内容正文:
专题02 非谓语动词
目录
01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1
02 思维导图·网络构建 3
03 考点通关·靶向突破 4
★ 考点一 动词不定式 4
考点二 动名词 10
★ 考点三 现在分词 16
考点四 过去分词 23
考点五 易混时态辨析 29
04 优题精选·练能提分 35
(说明:
1. 考情统计:列出本讲知识点的课标要求、统计本讲知识点在中考中的常见题型、考法等,给出复习目标。
2. 命题预测:结合核心素养和中考新趋势,对本讲未来的命题方向做出前瞻性判断。
3. 解题锦囊:结合中考,给出本讲知识点切实有用的解题策略,简略实用,切忌长篇大论。)
考点
课标要求
复习目标
动词不定式
· 掌握不定式的基本结构(to do/do)及否定形式(not to do); 理解并运用不定式作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语的用法; 熟记接不定式作宾语的常见动词(如want, decide, hope等)及接省to不定式作宾补的动词(如make, let, have等); 掌握不定式的固定搭配及特殊句式(如It’s + adj. + to do sth.)。
1.能准确判断不定式的不同句法功能,区分带to与省to的情况;2.熟练运用不定式的固定搭配解决单选、完形等题型;3.能在书面表达中正确使用不定式优化句式,提升表达准确性。
动名词
掌握动名词的基本结构(doing)及否定形式(not doing); 理解并运用动名词作主语、宾语、定语、表语的用法; 熟记接动名词作宾语的常见动词(如enjoy, practice, finish等)及动词短语(如give up, look forward to等); 掌握动名词的复合结构(名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + doing)。
1. 能区分动名词与不定式作宾语的差异,准确匹配相关动词;2. 掌握动名词作主语的句式特点及主谓一致规则;3. 避免在固定搭配中混淆动名词与不定式。
现在分词
掌握现在分词的基本结构(doing)、否定形式(not doing)及构成规则; 理解现在分词表主动、进行的语义特征; 运用现在分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语的用法; 掌握现在分词作状语时的逻辑主语一致性原则。
1. 能根据语境判断现在分词的句法功能,区分其与过去分词的语义差异;2. 正确运用现在分词作状语,避免逻辑主语错误;3. 识别现在分词作定语时与被修饰词的主动关系。
过去分词
掌握过去分词的基本结构(done)、否定形式(not done)及构成规则(规则与不规则变化); 理解过去分词表被动、完成的语义特征; 运用过去分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语的用法; 熟记过去分词的固定搭配(如be interested in, get done等)。
1. 能准确区分过去分词与现在分词的语义及句法差异;2. 掌握过去分词作状语、宾补时的逻辑关系判断方法;3. 熟练掌握不规则动词的过去分词形式,避免拼写错误。
易混辨析
辨析不定式与动名词作主语、宾语的用法差异; 辨析现在分词与过去分词作定语、状语、表语、宾补的语义及用法差异; 辨析非谓语动词与谓语动词的区别,避免句法错误。
1. 能针对不同语境精准选择非谓语动词形式,突破易混点;2. 总结易混场景的判断技巧,形成解题思维;3. 避免因非谓语动词误用导致的句法结构错误。
命题预测
题型聚焦:仍以单选题、完形填空题为主,阅读理解中偶有涉及(如判断非谓语动词作定语/状语的语义),书面表达中可作为加分点考查;
趋势特点:结合真实语境命题,强调非谓语动词的实用运用,弱化纯语法记忆考查,注重与核心素养(语言运用能力)结合
高频考点:不定式的固定搭配、现在分词与过去分词的语义辨析、非谓语动词作状语的逻辑主语一致性将持续为考查重点。
解题锦囊
锦囊1: 作宾语看动词,固定搭配记心间——牢记接不定式、动名词的核心动词及短语,直接匹配排除错误选项;
锦囊2: 作状语句首看逻辑,主动doing被动done——判断非谓语动词与句子主语的逻辑关系,快速锁定现在/过去分词;
锦囊3: 作定语先辨关系,主动进行用doing,被动完成用done——结合被修饰词与非谓语动词的关系及语义(进行/完成)选择形式;
锦囊4: 宾补看使役感官动词,省to还原要记清——make/let/have等使役动词、see/hear等感官动词后接省to不定式,被动语态中需还原to;
锦囊5: 易混点用对比法,总结场景找规律——将不定式与动名词、现在分词与过去分词的易混场景分类总结,形成解题口诀。
考点一 动词不定式
一、核心结构
形式
构成
示例
肯定式
to + 动词原形
to study, to eat
否定式
not + to + 动词原形
not to waste time
省to式
动词原形(特定动词后)
make him laugh(使役动词后)
二、句法功能
1.作主语:不定式作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用It作形式主语,将真正的不定式主语置于句末,核心句式为“It’s + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.”。其中形容词多为描述事物性质(如important, necessary, difficult)或人的情感(如happy, glad),名词可表示具体行为(如a good idea, a pity)。例:
It’s important to keep healthy.(真正主语为to keep healthy,句意:保持健康很重要);
It’s a pity to miss the concert.(错过这场音乐会很遗憾)。
若直接将不定式置于句首,多用于强调动作本身,语气较正式,例:To help others is a virtue.(帮助他人是一种美德)。
2.作宾语:不定式可直接作部分及物动词的宾语,这类动词多表示“意愿、计划、决定、希望”等语义。常见核心动词包括:want(想要)、decide(决定)、hope(希望)、plan(计划)、agree(同意)、expect(期待)、refuse(拒绝)、manage(设法做到)等。例:
She hopes to visit Beijing next year.(她希望明年去北京游玩)
He refused to accept the gift.(他拒绝接受这份礼物)
注意:若不定式宾语较长,可借助it作形式宾语,结构为“动词 + it + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.”,
例:I find it easy to learn English well.(我发现学好英语很容易),其中it为形式宾语,真正宾语为to learn English well。
3.作宾语补足语:不定式可用于“动词 + 宾语 + to do”结构中,补充说明宾语的动作,即“宾语补足语”,具体分为两种情况:① 接带to不定式的动词:常见的有ask(要求)、tell(告诉)、want(想要)、teach(教)、advise(建议)、encourage(鼓励)等,结构为“动词+宾语+to do”,例:The teacher told us to finish our homework on time.(老师告诉我们要按时完成作业);② 接省to不定式的动词:仅限使役动词(make, let, have)和感官动词(see, hear, watch, notice, feel),主动语态中省略to,用动词原形作宾补;但当句子变为被动语态时,省略的to必须还原。例:
We saw him play basketball.(主动语态,省to,句意:我们看见他打篮球了)→ He was seen to play basketball.(被动语态,还原to,句意:他被看见打篮球了)。
注意:感官动词后若接现在分词作宾补,表动作正在进行,与省to不定式表动作全过程相区分,例:We saw him playing basketball.(我们看见他正在打篮球)。
4.作定语:不定式作定语时,需置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,构成“名词 + to do”结构,表动作未发生、即将发生或动作与名词存在动宾/主谓关系。
①动宾关系:若不定式与被修饰名词构成动宾关系,且不定式为不及物动词时,需在不定式后补充合适的介词,使句子语义完整;若为及物动词,则无需加介词。例:
I have a lot of homework to do.(to do与homework构成动宾关系,do为及物动词,无需介词)
There is a room to live in.(live为不及物动词,需加介词in,句意:有一间可以住的房间)
② 主谓关系:不定式动作由被修饰名词发出,例:
He is the first student to get to school.(to get to school的动作由student发出,句意:他是第一个到校的学生)。
5.作状语:不定式作状语时,可根据语境表目的、结果、原因等,其中表目的和结果为中考高频考点。
① 表目的:不定式可直接置于句末表目的,也可与in order to/so as to互换,增强语气;注意so as to不能置于句首,in order to可置于句首或句末。例:
He got up early to catch the bus.(表目的,句意:他早起是为了赶公交车)
In order to pass the exam, she studied hard.(句首表目的,句意:为了通过考试,她努力学习);
② 表结果:常与only连用,表“出乎意料的结果”,例:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.(他匆忙赶到车站,却发现火车已经开走了);
③ 表原因:多置于形容词后,补充说明产生该情绪或状态的原因,例:I’m glad to see you.(见到你我很高兴,to see you表原因)。
6.作表语:不定式置于系动词(be, become, seem, appear等)后作表语,表主语的身份、性质、职业、动作或未来计划。例:
My dream is to become a teacher.(表职业,句意:我的梦想是成为一名老师)
Her job is to take care of the children.(表动作,句意:她的工作是照顾孩子们)
The most important thing is to stay calm.(表性质,句意:最重要的是保持冷静)
【易混易错】
1.部分动词后可灵活接不定式或动名词,但二者语义差异明显,是中考单选、完形的高频易错点,需结合语境精准判断,核心易混动词及用法如下:
① stop to do vs stop doing:stop to do 强调“停下来当前动作,去做另一件事”,to do 表目的;stop doing 强调“停止正在进行的动作”,doing 表停止的对象。例:He stopped to drink water.(他停下手中的事,去喝水);He stopped drinking water.(他停止了喝水这个动作)。
② remember to do vs remember doing:remember to do 侧重“记得要做某事,动作尚未发生”;remember doing 侧重“记得做过某事,动作已完成”。例:Remember to turn off the lights before you leave.(离开前记得关灯,还没关);I remember turning off the lights.(我记得关过灯了,已完成)。
③ forget to do vs forget doing:与 remember 用法逻辑一致,forget to do 表“忘记要做某事,动作未做”;forget doing 表“忘记做过某事,动作已做”。例:She forgot to post the letter.(她忘了寄信,信没寄);She forgot posting the letter.(她忘了已经寄过信了)。
④ try to do vs try doing:try to do 表“努力、设法做某事,侧重付出努力达成目标”;try doing 表“尝试做某事,侧重试探方法是否可行”。例:He tried to finish the work on time.(他努力按时完成工作);He tried working with a new tool.(他试着用新工具干活)。
2. 介词后不可直接接不定式(to do),若需接动词,需将其改为动名词(doing),此处需注意区分“介词 to”与“不定式符号 to”,避免混淆。中考高频介词及短语场景:
① 单纯介词后:after, before, without, besides, except 等,例:He left without saying goodbye.(他没说再见就走了);Besides reading, he likes playing basketball.(除了阅读,他还喜欢打篮球)。
② 动词短语中隐含介词 to:此类短语中的 to 为介词,而非不定式符号,后必须接动名词,常见短语有 look forward to(期待)、be used to(习惯于)、devote oneself to(致力于)、pay attention to(注意)、stick to(坚持)等。例:
We are looking forward to seeing you again.(我们期待再次见到你)
She is used to getting up early.(她习惯早起)(注意此处 be used to 与 used to do(过去常常做某事)区分,后者 to 为不定式符号,接动词原形。)
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·期中)—Jim, this machine needs _________. You’d better ________.
—OK, I will.
A.repaired; to have it fixed
B.to be repaired; to have it fixed
C.repairing; have it fix
D.repairing; have it fixed
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——Jim,这台机器需要修理。你最好找人修理一下。——好的,我会的。
考查非谓语动词。“machine”与“修理”之间是被动关系,“need”后接动名词表示被动意义。“needs repairing”相当于“needs to be repaired”,意为“需要被修理”。排除A选项。“had better”后接动词原形,并且“have sth. done”表示“使某事被做”,排除B、C选项。故选D。
2.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)—Do you often see the girl ________ fruit at the school gate?
—Yes. But yesterday she was seen ________ empty bottles when I entered the classroom.
A.sell; pick B.selling; picking C.to sell; to pick D.sell; picking
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——你经常看到这个女孩在学校门口卖水果吗?——是的。但昨天当我进教室时,看到她正在捡空瓶子。
考查非谓语动词。根据问句中“often”可知,此处表示反复发生的动作,see sb. do sth.“看到某人做某事”,表示经常或习惯性的动作,因此第一空填sell;根据“when I entered the classroom”可知,答句表示进教室时女孩正在进行的动作,see sb. doing sth.“看到某人正在做某事”,因此第二空填picking。故选D。
3.(2025九年级上·江苏常州·专题练习)Many students find it hard ________ decisions on their own without parents’ help.
A.making B.make C.to make D.made
【答案】C
【解析】句意:许多学生发现没有父母的帮助自己很难做决定。
考查动词不定式的用法。making动名词形式;make动词原形;to make动词不定式;made过去式或过去分词。“find it+形容词+to do something”表示“发现做某事很……”,固定句型。故选C。
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏常州·月考)The tourists are discussing ________ Chengdu or Changsha is the best city ________ at this time of the year.
A.whether; to visit B.if; to visit C.whether; to be visited D.it; to be visited
【答案】A
【解析】句意:游客们正在讨论成都和长沙哪个是每年这个时候最适合游览的城市。
考查连词和非谓语动词用法。whether是否;if是否;it它。根据“discussing…Chengdu or Changsha”可知,discuss后接“是否”时常用whether;“the best city…” 中,city与visit是主动关系,此处需要用动词不定式作后置定语,whether和to visit符合语境。故选A。
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·期中)Our English teacher encourages us ________ English aloud and be confident any time.
A.read B.to read C.reading D.to reading
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我们的英语老师鼓励我们大声读英语,并且在任何时候都要自信。
考查非谓语动词。根据“Our English teacher encourages us...English aloud”可知,此处是“鼓励某人做某事”,其英文表达为“encourage sb to do sth”,所以此处使用动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选B。
6.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)—Besides eating properly, what else should I pay attention to ________ my body?
—You should pay attention to doing exercise regularly.
A.shape B.shapes C.shaping D.to shape
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——除了正常饮食,我还应该注意什么来塑造我的体形?——你应该注意定期锻炼。
考查非谓语动词。shape形状/塑造,名词单数/动词;shapes形状/塑造,名词复数/单数第三人称;shaping塑造,动名词;to shape塑造,不定式。句中“pay attention to”的宾语是疑问词“what else”,空处所在结构作目的状语,表示“为了塑造体形”,应用动词不定式to shape。故选D。
7.(25-26九年级上·江苏盐城·期中)—Jack, you need ________ playing the piano now.
—Don’t you remember there’s something wrong with the piano? It requires ________.
A.to practise; to repair B.practising; to repair
C.to practise; repairing D.practising; repairing
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——杰克,你现在需要练习弹钢琴。——你不记得钢琴有问题吗?它需要修理。
考查非谓语动词。第一空need在句中作实义动词,后接不定式to do,表示需要主动做某事,故第一空用to practise;第二空require doing sth.是固定搭配,表示“某事需要被做”,用动名词作宾语,主动形式表被动意义,故第二空用repairing。故选C。
8.(2025九年级上·江苏常州·专题练习)The VR experience allowed visitors ________ ancient ruins as if they were really there.
A.explore B.exploring C.to explore D.explored
【答案】C
【解析】句意:VR体验让参观者探索古代遗迹,就好像他们真的在那里一样。
考查非谓语动词。explore探索,动词原形;exploring探索,动名词/现在分词;to explore探索,不定式;explored探索,过去式/过去分词。根据“The VR experience allowed visitors...ancient ruins as if they were really there.”可知,allow sb to do sth“允许某人做某事”,此处需用不定式形式。故选C。
9.(2025八年级上·江苏镇江·专题练习)The teacher asked us ______ noise in the library.
A.not make B.not to make C.don’t make D.not making
【答案】B
【解析】句意:老师要求我们在图书馆不要制造噪音。
考查非谓语动词。ask sb. not to do sth.是固定搭配,意为“要求某人不要做某事”,因此空格处应填not to make。故选B。
10.(25-26九年级上·江苏镇江·月考)Peter is hard-working, and he is never seen ________ computer games in his free time.
A.play B.playing C.to play D.played
【答案】C
【解析】句意:彼得很勤奋,在空闲时间从来没有见过他玩电脑游戏。
考查动词see的被动语态用法。play玩,动词原形;playing玩,现在分词或动名词;to play玩,不定式;played玩,过去式或过去分词。分析句子“Peter is hard-working, and he is never seen…computer games in his free time.”可知,句中“never seen”强调从未被看到玩游戏的完整行为,且在被动语态中,感官动词(see, hear, watch等)后需接动词不定式,表示被看到做某事的全过程或习惯性动作。故选C。
考点二 动名词
一、核心结构
形式
构成
示例
肯定式
动词原形+ing(遵循变化规则)
reading, swimming
否定式
not + 动名词
not smoking
复合结构
名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + 动名词
Tom’s coming, my studying
二、句法功能
1.作主语:动名词作主语时,可直接置于句首,也可借助It作形式主语,两种结构均符合中考语法要求,具体用法有差异。
①直接置于句首:多用于强调动作本身,表泛指、习惯性的行为,语气简洁自然,是中考书面表达中优化句式的常用方式。例:
Reading is a good habit.(阅读是个好习惯,表习惯性动作)
Swimming in the river is dangerous.(在河里游泳很危险,表泛指行为)
② 用It作形式主语:核心句式为“It’s no use/good doing sth.”(做某事没用/没好处),此外还有“It’s a waste of time doing sth.”(做某事是浪费时间)等固定句式,这类句式为中考单选高频考点,需熟记。例:
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收,固定谚语,中考常考);
It’s a waste of time playing computer games all day.(整天玩电脑游戏是浪费时间)。
注意:动名词作主语时,谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式,例:Watching TV too much is bad for eyes.(谓语动词用is)。
2.作宾语:动名词是中考非谓语动词的高频考点,主要用于“及物动词/动词短语 + doing”结构中,需重点记忆接动名词作宾语的核心动词及短语,避免与不定式混淆。
①接动名词作宾语的常见动词:这类动词多表示“情感、动作完成、避免”等语义,除enjoy(喜欢)、practice(练习)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免)外,中考高频动词还有suggest(建议)、keep(持续)、miss(错过)、consider(考虑)、escape(逃脱)等,需逐个熟记并结合例句巩固。例:
She enjoys listening to music.(她喜欢听音乐,enjoy后接动名词)
He finished doing his homework before dinner.(他晚饭前完成了作业,finish后接动名词,不可接不定式)。
② 接动名词作宾语的常见动词短语:这类短语是中考单选、完形的易错点,尤其是包含“to”但实为介词的短语,需特别注意。除give up(放弃)、keep on(继续)、look forward to(期待)、be used to(习惯于)外,还有put off(推迟)、give in to(屈服于)、devote oneself to(致力于)、pay attention to(注意)等。例:
He gave up smoking last year.(他去年戒烟了,give up后接动名词)
We are looking forward to seeing you again.(我们期待再次见到你,look forward to中to为介词,后接动名词,中考高频易错点)。
注意:部分动词后可接动名词或不定式,语义不同,需结合语境判断,这一考点将在后续易混辨析中详细说明,此处重点掌握“只接动名词”的情况。
3.作定语:动名词作定语时,需置于被修饰的名词之前,核心作用是说明名词的用途、性质或所属关系,而非表示动作正在进行,这是与现在分词作定语的核心区别,也是中考辨析类题型的考点之一。
①表用途:这是动名词作定语的最常见用法,构成“doing + 名词”结构,相当于“名词 + for doing”,可通过转换句式理解语义。例:
a reading room(阅览室,相当于a room for reading)
a swimming pool(游泳池,相当于a pool for swimming)
a washing machine(洗衣机,相当于a machine for washing)。
② 表性质/所属:这类用法较少,多为固定搭配,需记忆。例:a walking stick(拐杖,表性质,指用于行走的棍子)、a sleeping car(卧铺车厢,表所属,指供人睡觉的车厢)。
注意:动名词作定语时,与被修饰名词之间无逻辑主谓关系,而现在分词作定语时与名词存在主动关系,例:a running boy(正在跑步的男孩,running为现在分词,表主动、进行),需注意区分,避免中考失分。
4.作表语:动名词作表语时,置于系动词(be、become、get等)之后,核心语义是说明主语的内容、性质或身份,此时主语多为表示“行为、爱好、职业”的名词(如hobby、job、habit等),且动名词与主语语义一致,可互换位置,句子语义不变,这是判断动名词作表语的关键特征。例:
His hobby is collecting stamps.(他的爱好是集邮,可互换为Collecting stamps is his hobby.)
Her job is teaching English.(她的工作是教英语,可互换为Teaching English is her job.)。
【特别提醒】
1.动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:动名词作表语表主语的内容,可与主语互换;现在分词作表语表主语的状态、性质,多为形容词化的分词,不可与主语互换。例:The film is exciting.(exciting为现在分词作表语,表性质,不可互换为Exciting is the film.),这一区别是中考高频辨析点,需重点掌握。
2.动名词的复合结构(名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + 动名词)是中考语法中的易错点,核心用于明确动名词动作的发出者,其用法需结合语境(正式/口语)区分,具体注意事项如下:
① 作主语时:书面语中优先使用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词,保证句式规范;口语中可将名词所有格改为名词普通格,语气更随意,但形容词性物主代词绝对不可改为宾格,这是中考单选、改错题型的高频失分点。例:Tom’s coming is welcome.(书面语,规范表达);Tom coming is welcome.(口语,可接受);My coming is welcome.(正确,形容词性物主代词My不可改为宾格Me,误写Me coming is welcome.为典型错误)。
② 作宾语时:名词所有格、名词普通格、形容词性物主代词均可使用,口语中名词普通格和宾格(替代形容词性物主代词)更常见,但正式语境仍需用所有格/形容词性物主代词。例:I don’t mind Tom’s/Tom smoking here.(作mind的宾语,均可);She doesn’t like my/me going out alone.(口语中me可替代my,书面语优先用my)。
③ 特殊情况:若动名词复合结构中的名词为无生命事物、复数名词或抽象名词,通常用名词普通格,不用所有格。例:The door’s opening made a loud noise.(不自然)→ The door opening made a loud noise.(正确,无生命名词);Students’ coming late is not allowed.(不自然)→ Students coming late is not allowed.(正确,复数名词)。
3.部分动词短语中含有的“to”并非不定式符号,而是介词。这类短语后必须接动名词(doing)作宾语,切勿误接不定式(to do),这是中考非谓语动词的核心易错点之一,需重点记忆高频短语并结合语境区分。
①核心高频短语及例句:除devote oneself to doing(致力于)、pay attention to doing(注意)外,还有stick to doing(坚持)、look forward to doing(期待)、be used to doing(习惯于)、prefer doing to doing(比起……更喜欢……)、object to doing(反对)等。例:
She devotes herself to helping the poor.(她致力于帮助穷人,to为介词,接动名词)
We must pay attention to protecting the environment.(我们必须注意保护环境,不可说pay attention to protect)。
② 易混区分技巧:判断短语中的to是介词还是不定式符号,可通过“替换法”——若to后可接名词,则为介词,需接动名词;若只能接动词原形,则为不定式符号。例:look forward to sth.(期待某物,to为介词)→ look forward to seeing you(接动名词);want to do sth.(想要做某事,to为不定式符号,不可接名词)→ want to go(接动词原形)。
③ 中考易错警示:be used to doing(习惯于做某事)与used to do(过去常常做某事)极易混淆,后者中的to为不定式符号,需接动词原形,需特别注意。例:
He is used to drinking coffee in the morning.(他习惯早上喝咖啡,to为介词)
He used to drink coffee in the morning.(他过去常常早上喝咖啡,to为不定式符号)。
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏淮安·期中)The youth worker has devoted all her time she had ________ those teenage students who suffer stress.
A.help B.to helping C.helping D.helped
【答案】B
【解析】句意:这位青年工作者把她所有的时间都用来帮助那些承受压力的青少年学生。
考查固定搭配与非谓语动词(动名词)的用法。help帮助,动词原形;to helping介词to + 动名词helping;helping动名词/现在分词;helped过去式/过去分词。devote time to doing sth.意为“把时间用于做某事”,其中to是介词,后接动名词。故选B。
2.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·期中)—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets.
—But the film is really worth ________ twice.
A.managing; seeing B.to manage; seeing
C.managing; being seen D.managed; to be seen
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——你不知道我为了弄到这两张票费了多大劲。——但这部电影真的值得看两遍。
考查非谓语动词。第一空,“have difficulty (in) doing sth.”是固定搭配,意为“做某事有困难”,此处“in”可省略,应填“managing”;第二空,“be worth doing”是固定表达,意为“值得做某事”,主动形式表被动含义,应填“seeing”。故选A。
3.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)________ this report ________ in such a short time was quite difficult.
A.Get; done B.To get; to do C.Getting; done D.To get; do
【答案】C
【解析】句意:要在这么短的时间内完成这份报告是相当困难的。
考查非谓语动词辨析。句子缺少主语,动名词或动词不定式可作主语,get sth. done是固定搭配表示“使某事被做”,此处用动名词Getting作主语,第二空用done构成固定搭配,故选C。
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)—Have you read the book The Space-Time Painter, which won the Hugo Award recently?
—Yeah, it’s well worth ________. It’s so interesting that I’ve read it twice.
A.read B.being read C.reading D.to read
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——你读过最近获得雨果奖的《时空画师》这本书吗?——读过,它非常值得一读。它太有趣了,我已经读了两遍了。
考查非谓语动词和短语“be worth doing”。read阅读,动词原形;being read被阅读,动名词的被动形式;reading阅读,动名词;to read去阅读,动词不定式。根据be worth doing“值得做某事”,固定搭配可知,此处要用动名词。故选C。
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)—I heard that there were many delivery guys (外卖小哥) playing football in the JSCL.
—Great! They are worth ________, they devoted all of their free time ________.
A.to respect; to practice B.being respected; to practicing
C.respecting; to practice D.respecting; to practicing
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——我听说有很多外卖小哥在JSCL踢足球。——太棒了!他们值得尊敬,他们把所有的空闲时间都奉献给了练习。
考查非谓语动词。respect尊敬,动词原形;respecting动名词或现在分词;to respect动词不定式;being respected动名词被动语态;to practice动词不定式;to practicing介词to+动名词。第一空,be worth doing sth“值得做某事”,固定搭配,故空处应是respecting;第二空,devote…to doing sth“把……奉献给做某事”,固定搭配,故空处应是to practicing。故选D。
6.(25-26九年级上·江苏盐城·期中)I never doubt ________ the Sanxingdui Museum is well worth ________.
A.whether; visiting B.that; visiting C.that; being visited D.if; a visit
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我从不怀疑三星堆博物馆非常值得参观。
考查宾语从句引导词和worth的用法。whether是否; that无实义; if 是否;visiting值得参观,是动名词形式;being visited是动名词的被动形式,a visit是名词。doubt在否定句中后接that引导的宾语从句,“be worth doing”是固定搭配,意为“值得做某事”,用主动形式表被动含义,故选择B。
7.(2025·江苏泰州·二模)Many tourists gather in Tian’anmen Square early in the morning to watch the _________ of the national flag.
A.raising B.rising C.raises D.rises
【答案】A
【解析】句意:许多游客清晨聚集在天安门广场观看国旗的升起。
考查动词辨析。raising举起,动名词形式;rising上升,动名词形式;raises举起,动词第三人称单数;rises上升,动词第三人称单数。根据“the...of”可知,此处应用动名词;“国旗的升起”是人为操作的动作,“raising”强调人为举起,而“rising”指自然上升。故选A。
8.(25-26九年级上·江苏无锡·月考)She insisted on _________ to have a face-to-face talk with me.
A.she’s coming B.her coming C.her come D.she comes
【答案】B
【解析】句意:她坚持要来和我面对面谈谈。
考查动词短语“insist on”的用法。该短语后需接名词或动名词形式,表示“坚持做某事”。“she’s coming”现在进行时结构,不能直接作宾语;“her coming”为动名词短语,符合语法;“her come”中“come”为动词原形;“she comes”为主谓结构,不能用于介词后。故正确选项为动名词形式。故选B。
9.(2025九年级上·江苏镇江·专题练习)—Could you tell me how to improve my writing?
—Well, ________ reading and writing every day is a good way.
A.practice B.practicing C.to practicing D.practiced
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你能告诉我如何提高我的写作吗? ——嗯,每天练习阅读和写作是一个好方法。
考查非谓语动词。practice练习,动词原形;practicing练习,动名词/现在分词;to practicing语法错误;practiced练习,过去式/过去分词。根据“...reading and writing every day is...”可知,此处缺少主语,应用动名词作主语。故选B。
10.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)He made great progress in English as he spent more time than he used to ________ words and passages.
A.memorize B.memorizing C.memorized D.memorizes
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他在英语方面取得了很大进步,因为他比过去花了更多时间记单词和短文。
考查非谓语动词。根据“he spent more time”可知,spend time doing sth.意为“花费时间做某事”,spend后接动名词作宾语。故选B。
考点三 现在分词
一、核心结构与语义
1. 构成:现在分词的基本形式为“动词原形+ing”,其变化规则需严格遵循中考语法要求,针对不同动词类型有明确区分,同时需牢记特殊变化,避免拼写错误,具体规则及注意事项如下:
① 一般动词:直接在词尾加ing,无特殊变化,例:work→working(工作)、study→studying(学习)、play→playing(玩耍),这类动词是基础考点,需熟练掌握。
② 以不发音的e结尾的动词:先去掉末尾不发音的e,再加ing,注意区分“发音e”与“不发音e”,这是中考拼写易错点。例:write→writing(写,e不发音)、dance→dancing(跳舞,e不发音);特殊提醒:若e发音,则需保留e加ing,例:see→seeing(看见,e发音)、agree→agreeing(同意,e发音),这类特殊情况需单独记忆。
③ 重读闭音节动词:需同时满足“重读闭音节”三个条件(单词末尾为辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母,即“辅元辅”结构;最后一个音节重读;末尾辅音字母不是x、w、y),才需双写末尾辅音字母加ing。例:run→running(跑)、swim→swimming(游泳)、stop→stopping(停止);易错警示:open→opening(打开,末尾为“元辅e”,非闭音节,不双写)、visit→visiting(参观,末尾为“辅元辅”但重音在第一个音节,不双写)。
④ 以ie结尾的动词:将ie变为y,再加ing,这类动词数量较少,需逐个熟记。例:lie→lying(躺、说谎)、die→dying(死亡)、tie→tying(系、捆),其中lie的两种含义(躺、说谎)对应的现在分词均为lying,是中考高频考点。
2. 语义特征:现在分词的核心语义为“主动”和“进行”,二者相辅相成,是判断是否使用现在分词的核心依据,需结合逻辑关系和动作时态综合判断。
① 表主动:非谓语动词与逻辑主语(句子主语、宾语或被修饰的名词)之间存在“主动发出动作”的关系,即逻辑主语是动作的执行者。例:The running boy is my brother.(男孩主动发出“跑”的动作,boy与run为主动关系)。
② 表进行:非谓语动词所表示的动作,要么与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生,要么正在进行中,强调动作的持续性。例:
She is sitting there, reading a book.(“读书”与“坐着”两个动作同时发生)
I saw him playing basketball.(“打篮球”的动作在“看见”时正在进行)。
二、句法功能
1.作定语:现在分词作定语时,可置于被修饰名词之前(前置定语)或之后(后置定语),核心作用是修饰名词,体现“主动、进行”的语义,与被修饰名词构成明确的主动关系,这是与动名词、过去分词作定语的核心区别。
① 前置定语:多为单个现在分词,用于修饰名词,简洁明了,侧重说明名词的动作状态。例:a running boy(正在跑步的男孩,boy主动跑,动作正在进行)、a boiling pot(正在沸腾的锅,pot对应的水主动沸腾)、an interesting book(一本有趣的书,book主动引发“有趣”的感受,形容词化现在分词)。
② 后置定语:多为现在分词短语(分词+宾语/状语),相当于一个定语从句,用于补充说明名词的具体动作,使句子语义更丰富,是中考书面表达中优化句式的常用方式。例:
The girl singing in the room is my sister.(=The girl who is singing in the room is my sister.,正在房间里唱歌的女孩是我妹妹,girl与sing为主动关系,动作正在进行)
The man talking with our teacher is a doctor.(=The man who is talking with our teacher is a doctor.,正在和我们老师谈话的人是一名医生)。
易错区分:现在分词作定语表“主动、进行”,动名词作定语表“用途”,过去分词作定语表“被动、完成”,例:a running machine(跑步机,running为动名词,表用途)vs a running boy(正在跑步的男孩,running为现在分词,表主动、进行)。
2.作状语:现在分词作状语是中考非谓语动词的高频难点,可根据语境表示时间、原因、伴随、方式、条件等逻辑关系,核心要求是“逻辑主语与句子主语一致,且为主动关系”,若逻辑主语不一致则需构成独立主格结构(中考暂不深入考查)。
①表时间:相当于when引导的时间状语从句,可置于句首或句末,常与谓语动词动作同时发生。例:
Walking along the street, I met an old friend.(=When I was walking along the street, I met an old friend.,我沿着街道走的时候,遇到了一位老朋友,I与walk为主动关系)
He fell down while playing basketball.(=He fell down while he was playing basketball.,他打篮球时摔倒了)。
② 表原因:相当于because/since引导的原因状语从句,前置时语气更强烈,侧重说明动作发生的原因。例:
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.(=Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.,因为生病了,他没去上学,he与be ill为主动关系,此处being为现在分词,表状态)
Not knowing his address, I couldn’t get in touch with him.(=Because I didn’t know his address, I couldn’t get in touch with him.,因为不知道他的地址,我无法联系到他)
③ 表伴随:用于描述与谓语动词动作同时发生的伴随动作,多置于句末,使句子结构更紧凑,是书面表达中提升文采的常用手法。例:
She sat by the window, reading a novel.(她坐在窗边,读着一本小说,“坐着”与“读书”同时发生,表伴随)
They walked along the road, talking and laughing.(他们沿着路走,边说边笑,“走路”与“说笑”同时发生)。
④ 表方式:说明谓语动词动作的执行方式,相当于by doing结构。例:
He solved the problem by working with his classmates.(=Working with his classmates, he solved the problem.,他通过和同学合作解决了这个问题)。
易错警示:若现在分词与句子主语为被动关系,需改用过去分词,例:Seen from the top, the city is beautiful.(城市被看,用过去分词seen,而非seeing)。
3.作宾语补足语:现在分词可接在see、hear、watch、notice、keep、find等感官动词或使役动词后,作宾语补足语,补充说明宾语的动作状态,核心特征是“与宾语为主动关系,且动作正在进行”,与省to不定式作宾补(表动作全过程)形成明确区分。例:
I heard her singing a song in the next room.(我听到她在隔壁房间唱歌,her与sing为主动关系,“唱歌”的动作在“听到”时正在进行)
We watched the children playing on the playground.(我们看着孩子们在操场上玩耍,children与play为主动关系,动作正在进行)
Keep the fire burning.(让火一直烧着,fire与burn为主动关系,强调动作持续进行)。
【对比区分】
I saw him cross the street.(我看见他穿过了马路,cross为省to不定式,表“穿过马路”的完整动作)
I saw him crossing the street.(我看见他正在过马路,crossing为现在分词,表动作正在进行)
4.作表语:现在分词作表语时,多为形容词化的分词,置于系动词(be、become、get等)之后,侧重说明主语的性质、特征或状态,而非具体的动作进行,此时分词常译为“令人……的”,多用来修饰物,与过去分词作表语(修饰人,译为“感到……的”)形成高频辨析点。例:
The film is very exciting.(这部电影非常令人兴奋,exciting修饰物film,表性质)
The story is quite interesting.(这个故事很有趣,interesting修饰物story,表特征)
The situation is getting more worrying.(情况变得越来越令人担忧,worrying修饰物situation,表状态)
【重点提示】
1.现在分词作表语与动名词作表语的不同——现在分词表主语的性质状态,不可与主语互换;动名词表主语的内容,可与主语互换。例:
His job is teaching.(teaching为动名词,可互换为Teaching is his job.,表内容)
The job is tiring.(tiring为现在分词,不可互换,表性质)
2.判断语境中是否使用现在分词(doing),核心在于精准把握“逻辑关系”和“动作时态”两大维度,二者结合可快速锁定答案,规避中考常见错误,具体判断方法及注意事项如下:
(1)逻辑关系判断:主动关系是核心前提 首先明确非谓语动词的逻辑主语(通常为句子主语、宾语或被修饰的名词),若逻辑主语是该动作的主动执行者,即“逻辑主语→非谓语动词”的动作指向,则优先考虑现在分词;若为被动承受关系,则需改用过去分词。需注意不同句法功能中逻辑主语的定位:
① 作定语时,逻辑主语为被修饰的名词(如a running boy,逻辑主语boy主动发出run的动作);
② 作状语时,逻辑主语为句子主语(如Walking along the street, I met an old friend,逻辑主语I主动发出walk的动作);
③ 作宾语补足语时,逻辑主语为句子宾语(如I saw her singing,逻辑主语her主动发出sing的动作)。易错警示:若逻辑主语与非谓语动词为被动关系,切勿误用现在分词,例:Seen from the top(城市被看,用过去分词seen,而非seeing)。
(2)动作时态判断:同步进行/正在发生是关键 现在分词的“进行”语义,特指非谓语动词所表示的动作,与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生,或在谓语动作发生时该动作正处于“正在进行”的状态,强调动作的持续性和同步性。
① 表同步发生:非谓语动作与谓语动作伴随进行,无明显先后顺序,多作伴随、方式状语,例:She sat by the window, reading a novel(“读书”与“坐着”同时进行);
② 表正在发生:谓语动作发生的瞬间,非谓语动作正处于进行中,多作宾语补足语、定语,例:When I passed by, I saw them playing basketball(“路过”时,“打篮球”的动作正在进行)。
需区分:若动作发生在谓语动作之前(表完成),则需用过去分词;若动作发生在谓语动作之后(表目的),则需用不定式。
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)—According to the new traffic rules, people must wear helmets when _________ e-bikes.
—Safety comes first. We _________ be too careful.
A.ride; can’t B.riding; can’t C.to ride; needn’t D.riding; mustn’t
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——根据新交通规则,当骑电动自行车时,人们必须戴头盔。——安全第一。再小心也不为过。
考查现在分词用法和情态动词固定表达。 can’t不能;needn’t无需;mustn’t禁止。第一空:在“when”引导的时间状语从句中,当从句主语与主句主语“people”一致且含be动词时,可省略主语和be动词,直接用现在分词“riding”表示主动进行动作;第二空:can’t be too careful为固定表达,意为“再小心也不为过”,强调必要性。故选B。
2.(25-26九年级上·江苏镇江·期中)The Grand Canal (大运河), ________ the north and south of China, has a history of over 2,500 years.
A.to connect B.is connecting C.connected D.connecting
【答案】D
【解析】句意:大运河连接中国南北,有2500多年的历史。
考查非谓语动词。根据“The Grand Canal has a history...”可知,空格处需用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰主语,且该非谓语动词与句子主语是主动关系,故用现在分词doing,即connecting。故选D。
3.(25-26九年级上·江苏常州·月考)________ an expensive watch, the ugly man showed off his wealth everywhere.
A.Wear B.Wearing C.Worn D.To wear
【答案】B
【解析】句意:戴着一块昂贵的手表,那个丑陋的男人到处炫耀他的财富。
考查非谓语动词。根据“the ugly man showed off”可知,此句已有谓语动词,此处需要非谓语动词作状语,且the ugly man和wear之间是主动关系,所以应该用现在分词形式作伴随状语,表示“戴着一块昂贵的手表的同时,到处炫耀财富”。故选B。
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)There are ________ boys ________ basketball on the playground ________ with snow.
A.a number of, are playing, covering B.the number of, playing, covered
C.a number of, playing, covered D.the number of, are playing, covering
【答案】C
【解析】句意:操场上有很多男孩在打篮球,地面被雪覆盖着。
考查短语辨析以及非谓语动词。a number of许多,修饰可数名词复数;the number of……的数量,修饰可数名词复数。根据“There are...boys”可知,第一空用a number of,表示许多男孩,排除B和D选项。第二空所在句子已有谓语动词,第二空应填现在分词playing作后置定语,修饰名词boys。第三空是过去分词作后置定语,用来修饰名词playground。故选C。
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏镇江·月考)The railway ________ Lijiang to Shangri-La opened to traffic on 26 November 2023.
A.connects B.connected C.connecting D.is connected
【答案】C
【解析】句意:连接丽江和香格里拉的铁路于2023年11月26日通车。
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句子主干是“The railway opened to traffic...”,主谓成分完整。因此,空格处应用非谓语动词来修饰主语The railway。动词connect与The railway之间是主动关系,故用现在分词connecting作后置定语,修饰主语The railway。故选C。
6.(25-26九年级上·江苏南京·月考)Another new Inner Ring Road ________ our company ________ the airport will be in use in several years.
A.connected; to B.connecting; to C.connects; to D.will connect; to
【答案】B
【解析】句意:另一条连接我们公司与机场的新内环路将在几年后投入使用。
考查非谓语动词。分析题干可知,主句谓语为“will be”,所以空格处需非谓语形式修饰“Inner Ring Road”。“Inner Ring Road”与“connect”为主动关系,应用现在分词“connecting”作后置定语。故选B。
7.(25-26九年级上·江苏无锡·月考)Another new Inner Ring Road ________ our company ________ the airport will be in use in several years.
A.connected; to B.connecting; with C.connects; to D.will; connect
【答案】B
【解析】句意:另一条连接公司和机场的新内环路将在几年内投入使用。
考查动词短语和非谓语动词。connect...to...把……连接到……;connect...with...把……和……连接起来。根据“our company...the airport”可知是把我们的公司和机场连接起来,分析句子可知,句中有谓语动词,且此处动词短语和主语之间是主动关系,故此处用现在分词。故选B。
8.(25-26九年级上·江苏常州·月考)That is an important bridge ________ this old town ________ the city of Changzhou.
A.connect; to B.connect; with C.to connect; with D.connecting; to
【答案】D
【解析】句意:那是一座连接这座古老城镇和常州市的重要桥梁。
考查非谓语动词。“connect...to...”和“connect...with...”都有“连接”的意思。根据“That is an important bridge”可知,这句话已经有谓语动词,空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰“bridge”,故第一空选“connecting”,“connect...to...”是固定搭配,意为“把……和……连接起来”,符合“桥连接古镇与常州”的语义,故第二空选“to”。故选D。
9.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)There are some students ________ about the physics problem in the classroom.
A.talk B.talking C.to talk D.talks
【答案】B
【解析】句意:教室里有一些学生正在讨论物理问题。
考查现在分词作后置定语。根据“There are some students … about the physics problem”可知,此处需用现在分词talking作后置定语,表示“正在讨论的学生”,强调主动和进行的状态。故选B。
10.(24-25九年级上·江苏南京·月考)The boy ________ on the playground ________ to me that he ________ my coat on the grass.
A.lying; lied; had laid B.lied; laying; had laid
C.laid; lay; had lain D.lay; lied; has laid
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——你认识操场上的那个男孩吗?——当然认识。那个躺在操场上的男孩对我撒谎说已经把外套放在草地上了。
考查动词的时态。 lying 是 lie(躺)的现在分词,作后置定语,表示“正躺在操场上的男孩”。 lied 是 lie(撒谎)的过去时,作谓语,表示“对我撒谎”。 had laid 是 lay(放置)的过去完成时,表示“已经把外套放好”。 选项 A 完全符合语法和语境,故选 A。
考点四 过去分词
一、核心结构与语义
1. 构成:过去分词的基本形式为“done”,分为规则变化和不规则变化两类,二者均为中考拼写高频考点,需精准掌握避免失分。
① 规则动词:直接在动词原形后加“ed”,部分动词需遵循特殊拼写规则,具体如下:a. 一般动词直接加ed,例:work→worked(工作)、play→played(玩耍)、help→helped(帮助);b. 以不发音的e结尾的动词,直接加d,例:love→loved(喜爱)、live→lived(居住)、like→liked(喜欢);c. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y改为i,再加ed,例:study→studied(学习)、carry→carried(携带);d. 重读闭音节动词(满足“辅元辅”结构、末尾音节重读、辅音字母非x/w/y),双写末尾辅音字母加ed,例:stop→stopped(停止)、plan→planned(计划)、drop→dropped(掉落)。
② 不规则动词:无固定变化规则,需单独熟记,这类动词多为中考高频动词,核心示例及拓展如下:eat→eaten(吃)、write→written(写)、break→broken(打破)、see→seen(看见)、take→taken(带走)、do→done(做)、go→gone(去)、make→made(使、做)。
【易错警示】
不规则动词的过去分词是中考拼写易错点,需结合例句反复记忆,避免与过去式混淆(如write的过去式为wrote,过去分词为written)。
2.语义特征:过去分词的核心语义为“被动”和“完成”,二者常结合使用,是判断是否使用过去分词的核心依据,需结合逻辑关系和动作时序综合判断。
① 表被动:非谓语动词与逻辑主语(句子主语、宾语或被修饰的名词)之间存在“被动承受动作”的关系,即逻辑主语是动作的承受者,动作由他人或其他事物发出。例:The broken cup was on the floor.(杯子被打碎,cup与break为被动关系)。
② 表完成:过去分词所表示的动作,发生在句子谓语动词动作之前,强调动作已完成的状态或结果。例:
The letter written by her yesterday has been sent.(“写信”的动作发生在“寄信”之前,表完成)
注意:部分形容词化的过去分词(如interested、excited)作表语时,仅强调主语的状态,不明显体现“被动”或“完成”,需结合语境判断。
二、句法功能
1.作定语:过去分词作定语时,可置于被修饰名词之前(前置定语)或之后(后置定语),核心体现“被动、完成”语义,与被修饰名词构成明确被动关系,是中考定语类题型的高频考点。
① 前置定语:多为单个过去分词,简洁明了地说明名词的被动状态或完成特征,例:a broken cup(破碎的杯子,cup被打破,表被动+完成)、a closed door(关着的门,door被关闭,表被动+状态)、a worn coat(穿旧的外套,coat被穿旧,表被动+完成)。
② 后置定语:多为过去分词短语(分词+宾语/状语),相当于一个定语从句,用于补充说明名词的具体被动动作及背景,使句子语义更丰富,是书面表达中优化句式的常用方式。例:
The book written by Lu Xun is very popular.(=The book that was written by Lu Xun is very popular.,书被鲁迅写,表被动+完成,后置修饰book)
The students chosen to take part in the competition are from our class.(=The students who were chosen to take part in the competition are from our class.,学生被选中,表被动+完成)
易错区分:过去分词作定语表“被动、完成”,现在分词作定语表“主动、进行”,需结合逻辑关系判断,例:a developed country(发达国家,country与develop为被动关系,表完成,用developed)vs a developing country(发展中国家,country与develop为主动关系,表进行,用developing)。
2.作状语:过去分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等逻辑关系,核心要求是“逻辑主语与句子主语一致,且为被动关系”,若逻辑主语不一致需构成独立主格结构(中考暂不深入考查),这是中考非谓语动词的高频难点。
① 表时间:相当于when/while引导的时间状语从句,可置于句首或句末,强调被动动作发生后,谓语动作才发生。例:
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful.(=When it is seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful.,城市被看,表时间,逻辑主语city与see为被动关系)
Heated to 100℃, water turns into steam.(=When water is heated to 100℃, it turns into steam.,水被加热,表时间)。
② 表原因:相当于because/since引导的原因状语从句,前置时语气更强烈,侧重说明被动动作引发的结果。例:
Deeply moved by his story, we decided to help him.(=Because we were deeply moved by his story, we decided to help him.,我们被感动,表原因,逻辑主语we与move为被动关系)
Frightened by the noise, the little girl cried loudly.(=Because she was frightened by the noise, the little girl cried loudly.,女孩被惊吓,表原因)。
③ 表条件:相当于if/unless引导的条件状语从句,多置于句首,说明被动条件下的结果。例:
Given more time, we can finish the work better.(=If we are given more time, we can finish the work better.,我们被给予时间,表条件)
Accepted by the university, he will study hard.(=If he is accepted by the university, he will study hard.,他被大学录取,表条件)。
易错警示:若过去分词与句子主语为主动关系,需改用现在分词,避免逻辑错误。
3.作宾语补足语:过去分词可接在make、have、get、see、hear、find、keep等使役动词或感官动词后,作宾语补足语,补充说明宾语的被动状态或动作的完成结果,核心特征是“与宾语为被动关系”,与现在分词作宾补(表主动、进行)形成明确区分。
① 使役动词后:常见结构为“使役动词+宾语+done”,表“让宾语被……”,例:
I want to have my hair cut.(我的头发被剪,my hair与cut为被动关系,表让别人剪头发)
He had his car repaired yesterday.(他的车被修理,car与repair为被动关系,表让别人修车)。
② 感官动词后:结构为“感官动词+宾语+done”,表“看到/听到宾语被……”,例:
We saw the old house pulled down.(老房子被推倒,the old house与pull down为被动关系,表看到房子被拆的结果)
She heard her name called.(她的名字被呼唤,name与called为被动关系,表听到名字被喊)。
③ 特殊动词get:get作使役动词时,后接过去分词作宾补,表“使某事被完成”,例:
I can’t get this work done on time.(这项工作无法被按时完成,work与done为被动关系)。
4.作表语:过去分词作表语时,多为形容词化的分词,置于系动词(be、become、get、feel等)之后,侧重说明主语的状态、情感或特征,而非具体的被动动作,常用搭配为“be + 过去分词”,部分可与介词构成固定短语,是中考单选、完形的高频考点。
① 表情感状态:多修饰人,译为“感到……的”,例:
He is interested in history.(他对历史感兴趣,interested修饰人,表情感状态)
She was excited about the good news.(她对这个好消息感到兴奋,excited修饰人)
② 表客观状态:可修饰人或物,译为“……的”,例:
The door is closed.(门是关着的,closed修饰物,表状态)
The problem is solved.(问题被解决了,solved修饰物,表完成状态)
③ 固定搭配积累:be surprised at(对……感到惊讶)、be bored with(对……感到厌倦)、be pleased with(对……感到满意)、be worried about(担心……),这些搭配需熟练记忆,避免介词误用。
易错区分:过去分词作表语与被动语态的不同——作表语强调主语的状态,无动作执行者;被动语态强调主语承受的动作,常隐含或出现动作执行者(by短语),例:
The window is broken.(表语,强调状态)
The window was broken by a stone.(被动语态,强调动作及执行者)。
1.(23-24九年级上·江苏无锡·月考)I think the new film ______ by Mr. Zhang ______ seeing.
A.is directed; worth B.directed; is worth C.is directed; is worth D.directed; be worth
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我认为张先生导演的新电影值得一看。
考查过去分词作定语和worth的固定搭配。第一个空,by Mr. Zhang表示被动关系,需用过去分词directed作后置定语,修饰the new film;be worth doing“值得做”,是固定搭配,主语是“the new film”,be动词用is。故选B。
2.(2025九年级上·江苏镇江·专题练习)The new energy car ________ by this company last year is very popular now.
A.produces B.produced C.was produced D.is produced
【答案】B
【解析】句意:去年由这家公司生产的新能源汽车现在非常受欢迎。
考查过去分词作定语。produces生产,一般现在时主动语态;produced生产,过去式或过去分词;was produced被生产,一般过去时被动语态;is produced被生产,一般现在时被动语态。句中已有谓语动词is,结合“by this company”可知,此处应用过去分词表示被动和完成的动作,作后置定语。故选B。
3.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)The music ________ by Tan Dun sounds so ________.
A.was written; wonderful B.written; wonderfully
C.was written; wonderfully D.written; wonderful
【答案】D
【解析】句意:由谭盾创作的音乐听起来如此美妙。
考查过去分词作定语和感官动词。根据“by Tan Dun”可知,第一个空表示被动,需用过去分词“written”作后置定语修饰“music”,意为“被创作的”。sounds意为“听起来”,后应接形容词作表语,第二空要用wonderful(美妙的,形容词)。故选D。
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)I heard that she had her handbag ________ on her way to the supermarket.
A.to steal B.stolen C.stealing D.stole
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我听说她在去超市的路上手提包被偷了。
考查过去分词作宾语补足语。have sth. done“使某事被做”,是固定搭配,其中过去分词作宾语补足语,表示被动和完成的意义,在这个句子中,“her handbag”是宾语,“stolen”是过去分词,表示手提包被偷了。故选B。
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏南通·期中)What a big success the film ________ her novel is!
A.based upon B.is based on C.bases on D.basing upon
【答案】A
【解析】句意:基于她小说的这部电影是一个巨大的成功!
考查非谓语动词作定语。based upon以……为基础,过去分词;is based on以……为基础,谓语动词被动形式;bases on以……为基础,动词第三人称单数形式;basing upon以……为基础,现在分词。根据“What a big success the film…her novel is”可知,base与film之间是被动关系,因此使用过去分词形式based upon作后置定语,修饰film,意为“基于”。故选A。
6.(2025九年级上·江苏南通·专题练习)Tan Dun’s music ________ nature sounds is popular among music lovers all over the world.
A.fills with B.full of C.filled with D.is full of
【答案】C
【解析】句意:谭盾那充满自然之声的音乐在全世界音乐爱好者中很受欢迎。
考查非谓语动词。fills with充满,动词短语,谓语形式;full of充满的,形容词短语;filled with充满……的,过去分词短语,可作定语;is full of充满,系表结构,完整谓语。根据“is popular”可知,这句话已有谓语动词,空格处需作定语修饰“music”,“filled with”是过去分词短语,可直接后置修饰名词,符合“音乐充满自然之声”的语义,故选C。
7.(25-26九年级上·江苏淮安·期中)—There is no need to have my watch ______ because it is completely broken.
—Maybe you will have no choice but ______ another one.
A.repaired; to buy B.repair; buy C.repair; to buy D.repaired; buy
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——我的手表完全坏了,不需要修理了。——可能你除了再买一个也别无选择了。
考查非谓语动词以及动词短语。第一个空,watch与repair之间是被动关系,应用过去分词repaired,作宾语补足语;第二个空,固定搭配have no choice but to do sth,含义是“别无选择,只能做某事”,应用to buy。故选A。
8.(2025九年级上·江苏常州·专题练习)The story ________ by the young writer has been translated into three foreign languages.
A.write B.writing C.written D.to write
【答案】C
【解析】句意:由这位年轻作家写的故事已经被翻译成三种外语。
考查非谓语动词。根据“The story...by the young writer”可知,这个故事是被这位年轻作家写,此句已有谓语动词,所以此处用过去分词written作后置定语,修饰“story”。故选C。
9.(25-26九年级上·江苏南通·月考)My car requires ________. I’m going to have it ________ in the garage near my home.
A.fixing; fix B.fixing; fixed C.to fix; fix D.to fix; fixed
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我的车需要修理。我打算在家附近的修车厂把它修好。
考查非谓语动词。require doing sth“需要做某事”,为主动表被动的结构,故空一处用fixing;have sth done“使某物被做”,it指代“My car”,与fix是动宾关系,因此空二处用过去分词作宾语补足语。故选B。
10.(24-25九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)—There is no need to have my watch ________ because it is completely broken.
—Maybe you will have no choice but ________ another one.
A.repaired; to buy B.repair; buy C.repair; to buy D.to repair; buy
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——我的手表完全坏了,不需要修理。——可能你除了再买一个也别无选择了。
考查非谓语动词。根据“have my watch...”以及选项可知,watch和动词repair之间是被动关系,应用过去分词形式repaired,作宾语补足语;根据“have no choice but...another one”可知,是“have no choice but to do sth”结构,表示“除了……别无选择”。故选A。
考点五 易混辨析
一、不定式与动名词作主语的辨析
不定式和动名词均能作句子主语,但语义侧重、用法场景及句式特征差异显著,是中考单选、句型转换的高频考点,需结合动作属性(具体/泛指)和句式需求精准选择,具体辨析如下:
形式
用法特点
示例
中考易错提示
不定式(to do)
1. 语义侧重:表具体、一次性、未发生的动作,或强调动作的目的性、偶然性;2. 句式特征:为避免句子头重脚轻,优先用It作形式主语,真正主语后置,核心句式为“It’s + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.”;3. 语境适配:多用于说明特定场合的具体行为,语气较委婉。
① It’s necessary to finish the work today.(具体动作,强调“今天完成工作”这一特定任务);② It’s a pity to miss the concert tonight.(一次性动作,特指“今晚的音乐会”);③ To help the old man is our duty.(直接作主语,强调动作目的,语气正式)。
不可直接将较长不定式置于句首,否则句式生硬,不符合中考书面表达评分标准;形容词多为描述动作性质的词(如necessary, important, difficult),不可接表习惯性的形容词(如usual)。
动名词(doing)
1. 语义侧重:表泛指、习惯性、经常性的动作,或强调动作本身的属性、意义;2. 句式特征:可直接置于句首(语气简洁),也可接固定形式主语句式(如It’s no use/good doing sth.);3. 语境适配:多用于说明普遍规律、个人爱好或动作的本质特征。
① Swimming is good for health.(习惯性动作,表普遍规律);② Collecting stamps is his hobby.(强调动作本身,表爱好);③ It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(固定句式,中考常考谚语)。
动名词作主语时,谓语动词必须用第三人称单数形式,这是中考主谓一致题型的易错点;固定形式主语句式仅适用于动名词,不可误用不定式。
二、不定式与动名词作宾语的辨析
不定式和动名词作宾语的核心差异的在于动词搭配,部分动词可接两者但语义不同,是中考单选、完形的高频失分点,需分类记忆搭配规则并结合语境判断语义。
1.只接不定式作宾语:这类动词多表示“意愿、计划、决定、请求、期待”等语义,强调动作的目的性或未完成性,中考高频动词及拓展搭配如下:want(想要)、decide(决定)、hope(希望)、plan(计划)、agree(同意)、ask(要求)、tell(告诉)、expect(期待)、refuse(拒绝)、manage(设法做到)、afford(负担得起)。例:
She hopes to visit Beijing next year.(希望做某事,动作未发生)
He refused to accept the gift.(拒绝做某事,动作未执行)
【易错提示】不可在这类动词后直接接动名词,如误写“decide doing sth.”为典型错误。
2.只接动名词作宾语:这类动词多表示“情感、动作完成、避免、坚持”等语义,强调动作的过程或状态,中考高频动词及短语如下:enjoy(喜欢)、practice(练习)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免)、give up(放弃)、look forward to(期待)、be used to(习惯于)、stick to(坚持)、put off(推迟)、miss(错过)。例:
He finished doing his homework before dinner.(完成动作,强调过程结束)
We are looking forward to seeing you again.(短语中to为介词,必接动名词,中考高频易错点)
【易错提示】注意区分“介词to”与“不定式符号to”,避免误将介词to后接不定式。
3.接两者但语义不同:这类动词需结合语境精准判断语义,中考核心考查3组,需逐一掌握:
try to do vs try doing:try to do 表“努力、设法做某事”,侧重付出努力达成目标,动作未必成功;try doing 表“尝试做某事”,侧重试探方法是否可行,不强调努力程度。例:
He tried to finish the work on time but failed.(努力做但未成功)
He tried working with a new tool to save time.(尝试新方法,试探效果)
mean to do vs mean doing:mean to do 表“打算、计划做某事”,强调主观意图;mean doing 表“意味着做某事”,强调动作带来的客观结果。例:
I mean to go to the library tomorrow.(主观打算)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(客观结果)。
regret to do vs regret doing:regret to do 表“遗憾要做某事”,动作未发生,多接告知、宣布等负面消息的动词(如tell, say, inform);regret doing 表“后悔做过某事”,动作已完成,强调对过去行为的懊悔。例:
I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.(遗憾告知,动作未发生)
She regrets telling him the secret.(后悔做过,动作已完成)。
三、现在分词与过去分词的辨析(核心)
现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done)的辨析是中考非谓语动词的核心难点,二者语义关系、句法功能差异显著,核心判断依据为“逻辑关系”和“动作状态”,需结合不同句法功能逐一区分,具体如下:
维度
现在分词(doing)
过去分词(done)
中考实战示例
语义关系
与逻辑主语为主动关系,强调动作“正在进行”或“同步发生”,隐含动作的持续性。
与逻辑主语为被动关系,强调动作“已经完成”或“被动承受”,隐含动作的结果状态。
The running boy(主动+进行);The broken cup(被动+完成)。
作定语
与被修饰名词为主动关系,表动作正在进行或名词的主动属性;单个分词前置,短语后置,相当于定语从句(who/which is doing)。
与被修饰名词为被动关系,表动作已完成或名词的被动状态;单个分词前置,短语后置,相当于定语从句(who/which is done)。
① The girl singing in the room is my sister.(=who is singing,主动+进行);② The book written by Lu Xun is popular.(=which was written,被动+完成)。
作状语
与句子主语为主动关系,可表时间、原因、伴随等;逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致,否则为语法错误。
与句子主语为被动关系,可表时间、原因、条件等;逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致,常见于省略句转换。
① Walking along the street, I met an old friend.(I与walk主动,表时间);② Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.(city与see被动,表条件)。
作表语
多为形容词化分词,修饰物或事,表“令人……的”,侧重事物引发的感受;不可与主语互换位置。
多为形容词化分词,修饰人,表“感到……的”,侧重人自身的感受;也可修饰物表状态,不可与主语互换位置。
① The news is exciting.(修饰物,令人兴奋的);② We are excited about the news.(修饰人,感到兴奋的)。
作宾补
与宾语为主动关系,表动作正在进行或持续;接在感官动词(see, hear, watch)、使役动词(keep)后,强调动作过程。
与宾语为被动关系,表动作已完成或宾语处于被动状态;接在感官动词、使役动词(have, get)后,强调动作结果。
① I saw him playing basketball.(him与play主动,动作进行);② I had my hair cut.(hair与cut被动,动作完成)。
【速记技巧】主动进行用doing,被动完成用done;修饰物用-ing,修饰人用-ed;作状语句首看主语,逻辑一致是关键。
形式
用法特点
示例
不定式
表具体、一次性的动作,常用It作形式主语
It’s necessary to finish the work today.(具体动作)
动名词
表泛指、习惯性的动作,可置于句首或用形式主语
Swimming is good for health.(习惯性动作)
1.(24-25九年级下·江苏泰州·月考)It used to be quite pleasant ______ children to swim in this river, but now even fish are impossible ______ in it as it’s been heavily polluted.
A.of, to see B.for, to see C.of, to be seen D.for, to be seen
【答案】B
【解析】句意:过去,孩子们在这条河里游泳是相当愉快的,但现在由于河水被严重污染,甚至连鱼都看不到了。
考查特殊句型。of……的;for对于。根据句子结构,第一个空格所在句子,it是作形式主语,动词不定式是作真正的主语,所以是对于孩子们来说,在河里游泳是相当的快乐,第一个空格填for。to see主动形式;to be seen被动形式,句式sth. be impossible to do sth.做某事是不可能的,动词不定式主动表被动,所以第二个空格填to see。故选B。
2.(2024·江苏徐州·中考真题)Finishing a meal in 20 to 30 minutes is widely considered as the ideal ________ time.
A.sporting B.shopping C.dressing D.eating
【答案】D
【解析】句意:在20到30分钟内吃完一顿饭被普遍认为是理想的吃饭时间。
考查动名词辨析。sporting体育运动;shopping购物;dressing穿衣服;eating吃。根据“Finishing a meal in 20 to 30 minutes”可知,是指吃饭的时间。故选D。
3.(2016·江苏苏州·一模)Nobody can imagine what difficulty we had home in the snowstorm.
A.to walking B.to walk C.walked D.Walking
【答案】D
【解析】试题分析:Have difficulty (in) doing sth做某事有困难,what difficulty we had _____ home in the snowstorm是宾语从句,作谓语imagine的宾语。句意:没有人能够想象我们走雪地回家的困难。故选D。
4.(2018·江苏连云港·模拟预测)A new high-speed railway ________ Yangzhou ________ Nanjing will be built.
A.connected; and B.connects; with C.connected; to D.connecting; to
【答案】D
【解析】句意:一条新的连接扬州和南京的高速铁路将会被建成。“connect”意为“连接”,“connect A to B”即“把A和B连起来。”原句中的“will be built”为谓语部分,句子成分已经完整,所以得出所填第一空第二空的“连接扬州和南京”部分不是谓语部分,所以应该使用非谓语结构,做后置定语,修饰“railway”,所以可以排除B。“railway”(铁路)和动作“connect”(连接)之间是主动关系,故选用ing分词做后置定语,故选D。
5.(2014·江苏无锡·二模)— Doctor! I can’t fall at night.
— Don’t worry! You are too stressed. Just be relaxed and take some pills, then you’ll be better.
A.sleepy; asleep B.asleep; sleeping
C.sleep; sleep D.asleep, sleepy
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——医生。我在晚上睡不着。——不要担心!你太紧张了。只要放松,服一些安眠药,然后你就会好的。
考查形容词和非谓语动词。sleepy困倦的;asleep入睡的;sleep睡觉,动词;sleeping睡觉,动名词。第一空根据固定搭配fall asleep“入睡”,可知用asleep,排除AC;第二空要用动名词修饰其后名词pills,sleeping pills“安眠药”。故选B。
6.(2025·江苏扬州·三模)The couple were seen ________ a walk outside at this time yesterday . Nobody knows when they came back.
A.take B.taken C.took D.taking
【答案】D
【解析】句意:昨天这个时候,有人看见这对夫妇正在外面散步。没人知道他们何时回来的。
考查非谓语动词。根据“...a walk outside at this time yesterday”可知,此处强调他们被看见时正在散步,see sb. doing sth.表示“看到某人正在做某事”,固定词组,因此需用动词的现在分词。故选D。
7.(24-25九年级上·江苏宿迁·期末)The twins ________ the piano at this time yesterday. I think they might be preparing for the art festival these days.
A.heard the play B.heard to play C.were heard playing D.were heard to play
【答案】C
【解析】句意:昨天这个时候,有人听见这对双胞胎在弹钢琴。我想他们这些天可能正在为艺术节做准备。
考查时态、语态及非谓语。分析句子结构并结合选项可知,空处所在句的主语“The twins”与谓语为逻辑上的动宾关系,用被动语态;根据“at this time yesterday”可知,此处表示动作正在进行,应用现在分词,作补足语。故选C。
8.(24-25九年级上·江苏南通·期中)—Mary was heard ________ then. What happened?
—John was telling a joke.
A.to cry B.to laugh C.crying D.laughing
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——当时听到Mary在笑。发生什么了?——John正在讲笑话。
考查动词辨析和非谓语动词。根据“Mary was heard...then.”和“John was telling a joke.”可知,本空表示当时正在发生的动作,应排除A、B,hear sb doing“听见某人正在做某事”,此处是被动语态;根据“John was telling a joke.”可知,讲笑话应该会使人发笑,排除C。故选D。
9.(24-25九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)—Your hair is a little untidy. You’d better have it ________.
—All right, Mum.
A.wash B.washed C.washes D.washing
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你的头发有点乱。你最好洗洗头。——好的,妈妈。
考查非谓语动词。have sth. done“做某事”,是固定词组,所以B项正确。故选B。
10.(24-25九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)The old radios require ________, so you’d better have them ________.
A.to repair; repaired B.repairing; repaired C.to be repaired; repair D.to repairing; repaired
【答案】B
【解析】句意:这台旧收音机需要修理,所以你最好尽快把它修好。
考查非谓语动词。repair修理,动词原型;repairing修理,(repair现在分词或动名词);repaired修理,(repair过去式和过去分词)。根据“The old radios require...”可知,应用“sth. require doing”或“sth. require to be done”表示“某事需要被……”,排除A、D;根据“have them...”可知,应用“have sth done”表示“让某事被做”,排除C。故选B。
一、单项选择
1.I prefer ________ at home rather than ________ to the party.
A.staying; go B.to stay; going C.staying; going D.to stay; go
2.—They don’t allow ________ in the room.
—Yes, but we are allowed ________ outside.
A.smoking; smoking B.smoking; to smoke C.to smoke; smoking D.to smoke; to smoke
3.It’s impolite ________ information directly when asking for help.
A.ask B.asking C.asked D.to ask
4.These funny pictures about cakes will surely make you ________.
A.to laugh B.laughing C.laugh D.laughed
5.The AI tool makes students ________ efficiently and avoid ________ the same mistakes repeatedly.
A.to learn; making B.learn; to make C.to learn; to make D.learn; making
6.Good students not only follow rules but also dare ________ in new ways.
A.think B.thinking C.to thinking D.to think
7.It’s not proper ________ a child whatever he wants.
A.give B.giving C.to give D.gave
8.________ things more easily, many people share photos online with a short introduction.
A.Selling B.To sell C.Sell D.Sold
9.________ short videos, my grandma bought a smart phone.
A.Made B.Making C.To make D.Make
10.—What a heavy rain! —So it is.I prefer_________ to _________ on such a rainy day.
A.to stay at home;going out B.to stay at home;go out
C.staying at home;going out D.staying at home;go out
11.At that moment, I regretted _________ you that you failed the exam.
A.tell B.telling C.to tell D.told
12.After ________, the clay pieces are fired ________.
A.drying; at a very high heat B.dry; in a very high heat
C.to dry; about a very high heat D.dried; to a very high heat
13.My parents used to ________.
A.afraid to give a speech in trouble B.be afraid of give a speech in silence
C.being afraid to give a speech in person D.be afraid of giving a speech in public
14.I can see she’s trying hard to avoid ________ my questions.
A.answer B.to answer C.answering D.answered
15.—I don’t like Jerry. He is noisy.
—You can hardly avoid ________ him if you work in the same office.
A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.met
16.Nowadays, teachers ought to consider ________ more time on teaching research.
A.to spend B.spend C.spent D.spending
17.When I went into the room, I found ________ in bed.
A.him lying B.he lying C.him was lying D.he lies
18.The fishing boats were seen ________ the shore yesterday.
A.lie off B.lies off C.lying off D.lay off
19.The new high-speed railway ______ Qiqihar to Harbin has shortened the travel time to one hour.
A.connecting B.connected C.to connect D.connects
20.The CPC succeeded ________ the Party’s 20th National Congress in October.
A.to hold B.at holding C.in holding D.to holding
21.The hall is used to ________ meetings by the company. The staff are used to ________ meetings here.
A.holding; hold B.hold; holding
C.holding; holding D.hold; hold
22.She told me she ______ the book twice and she decided ______ it to her friend.
A.has read; to lend B.had read; to lend C.has read; lending D.had read; lending
23.The letters ______ by my brother yesterday. He told me he planned ______ more letters tomorrow.
A.were written; to write B.wrote; to write C.were written; writing D.wrote; writing
24.With the weather ________ bad, we had to cancel the outdoor picnic.
A.turned B.turning C.turns D.turn
25.________ the importance of public health, many countries have invested heavily in ________ their disease prevention systems.
A.Recognizing; improving B.Recognize; improve
C.Recognized; improved D.To recognize; improving
26.The volunteer ________ a blue coat helps to ________ children from the orphanage.
A.wearing; wear B.dressing; dress C.dressed; dress D.wearing; dress
27.—What do you think of the railway ________ Qinghai to Tibet?
—Oh, I have never seen ________ plateau (高原) railway.
A.connects; a longer B.connecting; the longest
C.connects; the longest D.connecting; a longer
28.—Is Jack in the library?
—No, I saw him _________ on the playground when I passed by.
A.playing B.play C.to play D.played
29.There are a lot of people ________ for the bus to come.
A.waiting B.to wait C.waited D.is waiting
30.“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A.looking B.to look C.having looked D.looked
31.I don’t think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to ________.
A.get their ears pierce B.get their ears pierced
C.get their ears to pierce D.get their ears piercing
32.As a student, you can’t get your ears ________.
A.pierce B.pierced C.pierces D.will pierce
33.The story ______ by Mo Yan is very popular among teenagers.
A.write B.wrote C.written D.writing
34.Coffee ________ in Yunnan ________ to many different countries and places each year.
A.is made; sent B.made; sent C.is make; send D.made; is sent
35.A collection of photos _______ “Many Faces of Our City” successfully shows the city’s rich culture.
A.is called B.was called C.called D.calling
二、单词拼写
36.You look so nice in both dresses that I wouldn’t know which one (advice) you to buy.
37.Have a few minutes every morning (check) how your plan is going.
38.Details should be paid attention to (get) high marks in tests.
39.No one can force him (give) up his favorite hobby.
40.She was the first student (finish) the test yesterday.
41.—To have a healthy life, what else should I pay attention to (shape) my body?
—Maybe you should do more exercise.
42.Our teacher is often seen (present) gifts to those who have made progress.
43.The teacher asked Tom (warn) his deskmate not to run in the hallway.
44. (make) more friends, she joined the painting club.
45.He used (walk) to work. But now he is used to driving to work.
46.We managed (spare) an hour to practice English every day and our language skills improved.
47.He prefers (stay) at home rather than go out on weekends.
48.To (creative) a new picture, that painter has stayed in his studio for nearly a week.
49.He always works carefully to avoid (make) mistakes.
50.She is very comfortable (speak) English when she has lived in England for two months.
51.You’d better avoid (use) the same oil for a long time while cooking.
52.He suggested (go) to the tea house this weekend.
53.You can’t imagine how much difficulty they had at that time (control) the virus.
54.More attention should be paid to (control) his emotions.
55.To support environmental protection, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics (win) medals were made of e-waste.
56.Planting grass on the hills can stop the wind from (blow) away the sand.
57.The way you thought of (help) the poor is practical and helpful.
58.My sister regretted (stay) out too late last night.
59.His new job means (travel) all over the world.
60.Our teacher suggested (value) the time that we spend with family and friends.
61.The old man stood at the door, (forget) what to do.
62.Last night when I walked past the hall, a teenager was sitting there, (look) worried.
63.The little boy passed the exam and rushed to his mother, (hug) her with tears of joy in his eyes
64.I found a letter (lie) on the floor when I came into the classroom.
65.He is the chief engineer of the high-speed railway (connect) Wuxi to Shanghai.
66.Jim’s father is the chief engineer of the new underground (connect) Jiangning to Luhe.
67.He stopped the car and found a nail (stick) in the tyre.
68.There is a beautiful painting (hang) on the wall.
69.Could you hear a baby (cry) in the next room?
70.The top of this house is a boat (turn) upside down.
71.—My bike is broken. What should I do?
—You can get it (repair) in that bike shop.
72.Let’s hurry. There are only two minutes (leave).
73.Do you know an American boy (call) Tom?
74. (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks really beautiful.
75.Have you ever used a car (make) in China?
三、完成句子
76.那就是所谓的科学方法。
the scientific method.
77.与往年相比,我们收到了更多的照片。
other years, we received many more photos.
78.她感觉被忽略了,因为其他孩子都不和她玩。
She feels because the other children don’t play with her.
79.与我们的父母相比,我们过着更加幸福的生活。
We are living a happier life our parents.
80.鲁迅所写的这本书是非常有教育意义的。
The book Lun Xun is very educational.
81.跟我相比,你更用功。
me, you work harder.
82.和琳达的手机相比,我的(手机)轻得多。
Linda’s mobile phone, mine is much lighter.
83.我住在这个被称作“云乡”的村子已20多年了。
I have in the Yun Xiang more than 20 years.
84.伴随着困难,仍然也会有许多令人兴奋的事情在等着你们。(完成译句)
Along with difficulties, there will also be many exciting things you.
85.我前面有5个人在等核酸检测。我是第六个。
There are 5 people Nucleic Acid Testing in front of me. I am the sixth.
86.刚才我看到胡老师正在路上搭车。
I saw Mr. Hu a ride on the road just now.
87.现在我已长大成人,回想起那过去的岁月。
Now I’m an adult, those times.
88.彼得听到他的父亲正在敲他卧室的门。
Peter his father his bedroom door.
89.我们通常只在城镇中心四处走动,尽可能多见一些朋友!
We often just walk around the town center, many of our friends !
90.我认为让别人久等是不礼貌的。
I think it’s impolite to .
参考答案
一、
1.D
【解析】句意:我宁愿待在家里也不愿去参加聚会。
考查动词prefer的固定搭配。根据“prefer...rather than...”可知,其固定搭配为“prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.”,意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”,因此第一个空填“to stay”,第二个空填动词原形“go”。故选D。
2.B
【解析】句意:——他们不允许在房间里吸烟。——是的,但我们被允许在外面吸烟。
考查动词allow的用法辨析。动词allow表示“允许做某事”时,常用“allow doing sth.”结构,因此第一空应填smoking;动词allow用于被动语态时,用“be allowed to do sth.”结构,表示“被允许做某事”,因此第二空应填to smoke。故选B。
3.D
【解析】句意:在请求帮助时,直接询问信息是不礼貌的。
考查非谓语动词用法。ask问,动词原形;asking现在分词或动名词;asked动词过去式或过去分词;to ask问,动词不定式。固定句型“It’s + adj. + to do sth.”,表示“做某事是……的”,其中it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。故选D。
4.C
【解析】句意:这些关于蛋糕的有趣图片一定会让你笑。
考查非谓语动词。make sb. do sth. 意为“使某人做某事”,后接省略to的动词原形。故选C。
5.D
【解析】句意:这个人工智能工具让学生高效地学习,并避免重复犯同样的错误。
考查非谓语动词。第一空考查使役动词make的用法:make sb. do sth.表示“让某人做某事”,后接动词原形,因此第一空应填learn;第二空考查动词avoid的用法:avoid doing sth.“避免做某事”,后接动名词,因此第二空应填making。故选D。
6.D
【解析】句意:好学生不仅遵守规则,而且敢于以新的方式思考。
考查dare的用法。当“dare”作情态动词时,后接动词原形 (即不带to),但这种用法通常出现在否定句、疑问句中;“dare”作实义动词时,后接带to的不定式 (to do),表示“敢于做某事”。根据“Good students not only follow rules but also dare ... in new ways.”可知,句子为肯定句,不符合“dare”作为情态动词的用法,因此这里考查dare to do sth.,应用不定式to think。故选D。
7.C
【解析】句意:孩子想要什么就给他什么是不合适的。
考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,该句是“it is adj to do sth”固定句型,表示“做某事是……的”,因此填不定式作真正主语。故选C。
8.B
【解析】句意:为了更轻松地销售物品,许多人会在网上分享照片并附上简短介绍。
考查非谓语动词。根据“things more easily, many people share photos online with a short introduction”可知,此处表示在网上分享照片并附上简短介绍的目的,用动词不定式表示目的,故选B。
9.C
【解析】句意:为了制作短视频,我奶奶买了一部智能手机。
考查非谓语动词。空格处位于句首,表示“为了制作短视频”,应用不定式To make作目的状语。故选C。
10.C
【解析】句意:——好大的雨啊!——确实是。在这样的雨天,我宁愿待在家里也不愿出去。
考查prefer的用法。prefer A to B表示“比起B更喜欢A”,其中A和B应为平行结构,即两者都用名词、动名词等形式。选项C为动名词,符合prefer doing A to doing B的固定搭配,故选C。
11.C
【解析】句意:那一刻,我很遗憾地告诉你,你考试不及格。
考查非谓语动词的用法。tell告诉,一般现在时主动形式;telling告诉,动名词形式;to tell告诉,动词不定式;told告诉,一般过去时主动形式。分析句子可知,regret to do sth. 是固定搭配,表示“遗憾地要去做某事(事情还未发生)”,regret doing sth. 表示“后悔做过某事(事情已发生)”。此处“告诉”这个动作是当下要发生的,因此用 to tell。故选C。
12.A
【解析】句意:在干燥之后,这些陶土片被高温烧制。
考查非谓语动词和介词短语。drying干燥,动名词;at a very high heat以高温;dry动词原形;to dry动词不定式;dried过去分词。after是介词,后面应接动名词 drying作宾语,表示“干燥之后”。根据“the clay pieces are fired…”可知,空处表示“以高温”烧制,需用固定搭配at a very high heat。故选A。
13.D
【解析】句意:我的父母过去常常害怕在公共场合演讲。
考查非谓语动词用法。used to后接动词原形,表示“过去常常做某事”,be afraid to do sth.表示“害怕做某事”;be afraid of doing sth.表示“害怕做某事”,故排除选项A、B和C。故选D。
14.C
【解析】句意:我能看出她在努力避免回答我的问题。
考查非谓语动词。answer回答,动词原形;to answer动词不定式;answering动名词或现在分词;answered动词过去式或过去分词。avoid后需接动名词作宾语,即avoid doing sth.“避免做某事”。故选C。
15.C
【解析】句意:——我不喜欢杰瑞。他很吵。——如果你在同一个办公室工作,你几乎无法避免见到他。
考查非谓语动词。meet遇见,动词原形,to meet动词不定式,meeting动名词/现在分词,met过去式/过去分词。“avoid doing sth.”是固定搭配,意为“避免做某事”,此处应填meeting。故选C。
16.D
【解析】句意:如今,教师应该考虑花费更多时间在教学研究上。
考查动词consider的用法。to spend花费,动词不定式;spend花费,动词原形;spent花费,过去式/过去分词;spending花费,动名词/现在分词。根据“consider doing sth.”的固定用法可知,空处应使用spend的动名词形式spending。故选D。
17.A
【解析】句意:当我走进房间时,我发现他躺在床上。
考查动词find的用法。根据“When I went into the room, I found...in bed.”可知,句中find sb doing sth表示“发现某人正在做某事”,其中sb作find的宾语,需用宾格形式,所以用him;此处表示“正躺着”的状态,使用现在分词形式lying,作宾语补足语。故选A。
18.C
【解析】句意:昨天有人看到渔船停泊在离海岸不远处。
考查非谓语动词。see sb./sth. doing sth.是固定搭配,意为“看到某人/某物正在做某事”,其被动形式是sb./sth. be seen doing sth.(某人/某物被看到正在做某事)。lie off意为“(船)停靠在(岸边不远处)”,此处需用现在分词形式lying off作主语补足语。故选C。
19.A
【解析】句意:新的高速铁路连接齐齐哈尔和哈尔滨,将旅行时间缩短到了一小时。
考查非谓语动词。根据“The new high-speed railway…Qiqihar to Harbin has shortened the travel time to one hour.”可知,主语“high-speed railway”是动作“连接”的主动执行者,需用现在分词作后置定语表示主动关系。故选A。
20.C
【解析】句意:中国共产党在十月成功召开了党的二十大。
考查动词短语搭配。动词“succeed”后固定接介词“in”,表示“成功做某事”,即“succeed in doing sth.”。根据句意,空格处应填入“in holding”,表示“成功召开”。故选C。
21.B
【解析】句意:这个大厅被公司用来举行会议。员工们习惯在这里开会。
考查非谓语动词。第一空表示“大厅被用来举行会议”,be used to do sth.表示“被用来做某事”,其中to是不定式符号,后接动词原形。第二空表示“员工们习惯于在这里开会”,be used to doing表示“习惯于做某事”,其中to是介词,后接动名词。故选B。
22.B
【解析】句意:她告诉我她已经读过这本书两次了,并且决定把它借给她的朋友。
考查动词的时态和非谓语动词。has read已经读了,现在完成时;had read”(过去)已经读了,过去完成时;to lend去借,动词不定式;lending借,动名词/现在分词。分析句子可知,她读书的动作发生在told之前,即 “过去的过去”,应用过去完成时,故用“had read”。decide to do sth.是固定短语,意为“决定做某事”,故后接不定式“to lend”。故选B。
23.A
【解析】句意:这些信是我哥哥昨天写的。他告诉我他计划明天写更多的信。
考查被动语态和动词不定式用法。第一空,主语“letters”是动作的承受者,应用被动语态,根据时间状语“yesterday”可知,时态为一般过去时;plan to do sth.“计划做某事”,是固定搭配,A项符合。故选A。
24.B
【解析】句意:由于天气变坏,我们不得不取消户外野餐。
考查with的复合结构。分析句子可知,此处是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的复合结构作状语,weather和turn之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故选B。
25.A
【解析】句意:意识到公共卫生的重要性,许多国家在改善其疾病预防系统方面投入了大量资金。
考查动词现在分词和动名词的用法。根据“the importance of public health”和“many countries”可知二者为主动关系,第一空处作状语,用动词的现在分词形式;而由“in”为介词可知,第二空处应用动名词形式作宾语,故选A。
26.D
【解析】句意:穿着蓝色外套的志愿者帮助孤儿院的孩子们穿衣服。
考查动词辨析。wear穿着,表状态;dress给……穿衣。根据“a blue coat”可知,空一处表示穿着蓝色外套的志愿者,用现在分词wearing作定语;根据“children”可知,空二处表示给孩子们穿衣服,用dress。故选D。
27.D
【解析】句意:——你觉得连接青海和西藏的铁路怎么样?——哦,我从未见过更长的高原铁路。
考查非谓语动词和比较级。根据“What do you think of the railway”可知,句中已有谓语动词,因此此处是非谓语形式,且与逻辑主语“the railway”是主动关系,用现在分词;根据“I have never seen...plateau (高原) railway.”可知从未见过比这个更长的高原铁路,此处用“否定词+比较级”来表达最高级的含义,故选D。
28.A
【解析】句意:——杰克在图书馆吗?——不,他不在。我路过时看见他正在操场上玩。
考查非谓语动词辨析。根据“I saw him...on the playground when I passed by.”可知,我路过时看见他正在操场上玩,强调动作正在进行,“see sb. doing sth.”意为“看见某人正在做某事”。故选A。
29.A
【解析】句意:有很多人在等公交车来。
考查动词形式辨析。waiting现在分词;to wait动词不定式;waited动词过去式;is waiting现在进行时。“There be+主语+doing sth.”是固定结构,强调“有……正在做某事”,此处people和wait是主动关系,用现在分词waiting体现人们正在等车的状态,符合语境。故选A。
30.A
【解析】句意:“这种天气我们不能出去,”鲍勃望着窗外说。
考查非谓语动词。根据“said Bob…out of the window.”可知,鲍勃在说话的同时,正看向窗外,两个动作是同时发生的伴随状态,因此用现在分词短语作伴随状语。故选A。
31.B
【解析】句意:我认为不应该允许16岁的青少年打耳洞。
考查get sth. done结构。根据“I don’t think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to”可知,空处指“耳朵被打洞”,需要get sth. done结构,表示“使某物被做”,其中过去分词pierced作宾语补足语,表示被动关系。故选B。
32.B
【解析】句意:作为一个学生,你不能打耳洞。
考查非谓语动词。pierce刺穿,动词原形;pierced刺穿,过去式/过去分词;pierces刺穿,三单形式;will pierce将刺穿,将来时。根据“you can’t get your ears…”可知,此处“ears” 和“pierce”是被动关系;get sth. done表示“使某物被……”,所以此处要用“pierce” 的过去分词形式“pierced”。即“耳朵被刺穿”。故选B。
33.C
【解析】句意:莫言写的这个故事在青少年中非常受欢迎。
考查非谓语动词。根据“The story…by Mo Yan is very popular among teenagers.”可知,主语The story与write之间为被动关系,所以使用过去分词written作后置定语,修饰名词,表示“由莫言写的故事”。故选C。
34.D
【解析】句意:云南生产的咖啡每年被运往许多不同的国家和地区。
考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知,第一个空处是定语,修饰coffee,coffee和make之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词made作后置定语;第二个空处,根据“each year”可知,句子用一般现在时,主语coffee和send之间是被动关系,用一般现在时的被动语态is sent。故选D。
35.C
【解析】句意:一组名为“我们城市的众多面孔”的照片成功地展示了这座城市丰富的文化。
考查非谓语动词作后置定语。called在这里是过去分词作后置定语,修饰前面的a collection of photos,表示“被称作……的”。其他选项is called和was called是谓语动词形式,与谓语shows冲突;calling是现在分词,表示主动关系,不符合此处被动含义。故选C。
二、
36.to advise
【解析】句意:你穿这两件衣服都很好看,以至于我不知道该建议你买哪一件。advice“建议”,不可数名词;结合“which one…you to buy”及语境可知,此处应指不知道“应该建议”你买哪一件,应用“疑问词(组)+to do”作动词know的宾语,名词advice对应的动词为advise“建议”,且不定式后应用动词原形。故填to advise。
37.to check
【解析】句意:每天早上花几分钟检查一下你的计划进展如何。根据“Have a few minutes every morning...how your plan is going.”可知,“花几分钟时间”的目的是“检查计划进展”,应用动词不定式作目的状语,故填to check。
38.to get
【解析】句意:在考试中要想取得高分,就必须注意细节。获得高分是注意细节的目的,这里是动词不定式作目的状语,故填to get。
39.to give
【解析】句意:没有人能强迫他放弃自己最喜爱的爱好。force sb. to do sth.表示“强迫某人做某事”,所以空格处应填动词不定式to give。故填to give。
40.to finish
【解析】句意:她是昨天第一个完成测试的学生。finish“完成”,分析句子结构可知,此处用动词不定式作后置定语修饰名词“student”。故填to finish。
41.to shape
【解析】句意:——为了拥有一个健康的生活,我还应该注意些什么来塑造我的身体呢? ——也许你应该多锻炼。shape“塑造”,动词;根据“what else should I pay attention to...my body?”可知,注意其他事情的目的是塑造身体,所以应用shape的动词不定式to shape表目的。故填to shape。
42.to present
【解析】句意:我们经常看到老师给那些取得进步的人赠送礼物。present“赠送”是动词。see sb. do sth.意为“看见某人做某事(强调看见全过程)”,但用于被动语态时,需加上to,即be seen to do sth.。故填to present。
43.to warn
【解析】句意:老师让汤姆警告他的同桌不要在走廊里跑。warn“警告”,ask sb to do sth“要求某人做某事”,因此填不定式。故填to warn。
44.To make
【解析】句意:为了结交更多朋友,她加入了绘画俱乐部。make“结交”,此处用动词不定式“To make”作目的状语,表示“为了……”,故填To make。
45.to walk
【解析】句意:他过去常常步行去上班,但现在他习惯开车去上班。walk“步行”,used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”,因此填动词不定式。故填to walk。
46.to spare
【解析】句意:我们设法每天抽出一个小时来练习英语,我们的语言技能得到了提高。spare“抽出(时间)”,动词;manage to do sth.意为“设法做成某事”,所以此处应用动词不定式to spare作宾语。故填to spare。
47.to stay
【解析】句意:在周末,他宁愿待在家里也不愿出去。stay“待,停留”,动词;固定搭配“prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.”,意为“宁愿做某事也不愿做另一件事”。故填to stay。
48.create
【解析】句意:为了创作一幅新画,那位画家已经在他的工作室里待了将近一周了。根据“that painter has stayed in his studio for nearly a week”以及提示词可知,“那位画家已经在他的工作室待了将近一周了”的目的是“创作一幅新画”,此处为to do不定式作目的状语,“to”后需要接动词原形,所以应将creative转化为动词原形create,意为“创作”。故填create。
49.making
【解析】句意:他总是认真工作以避免犯错。make“做,制造”,动词;固定搭配avoid doing sth.表示“避免做某事”,所以此处需要用make的动名词形式making。故填making。
50.speaking
【解析】句意:她在英国住了两个月后,说英语很自如。be comfortable doing sth“自如地做某事”,空处用V-ing形式。故填speaking。
51.using
【解析】句意:做饭时你最好避免长时间使用同一种油。avoid“避免”,其后常接动名词作宾语,即avoid doing sth.“避免做某事”,use“使用”,其动名词形式为using。故填using。
52.going
【解析】句意:他建议这个周末去茶馆。go“去”,suggest doing sth.表示“建议做某事”,所以此处用动名词going。故填going。
53.controlling
【解析】句意:你无法想象当时他们控制病毒有多困难。have difficulty (in) doing sth.“做某事有困难”,固定用法;control“控制”,动词,其动名词形式为controlling。故填controlling。
54.controlling
【解析】句意:应该更加注意控制他的情绪。根据“pay attention to doing sth.”可知,此处使用动名词形式,表示“关注做某事”,故填controlling。
55.winning
【解析】句意:为支持环境保护,2020年东京奥运会的奖牌由电子垃圾制成。空格后是名词,前面需要用一个具有形容词功能的词来修饰它,因此要将win变形为winning来修饰名词medals。此处为动名词修饰名词的用法。故填winning。
56.blowing
【解析】句意:在山上种草可以防止风把沙子吹走。blow“吹”是动词。stop...from doing sth.是固定搭配,意为“阻止……做某事”,因此填动名词。故填blowing。
57.to help/helping
【解析】句意:你想到的帮助穷人的方法既实用又有帮助。help“帮助”,动词。the way to do sth“做某事的方法”,或者think of doing sth“想到做某事”,故填to help/helping。
58.staying
【解析】句意:我姐姐后悔昨晚在外面待得太晚了。根据“My sister regretted…out too late”以及提示词可知,此处指姐姐后悔在外面待得太晚了,regret doing sth.“后悔做过某事”,动词短语,空处应用staying。故填staying。
59.travelling
【解析】句意:他的新工作意味着要环游世界。当“mean”表示“意味着、意思是”时,后面应接动词的-ing形式,构成“mean doing sth.”结构。travel的动名词形式为“travelling”。故填travelling。
60.valuing
【解析】句意:我们的老师建议珍惜我们与家人和朋友共度的时光。根据“suggested”可知,此处考查suggest doing sth.“建议做某事”,所以横线处需填动名词形式。value“珍惜”,动词,其动名词形式为valuing。故填valuing。
61.forgetting
【解析】句意:老人站在门口,忘了要做什么。根据句子结构可知,此处使用非谓语动词,逻辑主语the old man与forget之间是主动关系,所以用现在分词作伴随状语,forget的现在分词是forgetting。故填forgetting。
62.looking
【解析】句意:昨晚我走过大厅的时候,一个少年正坐在那里,看起来忧心忡忡。根据提示可知,句子已有谓语结构was sitting,此处需填非谓语动词作伴随状语;主语a teenager和动词look是主动关系,因此用现在分词形式。故填looking。
63.hugging
【解析】句意:这个小男孩通过了考试,冲向他的妈妈,眼里含着喜悦的泪水拥抱着她。句子已有谓语动词“passed”和“rushed”,此处“hug”是伴随动作,指的是男孩冲向妈妈的同时“拥抱”她,需用现在分词形式hugging作伴随状语,表主动、同时发生的动作。故填hugging。
64.lying
【解析】句意:当我走进教室时,我发现一封信躺在地板上。lie意为“躺”,逻辑主语是“a letter”,表示“信”被发现时的状态(主动且进行中),此处需用现在分词“lying”,表示“正躺在地上”的主动、进行意义。故填lying。
65.connecting
【解析】句意:他是连接无锡和上海的高速铁路的总工程师。根据“the high-speed railway...Wuxi to Shanghai.”可知,空白处需要填入一个非谓语动词形式修饰前面的名词“high-speed railway”,表示“连接无锡和上海”这个动作,要用现在分词形式表示主动关系。故填connecting。
66.connecting
【解析】句意:吉姆的父亲是连接江宁和六合的新地铁的总工程师。空格前“the new underground”是名词短语,且句中“is”为谓语动词,因此这里应用非谓语动词作后置定语,说明地铁与两地的关系;“connect”与“the new underground”是主动关系 (地铁主动执行“连接”的动作),用现在分词“connecting“更合适,表示主动且持续的关系。故填connecting。
67.sticking
【解析】句意:他停下车,发现一颗钉子扎在轮胎里。stick“刺入、卡住”,此处考查“find+宾语+宾补”,“a nail”和“stick”之间是主动关系,且表示钉子正处于扎在轮胎里的状态,因此用现在分词“sticking”作宾语补足语。故填sticking。
68.hanging
【解析】句意:墙上挂着一幅美丽的画。hang“悬挂”,此处强调“挂在墙上的画”,“hang”和逻辑主语“painting”之间是主动关系,表“挂着的”状态,应用“hang”的现在分词作后置定语。故填hanging。
69.crying
【解析】句意:你能听到隔壁房间的婴儿哭声吗?根据题干可知,此处表示“听到婴儿正在哭”,应用短语hear sb. doing sth.表示“听见某人正在做某事”,所以空处应填cry的动词-ing形式crying。故填crying。
70.turned
【解析】句意:这座房子的顶部是一艘被翻过来的船。此处turn作定语修饰名词boat,且boat与turn之间为被动关系,需用过去分词形式表示“被……的”,构成“a boat turned upside down”。故填turned。
71.repaired
【解析】句意:——我的自行车坏了。我该怎么办?——你可以在那家自行车店把车修好。句中“it”指“自行车”,和动词repair构成动宾关系,此处用过去分词表示被动,get sth. done“使某事完成”,故填repaired。
72.left
【解析】句意:咱们快点。只剩两分钟了。leave留下,动词;此处“two minutes”和“leave”之间是被动关系,表示时间是“被剩下”的,所以用过去分词“left”作后置定语,修饰“two minutes”,表示“剩下的两分钟”。故填left。
73.called
【解析】句意:你认识一个叫汤姆的美国男孩吗?根据“an American boy…Tom”以及提示词可知,此处指“一个叫汤姆的美国男孩”,应用过去分词called作后置定语。故填called。
74.Seen
【解析】句意:从山顶上看,这个城市看起来很漂亮。根据“... from the top of the hill, the city looks really beautiful.”可知,是在山顶上看这座城市,城市是被看的,空格处用过去分词done作状语,构成独立主格,逻辑主语是the city,句首字母大写。故填Seen。
75.made
【解析】句意:你曾经用过中国制造的汽车吗?空处作后置定语修饰名词car,且car与make之间是动宾关系,所以此处用动词的过去分词made作后置定语。故填made。
三、
76. That’s called
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,此处缺的是“那就是所谓的”,英文表达为“that is called”,只有两空,缩写为that is。故填That’s;called。
77. Compared with/to
【解析】“与……相比”compare with/to...;该句中谓语动词是received,compare需用非谓语形式作状语,“与往年相比”有被动含义,过去分词表示被动含义,compare的过去分词是compared。故填Compared;with/to。
78. left out
【解析】对照中英文可知,本空缺少“被忽略”,leave out意为“忽略;排斥”;根据“because the other children don’t play with her”可知,其他孩子不和她玩,她是“被忽略”,leave out和主语she之间存在逻辑上的被动关系,应该用leave的过去分词表示被动。故填left;out。
79. compared with
【解析】对比中英文可知,空处缺少“与……相比”,其英文表达为compare with,动词短语;句子谓语部分为“are living”,且主语“We”与动词compare之间是被动关系,所以这里应用过去分词compared在句中作状语。故填compared;with。
80. written by
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,此处需要使用过去分词作后置定语修饰前面的名词“book”,表示“鲁迅所写的”,可以用written by,介词by表示“被”。故填written;by。
81. Compared to
【解析】根据题干可知,compared to表示“与……相比”,位于句首作状语,修饰you work harder,句首首字母c需大写。故填Compared;to。
82. Compared with/to
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,此处缺少“和……相比”,其英文表达为compare with或compare to,固定搭配,此处应用过去分词作状语,位于句首首字母c需大写。故填Compared;with/to。
83. lived village called for
【解析】live“生活,居住”,是动词,句子是现在完成时,动词用过去分词形式;village“村庄”,是名词;call“叫”,此处应用过去分词作后置定语;“more than 20 years”是一段时间,此处应用介词for,故填lived;village;called;for。
84. waiting for
【解析】wait for“等待”,前面结构是“there be”,且“exciting things”与“等待”之间是主动关系,因此需用现在分词形式作状语。故填waiting;for。
85. waiting for
【解析】等待:wait for,句中有谓语动词,people和wait for之间是主动关系,用现在分词。故填waiting;for。
86. asking for
【解析】根据中英文对照可知,ask for a ride“搭便车”,动词短语,see sb. doing sth.“看见某人正在做某事”,因此此处应用现在分词形式。故填asking;for。
87. thinking back to
【解析】根据所给句意可知,空白处表示“回想起”,应用短语think back to,此处用现在分词短语作伴随状语。故填thinking;back;to。
88. heard knocking on
【解析】对比所给中英文可知,设空处为“听到……正在敲”,hear sb. doing sth.“听到某人正在做某事”,此处指过去发生的事情,用一般过去时;knock on“敲”,固定词组。故填heard;knocking;on。
89. seeing as as we can
【解析】空处表达“尽可能多见”,as...as sb can“尽某人所能”,固定用法,we“我们”,see“见到”,空处作状语,see与其逻辑主语We是主动关系,应用现在分词。故填seeing;as;as;we;can。
90. keep others waiting
【解析】根据中英文对照,空处表达“让别人久等”,keep sb doing“让某人一直做某事”,前有不定式符号to,keep用原形;others“其他人”;wait“等待”,此处应用现在分词形式作宾补。故填keep;others;waiting。
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专题02 非谓语动词
目录
01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1
02 思维导图·网络构建 3
03 考点通关·靶向突破 4
★ 考点一 动词不定式 4
考点二 动名词 10
★ 考点三 现在分词 16
考点四 过去分词 23
考点五 易混时态辨析 29
04 优题精选·练能提分 35
考点
课标要求
复习目标
动词不定式
· 掌握不定式的基本结构(to do/do)及否定形式(not to do); 理解并运用不定式作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语的用法; 熟记接不定式作宾语的常见动词(如want, decide, hope等)及接省to不定式作宾补的动词(如make, let, have等); 掌握不定式的固定搭配及特殊句式(如It’s + adj. + to do sth.)。
1.能准确判断不定式的不同句法功能,区分带to与省to的情况;2.熟练运用不定式的固定搭配解决单选、完形等题型;3.能在书面表达中正确使用不定式优化句式,提升表达准确性。
动名词
掌握动名词的基本结构(doing)及否定形式(not doing); 理解并运用动名词作主语、宾语、定语、表语的用法; 熟记接动名词作宾语的常见动词(如enjoy, practice, finish等)及动词短语(如give up, look forward to等); 掌握动名词的复合结构(名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + doing)。
1. 能区分动名词与不定式作宾语的差异,准确匹配相关动词;2. 掌握动名词作主语的句式特点及主谓一致规则;3. 避免在固定搭配中混淆动名词与不定式。
现在分词
掌握现在分词的基本结构(doing)、否定形式(not doing)及构成规则; 理解现在分词表主动、进行的语义特征; 运用现在分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语的用法; 掌握现在分词作状语时的逻辑主语一致性原则。
1. 能根据语境判断现在分词的句法功能,区分其与过去分词的语义差异;2. 正确运用现在分词作状语,避免逻辑主语错误;3. 识别现在分词作定语时与被修饰词的主动关系。
过去分词
掌握过去分词的基本结构(done)、否定形式(not done)及构成规则(规则与不规则变化); 理解过去分词表被动、完成的语义特征; 运用过去分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语的用法; 熟记过去分词的固定搭配(如be interested in, get done等)。
1. 能准确区分过去分词与现在分词的语义及句法差异;2. 掌握过去分词作状语、宾补时的逻辑关系判断方法;3. 熟练掌握不规则动词的过去分词形式,避免拼写错误。
易混辨析
辨析不定式与动名词作主语、宾语的用法差异; 辨析现在分词与过去分词作定语、状语、表语、宾补的语义及用法差异; 辨析非谓语动词与谓语动词的区别,避免句法错误。
1. 能针对不同语境精准选择非谓语动词形式,突破易混点;2. 总结易混场景的判断技巧,形成解题思维;3. 避免因非谓语动词误用导致的句法结构错误。
命题预测
题型聚焦:仍以单选题、完形填空题为主,阅读理解中偶有涉及(如判断非谓语动词作定语/状语的语义),书面表达中可作为加分点考查;
趋势特点:结合真实语境命题,强调非谓语动词的实用运用,弱化纯语法记忆考查,注重与核心素养(语言运用能力)结合
高频考点:不定式的固定搭配、现在分词与过去分词的语义辨析、非谓语动词作状语的逻辑主语一致性将持续为考查重点。
解题锦囊
锦囊1: 作宾语看动词,固定搭配记心间——牢记接不定式、动名词的核心动词及短语,直接匹配排除错误选项;
锦囊2: 作状语句首看逻辑,主动doing被动done——判断非谓语动词与句子主语的逻辑关系,快速锁定现在/过去分词;
锦囊3: 作定语先辨关系,主动进行用doing,被动完成用done——结合被修饰词与非谓语动词的关系及语义(进行/完成)选择形式;
锦囊4: 宾补看使役感官动词,省to还原要记清——make/let/have等使役动词、see/hear等感官动词后接省to不定式,被动语态中需还原to;
锦囊5: 易混点用对比法,总结场景找规律——将不定式与动名词、现在分词与过去分词的易混场景分类总结,形成解题口诀。
一、核心结构
形式
构成
示例
肯定式
to + 动词原形
to study, to eat
否定式
not + to + 动词原形
not to waste time
省to式
动词原形(特定动词后)
make him laugh(使役动词后)
二、句法功能
1.作主语:不定式作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用It作形式主语,将真正的不定式主语置于句末,核心句式为“It’s + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.”。其中形容词多为描述事物性质(如important, necessary, difficult)或人的情感(如happy, glad),名词可表示具体行为(如a good idea, a pity)。例:
It’s important to keep healthy.(真正主语为to keep healthy,句意:保持健康很重要);
It’s a pity to miss the concert.(错过这场音乐会很遗憾)。
若直接将不定式置于句首,多用于强调动作本身,语气较正式,例:To help others is a virtue.(帮助他人是一种美德)。
2.作宾语:不定式可直接作部分及物动词的宾语,这类动词多表示“意愿、计划、决定、希望”等语义。常见核心动词包括:want(想要)、decide(决定)、hope(希望)、plan(计划)、agree(同意)、expect(期待)、refuse(拒绝)、manage(设法做到)等。例:
She hopes to visit Beijing next year.(她希望明年去北京游玩)
He refused to accept the gift.(他拒绝接受这份礼物)
注意:若不定式宾语较长,可借助it作形式宾语,结构为“动词 + it + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.”,
例:I find it easy to learn English well.(我发现学好英语很容易),其中it为形式宾语,真正宾语为to learn English well。
3.作宾语补足语:不定式可用于“动词 + 宾语 + to do”结构中,补充说明宾语的动作,即“宾语补足语”,具体分为两种情况:① 接带to不定式的动词:常见的有ask(要求)、tell(告诉)、want(想要)、teach(教)、advise(建议)、encourage(鼓励)等,结构为“动词+宾语+to do”,例:The teacher told us to finish our homework on time.(老师告诉我们要按时完成作业);② 接省to不定式的动词:仅限使役动词(make, let, have)和感官动词(see, hear, watch, notice, feel),主动语态中省略to,用动词原形作宾补;但当句子变为被动语态时,省略的to必须还原。例:
We saw him play basketball.(主动语态,省to,句意:我们看见他打篮球了)→ He was seen to play basketball.(被动语态,还原to,句意:他被看见打篮球了)。
注意:感官动词后若接现在分词作宾补,表动作正在进行,与省to不定式表动作全过程相区分,例:We saw him playing basketball.(我们看见他正在打篮球)。
4.作定语:不定式作定语时,需置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,构成“名词 + to do”结构,表动作未发生、即将发生或动作与名词存在动宾/主谓关系。
①动宾关系:若不定式与被修饰名词构成动宾关系,且不定式为不及物动词时,需在不定式后补充合适的介词,使句子语义完整;若为及物动词,则无需加介词。例:
I have a lot of homework to do.(to do与homework构成动宾关系,do为及物动词,无需介词)
There is a room to live in.(live为不及物动词,需加介词in,句意:有一间可以住的房间)
② 主谓关系:不定式动作由被修饰名词发出,例:
He is the first student to get to school.(to get to school的动作由student发出,句意:他是第一个到校的学生)。
5.作状语:不定式作状语时,可根据语境表目的、结果、原因等,其中表目的和结果为中考高频考点。
① 表目的:不定式可直接置于句末表目的,也可与in order to/so as to互换,增强语气;注意so as to不能置于句首,in order to可置于句首或句末。例:
He got up early to catch the bus.(表目的,句意:他早起是为了赶公交车)
In order to pass the exam, she studied hard.(句首表目的,句意:为了通过考试,她努力学习);
② 表结果:常与only连用,表“出乎意料的结果”,例:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.(他匆忙赶到车站,却发现火车已经开走了);
③ 表原因:多置于形容词后,补充说明产生该情绪或状态的原因,例:I’m glad to see you.(见到你我很高兴,to see you表原因)。
6.作表语:不定式置于系动词(be, become, seem, appear等)后作表语,表主语的身份、性质、职业、动作或未来计划。例:
My dream is to become a teacher.(表职业,句意:我的梦想是成为一名老师)
Her job is to take care of the children.(表动作,句意:她的工作是照顾孩子们)
The most important thing is to stay calm.(表性质,句意:最重要的是保持冷静)
【易混易错】
1.部分动词后可灵活接不定式或动名词,但二者语义差异明显,是中考单选、完形的高频易错点,需结合语境精准判断,核心易混动词及用法如下:
① stop to do vs stop doing:stop to do 强调“停下来当前动作,去做另一件事”,to do 表目的;stop doing 强调“停止正在进行的动作”,doing 表停止的对象。例:He stopped to drink water.(他停下手中的事,去喝水);He stopped drinking water.(他停止了喝水这个动作)。
② remember to do vs remember doing:remember to do 侧重“记得要做某事,动作尚未发生”;remember doing 侧重“记得做过某事,动作已完成”。例:Remember to turn off the lights before you leave.(离开前记得关灯,还没关);I remember turning off the lights.(我记得关过灯了,已完成)。
③ forget to do vs forget doing:与 remember 用法逻辑一致,forget to do 表“忘记要做某事,动作未做”;forget doing 表“忘记做过某事,动作已做”。例:She forgot to post the letter.(她忘了寄信,信没寄);She forgot posting the letter.(她忘了已经寄过信了)。
④ try to do vs try doing:try to do 表“努力、设法做某事,侧重付出努力达成目标”;try doing 表“尝试做某事,侧重试探方法是否可行”。例:He tried to finish the work on time.(他努力按时完成工作);He tried working with a new tool.(他试着用新工具干活)。
2. 介词后不可直接接不定式(to do),若需接动词,需将其改为动名词(doing),此处需注意区分“介词 to”与“不定式符号 to”,避免混淆。中考高频介词及短语场景:
① 单纯介词后:after, before, without, besides, except 等,例:He left without saying goodbye.(他没说再见就走了);Besides reading, he likes playing basketball.(除了阅读,他还喜欢打篮球)。
② 动词短语中隐含介词 to:此类短语中的 to 为介词,而非不定式符号,后必须接动名词,常见短语有 look forward to(期待)、be used to(习惯于)、devote oneself to(致力于)、pay attention to(注意)、stick to(坚持)等。例:
We are looking forward to seeing you again.(我们期待再次见到你)
She is used to getting up early.(她习惯早起)(注意此处 be used to 与 used to do(过去常常做某事)区分,后者 to 为不定式符号,接动词原形。)
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·期中)—Jim, this machine needs _________. You’d better ________.
—OK, I will.
A.repaired; to have it fixed
B.to be repaired; to have it fixed
C.repairing; have it fix
D.repairing; have it fixed
2.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)—Do you often see the girl ________ fruit at the school gate?
—Yes. But yesterday she was seen ________ empty bottles when I entered the classroom.
A.sell; pick B.selling; picking C.to sell; to pick D.sell; picking
3.(2025九年级上·江苏常州·专题练习)Many students find it hard ________ decisions on their own without parents’ help.
A.making B.make C.to make D.made
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏常州·月考)The tourists are discussing ________ Chengdu or Changsha is the best city ________ at this time of the year.
A.whether; to visit B.if; to visit C.whether; to be visited D.it; to be visited
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·期中)Our English teacher encourages us ________ English aloud and be confident any time.
A.read B.to read C.reading D.to reading
6.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)—Besides eating properly, what else should I pay attention to ________ my body?
—You should pay attention to doing exercise regularly.
A.shape B.shapes C.shaping D.to shape
7.(25-26九年级上·江苏盐城·期中)—Jack, you need ________ playing the piano now.
—Don’t you remember there’s something wrong with the piano? It requires ________.
A.to practise; to repair B.practising; to repair
C.to practise; repairing D.practising; repairing
8.(2025九年级上·江苏常州·专题练习)The VR experience allowed visitors ________ ancient ruins as if they were really there.
A.explore B.exploring C.to explore D.explored
9.(2025八年级上·江苏镇江·专题练习)The teacher asked us ______ noise in the library.
A.not make B.not to make C.don’t make D.not making
10.(25-26九年级上·江苏镇江·月考)Peter is hard-working, and he is never seen ________ computer games in his free time.
A.play B.playing C.to play D.played
一、核心结构
形式
构成
示例
肯定式
动词原形+ing(遵循变化规则)
reading, swimming
否定式
not + 动名词
not smoking
复合结构
名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + 动名词
Tom’s coming, my studying
二、句法功能
1.作主语:动名词作主语时,可直接置于句首,也可借助It作形式主语,两种结构均符合中考语法要求,具体用法有差异。
①直接置于句首:多用于强调动作本身,表泛指、习惯性的行为,语气简洁自然,是中考书面表达中优化句式的常用方式。例:
Reading is a good habit.(阅读是个好习惯,表习惯性动作)
Swimming in the river is dangerous.(在河里游泳很危险,表泛指行为)
② 用It作形式主语:核心句式为“It’s no use/good doing sth.”(做某事没用/没好处),此外还有“It’s a waste of time doing sth.”(做某事是浪费时间)等固定句式,这类句式为中考单选高频考点,需熟记。例:
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收,固定谚语,中考常考);
It’s a waste of time playing computer games all day.(整天玩电脑游戏是浪费时间)。
注意:动名词作主语时,谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式,例:Watching TV too much is bad for eyes.(谓语动词用is)。
2.作宾语:动名词是中考非谓语动词的高频考点,主要用于“及物动词/动词短语 + doing”结构中,需重点记忆接动名词作宾语的核心动词及短语,避免与不定式混淆。
①接动名词作宾语的常见动词:这类动词多表示“情感、动作完成、避免”等语义,除enjoy(喜欢)、practice(练习)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免)外,中考高频动词还有suggest(建议)、keep(持续)、miss(错过)、consider(考虑)、escape(逃脱)等,需逐个熟记并结合例句巩固。例:
She enjoys listening to music.(她喜欢听音乐,enjoy后接动名词)
He finished doing his homework before dinner.(他晚饭前完成了作业,finish后接动名词,不可接不定式)。
② 接动名词作宾语的常见动词短语:这类短语是中考单选、完形的易错点,尤其是包含“to”但实为介词的短语,需特别注意。除give up(放弃)、keep on(继续)、look forward to(期待)、be used to(习惯于)外,还有put off(推迟)、give in to(屈服于)、devote oneself to(致力于)、pay attention to(注意)等。例:
He gave up smoking last year.(他去年戒烟了,give up后接动名词)
We are looking forward to seeing you again.(我们期待再次见到你,look forward to中to为介词,后接动名词,中考高频易错点)。
注意:部分动词后可接动名词或不定式,语义不同,需结合语境判断,这一考点将在后续易混辨析中详细说明,此处重点掌握“只接动名词”的情况。
3.作定语:动名词作定语时,需置于被修饰的名词之前,核心作用是说明名词的用途、性质或所属关系,而非表示动作正在进行,这是与现在分词作定语的核心区别,也是中考辨析类题型的考点之一。
①表用途:这是动名词作定语的最常见用法,构成“doing + 名词”结构,相当于“名词 + for doing”,可通过转换句式理解语义。例:
a reading room(阅览室,相当于a room for reading)
a swimming pool(游泳池,相当于a pool for swimming)
a washing machine(洗衣机,相当于a machine for washing)。
② 表性质/所属:这类用法较少,多为固定搭配,需记忆。例:a walking stick(拐杖,表性质,指用于行走的棍子)、a sleeping car(卧铺车厢,表所属,指供人睡觉的车厢)。
注意:动名词作定语时,与被修饰名词之间无逻辑主谓关系,而现在分词作定语时与名词存在主动关系,例:a running boy(正在跑步的男孩,running为现在分词,表主动、进行),需注意区分,避免中考失分。
4.作表语:动名词作表语时,置于系动词(be、become、get等)之后,核心语义是说明主语的内容、性质或身份,此时主语多为表示“行为、爱好、职业”的名词(如hobby、job、habit等),且动名词与主语语义一致,可互换位置,句子语义不变,这是判断动名词作表语的关键特征。例:
His hobby is collecting stamps.(他的爱好是集邮,可互换为Collecting stamps is his hobby.)
Her job is teaching English.(她的工作是教英语,可互换为Teaching English is her job.)。
【特别提醒】
1.动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别:动名词作表语表主语的内容,可与主语互换;现在分词作表语表主语的状态、性质,多为形容词化的分词,不可与主语互换。例:The film is exciting.(exciting为现在分词作表语,表性质,不可互换为Exciting is the film.),这一区别是中考高频辨析点,需重点掌握。
2.动名词的复合结构(名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + 动名词)是中考语法中的易错点,核心用于明确动名词动作的发出者,其用法需结合语境(正式/口语)区分,具体注意事项如下:
① 作主语时:书面语中优先使用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词,保证句式规范;口语中可将名词所有格改为名词普通格,语气更随意,但形容词性物主代词绝对不可改为宾格,这是中考单选、改错题型的高频失分点。例:Tom’s coming is welcome.(书面语,规范表达);Tom coming is welcome.(口语,可接受);My coming is welcome.(正确,形容词性物主代词My不可改为宾格Me,误写Me coming is welcome.为典型错误)。
② 作宾语时:名词所有格、名词普通格、形容词性物主代词均可使用,口语中名词普通格和宾格(替代形容词性物主代词)更常见,但正式语境仍需用所有格/形容词性物主代词。例:I don’t mind Tom’s/Tom smoking here.(作mind的宾语,均可);She doesn’t like my/me going out alone.(口语中me可替代my,书面语优先用my)。
③ 特殊情况:若动名词复合结构中的名词为无生命事物、复数名词或抽象名词,通常用名词普通格,不用所有格。例:The door’s opening made a loud noise.(不自然)→ The door opening made a loud noise.(正确,无生命名词);Students’ coming late is not allowed.(不自然)→ Students coming late is not allowed.(正确,复数名词)。
3.部分动词短语中含有的“to”并非不定式符号,而是介词。这类短语后必须接动名词(doing)作宾语,切勿误接不定式(to do),这是中考非谓语动词的核心易错点之一,需重点记忆高频短语并结合语境区分。
①核心高频短语及例句:除devote oneself to doing(致力于)、pay attention to doing(注意)外,还有stick to doing(坚持)、look forward to doing(期待)、be used to doing(习惯于)、prefer doing to doing(比起……更喜欢……)、object to doing(反对)等。例:
She devotes herself to helping the poor.(她致力于帮助穷人,to为介词,接动名词)
We must pay attention to protecting the environment.(我们必须注意保护环境,不可说pay attention to protect)。
② 易混区分技巧:判断短语中的to是介词还是不定式符号,可通过“替换法”——若to后可接名词,则为介词,需接动名词;若只能接动词原形,则为不定式符号。例:look forward to sth.(期待某物,to为介词)→ look forward to seeing you(接动名词);want to do sth.(想要做某事,to为不定式符号,不可接名词)→ want to go(接动词原形)。
③ 中考易错警示:be used to doing(习惯于做某事)与used to do(过去常常做某事)极易混淆,后者中的to为不定式符号,需接动词原形,需特别注意。例:
He is used to drinking coffee in the morning.(他习惯早上喝咖啡,to为介词)
He used to drink coffee in the morning.(他过去常常早上喝咖啡,to为不定式符号)。
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏淮安·期中)The youth worker has devoted all her time she had ________ those teenage students who suffer stress.
A.help B.to helping C.helping D.helped
2.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·期中)—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets.
—But the film is really worth ________ twice.
A.managing; seeing B.to manage; seeing
C.managing; being seen D.managed; to be seen
3.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)________ this report ________ in such a short time was quite difficult.
A.Get; done B.To get; to do C.Getting; done D.To get; do
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)—Have you read the book The Space-Time Painter, which won the Hugo Award recently?
—Yeah, it’s well worth ________. It’s so interesting that I’ve read it twice.
A.read B.being read C.reading D.to read
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)—I heard that there were many delivery guys (外卖小哥) playing football in the JSCL.
—Great! They are worth ________, they devoted all of their free time ________.
A.to respect; to practice B.being respected; to practicing
C.respecting; to practice D.respecting; to practicing
6.(25-26九年级上·江苏盐城·期中)I never doubt ________ the Sanxingdui Museum is well worth ________.
A.whether; visiting B.that; visiting C.that; being visited D.if; a visit
7.(2025·江苏泰州·二模)Many tourists gather in Tian’anmen Square early in the morning to watch the _________ of the national flag.
A.raising B.rising C.raises D.rises
8.(25-26九年级上·江苏无锡·月考)She insisted on _________ to have a face-to-face talk with me.
A.she’s coming B.her coming C.her come D.she comes
9.(2025九年级上·江苏镇江·专题练习)—Could you tell me how to improve my writing?
—Well, ________ reading and writing every day is a good way.
A.practice B.practicing C.to practicing D.practiced
10.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)He made great progress in English as he spent more time than he used to ________ words and passages.
A.memorize B.memorizing C.memorized D.memorizes
一、核心结构与语义
1. 构成:现在分词的基本形式为“动词原形+ing”,其变化规则需严格遵循中考语法要求,针对不同动词类型有明确区分,同时需牢记特殊变化,避免拼写错误,具体规则及注意事项如下:
① 一般动词:直接在词尾加ing,无特殊变化,例:work→working(工作)、study→studying(学习)、play→playing(玩耍),这类动词是基础考点,需熟练掌握。
② 以不发音的e结尾的动词:先去掉末尾不发音的e,再加ing,注意区分“发音e”与“不发音e”,这是中考拼写易错点。例:write→writing(写,e不发音)、dance→dancing(跳舞,e不发音);特殊提醒:若e发音,则需保留e加ing,例:see→seeing(看见,e发音)、agree→agreeing(同意,e发音),这类特殊情况需单独记忆。
③ 重读闭音节动词:需同时满足“重读闭音节”三个条件(单词末尾为辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母,即“辅元辅”结构;最后一个音节重读;末尾辅音字母不是x、w、y),才需双写末尾辅音字母加ing。例:run→running(跑)、swim→swimming(游泳)、stop→stopping(停止);易错警示:open→opening(打开,末尾为“元辅e”,非闭音节,不双写)、visit→visiting(参观,末尾为“辅元辅”但重音在第一个音节,不双写)。
④ 以ie结尾的动词:将ie变为y,再加ing,这类动词数量较少,需逐个熟记。例:lie→lying(躺、说谎)、die→dying(死亡)、tie→tying(系、捆),其中lie的两种含义(躺、说谎)对应的现在分词均为lying,是中考高频考点。
2. 语义特征:现在分词的核心语义为“主动”和“进行”,二者相辅相成,是判断是否使用现在分词的核心依据,需结合逻辑关系和动作时态综合判断。
① 表主动:非谓语动词与逻辑主语(句子主语、宾语或被修饰的名词)之间存在“主动发出动作”的关系,即逻辑主语是动作的执行者。例:The running boy is my brother.(男孩主动发出“跑”的动作,boy与run为主动关系)。
② 表进行:非谓语动词所表示的动作,要么与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生,要么正在进行中,强调动作的持续性。例:
She is sitting there, reading a book.(“读书”与“坐着”两个动作同时发生)
I saw him playing basketball.(“打篮球”的动作在“看见”时正在进行)。
二、句法功能
1.作定语:现在分词作定语时,可置于被修饰名词之前(前置定语)或之后(后置定语),核心作用是修饰名词,体现“主动、进行”的语义,与被修饰名词构成明确的主动关系,这是与动名词、过去分词作定语的核心区别。
① 前置定语:多为单个现在分词,用于修饰名词,简洁明了,侧重说明名词的动作状态。例:a running boy(正在跑步的男孩,boy主动跑,动作正在进行)、a boiling pot(正在沸腾的锅,pot对应的水主动沸腾)、an interesting book(一本有趣的书,book主动引发“有趣”的感受,形容词化现在分词)。
② 后置定语:多为现在分词短语(分词+宾语/状语),相当于一个定语从句,用于补充说明名词的具体动作,使句子语义更丰富,是中考书面表达中优化句式的常用方式。例:
The girl singing in the room is my sister.(=The girl who is singing in the room is my sister.,正在房间里唱歌的女孩是我妹妹,girl与sing为主动关系,动作正在进行)
The man talking with our teacher is a doctor.(=The man who is talking with our teacher is a doctor.,正在和我们老师谈话的人是一名医生)。
易错区分:现在分词作定语表“主动、进行”,动名词作定语表“用途”,过去分词作定语表“被动、完成”,例:a running machine(跑步机,running为动名词,表用途)vs a running boy(正在跑步的男孩,running为现在分词,表主动、进行)。
2.作状语:现在分词作状语是中考非谓语动词的高频难点,可根据语境表示时间、原因、伴随、方式、条件等逻辑关系,核心要求是“逻辑主语与句子主语一致,且为主动关系”,若逻辑主语不一致则需构成独立主格结构(中考暂不深入考查)。
①表时间:相当于when引导的时间状语从句,可置于句首或句末,常与谓语动词动作同时发生。例:
Walking along the street, I met an old friend.(=When I was walking along the street, I met an old friend.,我沿着街道走的时候,遇到了一位老朋友,I与walk为主动关系)
He fell down while playing basketball.(=He fell down while he was playing basketball.,他打篮球时摔倒了)。
② 表原因:相当于because/since引导的原因状语从句,前置时语气更强烈,侧重说明动作发生的原因。例:
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.(=Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.,因为生病了,他没去上学,he与be ill为主动关系,此处being为现在分词,表状态)
Not knowing his address, I couldn’t get in touch with him.(=Because I didn’t know his address, I couldn’t get in touch with him.,因为不知道他的地址,我无法联系到他)
③ 表伴随:用于描述与谓语动词动作同时发生的伴随动作,多置于句末,使句子结构更紧凑,是书面表达中提升文采的常用手法。例:
She sat by the window, reading a novel.(她坐在窗边,读着一本小说,“坐着”与“读书”同时发生,表伴随)
They walked along the road, talking and laughing.(他们沿着路走,边说边笑,“走路”与“说笑”同时发生)。
④ 表方式:说明谓语动词动作的执行方式,相当于by doing结构。例:
He solved the problem by working with his classmates.(=Working with his classmates, he solved the problem.,他通过和同学合作解决了这个问题)。
易错警示:若现在分词与句子主语为被动关系,需改用过去分词,例:Seen from the top, the city is beautiful.(城市被看,用过去分词seen,而非seeing)。
3.作宾语补足语:现在分词可接在see、hear、watch、notice、keep、find等感官动词或使役动词后,作宾语补足语,补充说明宾语的动作状态,核心特征是“与宾语为主动关系,且动作正在进行”,与省to不定式作宾补(表动作全过程)形成明确区分。例:
I heard her singing a song in the next room.(我听到她在隔壁房间唱歌,her与sing为主动关系,“唱歌”的动作在“听到”时正在进行)
We watched the children playing on the playground.(我们看着孩子们在操场上玩耍,children与play为主动关系,动作正在进行)
Keep the fire burning.(让火一直烧着,fire与burn为主动关系,强调动作持续进行)。
【对比区分】
I saw him cross the street.(我看见他穿过了马路,cross为省to不定式,表“穿过马路”的完整动作)
I saw him crossing the street.(我看见他正在过马路,crossing为现在分词,表动作正在进行)
4.作表语:现在分词作表语时,多为形容词化的分词,置于系动词(be、become、get等)之后,侧重说明主语的性质、特征或状态,而非具体的动作进行,此时分词常译为“令人……的”,多用来修饰物,与过去分词作表语(修饰人,译为“感到……的”)形成高频辨析点。例:
The film is very exciting.(这部电影非常令人兴奋,exciting修饰物film,表性质)
The story is quite interesting.(这个故事很有趣,interesting修饰物story,表特征)
The situation is getting more worrying.(情况变得越来越令人担忧,worrying修饰物situation,表状态)
【重点提示】
1.现在分词作表语与动名词作表语的不同——现在分词表主语的性质状态,不可与主语互换;动名词表主语的内容,可与主语互换。例:
His job is teaching.(teaching为动名词,可互换为Teaching is his job.,表内容)
The job is tiring.(tiring为现在分词,不可互换,表性质)
2.判断语境中是否使用现在分词(doing),核心在于精准把握“逻辑关系”和“动作时态”两大维度,二者结合可快速锁定答案,规避中考常见错误,具体判断方法及注意事项如下:
(1)逻辑关系判断:主动关系是核心前提 首先明确非谓语动词的逻辑主语(通常为句子主语、宾语或被修饰的名词),若逻辑主语是该动作的主动执行者,即“逻辑主语→非谓语动词”的动作指向,则优先考虑现在分词;若为被动承受关系,则需改用过去分词。需注意不同句法功能中逻辑主语的定位:
① 作定语时,逻辑主语为被修饰的名词(如a running boy,逻辑主语boy主动发出run的动作);
② 作状语时,逻辑主语为句子主语(如Walking along the street, I met an old friend,逻辑主语I主动发出walk的动作);
③ 作宾语补足语时,逻辑主语为句子宾语(如I saw her singing,逻辑主语her主动发出sing的动作)。易错警示:若逻辑主语与非谓语动词为被动关系,切勿误用现在分词,例:Seen from the top(城市被看,用过去分词seen,而非seeing)。
(2)动作时态判断:同步进行/正在发生是关键 现在分词的“进行”语义,特指非谓语动词所表示的动作,与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生,或在谓语动作发生时该动作正处于“正在进行”的状态,强调动作的持续性和同步性。
① 表同步发生:非谓语动作与谓语动作伴随进行,无明显先后顺序,多作伴随、方式状语,例:She sat by the window, reading a novel(“读书”与“坐着”同时进行);
② 表正在发生:谓语动作发生的瞬间,非谓语动作正处于进行中,多作宾语补足语、定语,例:When I passed by, I saw them playing basketball(“路过”时,“打篮球”的动作正在进行)。
需区分:若动作发生在谓语动作之前(表完成),则需用过去分词;若动作发生在谓语动作之后(表目的),则需用不定式。
1.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)—According to the new traffic rules, people must wear helmets when _________ e-bikes.
—Safety comes first. We _________ be too careful.
A.ride; can’t B.riding; can’t C.to ride; needn’t D.riding; mustn’t
2.(25-26九年级上·江苏镇江·期中)The Grand Canal (大运河), ________ the north and south of China, has a history of over 2,500 years.
A.to connect B.is connecting C.connected D.connecting
3.(25-26九年级上·江苏常州·月考)________ an expensive watch, the ugly man showed off his wealth everywhere.
A.Wear B.Wearing C.Worn D.To wear
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)There are ________ boys ________ basketball on the playground ________ with snow.
A.a number of, are playing, covering B.the number of, playing, covered
C.a number of, playing, covered D.the number of, are playing, covering
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏镇江·月考)The railway ________ Lijiang to Shangri-La opened to traffic on 26 November 2023.
A.connects B.connected C.connecting D.is connected
6.(25-26九年级上·江苏南京·月考)Another new Inner Ring Road ________ our company ________ the airport will be in use in several years.
A.connected; to B.connecting; to C.connects; to D.will connect; to
7.(25-26九年级上·江苏无锡·月考)Another new Inner Ring Road ________ our company ________ the airport will be in use in several years.
A.connected; to B.connecting; with C.connects; to D.will; connect
8.(25-26九年级上·江苏常州·月考)That is an important bridge ________ this old town ________ the city of Changzhou.
A.connect; to B.connect; with C.to connect; with D.connecting; to
9.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)There are some students ________ about the physics problem in the classroom.
A.talk B.talking C.to talk D.talks
10.(24-25九年级上·江苏南京·月考)The boy ________ on the playground ________ to me that he ________ my coat on the grass.
A.lying; lied; had laid B.lied; laying; had laid
C.laid; lay; had lain D.lay; lied; has laid
一、核心结构与语义
1. 构成:过去分词的基本形式为“done”,分为规则变化和不规则变化两类,二者均为中考拼写高频考点,需精准掌握避免失分。
① 规则动词:直接在动词原形后加“ed”,部分动词需遵循特殊拼写规则,具体如下:a. 一般动词直接加ed,例:work→worked(工作)、play→played(玩耍)、help→helped(帮助);b. 以不发音的e结尾的动词,直接加d,例:love→loved(喜爱)、live→lived(居住)、like→liked(喜欢);c. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y改为i,再加ed,例:study→studied(学习)、carry→carried(携带);d. 重读闭音节动词(满足“辅元辅”结构、末尾音节重读、辅音字母非x/w/y),双写末尾辅音字母加ed,例:stop→stopped(停止)、plan→planned(计划)、drop→dropped(掉落)。
② 不规则动词:无固定变化规则,需单独熟记,这类动词多为中考高频动词,核心示例及拓展如下:eat→eaten(吃)、write→written(写)、break→broken(打破)、see→seen(看见)、take→taken(带走)、do→done(做)、go→gone(去)、make→made(使、做)。
【易错警示】
不规则动词的过去分词是中考拼写易错点,需结合例句反复记忆,避免与过去式混淆(如write的过去式为wrote,过去分词为written)。
2.语义特征:过去分词的核心语义为“被动”和“完成”,二者常结合使用,是判断是否使用过去分词的核心依据,需结合逻辑关系和动作时序综合判断。
① 表被动:非谓语动词与逻辑主语(句子主语、宾语或被修饰的名词)之间存在“被动承受动作”的关系,即逻辑主语是动作的承受者,动作由他人或其他事物发出。例:The broken cup was on the floor.(杯子被打碎,cup与break为被动关系)。
② 表完成:过去分词所表示的动作,发生在句子谓语动词动作之前,强调动作已完成的状态或结果。例:
The letter written by her yesterday has been sent.(“写信”的动作发生在“寄信”之前,表完成)
注意:部分形容词化的过去分词(如interested、excited)作表语时,仅强调主语的状态,不明显体现“被动”或“完成”,需结合语境判断。
二、句法功能
1.作定语:过去分词作定语时,可置于被修饰名词之前(前置定语)或之后(后置定语),核心体现“被动、完成”语义,与被修饰名词构成明确被动关系,是中考定语类题型的高频考点。
① 前置定语:多为单个过去分词,简洁明了地说明名词的被动状态或完成特征,例:a broken cup(破碎的杯子,cup被打破,表被动+完成)、a closed door(关着的门,door被关闭,表被动+状态)、a worn coat(穿旧的外套,coat被穿旧,表被动+完成)。
② 后置定语:多为过去分词短语(分词+宾语/状语),相当于一个定语从句,用于补充说明名词的具体被动动作及背景,使句子语义更丰富,是书面表达中优化句式的常用方式。例:
The book written by Lu Xun is very popular.(=The book that was written by Lu Xun is very popular.,书被鲁迅写,表被动+完成,后置修饰book)
The students chosen to take part in the competition are from our class.(=The students who were chosen to take part in the competition are from our class.,学生被选中,表被动+完成)
易错区分:过去分词作定语表“被动、完成”,现在分词作定语表“主动、进行”,需结合逻辑关系判断,例:a developed country(发达国家,country与develop为被动关系,表完成,用developed)vs a developing country(发展中国家,country与develop为主动关系,表进行,用developing)。
2.作状语:过去分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等逻辑关系,核心要求是“逻辑主语与句子主语一致,且为被动关系”,若逻辑主语不一致需构成独立主格结构(中考暂不深入考查),这是中考非谓语动词的高频难点。
① 表时间:相当于when/while引导的时间状语从句,可置于句首或句末,强调被动动作发生后,谓语动作才发生。例:
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful.(=When it is seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful.,城市被看,表时间,逻辑主语city与see为被动关系)
Heated to 100℃, water turns into steam.(=When water is heated to 100℃, it turns into steam.,水被加热,表时间)。
② 表原因:相当于because/since引导的原因状语从句,前置时语气更强烈,侧重说明被动动作引发的结果。例:
Deeply moved by his story, we decided to help him.(=Because we were deeply moved by his story, we decided to help him.,我们被感动,表原因,逻辑主语we与move为被动关系)
Frightened by the noise, the little girl cried loudly.(=Because she was frightened by the noise, the little girl cried loudly.,女孩被惊吓,表原因)。
③ 表条件:相当于if/unless引导的条件状语从句,多置于句首,说明被动条件下的结果。例:
Given more time, we can finish the work better.(=If we are given more time, we can finish the work better.,我们被给予时间,表条件)
Accepted by the university, he will study hard.(=If he is accepted by the university, he will study hard.,他被大学录取,表条件)。
易错警示:若过去分词与句子主语为主动关系,需改用现在分词,避免逻辑错误。
3.作宾语补足语:过去分词可接在make、have、get、see、hear、find、keep等使役动词或感官动词后,作宾语补足语,补充说明宾语的被动状态或动作的完成结果,核心特征是“与宾语为被动关系”,与现在分词作宾补(表主动、进行)形成明确区分。
① 使役动词后:常见结构为“使役动词+宾语+done”,表“让宾语被……”,例:
I want to have my hair cut.(我的头发被剪,my hair与cut为被动关系,表让别人剪头发)
He had his car repaired yesterday.(他的车被修理,car与repair为被动关系,表让别人修车)。
② 感官动词后:结构为“感官动词+宾语+done”,表“看到/听到宾语被……”,例:
We saw the old house pulled down.(老房子被推倒,the old house与pull down为被动关系,表看到房子被拆的结果)
She heard her name called.(她的名字被呼唤,name与called为被动关系,表听到名字被喊)。
③ 特殊动词get:get作使役动词时,后接过去分词作宾补,表“使某事被完成”,例:
I can’t get this work done on time.(这项工作无法被按时完成,work与done为被动关系)。
4.作表语:过去分词作表语时,多为形容词化的分词,置于系动词(be、become、get、feel等)之后,侧重说明主语的状态、情感或特征,而非具体的被动动作,常用搭配为“be + 过去分词”,部分可与介词构成固定短语,是中考单选、完形的高频考点。
① 表情感状态:多修饰人,译为“感到……的”,例:
He is interested in history.(他对历史感兴趣,interested修饰人,表情感状态)
She was excited about the good news.(她对这个好消息感到兴奋,excited修饰人)
② 表客观状态:可修饰人或物,译为“……的”,例:
The door is closed.(门是关着的,closed修饰物,表状态)
The problem is solved.(问题被解决了,solved修饰物,表完成状态)
③ 固定搭配积累:be surprised at(对……感到惊讶)、be bored with(对……感到厌倦)、be pleased with(对……感到满意)、be worried about(担心……),这些搭配需熟练记忆,避免介词误用。
易错区分:过去分词作表语与被动语态的不同——作表语强调主语的状态,无动作执行者;被动语态强调主语承受的动作,常隐含或出现动作执行者(by短语),例:
The window is broken.(表语,强调状态)
The window was broken by a stone.(被动语态,强调动作及执行者)。
1.(23-24九年级上·江苏无锡·月考)I think the new film ______ by Mr. Zhang ______ seeing.
A.is directed; worth B.directed; is worth C.is directed; is worth D.directed; be worth
2.(2025九年级上·江苏镇江·专题练习)The new energy car ________ by this company last year is very popular now.
A.produces B.produced C.was produced D.is produced
3.(25-26九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)The music ________ by Tan Dun sounds so ________.
A.was written; wonderful B.written; wonderfully
C.was written; wonderfully D.written; wonderful
4.(25-26九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)I heard that she had her handbag ________ on her way to the supermarket.
A.to steal B.stolen C.stealing D.stole
5.(25-26九年级上·江苏南通·期中)What a big success the film ________ her novel is!
A.based upon B.is based on C.bases on D.basing upon
6.(2025九年级上·江苏南通·专题练习)Tan Dun’s music ________ nature sounds is popular among music lovers all over the world.
A.fills with B.full of C.filled with D.is full of
7.(25-26九年级上·江苏淮安·期中)—There is no need to have my watch ______ because it is completely broken.
—Maybe you will have no choice but ______ another one.
A.repaired; to buy B.repair; buy C.repair; to buy D.repaired; buy
8.(2025九年级上·江苏常州·专题练习)The story ________ by the young writer has been translated into three foreign languages.
A.write B.writing C.written D.to write
9.(25-26九年级上·江苏南通·月考)My car requires ________. I’m going to have it ________ in the garage near my home.
A.fixing; fix B.fixing; fixed C.to fix; fix D.to fix; fixed
10.(24-25九年级上·江苏扬州·月考)—There is no need to have my watch ________ because it is completely broken.
—Maybe you will have no choice but ________ another one.
A.repaired; to buy B.repair; buy C.repair; to buy D.to repair; buy
一、不定式与动名词作主语的辨析
不定式和动名词均能作句子主语,但语义侧重、用法场景及句式特征差异显著,是中考单选、句型转换的高频考点,需结合动作属性(具体/泛指)和句式需求精准选择,具体辨析如下:
形式
用法特点
示例
中考易错提示
不定式(to do)
1. 语义侧重:表具体、一次性、未发生的动作,或强调动作的目的性、偶然性;2. 句式特征:为避免句子头重脚轻,优先用It作形式主语,真正主语后置,核心句式为“It’s + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.”;3. 语境适配:多用于说明特定场合的具体行为,语气较委婉。
① It’s necessary to finish the work today.(具体动作,强调“今天完成工作”这一特定任务);② It’s a pity to miss the concert tonight.(一次性动作,特指“今晚的音乐会”);③ To help the old man is our duty.(直接作主语,强调动作目的,语气正式)。
不可直接将较长不定式置于句首,否则句式生硬,不符合中考书面表达评分标准;形容词多为描述动作性质的词(如necessary, important, difficult),不可接表习惯性的形容词(如usual)。
动名词(doing)
1. 语义侧重:表泛指、习惯性、经常性的动作,或强调动作本身的属性、意义;2. 句式特征:可直接置于句首(语气简洁),也可接固定形式主语句式(如It’s no use/good doing sth.);3. 语境适配:多用于说明普遍规律、个人爱好或动作的本质特征。
① Swimming is good for health.(习惯性动作,表普遍规律);② Collecting stamps is his hobby.(强调动作本身,表爱好);③ It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(固定句式,中考常考谚语)。
动名词作主语时,谓语动词必须用第三人称单数形式,这是中考主谓一致题型的易错点;固定形式主语句式仅适用于动名词,不可误用不定式。
二、不定式与动名词作宾语的辨析
不定式和动名词作宾语的核心差异的在于动词搭配,部分动词可接两者但语义不同,是中考单选、完形的高频失分点,需分类记忆搭配规则并结合语境判断语义。
1.只接不定式作宾语:这类动词多表示“意愿、计划、决定、请求、期待”等语义,强调动作的目的性或未完成性,中考高频动词及拓展搭配如下:want(想要)、decide(决定)、hope(希望)、plan(计划)、agree(同意)、ask(要求)、tell(告诉)、expect(期待)、refuse(拒绝)、manage(设法做到)、afford(负担得起)。例:
She hopes to visit Beijing next year.(希望做某事,动作未发生)
He refused to accept the gift.(拒绝做某事,动作未执行)
【易错提示】不可在这类动词后直接接动名词,如误写“decide doing sth.”为典型错误。
2.只接动名词作宾语:这类动词多表示“情感、动作完成、避免、坚持”等语义,强调动作的过程或状态,中考高频动词及短语如下:enjoy(喜欢)、practice(练习)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免)、give up(放弃)、look forward to(期待)、be used to(习惯于)、stick to(坚持)、put off(推迟)、miss(错过)。例:
He finished doing his homework before dinner.(完成动作,强调过程结束)
We are looking forward to seeing you again.(短语中to为介词,必接动名词,中考高频易错点)
【易错提示】注意区分“介词to”与“不定式符号to”,避免误将介词to后接不定式。
3.接两者但语义不同:这类动词需结合语境精准判断语义,中考核心考查3组,需逐一掌握:
try to do vs try doing:try to do 表“努力、设法做某事”,侧重付出努力达成目标,动作未必成功;try doing 表“尝试做某事”,侧重试探方法是否可行,不强调努力程度。例:
He tried to finish the work on time but failed.(努力做但未成功)
He tried working with a new tool to save time.(尝试新方法,试探效果)
mean to do vs mean doing:mean to do 表“打算、计划做某事”,强调主观意图;mean doing 表“意味着做某事”,强调动作带来的客观结果。例:
I mean to go to the library tomorrow.(主观打算)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(客观结果)。
regret to do vs regret doing:regret to do 表“遗憾要做某事”,动作未发生,多接告知、宣布等负面消息的动词(如tell, say, inform);regret doing 表“后悔做过某事”,动作已完成,强调对过去行为的懊悔。例:
I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.(遗憾告知,动作未发生)
She regrets telling him the secret.(后悔做过,动作已完成)。
三、现在分词与过去分词的辨析(核心)
现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done)的辨析是中考非谓语动词的核心难点,二者语义关系、句法功能差异显著,核心判断依据为“逻辑关系”和“动作状态”,需结合不同句法功能逐一区分,具体如下:
维度
现在分词(doing)
过去分词(done)
中考实战示例
语义关系
与逻辑主语为主动关系,强调动作“正在进行”或“同步发生”,隐含动作的持续性。
与逻辑主语为被动关系,强调动作“已经完成”或“被动承受”,隐含动作的结果状态。
The running boy(主动+进行);The broken cup(被动+完成)。
作定语
与被修饰名词为主动关系,表动作正在进行或名词的主动属性;单个分词前置,短语后置,相当于定语从句(who/which is doing)。
与被修饰名词为被动关系,表动作已完成或名词的被动状态;单个分词前置,短语后置,相当于定语从句(who/which is done)。
① The girl singing in the room is my sister.(=who is singing,主动+进行);② The book written by Lu Xun is popular.(=which was written,被动+完成)。
作状语
与句子主语为主动关系,可表时间、原因、伴随等;逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致,否则为语法错误。
与句子主语为被动关系,可表时间、原因、条件等;逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致,常见于省略句转换。
① Walking along the street, I met an old friend.(I与walk主动,表时间);② Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.(city与see被动,表条件)。
作表语
多为形容词化分词,修饰物或事,表“令人……的”,侧重事物引发的感受;不可与主语互换位置。
多为形容词化分词,修饰人,表“感到……的”,侧重人自身的感受;也可修饰物表状态,不可与主语互换位置。
① The news is exciting.(修饰物,令人兴奋的);② We are excited about the news.(修饰人,感到兴奋的)。
作宾补
与宾语为主动关系,表动作正在进行或持续;接在感官动词(see, hear, watch)、使役动词(keep)后,强调动作过程。
与宾语为被动关系,表动作已完成或宾语处于被动状态;接在感官动词、使役动词(have, get)后,强调动作结果。
① I saw him playing basketball.(him与play主动,动作进行);② I had my hair cut.(hair与cut被动,动作完成)。
【速记技巧】主动进行用doing,被动完成用done;修饰物用-ing,修饰人用-ed;作状语句首看主语,逻辑一致是关键。
形式
用法特点
示例
不定式
表具体、一次性的动作,常用It作形式主语
It’s necessary to finish the work today.(具体动作)
动名词
表泛指、习惯性的动作,可置于句首或用形式主语
Swimming is good for health.(习惯性动作)
1.(24-25九年级下·江苏泰州·月考)It used to be quite pleasant ______ children to swim in this river, but now even fish are impossible ______ in it as it’s been heavily polluted.
A.of, to see B.for, to see C.of, to be seen D.for, to be seen
2.(2024·江苏徐州·中考真题)Finishing a meal in 20 to 30 minutes is widely considered as the ideal ________ time.
A.sporting B.shopping C.dressing D.eating
3.(2016·江苏苏州·一模)Nobody can imagine what difficulty we had home in the snowstorm.
A.to walking B.to walk C.walked D.Walking
4.(2018·江苏连云港·模拟预测)A new high-speed railway ________ Yangzhou ________ Nanjing will be built.
A.connected; and B.connects; with C.connected; to D.connecting; to
5.(2014·江苏无锡·二模)— Doctor! I can’t fall at night.
— Don’t worry! You are too stressed. Just be relaxed and take some pills, then you’ll be better.
A.sleepy; asleep B.asleep; sleeping
C.sleep; sleep D.asleep, sleepy
6.(2025·江苏扬州·三模)The couple were seen ________ a walk outside at this time yesterday . Nobody knows when they came back.
A.take B.taken C.took D.taking
7.(24-25九年级上·江苏宿迁·期末)The twins ________ the piano at this time yesterday. I think they might be preparing for the art festival these days.
A.heard the play B.heard to play C.were heard playing D.were heard to play
8.(24-25九年级上·江苏南通·期中)—Mary was heard ________ then. What happened?
—John was telling a joke.
A.to cry B.to laugh C.crying D.laughing
9.(24-25九年级上·江苏宿迁·月考)—Your hair is a little untidy. You’d better have it ________.
—All right, Mum.
A.wash B.washed C.washes D.washing
10.(24-25九年级上·江苏扬州·期中)The old radios require ________, so you’d better have them ________.
A.to repair; repaired B.repairing; repaired C.to be repaired; repair D.to repairing; repaired
一、单项选择
1.I prefer ________ at home rather than ________ to the party.
A.staying; go B.to stay; going C.staying; going D.to stay; go
2.—They don’t allow ________ in the room.
—Yes, but we are allowed ________ outside.
A.smoking; smoking B.smoking; to smoke C.to smoke; smoking D.to smoke; to smoke
3.It’s impolite ________ information directly when asking for help.
A.ask B.asking C.asked D.to ask
4.These funny pictures about cakes will surely make you ________.
A.to laugh B.laughing C.laugh D.laughed
5.The AI tool makes students ________ efficiently and avoid ________ the same mistakes repeatedly.
A.to learn; making B.learn; to make C.to learn; to make D.learn; making
6.Good students not only follow rules but also dare ________ in new ways.
A.think B.thinking C.to thinking D.to think
7.It’s not proper ________ a child whatever he wants.
A.give B.giving C.to give D.gave
8.________ things more easily, many people share photos online with a short introduction.
A.Selling B.To sell C.Sell D.Sold
9.________ short videos, my grandma bought a smart phone.
A.Made B.Making C.To make D.Make
10.—What a heavy rain! —So it is.I prefer_________ to _________ on such a rainy day.
A.to stay at home;going out B.to stay at home;go out
C.staying at home;going out D.staying at home;go out
11.At that moment, I regretted _________ you that you failed the exam.
A.tell B.telling C.to tell D.told
12.After ________, the clay pieces are fired ________.
A.drying; at a very high heat B.dry; in a very high heat
C.to dry; about a very high heat D.dried; to a very high heat
13.My parents used to ________.
A.afraid to give a speech in trouble B.be afraid of give a speech in silence
C.being afraid to give a speech in person D.be afraid of giving a speech in public
14.I can see she’s trying hard to avoid ________ my questions.
A.answer B.to answer C.answering D.answered
15.—I don’t like Jerry. He is noisy.
—You can hardly avoid ________ him if you work in the same office.
A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.met
16.Nowadays, teachers ought to consider ________ more time on teaching research.
A.to spend B.spend C.spent D.spending
17.When I went into the room, I found ________ in bed.
A.him lying B.he lying C.him was lying D.he lies
18.The fishing boats were seen ________ the shore yesterday.
A.lie off B.lies off C.lying off D.lay off
19.The new high-speed railway ______ Qiqihar to Harbin has shortened the travel time to one hour.
A.connecting B.connected C.to connect D.connects
20.The CPC succeeded ________ the Party’s 20th National Congress in October.
A.to hold B.at holding C.in holding D.to holding
21.The hall is used to ________ meetings by the company. The staff are used to ________ meetings here.
A.holding; hold B.hold; holding
C.holding; holding D.hold; hold
22.She told me she ______ the book twice and she decided ______ it to her friend.
A.has read; to lend B.had read; to lend C.has read; lending D.had read; lending
23.The letters ______ by my brother yesterday. He told me he planned ______ more letters tomorrow.
A.were written; to write B.wrote; to write C.were written; writing D.wrote; writing
24.With the weather ________ bad, we had to cancel the outdoor picnic.
A.turned B.turning C.turns D.turn
25.________ the importance of public health, many countries have invested heavily in ________ their disease prevention systems.
A.Recognizing; improving B.Recognize; improve
C.Recognized; improved D.To recognize; improving
26.The volunteer ________ a blue coat helps to ________ children from the orphanage.
A.wearing; wear B.dressing; dress C.dressed; dress D.wearing; dress
27.—What do you think of the railway ________ Qinghai to Tibet?
—Oh, I have never seen ________ plateau (高原) railway.
A.connects; a longer B.connecting; the longest
C.connects; the longest D.connecting; a longer
28.—Is Jack in the library?
—No, I saw him _________ on the playground when I passed by.
A.playing B.play C.to play D.played
29.There are a lot of people ________ for the bus to come.
A.waiting B.to wait C.waited D.is waiting
30.“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A.looking B.to look C.having looked D.looked
31.I don’t think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to ________.
A.get their ears pierce B.get their ears pierced
C.get their ears to pierce D.get their ears piercing
32.As a student, you can’t get your ears ________.
A.pierce B.pierced C.pierces D.will pierce
33.The story ______ by Mo Yan is very popular among teenagers.
A.write B.wrote C.written D.writing
34.Coffee ________ in Yunnan ________ to many different countries and places each year.
A.is made; sent B.made; sent C.is make; send D.made; is sent
35.A collection of photos _______ “Many Faces of Our City” successfully shows the city’s rich culture.
A.is called B.was called C.called D.calling
二、单词拼写
36.You look so nice in both dresses that I wouldn’t know which one (advice) you to buy.
37.Have a few minutes every morning (check) how your plan is going.
38.Details should be paid attention to (get) high marks in tests.
39.No one can force him (give) up his favorite hobby.
40.She was the first student (finish) the test yesterday.
41.—To have a healthy life, what else should I pay attention to (shape) my body?
—Maybe you should do more exercise.
42.Our teacher is often seen (present) gifts to those who have made progress.
43.The teacher asked Tom (warn) his deskmate not to run in the hallway.
44. (make) more friends, she joined the painting club.
45.He used (walk) to work. But now he is used to driving to work.
46.We managed (spare) an hour to practice English every day and our language skills improved.
47.He prefers (stay) at home rather than go out on weekends.
48.To (creative) a new picture, that painter has stayed in his studio for nearly a week.
49.He always works carefully to avoid (make) mistakes.
50.She is very comfortable (speak) English when she has lived in England for two months.
51.You’d better avoid (use) the same oil for a long time while cooking.
52.He suggested (go) to the tea house this weekend.
53.You can’t imagine how much difficulty they had at that time (control) the virus.
54.More attention should be paid to (control) his emotions.
55.To support environmental protection, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics (win) medals were made of e-waste.
56.Planting grass on the hills can stop the wind from (blow) away the sand.
57.The way you thought of (help) the poor is practical and helpful.
58.My sister regretted (stay) out too late last night.
59.His new job means (travel) all over the world.
60.Our teacher suggested (value) the time that we spend with family and friends.
61.The old man stood at the door, (forget) what to do.
62.Last night when I walked past the hall, a teenager was sitting there, (look) worried.
63.The little boy passed the exam and rushed to his mother, (hug) her with tears of joy in his eyes
64.I found a letter (lie) on the floor when I came into the classroom.
65.He is the chief engineer of the high-speed railway (connect) Wuxi to Shanghai.
66.Jim’s father is the chief engineer of the new underground (connect) Jiangning to Luhe.
67.He stopped the car and found a nail (stick) in the tyre.
68.There is a beautiful painting (hang) on the wall.
69.Could you hear a baby (cry) in the next room?
70.The top of this house is a boat (turn) upside down.
71.—My bike is broken. What should I do?
—You can get it (repair) in that bike shop.
72.Let’s hurry. There are only two minutes (leave).
73.Do you know an American boy (call) Tom?
74. (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks really beautiful.
75.Have you ever used a car (make) in China?
三、完成句子
76.那就是所谓的科学方法。
the scientific method.
77.与往年相比,我们收到了更多的照片。
other years, we received many more photos.
78.她感觉被忽略了,因为其他孩子都不和她玩。
She feels because the other children don’t play with her.
79.与我们的父母相比,我们过着更加幸福的生活。
We are living a happier life our parents.
80.鲁迅所写的这本书是非常有教育意义的。
The book Lun Xun is very educational.
81.跟我相比,你更用功。
me, you work harder.
82.和琳达的手机相比,我的(手机)轻得多。
Linda’s mobile phone, mine is much lighter.
83.我住在这个被称作“云乡”的村子已20多年了。
I have in the Yun Xiang more than 20 years.
84.伴随着困难,仍然也会有许多令人兴奋的事情在等着你们。(完成译句)
Along with difficulties, there will also be many exciting things you.
85.我前面有5个人在等核酸检测。我是第六个。
There are 5 people Nucleic Acid Testing in front of me. I am the sixth.
86.刚才我看到胡老师正在路上搭车。
I saw Mr. Hu a ride on the road just now.
87.现在我已长大成人,回想起那过去的岁月。
Now I’m an adult, those times.
88.彼得听到他的父亲正在敲他卧室的门。
Peter his father his bedroom door.
89.我们通常只在城镇中心四处走动,尽可能多见一些朋友!
We often just walk around the town center, many of our friends !
90.我认为让别人久等是不礼貌的。
I think it’s impolite to .
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