Unit 3 Section Ⅱ Using language-【优学精讲】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第三册教用Word(外研版)

本讲义聚焦高中英语现在完成时的被动语态这一核心语法点，系统梳理其肯定式、否定式、一般疑问式及特殊疑问式的结构，通过实例解析用法（如动作对现在的影响、持续状态、时间/条件状语从句应用），并结合单宾语、双宾语被动转换的注意事项，构建从基础结构到实际应用的学习支架。 该资料以“结构-用法-练习”为主线，通过即时演练、语法与语篇填空等多样化任务，提升学生语言运用能力。对比现在完成时与一般过去时被动语态，培养思维品质，如辨析“The big fire was put out”与“The big fire has been put out”的语境差异。课中辅助教师清晰授课，课后通过阅读理解、完形填空等综合练习，助力学生查漏补缺，强化知识应用。

Section Ⅱ　Using language 现在完成时的被动语态 ①I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. ②The ink has not been removed from the clothes. ③Haven’t your problems been solved？ ④How many buildings have been built in your school？ 【我的发现】 1.以上例句中都使用了　现在完成时的被动语态　。 2.以上例句中第①句是该时态的　肯定　句式；第②句是　否定　句式；第③句是　一般疑问　句式；第④句是　特殊疑问　句式。 一、结构 肯定式 主语＋have/has been done ... 否定式 主语＋have/has not been done ... 一般疑问式 Have/Has＋主语＋been done ...？ 特殊疑问式 疑问词＋have/has＋主语＋been done ...？ This year，115 measles cases have already been reported in the USA. 今年美国已经报告了115例麻疹病例。 The construction of the bridge has not been finished. 这座桥的建设还没有完成。 Has the date for the next meeting been decided？ 下次会议的日期已经决定了吗？ How long has the battery not been changed？ 电池多久没有更换了？ 【即时演练1】　补全句子 ①A huge amount of environmental damage 　has been brought about　 by the destruction of the rain forests. 雨林的破坏导致了巨大的环境破坏。 ②Some astronauts 　have been sent into space　 to carry on experiments so as to learn its secrets. 一些航天员被送入太空进行实验，以便了解太空的奥秘。 ③Large quantities of various talents 　have been introduced　 to Xi’an. 大量的各类人才已被引进西安。 ④　Have the children been told the good news yet？ 孩子们被告知这个好消息了吗？ ⑤How many cars 　have been produced　 by the factory since 1990？ 自从1990年以来，这家工厂生产了多少辆汽车？ 二、用法 1.表示被动的动作在说话前已经完成，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，通常与already， yet， just， never， recently， lately等副词及时间状语so far， by now， since， up till now， in/during/over the past/last years等连用。 The machine has already been repaired.Do you want to use it？ 这台机器已经修好了。你想用它吗？ 2.表示被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于how long引导的句子中。 Financial problems of the company have been discussed for nearly two hours. 公司的财务问题已被讨论了近两个小时了。 How long has this film been shown？ 这部电影已放映多长时间了？ 3.用在时间或条件状语从句中，表示将来某时已完成的动作。 You shouldn’t leave the school before your homework has been finished. 在你的作业没完成之前你不应该离开学校。 名师点津 现在完成时的被动语态与一般过去时的被动语态的区别 一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去的某个时间里，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时的被动语态侧重于表示一个被动的动作或状态尽管发生在过去，但该动作或状态对现在造成了影响或结果。 The big fire was put out two hours ago. 大火在两小时前被扑灭了。 The big fire has been put out. 大火已经被扑灭了。 【即时演练2】　单句语法填空 ①People’s lives 　have been changed　 （change） in the past 10 years. ②The construction of the two new railway lines 　has been completed　 （complete） by now. ③They can’t go to school tomorrow because the school houses 　have been damaged　 （damage） in a fire. ④So far， this novel 　has been translated　 （translate） into several languages. 三、注意事项 1.只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 His boss has already punished him. →He has already been punished by his boss. 他的老板已经惩罚了他。 2.带有双宾语的动词，如give， send， bring， take， teach， show， tell， make， sing， write， read， sell， buy， pay， lend， pass， promise等，变为被动语态时，一般把指人的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，间接宾语前面要用相应的介词to或for。 The company has given him a chance to work abroad recently. →He has been given a chance to work abroad recently by the company. →A chance to work abroad has been given to him recently by the company. 最近公司给了他一次出国工作的机会。 【即时演练3】　把下列句子改成被动句 ①People have cut down many big trees along the stream to build houses. →　Many big trees along the stream have been cut down by people to build houses.　 ②They have spent large quantities of funds in bringing up the three children. →　Large quantities of funds have been spent by them in bringing up the three children.　 ③I haven’t found my new schoolbag up till now. →　My new schoolbag hasn’t been found by me up till now.　 ④Has anyone made a comment about the online database？ →　Has a/any comment been made about the online database？　 beyond recognition 无法辨认，认不出来 【教材原句】　Within the next 80 years， our lives may be changed beyond recognition by 3D printing. 今后的80年内，3D打印技术可能会使我们的生活变得无法辨认。 【用法】 beyond belief　　　　　　 难以置信 beyond description　　无法形容 beyond expression　　无法表达 beyond one’s control　　不受某人的控制 beyond one’s imagination　　难以想象 beyond one’s power　　超出某人的能力/权力 beyond one’s reach　　在某人够不到的地方 【佳句】　The scenery along the lake is beautiful beyond description. 湖边的景色美得无法形容。 【练透】　选用上面短语填空 ①Owing to circumstances 　beyond our control　， we regret to inform customers that this store will close early. ②I was pleased 　beyond description/expression　 that I got this job. 【写美】　补全句子 ③The town 　has changed beyond recognition　 since I was last here. 自从我上次离开这里以来，这座小镇已经变得让人认不出来了。 instance n.例子，实例 【教材原句】　For instance， some restaurants in London have served 3D-printed hamburgers to customers. 例如，在伦敦，一些餐馆已经向顾客提供3D打印出来的汉堡了。 【用法】 for instance　　　　　　　　例如；比如 in the first instance　　首先；第一 in most instances　　在大多数情况下 in this instance　　就这个情况而言 【佳句】　We need to rethink the way we consume energy.Take， for instance， our approach to transport. 我们需要重新考虑我们消耗能源的方式，例如我们的运输方式。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Anyone wishing to join the society should apply 　in　 the first instance to the secretary. ②In most 　instances　 （instance）， environmental protection is a long-term process that requires our collective participation. 【写美】　翻译句子 ③很多地方都有了改进，比如鼠标按键。 　There are a number of improvements， for instance， the mouse buttons.　 significant adj.重要的，影响深远的 【教材原句】　But perhaps the most significant success that people have achieved to date is in medicine. 但是或许人们现在取得的最重要的成功是在医学方面。 【用法】 （1）significance n.　　重要性；意义；意思，含义 be of significance＝be significant　有意义的 attach （great） significance to认为……（很）重要 （2）significantly adv.　　显著地；有重大意义地 【佳句】　The most significant thing you should keep in mind is that most of the questions are easy if you make use of correct methods. 你应该牢记的最重要的事情是，如果你使用正确的方法，大部分问题是容易的。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①These presses are 　of　 little significance， indicating that they are worthless. ②In my view， practicing handwriting is very significant 　to　 the students’ growth. 【写美】　补全句子 ③To be honest， a lot of people 　attach great significance to　 becoming famous and rich. 说实话，很多人把名和利看得很重要。 cure n.药剂；疗法 vt.治好（疾病）；治愈；改正（不良行为） 【教材原句】　Currently， there’s no cure for Alzheimer’s， but scientists are researching ways to improve the quality of life for people living with the disease. 目前，还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的方法，但是科学家们正在研究改善患者生活质量的方法。 【用法】 （1）a cure for ... ……的治疗方法；解决问题的措施 （2）cure sb of sth 治愈某人的某种疾病；改正某人的不良行为 【佳句】　Thanks to the help of the expert， he was cured of the terrible disease successfully. 多亏专家的帮助，他成功地治好了可怕的疾病。 【辨析】　（1）cure作为动词，多用于疾病方面，强调结果，表示“治好某人的某种疾病”，要用cure sb of sth来表示。 （2）treat强调治疗的动作，不涉及结果，用于treat sb for sth结构中。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Tu Youyou chose to establish a team to find a cure 　for　 malaria. ②The patient received careful treatment in the hospital. Finally she was cured 　of　 the disease. 【写美】　补全句子 ③With the help of my parents and teachers， I 　cured myself of some shortcomings　 and made progress in my study. 在父母和老师的帮助下，我改正了一些缺点，在学习上取得了进步。 维度一：基础题型练 品句填词 1.Some animal and plant 　species　 （物种） cannot adapt to the rapidly changing conditions. 2.To test the 　theory　 （理论）， they taught volunteers two simple rules to help them turn a string of numbers into a new order. 3.Technological development can help us to be more 　accurate　 （准确的） in predicting earthquakes. 4.Listening is an active， not a 　passive　 （被动的） behavior consisting of hearing， understanding and remembering. 5.Mary is interested in biology and wants to be a 　biologist　 （生物学家） when she grows up. 6.Every day in our work， we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary　 things to improve the world. 7.A chemist　 is a person who does research connected with chemistry or who studies chemistry. 8.His not being admitted to the college made all of us surprised， for he was such a brilliant　 student. 维度二：语法与写作 把下列句子改为被动语态。 1.He has made use of his spare time to learn English because of his poor English. →His spare time 　has been made use of　 to learn English because of his poor English. 2.Sandstorms have covered over Loulan from 200 AD to 400 AD， which was a stopping point on the Silk Road. →Loulan， which was a stopping point on the Silk Road，　has been covered over by sandstorms　 from 200 AD to 400 AD. 3.Have you pressed the button yet to copy the file？ →　Has the button been pressed　 yet to copy the file？ 4.So far we have tried every possible means to solve the problem. →So far 　every possible means has been tried　 to solve the problem. 5.We have washed the windows up to now，and you need not wash them again. →　The windows have been washed　 up to now，and you need not wash them again. 6.They have built many houses in the village in the past few years. →Many houses 　have been built　 in the village in the past few years. 7.Hello Kitty has made billions of dollars over the last 45 years. →Billions of dollars 　have been made　 by Hello Kitty over the last 45 years. 8.They have found a good place to build a gym in the community. →A good place 　has been found　 by them to build a gym in the community. 9.We have completed all the preparations for the task， and we’re ready to start. →All the preparations for the task 　have been completed　 by us and we’re ready to start. 10.Since its opening， the museum has attracted over 5 million visitors all over the world. →Since its opening， over 5 million visitors all over the world 　have been attracted　 by the museum. 维度三：语法与语篇 用所给单词的适当形式完成下面短文。 　　Have you ever heard of Uluru？ Actually， it 1.　is called　 （call） Ayers Rock by some people， too.Located in Australia， Uluru is a large sandstone rock formation.Uluru used to be open to the public.However， it 2.　has been closed　 （close） since 26 October 2019.In 1994， Uluru 3.　was listed　 （list） as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Besides， Uluru 4.　has been considered　 （consider） a major attraction for decades and tourists from all over the world 5.　have been attracted　 （attract） by it.It’s said that the ban 6.　was announced　 （announce） in 2007 for the first time and most visitors observed it.Australia’s tourist association said that the rock 7.　has been climbed　 （climb） by only 16 percent of visitors since 2017.A local man named Rameth Thomas explained to the BBC how important the rock is to the people.“I 8.　have been told　 （tell） that the place is very sacred （神圣的） since I was a little boy.Our stories are all on the rock，” said Thomas. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 　　The violin is one of the most popular instruments and it is still made using traditional processes. However， that is not the only way to create the instrument. In the latest innovation， AVIVA Young Artists Program is 3D printing low-cost， durable （耐用的） violins for children and adults who want to learn how to play them. 　　It is no secret that violins are expensive to buy. It is possible to have one violin that costs millions depending on how it is and who made it. This can make it hard for many people to buy the instrument， especially for beginners. However， AVIVA Young Artists Program is hoping to change this. 　　The program started as an experiment to reach under-served communities. And now it grows to be the Young Artists Program for violinists worldwide. It “seeks not” only to connect people with music worldwide but also to be innovative. 3D-printed violins are a key part of that mission. 　　A 3D-printed violin not only works correctly but is also able to be made at a 　fraction　 of the cost of a traditional instrument. Considering that low-cost beginner violins cost around $500， this is a significant price reduction and will make these beautiful instruments accessible to more people. 　　Mary Elizabeth Brown， director of the AVIVA Young Artists Program， said， “Our goals are to explore the new sound world using new materials， use the new technology in other fields， and make music education continuable and accessible through the printing of more durable instruments. The next step is to lower the costs of production while making such instruments more widely available， especially in the educational field.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了3D打印小提琴，使此乐器更加平民化。 1.What is the first paragraph mainly about？（　　） A.The popularity of 3D printing. B.The importance of innovation. C.A new way of making violins. D.A tradition of playing the violin. 解析：C　段落大意题。根据第一段可知，第一段主要讲的是一种制作小提琴的新方法。 2.What do we know about AVIVA Young Artists Program？（　　） A.It makes it easy to play the violin. B.It is trying to cut the cost of a violin. C.It helps violinists become famous. D.It is hoping to improve education. 解析：B　推理判断题。根据第二段内容尤其最后一句可推知，AVIVA青年艺术家正计划试图降低小提琴的成本。 3.What does the underlined word “fraction” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？（　　） A.Rate.　　　　　　　 B.Rise. C.Huge amount.　 D.Small part. 解析：D　词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句可知，此处表示3D打印小提琴不仅可以正常工作，而且制造成本仅为传统乐器的一小部分。故可猜测画线单词fraction意为“小部分”。 4.Why does the author mention Mary Elizabeth Brown’s words about the program？（　　） A.To show expectations of it. B.To explore the birth of it. C.To prove the value of it. D.To spread the idea of it. 解析：A　推理判断题。根据最后一段可推知，作者提到玛丽·伊丽莎白·布朗关于这个项目的话是为了表示对它的期望。 B 　　Barbara McClintock was one of the most important scientists of the twentieth century.She made important discoveries about genes and chromosomes （染色体）. 　　Barbara McClintock was born in 1902 in Hartford， Connecticut.Her family moved to the Brooklyn area of New York City in 1908.Barbara was an active child with interest in sports and music.She also developed an interest in science. 　　She studied science at Cornell University in Ithaca， New York.Barbara was among a small number of undergraduate students to receive training in genetics in 1921.Years later， she noted that few college students desired to study genetics. 　　Barbara McClintock decided to study botany， the scientific study of plants， at Cornell University.She completed her undergraduate studies in 1923.McClintock decided to continue her education at Cornell University.She completed a master’s degree in 1925.Two years later， she finished all her requirements for a doctorate. 　　McClintock stayed at Cornell University after she completed her education.She taught students botany.The 1930s was not a good time to be a young scientist in the United States.The country was in the middle of the Great Depression.Millions of Americans were unemployed.Male scientists were offered jobs.But female geneticists were not much in demand. 　　An old friend from Cornell University， Marcus Morton Rhoades， invited McClintock to spend the summer of 1941 working at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.It was a research centre on Long Island， near New York City.McClintock started in a temporary job with the genetics department.A short time later， she accepted a permanent position in the laboratory.This gave her the freedom to continue her research without having to teach or repeatedly ask for financial aid. 　　By the 1970s， her discoveries had had a significant effect on everything from genetic engineering to cancer research.McClintock won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for her discovery of the ability of genes to change positions on chromosomes.She was the first American woman to win an unshared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了芭芭拉·麦克林托克的经历，她是二十世纪影响力最大的科学家之一，在基因和染色体方面有重大发现并获得诺贝尔奖。 5.When did McClintock get a doctorate？（　　） A.In 1921.　　　　　　 B.In 1923. C.In 1925.　 D.In 1927. 解析：D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的She completed a master’s degree in 1925.Two years later， she finished all her requirements for a doctorate.可知，麦克林托克于1927年获得博士学位。 6.In the middle of the Great Depression in the US， 　　　　.（　　） A.male geneticists were in great demand B.young scientists might have trouble finding a job C.female geneticists were not in demand at all D.male scientists lost their jobs and were out of work 解析：B　推理判断题。根据第五段中的The 1930s was not a good time to be a young scientist ... But female geneticists were not much in demand.可推知，年轻的科学家在经济大萧条时期很难找到工作。 7.Which of the following jobs was beneficial to McClintock’s research？（　　） A.A job as a botany teacher. B.A temporary job in the genetics department. C.A permanent position in the laboratory. D.A job on cancer. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的A short time later， she accepted a permanent position ...to teach or repeatedly ask for financial aid.可知，在实验室长期工作对她的研究是有利的。 8.Why was McClintock awarded a Nobel Prize？（　　） A.Because she received a degree in genetics. B.Because she contributed to genetic engineering and cancer research. C.Because she made important discoveries about genes and chromosomes. D.Because she was the first American woman who studied genes and chromosomes. 解析：C　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的McClintock won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for her discovery of the ability of genes to change positions on chromosomes.可知，由于她在基因与染色体方面的发现，她获得了诺贝尔奖。 Ⅱ.完形填空 　　I have invented robots that crawl （爬） through pipes to check them for damage.Two of my 　9　 allow cars to be used as power plants on wheels.My love of building things 　10　 when I was a kid.It wasn’t until I learned about Thomas Edison， though， that I really became excited about inventing. 　　When I was in the fourth grade， our teacher gave us a 　11　 .We had to write to a company and learn about the 　12　 it made.Each student would then give a report in front of the class.I 　13　 the Thomas A.Edison Company. 　　Soon after I wrote to the company， our mailman 　14　 a package to me.It contained a book about the life of Thomas Edison.How I 　15　 reading and rereading about his inventions！ The ones that impressed me most were movies， recorded sound and the electric light.Edison became my hero. 　　My dad noticed my interest in invention and 　16　 me.He showed me how to turn my ideas into plans and， finally into new things. 　　Together， my dad and I repaired radios and televisions.Once， I surprised my dad with a 　17　 I made to adjust the brakes （刹车） of our car.Later， we found a similar tool in a store.That’s when I learned that 　18　 inventors often invent similar things.It is not 　19　 for this to happen.I learned， too， that not all great ideas work.　20　 is a common part of the invention process. 　　As my father and I worked together， I began to 　21　 that my dad was quite an inventor himself.His guiding hands， combined with my 　22　 in invention， led me to become an engineer and inventor.But I am 　23　 to Thomas Edison， too， for first lighting that bulb （电灯泡） inside me. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者从小对发明感兴趣，通过做学习课题任务，他更加热爱发明和崇拜爱迪生。在爸爸的影响和帮助下，他最终成为一个发明家。 9.A.approaches　 B.experiments C.inventions　 D.conclusions 解析：C　根据第一句中的have invented robots及下文内容可以看出，此处意为“我的两项发明”。 10.A.died　 B.began C.faded　 D.won 解析：B　根据空后的when I was a kid可知，作者从孩童时起就爱建造东西。 11.A.project　 B.lesson C.surprise　 D.present 解析：A　根据下文可知，这是老师分配给学生做的课题。 12.A.decisions　 B.products C.orders　 D.accounts 解析：B　根据语境可知，此处指了解公司产品。 13.A.joined　 B.owned C.started　 D.chose 解析：D　根据本段内容可知，作者要了解公司产品，然后在班级里作报告，因此作者选择了Thomas A.Edison这家公司。 14.A.opened　 B.offered C.delivered　 D.lent 解析：C　根据空前mailman可知，此处指“邮递员派送包裹”。 15.A.enjoyed　 B.minded C.avoided　 D.hated 解析：A　作者非常崇拜爱迪生，因此喜欢阅读有关爱迪生的发明的书。 16.A.stopped　 B.blamed C.controlled　 D.encouraged 解析：D　根据下文He showed me how to turn my ideas into plans and， finally into new things.可推知，爸爸鼓励作者继续发明。 17.A.tool　 B.promise C.mistake　 D.trick 解析：A　根据下文Later， we found a similar tool in a store.可知，作者他们在商店发现了类似的工具，因此此处指“工具”。 18.A.young　 B.different C.great　 D.real 解析：B　那时作者才知道，不同的发明家经常发明类似的东西。 19.A.reasonable　 B.improper C.practical　 D.unusual 解析：D　作者在学习发明的过程中了解到，不同的发明家会发明类似的东西，这种情况很常见。 20.A.Imagination　 B.Failure C.Happiness　 D.Wealth 解析：B　根据上文I learned， too， that not all great ideas work.可知，不是所有的很棒的想法都能实现，因此失败是发明过程中常有的事。 21.A.hope　 B.suggest C.realise　 D.consider 解析：C　当父亲和作者一起工作时，他开始意识到父亲自己也是一个发明家。 22.A.honor　 B.difficulty C.experience　 D.interest 解析：D　根据文章开头的讲述可知，作者从小就对发明感兴趣。 23.A.grateful　 B.polite C.related　 D.equal 解析：A　但作者也很感谢托马斯·爱迪生，因为是他第一次点燃了作者内心的那只电灯泡。 Ⅲ.语法填空 　　As the old Chinese saying goes， “Humanity’s most fundamental relationship is with what we eat.” Although food 24.　　　　　　 （consider） an important part in Chinese culture for years， hunger remained a huge problem in the country until the 1970s. 　　However， 25.　　　　　　 Chinese scientist Yuan Longping helped get this problem fixed.Yuan devoted all his life to 26.　　　　　　 （develop） hybrid rice varieties， which now account for about two 27.　　　　　　 （three） of China’s rice crops.So， it’s no wonder 28.　　　　　　 he’s known as the “Father of Hybrid Rice”.And thanks to China’s Belt and Road Initiative， Yuan’s hybrid rice is now 29.　　　　　　 （access） to people around the world， and helps solve food problems 30.　　　　　 （globe）. 　　In spite of his great knowledge， Yuan understood that even the 31.　　　　　　 （wise） people should still be open 32.　　　　　　 learning new things.“The farmers of our country possess rich experience in planting rice and I learn from them，” he once said.“The honor actually 33.　　　　　　 （belong） to them.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了中国“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平的相关事迹。 24.is considered/has been considered　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，“食物是中国文化重要的组成部分”是一般事实，因此使用一般现在时，另根据句中for years和until the 1970s可知，该句也可使用现在完成时。主语food和consider之间是动宾关系，因此需使用被动语态。故填is considered或has been considered。 25.the　考查冠词。设空处特指中国科学家袁隆平。故填the。 26.developing　考查非谓语动词。devote ...to doing sth意为“致力于做某事；奉献于做某事”。故填developing。 27.thirds　考查序数词。表达分数时，分母需使用序数词，且分子大于1时，序数词要用复数形式。故填thirds。 28.that　考查名词性从句。it is no wonder that ...意为“难怪……”，it在句中作形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语。故填that。 29.accessible　考查形容词。设空处在句中作表语应用形容词。故填accessible。 30.globally　考查副词。设空处在句中作状语应用副词。故填globally。 31.wisest　考查形容词的最高级。定冠词the后接形容词最高级。故填wisest。 32.to　考查介词。be open to doing sth“对……保持开放态度”。故填to。 33.belongs　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。该句陈述一般事实，且主语是不可数名词，谓语应使用一般现在时的单数形式。故填belongs。 11 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $