Unit 5 Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas-【优学精讲】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第三册教用Word(外研版)

本讲义聚焦“自然与建筑的关系及仿生学应用”核心知识点，从自然现象（松果、花朵）引入，通过新加坡艺术科学博物馆、哈拉雷东门大厦等案例分析，系统梳理仿生建筑原理，辅以词汇（如absorb、respond to）、句型（时间状语从句省略）讲解及练习题，构建“现象引入-案例分析-语言学习-思维拓展”的学习支架。 该资料以“自然启发建筑”为主题，通过案例对比、句式分析等教学方法，提升学生语言能力（如核心词汇用法、复杂句式解构）和思维品质（如讨论仿生学价值培养批判性思维）。课中助力教师分层教学，课后通过语法填空、阅读理解等练习帮助学生巩固知识，查漏补缺，兼具文化意识培养（跨文化建筑案例）与学习能力提升。

Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas Nature in Architecture Trees， plants and flowers are all around us and we enjoy their beauty① every day.[1]In fact， we are so used to them that we may even take them for granted② without realising how much inspiration③ they have given us.When we look at a pine cone④， we might think how much it looks like the tiles on a roof.An open flower might make us think how closely it resembles⑤ an umbrella.[2]It is natural to think in this way， but of course it wasn’t the umbrella that inspired the flower or the roof that inspired the pine cone. 　　[1]so ...that ...引导结果状语从句；how much inspiration ...是宾语从句。 [2]本句为but连接的并列句。前一分句中动词不定式短语to think in this way为真正的主语，It作形式主语；后一分句为or连接的两个并列的强调句。 Nature has inspired many of the most fascinating⑥ designs around us， including those in architecture.From Barcelona’s forest-like Sagrada Familia to the modern style of Beijing’s Water Cube， nature is presented in various architectural designs.Today， architects⑦ continue to explore ways to capture⑧ the beauty of natural forms， to mimic⑨ the way nature works or even to make natural organisms⑩ part of a building. 　　ArtScience Museum， Singapore People [3]whose interest is exploring the relationship between art and science will enjoy Singapore’s ArtScience Museum.The building was designed to⑪ show the connection between nature and the modern city environment in which it sits.[4]Shaped⑫ to resemble a lotus⑬ flower， it appears to float⑭ above the waterfront promenade and the water that surrounds it.Its roof collects rainwater and channels⑮ it 35 metres down to a waterfall in the centre of the space.The water is then recycled through the building’s plumbing⑯ system.Visitors are often amazed to⑰ find themselves in an urban building that so truly captures the beauty of natural forms. 　　[3]whose引导定语从句，修饰先行词People。 [4]过去分词短语作状语。　 The Eastgate Centre， Harare Harare’s Eastgate Centre is a superb example of⑱ biomimicry⑲.To use biomimicry is to create structures based on natural forms and processes.Zimbabwean architect Mick Pearce was inspired to create the Centre [5]while watching a nature documentary⑳ in which termites were constructing㉑ their nests.The insects built mounds㉒ covered in little holes designed to allow air to move freely in and out of the mounds.In a similar way， the Eastgate Centre has a “skin” covered in holes.[6]During the day， warm air is drawn into the building through the holes， cooling as it reaches the middle of the building. [7]At night， the heat absorbed㉓ by the wall during the day warms㉔ the cool air， creating a comfortable temperature inside. The design reduces the need for traditional air conditioning and heating systems， so the building uses less energy and costs less to run. 　　[5]while watching为while引导的时间状语从句的省略，in which引导定语从句。 [6]as引导时间状语从句。 [7]过去分词短语absorbed ...the day作后置定语；动词-ing短语creating ...inside作结果状语。 The Algae House， Hamburg The world’s first algae-powered building is in Hamburg， Germany.The surface of the apartment building is covered in panels that contain algae.The algae are fed with liquid nutrients㉕ and carbon dioxide to encourage them to grow.In bright sunshine， they grow faster and provide shade㉖.The panels also capture heat from the sun and convert㉗ it into energy that powers㉘ the building.And that’s not all — the algae inside the panels can be harvested and used to produce fuel㉙.The building therefore not only responds to㉚ its environment and uses less energy， but also reduces damage to the environment by generating㉛ its own renewable energy. [8]Creating buildings such as these enables us to㉜ live in closer harmony with㉝ our environment.[9]To meet the needs of㉞ today while protecting the world of tomorrow may be a challenge㉟， but even the simplest organisms can help teach us how to achieve this. 　　[8]Creating buildings such as these为动词-ing短语作主语。 [9]动词不定式在句中作主语；while protecting the world of tomorrow为“连词＋动词-ing短语”作时间状语。 【读文清障】 ①beauty n.美，美丽 beautiful adj.美丽的 beautify v.美化 ②take ...for granted 认为……理所当然 take it for granted that ... 认为……理所当然 ③inspiration n.灵感 inspire v.赋予灵感 ④pine cone松果，松球 ⑤resemble v.像；与……类似 ⑥fascinating adj.迷人的 fascinate v.深深吸引，迷住 fascination n.魅力 ⑦architect n.建筑师 architecture n.建筑学 architectural adj.建筑学的 ⑧capture v.捕获 ⑨mimic v.模仿 ⑩organism n.生物体 ⑪be designed to do sth 旨在做某事，目的是做某事 ⑫shape v.使成为……的形状 ⑬lotus n.莲花，荷花 ⑭float v.漂浮 ⑮channel v.（经过通道）输送，传送 ⑯plumbing n.管道系统 ⑰be amazed to do sth 因为做某事而感到惊讶 ⑱a superb example of ……的一个极好的范例 superb adj.极好的，出色的 ⑲biomimicry n.仿生学 ⑳documentary n.纪录片 ㉑construct v.建造，修建 construction n.建造；建筑物 under construction 在建设中 ㉒mound n.土堆，土丘 ㉓absorb v.吸收 be absorbed in专心致志于 ㉔warm v.（使）温暖 ㉕nutrient n.营养素；营养物 nutrition n.营养 nutritious adj.有营养的 ㉖shade n.阴凉处 ㉗convert v.使转变；使转换convert ...into ... 将……转变为…… ㉘power v.给……提供能量 ㉙fuel n.燃料 ㉚respond to对……作出反应 ㉛generate v.产生；引起 ㉜enable sb to do sth 使某人能够做某事 ㉝in harmony with与……协调一致；与……和谐相处 ㉞meet the needs of ... 满足……的需求 ㉟challenge n.挑战 challenging adj.具有挑战性的 【参考译文】 建筑中的自然元素 我们身边都有花、草、树木，并且每天都能欣赏到它们的美。事实上，我们已经习惯了它们的存在，甚至可能把它们视为理所当然，却没有意识到它们给了我们多少灵感。看到一个松果，我们可能会想它看起来多么像屋顶上的瓦片；看到一朵绽开的花，我们可能会觉得它和雨伞是多么相似。以这种方式思考是很自然的，但当然不是雨伞给了花朵灵感，也不是屋顶给了松果灵感。 我们身边许多最迷人的设计，包括建筑设计，它们的灵感都来自大自然。从巴塞罗那的森林般的圣家族大教堂到现代风格的北京水立方，在各式各样的建筑设计中都能发现自然元素。如今，建筑师不断探寻捕捉自然形态之美的方法，模仿自然运行的方式，或者让自然生物融为建筑的一部分。 　　新加坡艺术科学博物馆 对探索艺术与科学的关系感兴趣的人会乐于参观新加坡的艺术科学博物馆。该建筑旨在展示自然和现代城市环境之间的联系。它的形状像一朵莲花，漂浮在海滨长廊上，四周被水环绕。它的屋顶可收集雨水，雨水顺着管道向下35米到达博物馆中心的瀑布。然后，水通过建筑的管道系统循环使用。当置身于这样一座真实地捕捉到自然形态之美的城市建筑中时，参观者常常叹为观止。 哈拉雷东门大厦 哈拉雷东门大厦是极好的仿生学范例，利用仿生技术，在自然形态和过程的基础上创造建筑结构。津巴布韦建筑师米克·皮尔斯在一部大自然纪录片中看到白蚁筑造蚁穴，从中得到启发，从而设计了东门大厦。这种昆虫搭建表面覆有小洞的蚁丘，以保证蚁丘内外部的空气流通。东门大厦也用了相似的方法，大厦的“皮肤”上设计了很多洞。白天，暖空气通过洞口引入建筑内部，在流向建筑中部的过程中冷却下来。夜间，墙壁吸收的热量使冷空气变暖，创造着适宜的内部温度条件。该设计减少了对传统空调和供暖系统的需求，因此建筑运行能耗和成本都较低。 汉堡藻屋 世界上第一座藻类能源建筑位于德国汉堡。公寓楼表面的面板上覆盖着藻类。藻类以液体营养素和二氧化碳为养料，促进自身生长。阳光明媚的时候，它们长得更快，可以遮阴。这些面板还可以吸收太阳的热量，并转化为电能，给建筑物供电。除此之外，面板内的藻类可以收集起来，做燃料用。因此，该建筑不仅能够适应环境，减少能耗，而且自身可以产生可再生能源，减少对环境的危害。 创造这样的建筑物能够使我们与我们的环境更和谐地相处。保护明天的世界，同时满足当下的需求，这可能是一项挑战，但即使是最简单的生物也能帮忙，教我们如何实现目标。 第一步：析架构理清脉络 Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks. 第二步：知细节明察秋毫 Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers. 1.Why don’t we feel the inspiration from nature？（　　） A.Because it is around us. B.Because we are not close to it. C.Because we are accustomed to it. D.Because we tend to ignore its importance. 2.Which of the following was designed to show the connection between nature and the modern city environment？（　　） A.Beijing’s Water Cube. B.ArtScience Museum， Singapore. C.The Eastgate Centre， Harare. D.The Algae House， Hamburg. 3.What’s the advantage of the Algae House in Hamburg？（　　） A.It produces its own renewable energy. B.It is in harmony with its environment. C.It doesn’t need any energy. D.It is protected from the sunlight by panels. 4.What can we conclude from the text？（　　） A.Nature is influenced by human architecture. B.Nature is full of mysteries. C.Nature can be our teacher. D.Humans should protect nature. 答案：1－4　CBAC 第三步：拓思维品质提升 Discuss the following questions with your partner. 1.Do you think biomimicry is a new idea？ Why？ 　Biomimicry is not a new idea.Since ancient times， simple people and scientists have been watching and studying nature’s best ideas and then imitated these designs and processes to find answers and solved many situations in human history.　 2.How can biomimicry benefit people？ 　Biomimicry is a new way to perceive and value nature.It brings us the idea that the best way to benefit from the natural world is not to massively extract substances and valuables from it.The conscious emulation of life’s and nature’s genius is a survival strategy for the human race.It’s a possible path to a sustainable and better future.　 第四步：品语言妙笔生辉 1.Read the passage carefully and find the sentences using similes （明喻） or metaphors （暗喻）. 　（1）When we look at a pine cone，we might think how much it looks like the tiles on a roof.　 　（2）An open flower might make us think how closely it resembles an umbrella.　 　（3）Shaped to resemble a lotus flower，it appears to float above the waterfront promenade and the water that surrounds it.　 2.Read the passage carefully and find the sentence using personification （拟人）. 　In a similar way，the Eastgate Centre has a “skin” covered in holes.　 第五步：析难句表达升级 1.It is natural to think in this way，but of course it wasn’t the umbrella that inspired the flower or the roof that inspired the pine cone. 句式分析 本句为　并列　句。前一个分句中It作　形式主语　，动词不定式短语to think in this way为　真正的主语　；后一个分句中，使用了　强调　句型。 自主翻译 　以这种方式思考是很自然的，但当然不是雨伞给了花朵灵感，也不是屋顶给了松果灵感。　 2.Zimbabwean architect Mick Pearce was inspired to create the Centre while watching a nature documentary in which termites were constructing their nests. 句式分析 while watching为while引导的　时间状语　从句的省略；in which引导　定语　从句，修饰先行词a nature documentary。 自主翻译 　津巴布韦建筑师米克·皮尔斯在一部大自然纪录片中看到白蚁筑造蚁穴，从中得到启发，从而设计了东门大厦。　 Part Ⅰ　核心词汇集释 be amazed to do sth 因为做某事而感到惊讶 【教材原句】　Visitors are often amazed to find themselves in an urban building that so truly captures the beauty of natural forms.当置身于这样一座真实地捕捉到自然形态之美的城市建筑中时，参观者常常叹为观止。 【用法】 （1）amazed adj.　　　　 　惊奇的；惊讶的 be amazed at/by/that ... 　　对……大为惊奇 （2）amazement n.　　惊奇，惊愕，惊诧 to one’s amazement 　　令某人惊讶的是 in amazement 　　吃惊地 （3）amaze v.　　使惊奇；使惊愕；使惊诧 What amazes sb is ...　　让某人惊奇的是…… （4）amazing adj.　　令人大为惊奇的 【佳句】　I was amazed to hear that you had given up the chance to go abroad for further study. 听说你放弃了出国继续深造的机会，我感到惊讶。 【助记】　His look showed that he was amazed at the event.To my amazement， he responded in so amazing a way.他的表情表明他对这件事情感到吃惊。令我惊讶的是，他对此反应如此惊愕。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①With a goal in mind， you will be amazed 　at/by　 your potential if you make efforts. ②He enjoyed himself so much in the countryside where the 　amazing　 （amaze） scenery impressed him a lot. ③He looked at her 　in　 amazement when she appeared suddenly. 【写美】　一句多译 ④令我惊奇的是，他能把这首诗全部背诵出来。 →　To my amazement　， he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.（amazement） →　What amazed me was that　 he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.（what引导主语从句） →I 　was amazed that　 he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.（amazed） an example of ……的例子 【教材原句】　Harare’s Eastgate Centre is a superb example of biomimicry.哈拉雷东门大厦是极好的仿生学范例。 【用法】 set sb an example＝set an example to sb　　给某人树立榜样 make an example of sb （for sth）　　（因某事）惩罚某人 follow one’s example 　　效仿某人 give sb an example of 　　给某人举……例子 by example　　以身作则 【佳句】　This painting is a perfect example of the artist’s early work. 这幅画是这位艺术家早期作品的典例。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①They apparently decided to make 　an example of him. ②Just give me an example 　of　 his generosity. ③As an adult， we should set a good example 　to　 the young. 【写美】　补全句子 ④Inspired by his deeds， I decided to 　follow his example　 doing good deeds every day. 受到他的事迹鼓舞，我决定效仿他每天做好事。 absorb v.吸收，吸引； 使专心 【教材原句】　At night， the heat absorbed by the wall during the day warms the cool air， creating a comfortable temperature inside.夜间，墙壁吸收的热量使冷空气变暖，创造着适宜的内部温度条件。 【用法】 （1）absorb one’s attention 吸引某人的注意 absorb ...into ...　　把……吸收进…… be absorbed by ...　　被……吞并；为……所吸收 absorb knowledge quickly 快速吸收知识 （2）absorbed adj. 　　全神贯注的 （be） absorbed in ...＝absorb oneself in ...　　全神贯注于…… （3）absorbing adj.　　十分吸引人的，引人入胜的 absorption n.　　吸收；专心致志；全神贯注 【佳句】　He was absorbed in writing a letter and didn’t even look up when I came in. 他聚精会神地写信，我进来时他甚至都没有抬头。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Water and salt are 　absorbed　 （absorb） into our bloodstream every day. ②The novel was so 　absorbing　 （absorb） that she read on without a break even forgetting food and sleep. 【写美】　句式升级 ③She was so absorbed in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door. →　So absorbed was she in her job　 that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door.（部分倒装结构） →　Absorbed in her job， she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door.　 （改写为简单句） respond to 对……作出反应；响应 【教材原句】　The building therefore not only responds to its environment and uses less energy， but also reduces damage to the environment by generating its own renewable energy. 因此，该建筑不仅能够适应环境，减少能耗，而且自身可以产生可再生能源，减少对环境的危害。 【用法】 （1）respond v.　　回答；响应；作出反应 respond with sth　　以……回应 respond by doing sth　　通过做某事回应 （2）response n.　　回答，答复；响应；反应 make a/no response to ...　　对……给予/没有回答 in response to 　　对……作出反应 【佳句】　He responded to me soon after receiving my letter.收到我的信之后，他很快就回复我了。 【练透】　单句语法填空/一句多译 ①She sent a letter in 　response　 （respond） to his inquiry. ②建筑师听到我的话时，她皱着眉头回应了我的评论。 →When the architect heard what I said， she 　responded to　 my comments with a frown.（respond） →When the architect heard what I said， she 　made a response to　 my comments with a frown.（response） in harmony with 与……协调一致，与……和谐相处 【教材原句】　Creating buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment. 创造这样的建筑物能够使我们与我们的环境更和谐地相处。 【用法】 （1）harmony n.　　融洽，和睦 in harmony 　　和谐地 out of harmony （with ...）　　（与……）不协调/不和谐 social harmony　　社会融洽 （2）harmonious adj.　　和谐的，融洽的 harmonious relationship　　和谐的关系 （3）harmoniously adv.　　和谐地，融洽地 【佳句】　We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment. 我们必须确保旅游业与环境和谐发展。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①The city’s rapid development has led to some areas being out of harmony 　with　 the surrounding natural environment. ②There are several ways to maintain a 　harmonious　 （harmony） dormitory life. 【写美】　补全句子 ③Only when we learn to exist 　in harmony with　 nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife. 只有当我们学会与自然和谐相处时，我们才能停止成为野生动物的威胁。 Part Ⅱ　重点句型解构 句型公式：时间状语从句的省略 【教材原句】　Zimbabwean architect Mick Pearce was inspired to create the Centre while watching a nature documentary in which termites were constructing their nests. 津巴布韦建筑师米克·皮尔斯在一部大自然纪录片中看到白蚁筑造蚁穴，从中得到启发，从而设计了东门大厦。 【用法】 （1）在时间、条件、让步、方式或比较状语从句中，当从句的主语与主句的主语一致且从句中含有be动词的某种形式时，从句中的主语和be动词可以省略。 （2）当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，但从句的主语是it，并且从句中有be动词的某种形式时，可以把it和be动词一起省略。 【品悟】　When asked （＝When he was asked） what the trip meant to him， the man said it was “an unforgettable experience of a lifetime”. 当被问到这次旅行对他意味着什么时，他说这是他“一生都难以忘怀的经历”。 【写美】　微写作 ①如果当选，我将把提高节目质量当成我的职责。（申请信） 　If elected　， I will make it my duty to improve the quality of programs. ②我们沐浴在阳光下，一边摘橘子一边唱歌大笑。（活动介绍） Bathed in sunshine， we sang and laughed 　while （we were） picking oranges　. ③尽管他们生活在不同的时代，但他们有一些共同的特征。（投稿） 　Although living in different eras　， they share some common characteristics. 维度一：品句填词 1.Children tend to 　mimic　 （模仿） their parents，so it pays to be a good role model. 2.In the show， they all showed their 　superb　 （极好的） skills， leaving a deep impression on me. 3.Cloning is the 　frontier　 （前沿） technology in the field of life science and it is challenged by both ethics and technology. 4.The architects　 have made imaginative use of glass and transparent plastic. 5.With much heat captured from the sun， the panels convert　 it into energy powering the building. 维度二：词形转换 1.However， they did not anticipate seeing such an open country， and were truly 　amazed　 （amaze）. 2.I’m really glad that you take great interest in ancient Chinese 　architecture　 （architect）. 3.People 　convert　 the energy of sunlight into electric energy.This 　conversion　 saves money and reduces cost.（convert） 4.In the past years， we have made great breakthroughs in this new 　frontier　 （front） of science. 维度三：固定搭配和句式 1.These children 　take it for granted that　 （认为这是理所当然） their parents should give them money. 2.The movie 　is based on　 （以……为基础） a popular novel of the same name. 3.I asked her what the time was， but she didn’t 　respond to　 （对……作出反应） my question. 4.I have a dream that our human beings could live 　in harmony with　 （与……和谐相处） the beautiful nature. 5.With the development of technology， solar energy and wind energy can 　be converted into　 （转换为） electrical energy. 6.　While walking the dog　 （遛狗时） the other day on the street， I met my best friend Shirley. 维度四：课文语法填空 We are used to things that we may even take them 1.　 for　 granted without realising how much inspiration they have given us.Nature 2.　has inspired　 （inspire） many of the most 3.　fascinating　 （fascinate） designs around us，4.　including　 （include） those in architecture and is presented in various architectural 5.　designs　 （design）.Today， architects continue to explore ways 6.　to capture　 （capture） the beauty of natural forms，to mimic the way nature works or even to make natural organisms part of a building.7.　Creating　 （create） buildings such as these enables us to live in 8.　closer　 （close） harmony with our environment.To meet the needs of today while protecting the world of tomorrow may be 9.　a　 challenge， but even the simplest organisms can help teach us 10.　how　 to achieve this. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 　　Sponges — is there anything they can’t do？ For thousands of years， humans have used dried natural sponges to clean up， to paint and as containers to consume liquids like water or honey.Whether artificial or natural， sponges are great at collecting tiny pieces with their many small holes. 　　Recently， researchers in China published a study describing their development of an artificial sponge that makes short work of removing microplastic pieces.The tests show that when a specially prepared plastic-filled solution （溶液） is pushed through one of their sponges， the sponge can remove microplastics and even smaller nanoplastics from the liquid.Researchers tried it in everything from tap water and seawater to soup from a local takeout spot. 　　According to Guoqing Wang， a materials chemist at Ocean University of China and co-author of the paper， the sponge is adjustable.By adjusting the temperature， the sponge can be made to have more or fewer holes， which affects the size of the microplastic pieces collected.The sponge， if ever produced on an industrial scale， Wang says， could be used in wastewater treatment factories to remove microplastics from the water or in food production facilities to avoid polluting water. 　　There are shortcomings to the sponge’s possible adoption， though.The sponge is made mostly from starch and gelatin （淀粉和明胶）， which are important to the food industry， meaning that there could be intense competition for the key ingredients in the future.Besides， starch and gelatin are able to break down naturally and harmlessly.However， the process developed by Wang and his co-workers to make their sponge uses formaldehyde， a highly poisonous chemical， and there were small amounts of this in the sponge itself. 　　When it comes to dealing with microplastic pollution in the ocean， Alice Horton at the United Kingdom’s National Oceanography Center says what she is confident about is that efforts to remove microplastics after they have already reached the ocean are probably certain to fail.“I don’t think there is anything we can do on a large enough scale that will have any impact，” she says.“We have to stop them getting there in the first place.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科学家研发的一种人工海绵，这种海绵具有很强的吸附塑料微粒的能力。 1.What special characteristic of the new sponges is shown during the tests？（　　） A.Their environmental friendliness. B.Their operability and low production costs. C.Their good performance in catching plastic pieces. D.Their possibility of helping break down microplastics. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，新海绵可以吸附微塑料和更小的纳米塑料，所以吸附能力很强。 2.What will be a possible problem if the new sponges are produced in large numbers？（　　） A.The high cost of recycling them. B.The poor quality of the products. C.A shortage of the raw material. D.A lack of skillful operators. 解析：C　推理判断题。文章第四段提到这种新海绵主要是由淀粉和明胶制成的，而淀粉和明胶也是食品工业的主要材料，这就意味着这种新海绵要和食品工业进行激烈竞争。因此，如果大量生产这种新海绵，可能会面临原材料短缺的问题。 3.What’s Alice’s opinion in regard to removing plastic from the ocean？（　　） A.All roads lead to Rome. B.Time and tide wait for no man. C.Many hands make light work. D.Prevention is better than cure. 解析：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段末Alice说的话可知，Alice认为任何大规模的行动都无法对清理海洋垃圾有任何影响，我们必须先阻止塑料进入海洋。由此可推知，Alice认为清理海洋垃圾还得防患于未然。 4.What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text？（　　） A.To advertise a new sponge. B.To introduce a new invention. C.To stress the damage of plastic. D.To popularize the sponge’s usage. 解析：B　写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了中国科学家所发明的新海绵，以及这种海绵的优缺点和一些专家的看法。 B 　　Medicine is not only a human invention.Many other animals have been known to self-medicate with plants and minerals for infections and other conditions. 　　Behavioral ecologist Helen Morrogh-Bernard has spent decades studying orangutans （猩猩） and says she has now found evidence they use plants in a medicinal way. 　　Morrogh and her colleagues watched 10 orangutans occasionally chew a particular plant （which is not part of their normal diet） into a foamy lather （泡沫） and then rub it into their fur.The apes spent up to 45 minutes at a time massaging the mixture onto their upper arms or legs.The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example using a painkiller. 　　Local people use the same plant， Dracaena cantleyi， to treat aches and pains.Morrogh’s co-authors studied its chemistry.They added extracts （汁） from the plant to human cells that had been grown in a dish and had been artificially stimulated to produce cytokines （细胞因子） that causes inflammation （炎症） and discomfort.The plant extract reduced the production of several types of cytokines， the scientists reported the finding in a study published last November in Scientific Reports. 　　The results suggest that orangutans use the plant to reduce inflammation and treat pain.Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications. 　　In creatures such as insects， the ability to self-medicate is almost certainly innate； woolly bear （灯蛾毛虫） infected with flies seeks out and eats plant substances poisonous to the flies.But more complex animals may learn such tricks after an initial discovery by one member of their group. 　　For example， an orangutan may have rubbed the plant on its skin to try to treat parasites （寄生虫） and realized that it also had a pleasant pain-killing effect.That behavior may then have been passed on to other orangutans.“Because this type of self-medication is seen only in south-central Borneo，” Morrogh says， “It was probably learned locally.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了行为生态学家Helen Morrogh-Bernard发现猿类使用植物（龙血树）提取物来治疗疼痛。 5.Why does orangutans chew Dracaena cantleyi？（　　） A.To self-medicate. B.To have their normal diet. C.To scare other animals away. D.To pass on a message to other orangutans. 解析：A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example using a painkiller.可知，红毛猩猩会咀嚼龙血树是为了治疗疼痛，进行自我治疗。 6.How can the findings benefit human being？（　　） A.They can help vets treat pets. B.They can help scientists study orangutans. C.They can help botanist learn more about plants. D.They can help people find new resources for human medications. 解析：D　细节理解题。根据第五段中的Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications.可知，这些发现可以帮助人们找到人类药物治疗的新资源。 7.Which of the following best explains the underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 6？（　　） A.Natural.　　 B.Sociable. C.Obtainable.　　 D.Professional. 解析：A　词义猜测题。根据第六段画线词下文可知，感染了苍蝇的灯蛾毛虫寻找并食用对苍蝇有毒的植物物质进行自我治疗，有些动物还会学习族群内成员发现的自我治疗方法。由此可推出，在昆虫等生物中，自我治疗的能力几乎可以肯定是“天生的”。 8.What is the main idea of the text？（　　） A.Apes use plant extracts to treat pain. B.Humans and animals have a lot in common. C.A plant has been found useful for human medication. D.Morrogh-Bernard and her colleagues have been observing orangutans. 解析：A　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了行为生态学家Helen Morrogh-Bernard发现猿类使用植物（龙血树）提取物来治疗疼痛。 C 　　（2024·山东威海乳山高二下月考）In Iceland， these green houses melt into the natural landscape， a technique that first appeared with the arrival of British settlers during the 9th through 11th centuries.Unlike their previous warm and wet climate， wood was rare and slow to regenerate.Turf （草皮） became their first pick to make shelters. 　　Across Europe， turf bricks — widely available — were cut from local bogs （沼泽） and transported for use at higher lands.The turf was then laid over a wooden structure to form walls and a thick roof — to keep cold out from tough northern climates.Turf walls were replaced as frequently as every 20 years， and even up to 70 years. 　　It is difficult to find out its precise origins in the archaeological record.However， evidence of similar constructions can be found in many countries throughout the ages.Historic records suggest that up to 50 per cent of Icelandic houses were partly comprised of turf until the late 19th century.As populations began to gather in cities like Reykjavik， wood buildings replaced stones and earth architecture.After fires burned up the city in 1915， concrete became the material of choice.In 1918 Iceland gained independence from Denmark， setting in motion a wave of nationalism that threatened the survival of turf houses.Advocates of modernization argued that Reykjavik paled in comparison to the grand architecture that graced the skylines of Paris， Berlin， and London.Traditional techniques were criticized as “rotten Danish wood” from a troubled era， and there was a campaign to clear them in favor of modern buildings — a move later criticized by many as destruction of cultural heritage. 　　A tourism boom in the latter half of the 20th century encouraged Iceland to reexamine the value of traditional architecture.Do Icelanders still live in turf houses？ The quickest way to answer this question would be no.You might still see an occasional grass roof but that has everything to do with architecture and Icelanders wanting to hold on to their beloved heritage rather than any need for turf as insulation （隔热） material. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。公元9至11世纪草皮屋因其容易获得且持久而大量出现，1918年冰岛的民族浪潮影响到它们的存在。现在，草皮屋和自然景观融为一体，成为冰岛亮丽的风景。 9.Why did people use turf to build houses in the past？（　　） A.It matched nature perfectly. B.It could be changed often. C.It was long-lasting and accessible. D.It was a request by settlers. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句和第二段最后一句可知，在过去人们用草皮修建房屋，是因为草皮容易获得且持久。 10.What was a direct result of the wave of nationalism？（　　） A.People packed into Reykjavik. B.Traditional architecture was in favor. C.Turf houses were almost unable to exist. D.Concrete became a new building material. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的In 1918 Iceland gained independence from Denmark， setting in motion a wave of nationalism that threatened the survival of turf houses.可知，民族浪潮的直接影响是导致草皮屋几乎无法继续存在。 11.What can we infer about the turf house from the last paragraph？（　　） A.It starts coming to life. B.It will live on. C.Its material will improve. D.It is out of date. 解析：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句推知，草皮屋会继续存在，因为冰岛人想要保留他们心爱的遗产。 12.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？（　　） A.Iceland’s Turf Stretches Brightly across Europe B.Iceland’s Turf — An Important Building Material C.Iceland’s Turf Houses — An Exceptional Example D.Iceland’s Turf Houses Survive Beautifully with Nature 解析：D　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文介绍公元9至11世纪草皮屋因其容易获得且持久而大量出现，1918年冰岛的民族浪潮影响到它们的存在。现在，草皮屋和自然景观融为一体，成为冰岛亮丽的风景。因此D项（冰岛的草皮房屋与自然和谐相处）可以作为本文标题。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五 　　When you need to seek a solution to a design problem， you could ask yourself，“What animals or plants face a similar problem in their lives， and how do they handle it？”13.（　　） Termites in Africa control the temperature and air currents in their nests by having thick walls and air spaces in the top part.The Eastgate Centre in Harare， Zimbabwe was designed in a similar way， with thick overhangs shading the windows， and all the offices connected to a big chimney letting hot air escape.This allows it to stay cool while using much less air-conditioning.14.（　　） 　　Engineer Nakatsu also asked himself the same question.15.（　　） A keen birdwatcher， Nakatsu realised that kingfishers also experience an abrupt pressure change when diving into the pond， but their beaks allow them to pierce through the water smoothly.His team found that putting a long， pointed nose on the train greatly reduced the loud boom in the tunnel and allowed it to run faster. 　　Having a big picture of the world we live in also helps us understand how technology can be used to protect instead of destroy it.16.（　　） On the other hand， plastic packaging creates a lot of waste and pollution.One company has come up with an alternative material made of cornhusk waste and some big companies are starting to use it. 　　17.（　　） Nakatsu worries that children today do not have the opportunity to touch and feel nature.He advises that students in university should study more than one narrow field so that they do not just have one fixed way of thinking. A.In nature， everything gets recycled. B.To mimic nature， we must be familiar with it. C.It turns out that natural beauty often has a logical reason behind it. D.Large cities full of people are often compared to ants’ colonies （群）. E.This idea was used to arrange hundreds of mirrors at a solar power plant. F.It could be a good solution for the hot and crowded cities in Southeast Asia， too. G.His problem was that the pressure from a bullet train rushing into a tunnel at high speed caused loud noises. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们可以从大自然中获取灵感，以便用更环保的方式解决我们所面临的问题。 13.D　上文讲到遇到设计问题时可以想象面临类似问题的动植物，下文讲到非洲白蚁巢穴的特点。D项（人口众多的大城市经常被比作蚁群）承上启下，符合语境。D项中的ants’呼应下文中的Termites。 14.F　根据上文可知，津巴布韦哈拉雷的伊斯特盖特中心也采用了类似的设计方法，厚实的悬架遮蔽窗户，所有的办公室都连接到一个大烟囱，让热空气逸出。这使得它在使用更少的空调的同时保持凉爽，即这种类似白蚁巢穴的设计适用于处于炎热地带的城市。F项（对于在东南亚的炎热、拥挤的城市来说，这也是一个很好的解决方案）承接上文，符合语境。F项中的too表明上下文的并列关系。 15.G　根据空前一句可知，工程师Nakatsu也问了自己同样的问题。由此推知，空处应指出Nakatsu面临的问题是什么。G项（他的问题是高速行驶的高速列车冲进隧道时产生的压力会产生巨大的噪声）符合语境。G项中的 problem与上句中的question相呼应。 16.A　根据下文中的On the other hand可知，空处内容与下文形成对照。下文说的是破坏环境的情况，则推知空处陈述环保的一方面。A项（在自然界，一切都是循环使用的）符合语境。 17.B　根据下文可知，Nakatsu担心现在的孩子没有机会接触和感受大自然。他建议大学里的学生应该学习不止一个狭窄的领域，这样他们就不会只有一种固定的思维方式。B项（要模仿大自然，我们必须熟悉它）符合语境。B项中的nature在下文中复现。 16 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $