋起来”cheer sb. up,情态动词can后接动词原形;“我”me;第二空为定语从句引导词,从句缺主语,先行词为物,可用that。故填down;that;cheer;me;up。
44. that/which play
【解析】这是一个定语从句,先行词是groups,在从句中作主语,关系词用that或which,play“演奏”,先行词是复数形式,动词用原形,故填that/which;play。
45. that I have seen
【解析】分析句子可知,第一空引导定语从句,先行词为beach,且被形容词最高级修饰,所以用引导词that;结合句意,从句应用现在完成时“have/has+动词过去分词”,主语为I,助动词用have,“看见”为see,过去分词为seen,故填that;I;have;seen。
46. that/which launched as
【解析】分析句子结构可知,此处是定语从句,先行词a spaceship指物,关系词在句中作主语,可用that/which。空二处表示“被发射”,应该用被动语态be done,故空二处填launch“发射”的过去分词launched;as“作为”。故填that/which;launched;as。
47. that/which was
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,空处应为定语从句缺少主语,先行词family photo为物,用that/which连接,this family photo与taken之间是被动关系,结构为be+动词过去分词,拍照片发生在过去,时态为一般过去时,be动词用was。故填that/which;was。
48. that /which helps
【解析】根据所给汉语及“Art is a language…people understand each other's cultures.”可知“a language”后面是一个定语从句,修饰“language”。可以用关系代词that/which ,在定语从句中作主语,指代“language”;“help”表示“帮助”,在从句中作谓语,时态是一般现在时,动词用三单。故填that/which;helps。
49. who/that plays
【解析】分析句子可知,第一空缺定语从句关系词,先行词 “the man” 指人,且在从句中作主语,应用who/that引导限制性定语从句;play with fire 表示“玩火;从句时态为一般现在时,与主句保持一致。主语“the man”为第三人称单数,动词play应用第三人称单数形式plays,故填who/that;plays。
50. who/that comes/is
【解析】本句可用定语从句表达,先行词是人,引导词在从句中作主语,可用who/that引导;come/be from“来自”,时态是一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,动词用三单,be动词用is。故填who/that;comes/is。
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专题09 定语从句
目录
01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1
02 思维导图·网络构建 3
03 考点通关·靶向突破 3
★ 考点一 限制性定语从句 4
★ 考点二 非限制性定语从句 7
考点三 定语从句与简单句的转换 10
04 优题精选·练能提分 12
考点
课标要求
复习目标
限制性定语从句
掌握that、which、who、whom、whose等关系代词的用法;掌握when、where、why等关系副词的用法;能准确判断先行词,选择合适的关系词引导从句;理解限制性定语从句对先行词的修饰限定作用,无逗号分隔,不可省略。
1. 能快速识别限制性定语从句,精准匹配先行词与关系词;2. 熟练运用关系代词、关系副词完成句子填空、改错等题型;3. 能正确书写含限制性定语从句的句子,避免语法错误。
非限制性定语从句
掌握非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别;明确which(指代物/整个句子)、who、whom、whose、as等关系词的特殊用法;知道非限制性定语从句有逗号分隔,可省略,不影响句子主干理解。
1. 能区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,判断句子是否需要逗号;2. 熟练掌握which、as在非限制性定语从句中的特殊用法及差异;3. 能准确解答非限制性定语从句的单选、完形、改错题型。
定语从句与简单句的转换
能将含定语从句的复合句转换为含介词短语、分词短语等的简单句;能将简单句改写为定语从句,使句子表达更丰富;理解转换前后句子的语义一致性,保持表达通顺。
1. 掌握两种句式转换的核心方法,明确转换逻辑;2. 能根据语境需求,灵活进行句式转换,优化表达;3. 应对句型转换题型时,做到转换准确、语法无误。
命题预测
题型聚焦:单选、完形填空、短文改错、句型转换为核心题型,偶尔在书面表达中隐性考查(提升句子丰富度);
考点侧重:关系词辨析(that/which、which/as)、关系副词与关系代词的选择、非限制性定语从句的逗号用法及特殊句式;
趋势变化:结合新情境语篇(如文化、科技、生活场景)考查,强调在语境中运用语法知识,弱化纯语法记忆,凸显语言运用核心素养。
解题锦囊
锦囊1:先找先行词,判断先行词指人、指物、指时间/地点/原因,再锁定关系词范围;
锦囊2:that不用于非限制性定语从句,也不用于介词后,which可用于这两种情况;
锦囊3:as引导非限制性定语从句可放句首/句中/句末,which多放句末,指代整个句子时两者可互换(as有“正如”含义);
锦囊4:关系副词=介词+关系代词(如when=on which,where=in which),可通过还原从句成分判断是否用关系副词;
锦囊5:句型转换时,定语从句改简单句可将从句改为“介词+名词”“分词短语”,简单句改从句需补全先行词和关系词。
考点一 限制性定语从句
一、核心定义
限制性定语从句是用来修饰、限定名词或代词(即先行词)的定语从句,与主句之间无逗号分隔,是主句语义完整不可或缺的部分。其核心作用是缩小先行词的范围,明确所指代的具体对象,若省略该从句,主句的语义会模糊不清、无法准确传达含义。例如:“The student who got the first prize is my deskmate.” 句中“who got the first prize”为限制性定语从句,若省略则变为“The student is my deskmate”,无法明确指哪一位学生,可见该从句对先行词的限定作用至关重要。这类从句多修饰普通名词或代词,广泛用于日常表达和书面语中,是中考定语从句考查的核心基础。
二、关系词分类及用法
关系词是连接先行词与定语从句的核心纽带,分为关系代词和关系副词两类,其选择需同时结合先行词的类型(人、物、时间、地点、原因)和关系词在从句中所作的句子成分(主语、宾语、定语、状语),二者缺一不可。
类别
关系词
先行词类型
在从句中所作成分
例句
关系代词
that
人/物(不用于非限制性定语从句和介词后)
主语、宾语(宾语可省略,口语和书面语通用)
The book (that) I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.(that作宾语,可省略,先行词为物);The boy that helped the old man is from our class.(that作主语,不可省略,先行词为人)。
who
人(包括单数和复数,不指代物)
主语、宾语(宾语可省略,口语中使用频率高于whom)
The girl who is talking to the teacher is my sister.(who作主语,不可省略);The man (who) we met on the street is a policeman.(who作宾语,可省略)。
whom
人(仅指代人,无指代物用法)
宾语(可省略,正式书面语中常用,介词后必须用whom)
The man (whom) we met at the party is a doctor.(whom作宾语,可省略);The girl with whom he talked just now is his cousin.(介词with后用whom,不可省略)。
whose
人/物(表所属关系,后必须接名词)
定语(修饰后面的名词,表“……的”)
This is the boy whose father is a driver.(whose修饰boy,表“男孩的父亲”,先行词为人);I like the house whose windows face the park.(whose修饰house,表“房子的窗户”,先行词为物)。
which
物(不指代人,可用于介词后和非限制性定语从句)
主语、宾语(宾语可省略,口语和书面语通用)
The pen which lies on the desk is mine.(which作主语,不可省略);The story (which) she told us is very moving.(which作宾语,可省略);The song to which he is listening is popular.(介词to后用which)。
关系副词
when
时间名词(day、year、moment、hour、week等)
时间状语(相当于“介词+which”)
I remember the day when we first met.(when作时间状语,=on which,从句完整表达为“we first met on the day”)。
where
地点名词(place、school、city、room、street等)
地点状语(相当于“介词+which”)
This is the school where I studied.(where作地点状语,=in which,从句完整表达为“I studied in the school”)。
why
reason(仅修饰reason这一表原因的名词)
原因状语(相当于“for which”)
Do you know the reason why he was late?(why作原因状语,=for which,从句完整表达为“he was late for the reason”)。
【易混易错】
1. 关系词与先行词的匹配错误:这是中考高频易错点,核心是混淆先行词类型与对应关系词。如先行词为物时,误用who(正确:The book which/that I read is great;错误:The book who I read is great);先行词为时间/地点/原因时,未判断从句成分就盲目用关系副词,若从句缺主语或宾语,需用that/which而非when/where/why。例:I still remember the day that we spent together.(从句缺宾语,用that,不用when);I still remember the day when we played together.(从句缺状语,用when)。
2. 关系词冗余:从句中已有关系词作主语或宾语时,额外添加人称代词,导致句子成分重复。如The girl who she is my classmate is very nice.(who已作从句主语,she多余,应删去she);The pen that I bought it yesterday is lost.(that已作宾语,it多余,删去it)。
3. that的禁用场景:一是不可用于介词后,若介词提前至关系词前,需用which/whom替代that(正确:The book in which I read is good;错误:The book in that I read is good);二是不可用于非限制性定语从句(后续考点详细讲解);三是先行词既有人又有物时,只能用that,不可用which/who(例:The teachers and students that visited the museum were excited)。
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏泰州·月考)Those ________ finished doing it put up your hands.
A.who have B.who has C.which have D.which has
2.(24-25九年级上·江苏常州·期末)The book ________ was written many years ago is still of great value.
A.whose B.when C.who D.that
3.(2025·江苏南京·模拟预测)—How do you like this comedy?
—I think it’s the most interesting program ______ I have ever watched.
A.who B.when C.that D.which
4.(2025·江苏扬州·二模)The movie ________we watched last night was really inspiring.
A.who B.when C.where D.which
5.(2024·江苏南京·模拟预测)Nanjing is a city ________ attracts a lot of people.
A.where B.which C.why D.how
考点二 非限制性定语从句
一、核心定义
非限制性定语从句是定语从句的重要类别,核心功能是对先行词进行补充说明、附加注释,而非限定范围。它与主句之间必须用逗号分隔,形成语义上的相对独立,即使省略该从句,主句的核心语义依然完整、明确,仅损失部分补充信息。这类从句翻译时通常不直译作前置定语,而是译为独立分句,使表达更通顺自然。例如:“My brother,who is a doctor,works in Beijing.” 句中“who is a doctor”为非限制性定语从句,省略后主句“My brother works in Beijing”语义完整,从句仅补充说明哥哥的职业,这也是它与限制性定语从句最核心的语义差异。非限制性定语从句多用于书面语,能让句式更丰富,表达更精准细腻。
二、核心用法
1. 关系词范围:非限制性定语从句的关系词选择有明确限制,可使用which(指物/整个主句)、who(指人,作主语)、whom(指人,作宾语)、whose(指人/物,表所属)、as(表“正如”),绝对不可使用that,这是中考高频考点,需重点记忆。同时,关系词不可省略,即使在从句中作宾语,也需保留(如The girl,whom we met yesterday,is very kind. 此处whom不可省略)。
2. 特殊用法:这是非限制性定语从句的考查重点,主要体现在which和as的用法上。
(1)which的特殊用法:可指代整个主句的内容,而非单个先行词,译为“这、这件事、这一点”,从句多位于主句之后。例如:He passed the exam,which made his parents happy.(他通过了考试,这件事让他父母很高兴),此处which指代“他通过考试”这件事;She missed the bus,which made her late for school.(她没赶上公交车,这导致她上学迟到了),which指代前文整个事件。此外,which还可指代主句中的某个名词(物),补充说明其特征或情况,与限制性定语从句中which的用法一致,但需加逗号分隔。
(2)as的特殊用法:as引导非限制性定语从句时,核心含义为“正如、正像”,可置于句首、句中或句末,这是它与which的关键区别(which引导的非限制性定语从句不可置于句首)。常见搭配有as we all know(正如我们所知)、as is known to all(众所周知)、as expected(正如预料的那样)等。例如:As we all know,the earth is round.(正如我们所知,地球是圆的),as置于句首;The film,as I expected,is very wonderful.(这部电影,正如我预料的那样,非常精彩),as置于句中;He is a honest boy,as we can see.(他是个诚实的男孩,正如我们所见),as置于句末。当as和which都指代整个主句内容时,若从句表“正如”含义,只能用as;若无此含义,两者可互换。
三、与限制性定语从句的区别
两者的区别贯穿中考定语从句考点,需从标点、关系词、语义作用、省略影响四个核心维度精准区分,避免混用。具体对比如下:
维度
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
示例对比
标点符号
无逗号,与主句紧密衔接
有逗号,与主句语义分离
限制性:The girl who is in red is my sister.(穿红衣服的女孩是我妹妹);非限制性:The girl,who is in red,is my sister.(那个女孩是我妹妹,她穿着红衣服)
关系词
可使用that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where、why
不可使用that,可用which、who、whom、whose、as、when、where(无why)
限制性:The book that I read is good.(可用that);非限制性:The book,which I read,is good.(不可用that)
语义作用
修饰限定先行词,缩小范围,明确指代对象
补充说明先行词,提供附加信息,不限定范围
限制性:I like the pen which is black.(限定“黑色的那支笔”);非限制性:I like the pen,which is black.(喜欢这支笔,补充说明它是黑色的)
省略影响
省略后主句语义模糊,无法明确指代对象
省略后主句语义完整,仅损失附加信息
限制性:The student who won the prize is Tom.(省略从句则不知哪名学生);非限制性:The student,who won the prize,is Tom.(省略从句仍明确“学生是汤姆”)
【特别提示】
1. 先行词为专有名词(如人名、地名、书名、机构名等)时,通常用非限制性定语从句补充说明,因为专有名词本身具有唯一性,无需再限定范围。例如:Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a beautiful city.(北京,中国的首都,是一座美丽的城市);Mo Yan,who is a famous writer,won the Nobel Prize.(莫言,一位著名作家,获得了诺贝尔奖);The Old Man and the Sea,which was written by Hemingway,is a classic novel.(《老人与海》,海明威所著,是一部经典小说)。
2. 先行词为整个主句内容时,只能用非限制性定语从句,由which或as引导,不可用限制性定语从句。例如:He finished the task on time,which surprised everyone.(他按时完成了任务,这让所有人都很惊讶),此处不可省略逗号,也不可用that引导。
1.Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.
A.who B.that C.whose D.which
2.Liu Xiang’s ability in hurdling was noticed by Sun Haiping, ________ later became his coach.
A.what B.which C.who D.whom
3.She still remembers the day ________ she first walked into the high-school classroom, ________ left a deep impression on her.
A.when; which B.which; that C.that; when D.when; who
4.Shanghai is experiencing another extreme heatwave, ________ has become more frequent in recent years due to climate change.
A.that B.which C.who D.when
5.The Dragon Boat Festival, a traditional festival in China, ______ boasts a long-standing history.
A.who B.which C.where D.when
考点三 限制性定语从句与简单句的转换
一、核心转换逻辑
定语从句与简单句的转换是中考句型转换题型的核心考点,其核心原则是语义不变、结构优化。转换本质是将定语的表达形式在“从句”与“短语”之间切换——定语从句通过完整句子修饰先行词,表达更严谨具体;简单句通过介词短语、分词短语等修饰成分替代从句,句式更简洁凝练。转换的关键在于精准把握修饰关系,无论形式如何变化,都需保留原句的修饰对象、逻辑关系及核心含义,既不能遗漏关键信息,也不可额外添加语义,同时要符合语法规范,让转换后的句子通顺自然,适配不同语境的表达需求。这种转换能力不仅能应对题型考查,还能帮助学生在书面表达中灵活切换句式,提升语言表达的丰富度。
二、具体转换方法
转换需结合定语从句的引导类型(关系代词、关系副词)及简单句的修饰成分类型(介词短语、分词短语等),针对性采用对应方法,确保转换准确高效。
1. 定语从句改为简单句
(1)关系代词引导的从句:可改为“介词+先行词对应的名词”“分词短语”。
例:
The boy who is wearing a red coat is my brother.(定语从句)→ The boy in a red coat is my brother.(介词短语作定语,简单句)
The book that was written by Lu Xun is popular. → The book written by Lu Xun is popular.(过去分词短语作定语)。
(2)关系副词引导的从句:可改为“介词+时间/地点名词”。
例:I visited the city where I was born. → I visited the city of my birth.(介词短语作定语)。
2. 简单句改为定语从句
找到简单句中的修饰成分(介词短语、分词短语等),确定对应的先行词,补充合适的关系词,将短语扩展为从句。
例:
The girl with long hair is my classmate.(简单句)→ The girl who has long hair is my classmate.(定语从句)
We spent a happy day in the park. → We spent a happy day in the park where we played games.(补充从句内容,完善修饰)。
【注意】
转换的核心是保留原句语义,通过调整修饰成分的形式,实现复合句与简单句的切换,本质是定语的表达形式变化(从句定语↔短语定语)。
1. 语义一致性原则:转换前后必须保持原句核心语义不变,严禁增减信息、改变修饰关系或逻辑。例如:The boy who broke the window was punished.(定语从句)改为简单句时,不可改为The boy broke the window and was punished.(并列句,改变句子结构和语义重心),正确应为The boy breaking the window was punished.(现在分词短语作定语,语义一致)。
2. 语法规范性原则:简单句改定语从句时,需确保关系词与先行词精准匹配(指人用who/whom/whose,指物用which/that,时间用when等),从句语法完整(主谓宾/主系表结构清晰),无成分残缺或冗余。例如:错误:The pen which I write is very good.(从句缺介词with,应为The pen with which I write is very good.);正确:The pen which I write with is very good.(介词后置,语法完整)。
3. 介词选择准确性原则:无论是从句改简单句还是简单句改从句,介词的选择都需贴合先行词的搭配习惯或原句固定短语,避免介词误用。例如:“用钢笔写字”是write with a pen,不可改为write by a pen;“在学校学习”是study in the school,不可改为study at the school(at多用于小地点,school为中等地点,常用in)。
4. 句式适配性原则:转换需结合语境需求,若需简洁表达则选简单句,若需精准修饰、丰富句式则选定语从句。书面表达中,可灵活切换两种句式,避免句式单一,但需确保转换后的句子符合语境逻辑。
5. 避免重复修饰原则:转换后不可出现修饰成分重复的问题,例如:错误:The girl who is a girl with long hair is my sister.(重复修饰girl);正确:The girl with long hair is my sister.(简单句)/ The girl who has long hair is my sister.(定语从句)。
1.In Wenzhou, New Year cake is often the first dish. It means “having more luck and becoming better” in Chinese pronunciation. (用定语从句合并两个句子)
2.The woman is my aunt. She wears a pair of white shoes. (简单句合并为含有that引导的定语从句的主从复合句)
3.The girl is my cousin. The girl is wearing a red hat. (合并句子)
The girl wearing a red hat is my cousin.
4.The girl told me the news. She is not here now.(把简单句改为包含定语从句的复合句)
5.Most of the people giving advice were women.
Most of the people advice were women.
一、单项选择
1.The tree ________ cut down was over 500 years old.
A.who was B.that were C.which was D.which were
2.Is the man ________ stands near the tree your new neighbor?
A.which B.what C./ D.who
3.The shop ________ sells some clothes at a low price is at the end of the street.
A.which B.where C.when D.who
4.The books ________ were written by the famous writer sold well.
A.that B.those C.who D.what
5.The boy _________ father is a doctor wants to be a scientist when he grows up.
A.who B.whose C.which D.whom
6.Tom says he loves actors ________ their own plays.
A.which write B.that writes C.who write D.who writes
7.I like music ________ I can dance to.
A.what B.who C.that D.whose
8.Chances belong to those ________ keep trying. As long as you keep working hard, you’ll get a big success sooner or later.
A.whose B.which C.whom D.that
9.This is the first birthday gift ________ I received. I’ve kept it for many years.
A.who B.what C.that D.which
10.My sister and her little dog ________ are playing in the garden make me very happy.
A.that B.which C.who D.what
11.The teacher explained the question clearly ________ we had discussed for a long time.
A.what B.whether C.who D.which
12.—Do you know the scientist and his research ________ were mentioned in the report?
—Yes, they focus on environmental protection and are widely praised.
A.whom B.that C.which D.who
13.Li Ming says he loves singers ________ their own music.
A.whom writes B.that writes C.whose write D.who write
14.I prefer movies ________ me something to think about.
A.which gives B.that gives C.that give D.who give
15.I often think of the days ________ I had happy moments in my primary school.
A.what B.when C.that D.which
16.I wonder who knows the name of the girl ________ father works in Dongying Railway Station.
A.which B.that C.whose D.who
17.The dragon is the only animal ________ isn’t real among the Chinese zodiac (生肖).
A.that B.which C.who D.what
18.—We will leave our school in six months.
—I will never forget the persons and the things ________ I have experienced and met.
A.that B.which C.who D.what
19.I felt very happy to get a one-month break from work last year ________ I could travel with my family to Paris.
A.where B.that C.which D.when
20.This is the best movie ________ I have ever seen.
A.which B.that C.who D.whose
21.I’ll never forget the days ________ we spent together five years ago.
A.which B.when C.where D.how
22.We’ll never forget those ________ lost their lives for our country.
A.who B.which C.whom D.whose
23.I will tell Peter ________ I know about our traditions in China.
A.all which B.all that C.all what D.that all
24.Life is a long race ________ we fight against all the difficulties to realize our dreams.
A.when B.which C.how D.where
25.If we study hard with big dreams, there is nothing ________ can’t be achieved.
A.who B.that C.whom D.which
26.The labor class ________ can help students to know some knowledge about farming is so popular in Chinese middle schools nowadays.
A.which B.who C.when D.where
27.The students are reading books ________ are full of the “red spirit”.
A.who B.where C.which D.why
28.Tea is the leaf of a plant ________ grows widely in China, Japan and other countries.
A.what B.who C.that D.when
29.I didn’t see the man ________ stole my handbag clearly.
A.which B.when C.where D.who
30.This is one of the most exciting football games ________ I have ever watched.
A.who B.which C.that D.where
二、完成句子
31.昨天给我们做环保讲座的那位专家是我爸爸的朋友。
The expert us an environmental lecture yesterday is my father’s friend.
32.正在社区工作的志愿者都是中学生。
The volunteers working in the community are all middle school students.
33.参赛选手都称赞节目组在比赛中为他们所提供的最好的服务。
All contestants the program crew the best was offered to them during the competition.
34.她最终在图书馆看到了她寻找的那本书。
She saw the book in the library at last.
35.谁是那个应该被控告受贿的官员?
Who is the officer should be taking bribes?
36.杨波是海嘎村的英雄,他带领着村民走向了幸福的生活。
Yang Bo is a hero in Haiga village villagers to a better life.
37.卡拉更喜欢那种带给她思考的电影。
Carla prefers movies her something to think about.
38.成就属于那些坚持梦想的人。
Achievements belong to those to their dreams.
39.我对跑步很痴迷。那是我唯一想做的事情。
I am crazy about running. That’s the I’ve wanted to do.
40.艾米不是唯一一个擅长回收利用的人。
Amy isn’t the only one recycling.
41.我喜欢能跟着唱的音乐。
I like music I can .
42.那个扮演英雄的演员曾经是学校老师!
The actor the hero a school teacher!
43.当我心情不好或疲惫时,我更爱看那些能使我高兴起来的电影。
When I’m or tired, I prefer movies can .
44.他更喜欢演奏安静舒缓歌曲的乐队。
He prefers groups quiet and slow songs.
45.这是我见过的最美的海滩。
This is the most beautiful beach .
46.嫦娥II号是作为中国第二颗月球探测器发射的宇宙飞船。
Chang’e II is a spaceship was the 2nd lunar probe of China.
47.我非常喜欢这张在故宫博物院拍的全家福。
I really like this family photo taken in the Palace Museum.
48.艺术是一门帮助人们理解彼此文化的语言。
Art is a language people understand each other’s cultures.
49.玩火者必自焚
The man with fire gets burned.
50.有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?
It is always a pleasure to greet a friend from a far-away place.
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