Unit 6 Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas-【优学精讲】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第三册教用Word(外研版)

本讲义围绕散文《First Snow》的阅读理解与语言学习展开，通过“析架构—知细节—拓思维—品语言—析难句”的递进式学习支架，系统梳理文本脉络、核心词汇（如insist、bend）、重点句型（如find+宾语+宾补、by the time从句）及修辞手法（比喻、拟人），构建从整体感知到深度赏析的学习路径。 该资料突出语言能力与思维品质的融合培养，如“品语言”环节分析比喻句“The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print”提升语言鉴赏力，“拓思维”部分通过“人类如何对待自然”的讨论培养批判性思维。分层设计的练习题（阅读理解、语法填空）兼顾课中教学引导与课后巩固，助力学生查漏补缺，教师可高效开展文本分析与语言技能训练。

Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas First Snow Mr Robert Lynd once said of Jane Austen’s characters①： “They are people in whose lives a slight② fall of snow is an event.” Even at the risk of③ appearing to this fair and witty④reviewer⑤ as another Mr Woodhouse， I must insist⑥ that last night’s fall of snow here was an event.[1]I was nearly as excited about it this morning as the children， whom I found all looking through the window at the magic outside and talking away⑦ as excitedly as if Christmas had suddenly come round⑧ again. [2]The fact is， however， that the snow was as strange and fascinating⑨ to me as it was to them. [3]It is the first fall we have had here this winter， and last year I was out of the country， sweating⑩ in a hot climate， during the snowy season， so that it really does seem an age since I saw the ground so fantastically carpeted⑪. 　　[1]whom引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the children；as if引导方式状语从句。 [2]that引导表语从句；as引导比较状语从句。 [3]we have had here this winter为省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词the first fall；动词-ing短语sweating in ...作伴随状语；so that引导结果状语从句；since引导时间状语从句。 The first fall of snow is not only an event but it is a magical event.You go to bed in one kind of world and wake up⑫ to find yourself in another quite different， and if this is not magic， then where is it to be found？ The very secrecy⑬ and quietness of the thing makes it more magical. 　　When I got up this morning the world was a cold place of dead white and pale blues.[4]The light that came through the windows was very strange， and it made the familiar business of splashing and shaving⑭ and brushing and dressing very strange too. Then the sun came out⑮， and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing⑯ the snow with delicate⑰ pinks.The dining-room window had been transformed into⑱ a lovely Japanese print.The little plum tree outside， with the faintly⑲ flushed snow lining its branches and artfully disposed⑳ along its trunk， stood in full sunlight. An hour or two later everything was a cold sparkle㉑ of white and blue.The world had completely changed again.The little Japanese prints had all disappeared.I looked out of my study㉒ window， over the garden， the field， to the low hills beyond， and the ground went on and on， the sky was thick grey， and all the trees so many black and threatening㉓ shapes.There was indeed something curiously disturbing about the whole prospect㉔.[5]It was as if our kindly countryside， close to the very heart of England， had been turned into a cruel grassland.At any moment， it seemed， a body of horsemen might be seen breaking out from the black trees， so many weapons might be heard and some distant spot㉕ of snow be reddened㉖.It was that kind of landscape㉗. 　　[4]本句为and连接的并列句；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词The light。 　　[5]as if引导表语从句，且as if引导的从句使用了虚拟语气。 Now it has changed again.The glare㉘ has gone and no touch of the disturbing remains㉙.But the snow is falling heavily， in great soft flakes㉚， so that you can hardly see across the shallow㉛ valley， and the roofs are thick and the trees all bending㉜， and the weathercock of the village church， still to be seen through the grey loaded air㉝， has become some creature out of Hans Andersen.From my study， which is apart from the house and faces it， I can see the children flattening㉞ their noses against the window， and there is running through my head a rhyme㉟ I used to repeat when I was a child and flattened my nose against the cold window to watch the falling snow： Snow， snow faster： White alabaster！ Killing geese㊱ in Scotland， Sending feathers here！ （Adaptation from First Snow by John Boynton Priestley） 【读文清障】 ①character n.人物 ②slight adj.小的，轻微的 ③at the risk of 冒着……的风险 ④witty adj.机智的；言辞诙谐的；巧妙的 ⑤reviewer n.评论家 review v.评论 ⑥insist v.坚称，坚决认为 insist on坚持 ⑦talk away不停地说 ⑧come round 再度发生，再次出现 ⑨fascinating adj.迷人的 fascinate v.迷住，深深吸引 fascination n.魅力；入迷 ⑩sweat v.出汗；流汗 ⑪carpet v.把……厚厚地覆盖 ⑫wake up醒来，唤醒 ⑬secrecy n.保密，秘密状态 ⑭shaving n.刮胡子 ⑮come out 出来，出现 ⑯flush v.（使）发红 ⑰delicate adj.柔和的；淡雅的 ⑱transform ...into ... 把……转变成…… ⑲faintly adv.微弱地；模糊地 ⑳dispose v.排列，布置 ㉑sparkle n.闪耀，闪光 ㉒study n.书房 ㉓threatening adj.恐吓的，威胁的 ㉔prospect n.开阔的景观，景色 ㉕spot n.斑点 ㉖redden v.（使）变红 ㉗landscape n.风景，景色 ㉘glare n.刺眼的强光 ㉙remain v.继续存在 ㉚flake n.小薄片 ㉛shallow adj.浅的 ㉜bend v.变弯曲 ㉝the grey loaded air 灰蒙蒙的空气 ㉞flatten v.（使）变平，把……弄平 ㉟rhyme n.儿歌，童谣 ㊱goose n.[pl.geese]鹅 【参考译文】 初雪 罗伯特·林德先生曾这样评论过简·奥斯汀笔下的人物：“在这些人的生命里，场场小雪皆是大事。”在这位公正睿智的评论家面前，即便是冒着让自己看起来像伍德豪斯先生那样的风险，我也得坚持说：“昨晚这儿的那场雪是件大事。”对于这场雪，我今早近乎像孩子们那样兴奋。我发现孩子们在透过窗子看着外面奇妙的世界，兴奋地说个不停，就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。事实上，这场雪于我而言，也是同样的奇异，同样的迷人。这是今年冬天我们在这里的第一场雪，而在去年的雪季，我身在异国，在酷热的天气里汗流不止，所以离我上次欣赏到这银装素裹的世界，着实过了些时日了。 这场初雪不仅是一件大事，而且还是一件具有魔力的大事。入睡时，世界是一个模样，醒来则是完全不同的另一番模样，若非有魔力，如何才能这般？神秘，悄然，这给雪又添了几分魔力。 今早我起床时，世界是一片寂然的白色与浅淡的蓝色，到处清清冷冷。窗子透进来的光线很是怪异，使得洗脸、刮胡子、刷牙、穿衣服这些熟悉的日常行为也显得离奇古怪。接着太阳出来了，等到我坐下来吃早餐时，太阳的光彩已是绚烂夺目，给雪地添了一抹柔和的粉红色。餐厅的窗户成了一幅可爱的日本版画。在阳光的普照之下，屋外的李子树的树干和枝丫被淡粉的积雪精致巧妙地装点着。 一两个小时过后，一切都闪着或白或蓝的微光。世界又彻底改变了模样。小小的日本版画都消失不见了，我从书房看向窗外，越过花园、田野，再望向远处低矮的小山，沿着不断向前延伸的地面望去，天空成了厚重的灰色，所有的树木都显出一副黑黢黢和凶神恶煞的样子。整个景象确实会给人带来一种奇怪的、不安的感受。就好像我们这个靠近英格兰中心位置的亲切小乡村变成了暴躁的草原；仿佛随时可能看见一群骑兵从黑黝黝的树丛中冲出，可能听见武器的交错响声，最后好像看见远处的白雪一点点被血液染红。这幅景象就是给人这种感觉。 　　现在，一切又变了。炫目的日光已然消失，也不再有那种紧张不安感。大片柔软的雪花铺天盖地地飘落，遮挡了你的视线，让你几乎看不到浅浅的山谷，屋顶上存了厚厚的雪，树木被压得弯下腰来，村庄教堂的风信鸡在灰蒙蒙的空气中依稀可见，像是从安徒生童话里走出来的活物。我的书房是和房子独立开来的，书房在房子的对面。从书房看去，可以看到孩子们把鼻子抵在窗户上看雪的样子，我的脑海里出现了一首儿歌，那是我小时候将鼻子抵在冰凉的窗户上看雪时会一直重复哼着的歌： 下雪吧，下快一点吧： 石膏一样的雪白！ 在苏格兰宰些鹅， 把雪白的羽毛送到这儿来吧！ （改编自约翰·博因顿·普里斯特利的《初雪》） 第一步：析架构理清脉络 Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks. 第二步：知细节明察秋毫 Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers. 1.What does “They” in Paragraph 1 refer to？（　　） A.Mr Robert Lynd and Jane Austen. B.Jane Austen’s characters. C.Mr Robert Lynd and his friends. D.People living in my hometown. 2.How did the writer find the first fall of snow here？（　　） A.Magical.　　B.Quiet. C.Strange.　　D.Common. 3.What happened to the dining-room window？（　　） A.It was flushed with delicate pinks. B.It became a lovely Japanese print. C.It was covered by the faintly flushed snow. D.It was artfully disposed in full sunlight. 4.What made the writer hardly see the shallow valley clearly？（　　） A.The grey sky. B.The white and blue light. C.The falling great flakes. D.The bending trees. 5.What kind of style does this passage belong to？（　　） A.A scenery essay. B.A story. C.An argumentative writing. D.A letter. 答案：1－5　BABCA 第三步：拓思维品质提升 Discuss the following questions with your partner. 1.How should humans treat nature？ 　We， humans， are also a part of nature， but we tend to distinguish ourselves from nature and do the things， which may harm nature.Therefore， respect nature and its resources， show some compassion towards it.It is the responsibility of a human being to protect nature.We， as humans， should refrain from doing any harm to nature if we need to provide a good natural environment to the future generations.Just as Charles Darwin puts it， “Everything， what is against nature， will not last for long.”　 2.What do you think of the beauty of nature？ 　When I think about the beauty of nature， the first thing that comes to my mind may be greenery.But the beauty of nature is more than the greenery.Everything I feel and see around， including mountains， forests， rivers， birds， plants， animals， air， etc.— all are a part of the beauty of nature.　 第四步：品语言妙笔生辉 1.Read the passage carefully and find the sentences describing the landscape. 　（1）When I got up this morning the world was a cold place of dead white and pale blues.　 　（2）The little plum tree outside， with the faintly flushed snow lining its branches and artfully disposed along its trunk， stood in full sunlight.　 　（3）But the snow is falling heavily， in great soft flakes， so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley， and the roofs are thick and the trees all bending， and the weathercock of the village church， still to be seen through the grey loaded air， has become some creature out of Hans Andersen.　 2.Read the passage carefully and find the sentences using similes or metaphors. 　（1）The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print.　 　（2）It was as if our kindly countryside， close to the very heart of England， had been turned into a cruel grassland.　 3.Read the passage carefully and find the sentence using personification. 　Then the sun came out， and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing the snow with delicate pinks.　 第五步：析难句表达升级 1.I was nearly as excited about it this morning as the children， whom I found all looking through the window at the magic outside and talking away as excitedly as if Christmas had suddenly come round again. 句式分析 本句为主从复合句。主句为I was nearly as excited ...as the children，其中使用了　as ...as ...　结构；whom引导　非限制性定语　从句，修饰先行词　the children　；as if引导　方式状语　从句。 自主翻译 　对于这场雪，我今早近乎像孩子们那样兴奋。我发现孩子们在透过窗子看着外面奇妙的世界，兴奋地说个不停，就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。　 2.It is the first fall we have had here this winter， and last year I was out of the country， sweating in a hot climate， during the snowy season， so that it really does seem an age since I saw the ground so fantastically carpeted. 句式分析 we have had here this winter为省略了关系代词　that　的定语从句；sweating in a hot climate为动词-ing短语作伴随状语；so that引导　结果状语　从句，在此从句中，since引导　时间状语　从句。 自主翻译 　这是今年冬天我们在这里的第一场雪，而在去年的雪季，我身在异国，在酷热的天气里汗流不止，所以离我上次欣赏到这银装素裹的世界，着实过了些时日了。　 Part Ⅰ　核心词汇集释 inspector n.检查员，巡视员 【教材原句】　Priestley wrote many successful articles， essays， novels and plays， but is best remembered for his play An Inspector Calls. 普里斯特利写了许多成功的文章、散文、小说和戏剧，但他因他的戏剧《侦探来访》而成名。 【用法】 （1）inspect v.　　检查；视察 inspect sb/sth for sth　　因某物而检查某人/某物 （2）inspection n.　　检查；视察 on closer inspection　　经进一步检查 【佳句】　He worked as an inspector in a factory when young.他年轻时在一家工厂当检查员。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Education officials have been using another two vehicles to inspect schools 　for　 structural damage. ②On closer 　inspection　 （inspect）， the painting exposes serious social problems. ③All the passengers are to 　be inspected　 （inspect） before boarding the subway. insist v.坚称，坚决认为 【教材原句】　...I must insist that last night’s fall of snow here was an event. ……我也得坚持说：“昨晚这儿的那场雪是件大事。” 【用法】 insist on/upon （doing） sth　坚决要求（做）某事 insist that ... （should） do sth 　　　　　　　　坚持主张……（应该）做某事 【佳句】　You should respect the views of others， and at the same time insist on what you think is right. 你应该尊重别人的观点，同时坚持自己认为正确的观点。 【点津】　当insist表示“坚持说，坚决认为”时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。 【练透】　同义句转换 ①We insisted that the Browns should use our car， but they refused. →We 　insisted on lending　 the Browns our car， but they refused. 【写美】　补全句子 ②I insisted that he 　（should） be sent to the hospital　 at once， but he insisted that he 　was feeling quiet well　 then. 我坚持立即把他送到医院，但他坚持说他当时感觉相当好。 talk away 不停地说，喋喋不休 【教材原句】　I was nearly as excited about it this morning as the children， whom I found all looking through the window at the magic outside and talking away as excitedly as if Christmas had suddenly come round again. 对于这场雪，我今早近乎像孩子们那样兴奋。我发现孩子们在透过窗子看着外面奇妙的世界，兴奋地说个不停，就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。 【用法】 talk down to sb　　以高人一等的口气说话 talk sb into （doing） sth　　说服某人（做）某事 talk sb out of （doing） sth　　说服某人不（做）某事 talk off　　说得天花乱坠；说得烦死人 【佳句】　Nobody’s listening， but she just keeps talking away. 没人在听，但她就是不停地说。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①She talked her husband 　into　 having a holiday in France. ②You can talk my head 　off　， but you can’t change wrong into right. 【写美】　补全句子 ③The manager tried to 　talk him out of leaving　. 经理极力劝他不要走。 come round 再度发生，再次出现；苏醒；顺道拜访 【教材原句】　... as if Christmas had suddenly come round again. ……就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。 【用法】 come about　　发生；造成 come across　　（偶然）遇见；碰见 come out　　出来；出版；发行 come up　　走近；被提出 come up with　　提出；想出 come to　　总计；达到（某状况）；苏醒 When it comes to ...　　当涉及/谈到……时 【佳句】　By the time the summer came round， Kelly was feeling much better. 当夏天来临的时候，凯莉感觉好多了。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①How did the accident come 　about　 since he drove at a speed of sixty miles per hour？ ②It is said that he is focusing on writing a book on space exploration.But when it will come 　out　 is up in the air. 【写美】　补全句子 ③She 　came round to see me　 on a sunny Sunday. 她在一个晴朗的星期天来看了我。 bend v.变弯曲 n.弯道，拐弯 【教材原句】　But the snow is falling heavily， in great soft flakes， so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley， and the roofs are thick and the trees all bending ...大片柔软的雪花铺天盖地地飘落，遮挡了你的视线，让你几乎看不到浅浅的山谷，屋顶上存了厚厚的雪，树木被压得弯下腰来…… 【用法】 （1）bend down/over　　弯下腰来；弯腰 bend forwards　　向前弯曲 bend one’s head　　低下头 bend sb to （doing） sth　　迫使某人（做）某事 bend one’s mind/efforts to sth　致力于某事，专心致志于某事 （2）a sharp bend　　一个急转弯 【佳句】　The road bends sharply to the right. 这条路向右急转弯。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①When the boy caught sight of Poppy， he went rushing towards the dog and bent 　down/over　 to give her a big hug. ②Eric bent himself to 　persuading　 （persuade） them to donate some blankets. 【写美】　补全句子 ③When she 　bent her mind to her work　， she could always do it well. 当她专心工作时，她总是可以做好。 Part Ⅱ　重点句型解构 句型公式：find＋宾语＋宾语补足语 【教材原句】　You go to bed in one kind of world and wake up to find yourself in another quite different， and if this is not magic， then where is it to be found？ 入睡时，世界是一个模样，醒来则是完全不同的另一番模样，若非有魔力，如何才能这般？ 【用法】 此句中的find yourself in another quite different属于“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。 （1）find＋宾语＋形容词/介词短语/动词-ing形式（表主动或正在进行）/过去分词（表被动或完成） （2）“find＋oneself＋宾语补足语”结构指某人不知不觉地发现自己处于某种状态，常表示意料之外的情况。 （3）在“find it＋形容词/名词＋to do ...”结构中，it是形式宾语，后面的to do ...是真正的宾语。 【品悟】　Meanwhile， I find myself looking back at my senior year， and thinking about all the wonderful things that have happened. 同时，我发觉自己在回顾自己高中最后一年的时光，追忆所有发生过的美好往事。 【写美】　微写作 ①不幸的是，我发现我自己被卡在大南瓜里了。 Unfortunately， I 　found myself stuck　 in the huge pumpkin. ②当他醒来时，他发现自己在一个陌生的房间里。 When he awoke， he 　found himself in a strange room　. ③我发现我的大多数同学和老师都很友好。 I 　found most of my classmates and teachers friendly　. ④我们经常发现意识到别人的缺点比意识到我们自身的缺点更容易些。 We often 　find it much easier to recognise　 other people’s weaknesses than our own. 句型公式：by the time引导的时间状语从句 【教材原句】　Then the sun came out， and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing the snow with delicate pinks. 接着太阳出来了，等到我坐下来吃早餐时，太阳的光彩已是绚烂夺目，给雪地添了一抹柔和的粉红色。 【用法】 （1）by the time＋从句（一般过去时），主句时态为过去完成时。 （2）by the time＋从句（一般现在时），主句时态为一般将来时或将来完成时。 （3）by the end of＋过去的时间，句子时态为过去完成时。 （4）by the end of＋将来的时间，句子时态为将来完成时。 【品悟】　By the time he was 14， Mozart had composed many pieces for the harpsichord， piano and violin， as well as for orchestras. 莫扎特到14岁的时候，不仅已经谱写了很多管弦乐曲，还谱写了许多拨弦键琴曲、钢琴曲和小提琴曲。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①By the time we got there， the play 　had begun　 （begin） already. ②By the time the course ends， we 　will have learned/will learn　 （learn） a lot about Britain. ③By the end of last month， the new building 　had been completed　 （complete） ahead of time. 【写美】　句型转换 ④Next year he will be 18 and he will graduate from Guangming High School. →　By the time he is 18 next year　， he will graduate from Guangming High School. 维度一：品句填词 1.The nursery 　rhyme　 （童谣） reminds me of my happy childhood spent with my grandparents. 2.To reduce food waste， some restaurants 　insist　 （坚持） their customers should take away the leftover food after their meals. 3.The bird has grey 　feathers　 （羽毛） with a lighter collar. 4.He hurried on with his 　shaving　 （刮胡子）， cutting his chin twice. 5.Notre Dame stands in the very heart of Paris and is one of the famous 　churches　 （教堂） in the world. 6.One of the main characters of this plastic is its ability to bend　 without breaking. 7.The weekly　 schedule may make you more aware of how you spend your time. 8.Standing on the top of the mountain， we can enjoy a delightful prospect　 of the lake. 维度二：词形转换 1.They hope this new evidence will prove her 　innocence　 （innocent）. 2.The 　inspector　 （inspect） said that standards at the school had to be raised. 3.On the bench a large light bulb was glowing 　faintly　 （faint）. 4.We have made many 　enhancements　 （enhance） to the software that will strengthen system security. 5.The leaves turn yellow， and the maples 　redden　 （red）.So beautiful and so graceful！ 维度三：固定搭配和句式 1.They 　talked away　 （不停地说） as if they hadn’t seen each other for a long time. 2.When she 　woke up　 （醒来） in the morning， the sun was streaming through the windows. 3.They prevented a serious railway accident 　at the risk of　（冒着……的风险） their own lives. 4.The movie had begun 　by the time we got there　 （到我们到达那儿时）. 5.Nervous and frightened， I felt 　as if I were sitting on pins and needles　 （如坐针毡）. 6.I walked along the street， and about 30 minutes later， 　I found myself at the school gate　 （我发现自己来到了学校大门口）。 维度四：课文语法填空 　　It is the first time that I have seen snow this year.It is not only 1.　an　 event but a magical event.You go to bed in one kind of world and wake up 2.　to find　 （find） yourself in another completely different.The secrecy and 3.　quietness　 （quiet） of the thing makes it more magical.When I 4.　got　 （get） up this morning， I found the world dead white and pale blues.The light coming through the windows was very strange， 5.　which　 made the familiar business of splashing and shaving and brushing and dressing strange too.When the sun came out， the snow became pink.The little plum tree stood in full sunlight.An hour 6.　or　 two later， everything was a cold sparkle of white and blue.The little Japanese prints had disappeared.The ground went on and on， the sky was thick grey， and all the trees were in black and 7.　threatening　 （threaten） shapes.Now the snow is falling 8.　heavily　 （heavy） in great soft flakes so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley.The 9.　roofs　 （roof） are thick and the trees are all bent.I can see the children 10.　flattening　 （flatten） their noses against the window to watch the falling snow. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 　　（2024·山东青岛二中高二上期末）Never has there been a primate as big as Gigantopithecus blacki.Adults of this ancient ape （猿） stood about 10 feet tail and could weigh more than 500 pounds， wandering the thick forests of ancient China during the last Ice Age. 　　Why this impressive animal went extinct has puzzled scientists since the ape was discovered nearly a century ago.But now， a new analysis suggests that the primate’s unique lifestyle left it vulnerable. 　　The new study combines geological dates， pollen records， and clues preserved inside fossil teeth to present a detailed timeline of when， and how， Gigantopithecus blacki went extinct.The results reveal the creature’s decline and ultimate demise in fine detail. 　　Kira Westaway， lead author of the new study and a geochronologist at Macquarie University in Sydney， worked to come up with more accurate dates for the sediments （沉积物） that Gigantopithecus fossils have been found in.Studies of fossil pollen from the Gigantopithecus sites also allowed researchers to study how the animal’s habitat was changing.Prior to 700，000 years ago， both Gigantopithecus and Pongo weidenreichi， another ancient ape， lived in forests where they ate leaves， fruits， and flowers available much of the year round.Due to the environmental changes， dense forests of pines， birches and chestnut relatives gave way to more open habitats with larger patches of grassland.However， Gigantopithecus had a difficult time finding preferred foods.Meanwhile Pongo weidenreichi changed its diet to live on-fibrous-plants that were more readily available. 　　“It was the response of G， blacki to these changes that sealed its fate，” Westaway says.“The giant apes were so big that they had to move on the ground and were limited in how far they could venture， trying to make the most of twigs， bark， and other tough foods that were still accessible.It wasn’t enough.” 　　Yet knowing the ending of the ape’s story hardly closes the case on the giant primate.Did these huge primates follow the same path to extinction， or did the story vary by location？ This research opens new questions even as it explains the disappearance of Earth’s most huge ape. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究揭示了步氏巨猿灭绝的原因以及时间。 1.What does the new research aim to do？（　　） A.To study the climate changes of ancient China. B.To analyze the geological features of the last Ice Age. C.To solve the mystery of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s extinction. D.To present some detailed findings of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s habitat. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，这项新研究的目的是找出步氏巨猿灭绝的原因。 2.What does the underlined word “demise” in the third paragraph mean？（　　） A.Change.　　 B.Removal. C.Adaptation.　　 D.Extinction. 解析：D　词义猜测题。根据第三段首句可知，这项新研究结合了地质年代、花粉记录和保存在牙齿化石中的线索，揭示了步氏巨猿什么时候以及怎样灭绝的。所以画线单词意为“灭绝”。 3.What do we know about the study？（　　） A.The timing of the giant ape’s disappearance was worked out. B.Another ape was included to show their common habitat. C.The environmental shift had little impact on the giant ape’s habitat. D.Some fossil pollen were studied to reveal the giant ape’s diet preference. 解析：A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的The results reveal the creature’s decline and ultimate demise in fine detail.以及最后一段中的This research opens new questions even as it explains the disappearance of Earth’s most huge ape.可知，这项新研究确定了步氏巨猿消失的时间。 4.What can be suggested from Westaway’s words about the giant ape？（　　） A.The giant ape responded to the change of its habitat easily. B.The inability to adapt quickly caused its disappearance. C.The giant ape had sufficient food resources on the grassland. D.The forested habitat was still accessible to the giant ape. 解析：B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Westaway说的关于巨猿的话可知，步氏巨猿无法快速适应环境的改变，从而导致了灭绝。 B 　　To understand how much we rely on ecosystem services， imagine a world where humans are the only species — perhaps in a spaceship far from the Earth. There are no plants releasing oxygen， so you have to engineer a way to make it yourself. So straight away you need a chemical processing plant on board your ship. That same plant will have to make water too. There is also nothing to eat， so you must artificially make food.You could synthesise （人工合成） chemicals like sugars and fats， but making it delicious would be extremely hard.As of 2015， we can’t even make an artificial burger that everyone finds convincing. Let’s not even get started on the microorganisms （微生物） living in your gut， many of which are beneficial. The point is that， while we could in theory do all these things artificially， it is far easier to let the existing wildlife do them for us. The scale of these ecosystem services， when you add them up， turns out to be extraordinarily large. In 1997， ecologist Robert Costanza and his colleagues estimated that the ecosystem provides services worth around $33 trillion a year.For comparison， they noted that the entire global economy at the time produced around $18 trillion a year. Five years later， the team took the argument a step further by asking how much we would gain by conserving biodiversity.They concluded that the benefits would outweigh the costs by a factor of 100.In other words， conserving nature is an unbelievably good investment. By contrast， letting species decline and go extinct looks like a bad move.A 2010 study concluded that unchecked species loss would wipe 18% off global economic output by 2050. You may perhaps be feeling that all this talk of economics and growth is strange.It’s all rather cold and heartless， without any of the love for the natural world that we were talking about earlier.Well， many environmentalists feel the same way. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。生态系统和生物多样性对人类究竟有多重要？文章从经济效益的角度对此进行了说明。 5.How does the author begin the passage？（　　） A.By drawing a conclusion. B.By offering an argument. C.By providing an example. D.By making an assumption. 解析：D　篇章结构题。根据第一段内容可知，作者为了帮助我们理解生态系统的重要性，首先作出了一个假设：想象一个只有人类的世界。 6.What does the author want to tell us by mentioning an artificial burger in Paragraph 3？（　　） A.Artificial things are similar to natural ones. B.Artificial things can hardly be the same as natural ones. C.We have a long way to go to develop artificial things. D.We can hardly distinguish artificial things from natural ones. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，作者首先指出：我们可以人工合成糖和脂肪，但很难使其味道可口；接下来又说直到2015年人们还没有人工合成出令人满意的汉堡。由此可知，作者提到人工汉堡，主要是说明人工合成食物跟真实天然的食物还有差距。 7.What’s the main problem with doing many things artificially？（　　） A.Its high costs.　　 B.Its negative effects. C.Its being difficult.　　D.Its being impossible. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，作者认为，虽然人工合成食物在理论上是可能的，但问题在于让食物在大自然天然生长要容易得多。 8.What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage？（　　） A.To prove the value of biodiversity. B.To stress the importance of the environment. C.To tell us how the ecosystem works. D.To teach us how to protect the ecosystem. 解析：A　写作意图题。综合全文内容可知，作者主要介绍了生态系统的重要性，尤其是生物多样性的价值。 C 　　（2024·浙江嘉兴高二上期末）In times of intense stress， people sometimes let it out with a scream and a new study suggests that plants might do the same.Researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel has found that plants let out ultrasonic （超声的） screams when damaged or stressed by drought. 　　The noises， falling within a range of 20 to 100 kilohertz， are too high-frequency for humans to hear， but other plants and some animals perceive them.Insects might be listening for sounds from stressed plants to assess their condition before laying eggs on their leaves.A moth （蛾） may decide against laying eggs on a plant that sounds water-stressed. 　　Researchers attached recording devices directly to plants to listen for secret sounds inside their stems （茎）.In drought， air bubbles formed， burst and caused vibrations （振动） within the tissue that normally carries water up the plants’ stems.The process was picked up by the attached recording devices， but researchers wanted to know if any plant sounds could travel through the air. 　　So the team placed microphones 10 centimetres from stressed-out tomato and tobacco plants.They subjected one set of crops to drought and another to physical damage.A third group was untouched. 　　The microphones did pick up distinct sounds.On average， drought-stressed tomato plants let out about 35 ultrasonic screams per hour， while those with cut stems made about 25.Drought-stressed tobacco plants let out about 11 screams per hour， and cut crops made about 15 sounds in the same time.The average number of sounds from untouched plants fell below one per hour. 　　The researchers also attempted to identify each plant group just based on its screams.Using a type of artificial intelligence calculations， the team picked out distinct features in each set of sounds and successfully sorted their plants into three kinds： “dry， cut or untouched”. 　　If it is not too costly to set up the recording in a field situation， farmers might be able to hear these stress signals， too.In future， enabling farmers to listen for water-stressed plants could “open a new direction”， which will be increasingly important as climate change exposes more areas to drought. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。当植物受到损伤或受到干旱的压力时，会发出超声波尖叫。 9.Why is the moth mentioned in Paragraph 2？（　　） A.To show moths need enough water when laying eggs. B.To show some animals are able to hear plants scream. C.To show some insects are picky about their surroundings. D.To show wildlife species depend on each other when stressed. 解析：B　推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，第二段提到了飞蛾，以表明一些动物能够听到植物的尖叫。 10.What can we learn from the research？（　　） A.Plants’ sounds couldn’t be detected by humans. B.Plants can be grouped according to their features. C.Plants’ screams are related to stress types in a way. D.Air bubbles contribute to the lack of water in plants. 解析：C　推理判断题。根据第五段中列举的数据可知，同种植物压力类型不同，尖叫次数不同。由此推知，植物的尖叫在某种程度上与压力类型有关。 11.What does the last paragraph focus on？（　　） A.Supporting evidence for the research result. B.Potential application of the research findings. C.A further explanation of the research methods. D.A reasonable doubt about the research process. 解析：B　根据最后一段第二句可知，这一新发现可以让农民能够听到缺水植物的声音，农民就可以快速判断植物当前处于缺水的状况。由此推知，这一段重点介绍了研究结果的潜在应用。 12.What can be a suitable title for the text？（　　） A.Plants’ Vibrations： Way to React to Stress B.Stress Signals： Secret Newly Found in Plants C.Green Screams： Plants Make Noises When Stressed D.Ultrasonic Screams： Discovery Opens a New Chapter 解析：C　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，植物在受到损伤或受到干旱的压力时，它们会发出声音。因此，C项（绿色尖叫：植物在受到压力时会发出响声）适合作为文章的标题。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五 　　As summer approaches， many are refreshing their gardens to reflect the change in the season.As we become more eco-conscious， enhancing biodiversity （生物多样性） tops our to-do list.13.（　　）. 　　◆Grow plants for pollinators. 　　Pollinators like bees can see the colour purple more clearly than any other， so planting purple colour flowers like lavender will lead to a bee-filled paradise （乐园）.Herbs also attract butterflies and bees if you allow them to flower.A key tip to remember is that most roses aren’t ideal for pollinators.14.（　　）. 　　◆Just add water. 　　Add running water to your garden.15.（　　）.Such additions can make it more appealing to birds and wildlife.Adding a bird bath or a small water feature can attract a whole new range of wildlife， from frogs to dragonflies.Add small rocks into your water feature to prevent insects or animals drowning. 　　◆16.（　　）. 　　Home-grown plants adapt to local soil and environmental conditions， meaning that they require less care.They also promote biodiversity and decrease soil erosion （侵蚀）， while also reducing the use of chemical fertilizers （化肥） — a true win-win situation.By buying home-grown plants you can help to prevent foreign species reaching your garden and the countryside.Although these species are often harmless in their native habitats， they can cause disease and competition in a new environment. 　　◆Create homes for wildlife. 　　17.（　　）.So consider building bee hotels and bird houses， placing planting pots upside down， or even letting leaves and sticks pile up in the garden to provide a safe place for wildlife.And before you commit yourself to a neatly polished space， consider leaving room for a little chaos. A.Stick to native plants B.Grow domestic vegetables C.Thoughtful structures in gardens are ideal shelters D.It helps purify the air and provide drinking water for local wildlife E.Don’t feel discouraged if the wildlife shelter is empty at first F.It is difficult for the bees to get to the center of the flower to feed G.Here are some tips to help strike the balance between beauty and biodiversity 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些做园艺时在美和生物多样性之间寻求平衡的方法。 13.G　上文提到了许多人想要让花园焕然一新以及有提高生物多样性的环保意识。结合下文分条列出的建议可知，设空处起到承上启下的作用，G项（这里有一些有助于在美和生物多样性之间取得平衡的建议）符合语境。 14.F　空前一句提到了大多数玫瑰对传粉者来说并不理想，接下来应对此进行解释，F项（蜜蜂很难到达花朵的中心觅食）符合语境。 15.D　空前一句建议给花园浇水，这里应解释这么做的好处，D项（它有助于净化空气并为当地野生动物提供饮用水）承接上文，符合语境。 16.A　结合其他几处的小标题可知，此处应用祈使句。根据下文多次提到的Home-grown plants和整段内容可知，本段主要介绍了种本地植物的好处，故A项（坚持种本地植物）符合语境。 17.C　根据Create homes for wildlife.可知，本段主要讲述了如何给野生动物筑窝。C项（花园中周密的建筑物是理想的庇护所）符合语境，C项中的ideal shelters与小标题中的homes相呼应。 16 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $