内容正文:
Unit 1 Past and present重点课文详解
第一篇 The rise of Shenzhen: a city of innovation
一、主题概述
深圳从渔村发展为高科技创新之城的四十年历程,涵盖创新核心定位、文化中心建设、市民生活质量提升三大维度,揭示了城市开拓精神与市民实干创造力是其成功的关键,展现了中国改革开放背景下的城市跨越式发展。
二、课文梳理
(一)发展历程与创新定位
· 原文:In about 40 years, Shenzhen, a city in southern China, has developed from a fishing village to a top high-tech city. A pioneer in China's reform and opening up, Shenzhen has attracted workers from across the world. Innovation lies at the very heart of the city. It has risen to become an important centre for technology industries in the world and is home to many tech giants. Today, it is leading the move from "Made in China" to "Created in China".
· 译文:约40年间,中国南方城市深圳从一个渔村发展成为顶级高科技城市。作为中国改革开放的先行者,深圳吸引了来自全球的劳动者。创新是这座城市的核心。它已崛起为全球重要的科技产业中心,也是众多科技巨头的所在地。如今,它正引领着从“中国制造”向“中国创造”的转变。
(二)文化中心建设成果
· 原文:Shenzhen is also active in its drive to become a cultural centre. It offers a wealth of cultural facilities with libraries, museums, theatres and art spaces, as well as many excellent cultural and educational activities. Moreover, the city has won an award from UNESCO for being a role model in encouraging reading among the public.
· 译文:深圳也积极致力于打造文化中心。它提供了大量文化设施,包括图书馆、博物馆、剧院和艺术空间,以及众多优质的文化教育活动。此外,这座城市因在鼓励公众阅读方面成为典范,获得了联合国教科文组织的奖项。
(三)生活质量提升措施
· 原文:Shenzhen is working to improve the quality of life for its citizens as well. The city has over 1,000 parks and more than 3,000 kilometres of greenways. Even among the busy streets and tall buildings, you can find peace and quiet in this modern city. Shenzhen is the first city in the world to use green energy for almost all its buses and taxis. "Electric buses produce less air pollution and make little noise, and now people here are enjoying a cleaner environment," said a city planner.
· 译文:深圳也在致力于提高市民的生活质量。这座城市拥有超过1000个公园和3000多公里的绿道。即便在繁忙的街道和高楼大厦之间,你也能在这座现代化城市中找到宁静。深圳是全球首个将绿色能源用于几乎所有公交车和出租车的城市。一位城市规划师表示:“电动公交车产生的空气污染更少、噪音更小,如今这里的人们正享受着更清洁的环境。”
(四)发展速度与成功关键
· 原文:Since the late 1970s, Shenzhen has developed at an amazing speed and has become a symbol of China's development. The city's pioneering spirit, together with the hard work and creativity of its citizens, is certainly the key to Shenzhen's success.
· 译文:自20世纪70年代末以来,深圳以惊人的速度发展,已成为中国发展的象征。这座城市的开拓精神,连同市民的辛勤付出与创造力,无疑是深圳成功的关键。
三、课文详解
句子1:In about 40 years, Shenzhen, a city in southern China, has developed from a fishing village to a top high-tech city.(约40年间,中国南方城市深圳从一个渔村发展成为顶级高科技城市。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓 + 时间状语 + 插入语】的简单句。
· In about 40 years(时间状语),Shenzhen (主语) , a city in southern China (插入语,作同位语), has developed (谓语) from a fishing village to a top high-tech city (状语).
2. 重点语法:现在完成时(has/have + 过去分词)
· 用法1:表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,强调动作的延续性。本句“发展”动作从40年前开始,持续至今。
· 例:She has lived in Nanjing for 10 years.(她在南京住了10年了)
· 用法2:表示过去动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
例:I have finished my homework, so I can watch TV now.(我做完了作业,现在可以看电视了)
3. 固定搭配:develop from A to B(从A发展成为B)
· 讲解:from...to...连接发展的起点和终点,develop侧重“逐步成长、发展”。
· 例:Our hometown has developed from a small town to a modern city.(我们的家乡从一个小镇发展成了现代化城市)
· 中考链接:2024・南京模拟:The company has ______ from a family business to a global corporation. (答案:developed)
句子2:A pioneer in China's reform and opening up, Shenzhen has attracted workers from across the world.(作为中国改革开放的先行者,深圳吸引了来自全球的劳动者。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾 + 同位语】的简单句。
· A pioneer in China's reform and opening up (同位语: 补充说明主语), Shenzhen (主语) has attracted (谓语) workers (宾语) from across the world (定语,修饰workers)
2. 重点语法:同位语的用法
· 用法:当两个名词指代同一事物时,后一个名词作同位语,补充说明前一个名词的属性,可省略。
· 例:My friend, a doctor, will come to see me.(我的朋友——一位医生,将要来看我)
· 拓展:同位语前可加逗号、that或namely,例:The fact that he passed the exam made us happy.(他通过考试这个事实让我们很高兴)
3. 固定搭配:from across the world(来自全球各地)
· 讲解:across the world 等同于 all over the world,from 引出范围,表“来自……各地”。
· 例:Students from across the country took part in the competition.(来自全国各地的学生参加了这场比赛)
4. 易错难点:attract的词形变化与搭配
· 词形变化:attract(动词,吸引)→ attractive(形容词,有吸引力的)→ attraction(名词,吸引力;景点)
· 例:The city’s scenery is very attractive.(这座城市的风景很有吸引力)/ The Great Wall is a famous attraction.(长城是著名景点)
句子3:Innovation lies at the very heart of the city.(创新是这座城市的核心。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主系表】的简单句。
· Innovation (主语) lies (系动词) at the very heart of the city (表语)
2. 重点语法:一般现在时的用法
· 用法:表示客观事实、真理或长期存在的状态。本句阐述深圳的核心定位,是客观事实。
· 例:The earth goes around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)
· 拓展:表示习惯性、经常性的动作,例:He gets up early every day.(他每天早起)
3. 固定搭配:at the heart of(是……的核心/关键)
· 讲解:heart 此处为比喻义“核心”,very 起强调作用,表“正是、核心的”。
· 例:Teamwork is at the heart of our success.(团队合作是我们成功的关键)
· 对比:at the centre of(侧重地理位置的中心),例:The park is at the centre of the city.(公园在城市的中心位置)
4. 易错难点:lie的词形变化与词义辨析
词义
第三人称单数
过去式
过去分词
现在分词
躺/位于
lies
lay
lain
lying
说谎
lies
lied
lied
lying
放置/下蛋
lays
laid
laid
laying
· 例:The city lies in southern China.(这座城市位于中国南方)/ He lied to his parents yesterday.(他昨天对父母说了谎)
句子4:It has risen to become an important centre for technology industries in the world and is home to many tech giants.(它已崛起为全球重要的科技产业中心,也是众多科技巨头的所在地。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【并列谓语结构】的简单句。
· It (主语) has risen (并列谓语1) to become an important centre for technology industries in the world (不定式作目的状语) and is (并列谓语2) home to many tech giants (表语)
2. 重点语法:不定式作目的状语
· 用法:to + 动词原形,表动作的目的,即“崛起的目的是成为科技产业中心”。
· 例:She studies hard to get good grades.(她努力学习是为了取得好成绩)
· 拓展:可转换为 in order to/so as to,例:He got up early in order to catch the bus.(他早起是为了赶公交车)=In order to catch the bus, he got up early./He got up early so as to catch the bus.
3. 固定搭配:be home to(是……的所在地/家园)
· 讲解:home 此处无冠词,表“归属地”,后接人或事物名词。
· 例:China is home to the Great Wall and many other world-famous landmarks.(中国是长城和众多世界著名地标的所在地)
4. 易错难点:rise与raise的区别
· rise(不及物动词):表“上升、崛起、自行升起”,无宾语。
· 例:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东方升起)/ The price has risen.(价格已经上涨了)
· raise(及物动词):表“举起、提高、抚养”,需接宾语。
· 例:He raised his hand.(他举起了手)/ She raised her children alone.(她独自抚养孩子)
句子5:Today, it is leading the move from "Made in China" to "Created in China".(如今,它正引领着从“中国制造”向“中国创造”的转变。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾 + 时间状语】的简单句。
· Today(时间状语), it (主语) is leading (谓语) the move (宾语) from "Made in China" to "Created in China" (定语,修饰the move)
2. 固定搭配:lead the move(引领转变/趋势)
· 讲解:lead 为及物动词,表“引领、带领”,常见拓展搭配:lead a life(过……生活)、lead to(导致)。
· 例:The new policy is leading the move towards environmental protection.(新政策正引领着环保的趋势)
4. 易错难点:过去分词作定语的用法
· 句中“Made in China”“Created in China”是“过去分词+介词短语”结构,作后置定语,相当于“products made in China”(中国制造的产品)。
· 例:The books written by Lu Xun are very popular.(鲁迅写的书很受欢迎)
句子6:Shenzhen is also active in its drive to become a cultural centre.(深圳也积极致力于打造文化中心。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主系表 + 定语】的简单句。
· Shenzhen (主语) is (系动词) active (表语) in its drive (状语) to become a cultural centre (定语,修饰drive)
2. 重点语法:不定式作后置定语
· 用法:当名词为wish、drive、plan等表“愿望、努力、计划”的词时,后接不定式作定语,表“……的愿望/努力”。
· 例:She has a strong wish to travel around the world.(她有一个环游世界的强烈愿望)
3. 固定搭配:be active in(积极参与/致力于……)
· 讲解:active 为形容词,后接介词in,可转换为 take an active part in(积极参与)。
· 例:Students should be active in class discussions.(学生应该积极参与课堂讨论)
4. 易错难点:drive的词性与词义
· 名词:表“努力、推动、车程”,例:the drive for success(对成功的追求)/ a two-hour drive(两小时的车程)
· 动词:表“驾驶、驱使”,例:He drives a car to work.(他开车上班)/ Hunger drove him to work hard.(饥饿驱使他努力工作)
句子7:It offers a wealth of cultural facilities with libraries, museums, theatres and art spaces, as well as many excellent cultural and educational activities.(它提供了大量文化设施,包括图书馆、博物馆、剧院和艺术空间,以及众多优质的文化教育活动。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾 + 伴随状语 + 并列成分】的简单句。
· It (主语) offers (谓语) a wealth of cultural facilities (宾语) with libraries, museums, theatres and art spaces (伴随状语) as well as many excellent cultural and educational activities (并列宾语)
2. 重点语法:as well as的用法
· 用法1:连接并列成分,表“除……之外还有”,强调前者,主谓一致遵循“就前原则”(谓语与前面的主语一致)。
· 例:He as well as his parents likes playing football.(他和他的父母都喜欢踢足球,谓语与he一致)
· 用法2:区别于and,and强调两者并列,主谓一致用复数。
· 例:He and his parents like playing football.(他和他的父母都喜欢踢足球,谓语用like)
3. 固定搭配:a wealth of(大量的)
· 讲解:wealth本义为“财富”,引申为“大量、丰富”的抽象概念。a wealth of:大量的;丰富的;很多的。强调数量多且内容有价值。后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,表示“大量的某物”。例:a wealth of information (大量的信息)、a wealth of experience (丰富的经验)、a wealth of examples (大量的例子)
· 例:The book offers a wealth of useful information.(这本书提供了大量有用的信息)
· 对比:a number of 仅表“数量多”,无价值暗示,例:a number of students(许多学生)
句子8:Moreover, the city has won an award from UNESCO for being a role model in encouraging reading among the public.(此外,这座城市因在鼓励公众阅读方面成为典范,获得了联合国教科文组织的奖项。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾 + 原因状语】的简单句。
· the city (主语) has won (谓语) an award (宾语) from UNESCO (定语,修饰award) for being a role model in encouraging reading among the public (原因状语)
2. 重点语法:介词for引导原因状语
· 用法:for 后接名词、代词或动名词,表“由于、因为”,语气较弱,置于句末补充说明原因。
· 例:He was praised for helping others.(他因帮助他人而受到表扬)
· 对比:because 引导原因状语从句,语气强,可置于句首或句末。
· 例:He was praised because he helped others.(他因帮助他人而受到表扬)
3. 固定搭配:win an award from(获得……的奖项)
· 讲解:win 后接奖项、比赛等名词,award 侧重“官方奖励、奖项”,区别于prize(竞赛类奖项)。
· 例:Our class won an award from the school for the best environmental project.(我们班因最佳环保项目获得了学校的奖项)
4. 易错难点:encourage的用法
· 固定搭配:encourage sb. to do sth.(鼓励某人做某事),不可接doing。
· 例:Teachers often encourage us to study hard.(老师经常鼓励我们努力学习)
· 词形变化:encourage(动词)→ encouragement(名词,鼓励),例:We need your encouragement.(我们需要你的鼓励)
句子9:Shenzhen is working to improve the quality of life for its citizens as well.(深圳也在致力于提高市民的生活质量。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓 + 目的状语 + 状语】的简单句。
· Shenzhen (主语) is working (谓语) to improve the quality of life for its citizens (目的状语) as well (状语,表“也”)
2. 重点语法:as well的用法
· 用法:表“也”,用于肯定句末,无需逗号;too 可置于句末(需逗号)或句中;either 用于否定句末。
· 例:I like English as well.(我也喜欢英语)/ I like English, too.(我也喜欢英语)/ I don’t like English either.(我也不喜欢英语)
3. 固定搭配:work to do sth.(致力于做某事)
· 讲解:work 此处表“努力、致力于”,后接不定式作目的状语,强调“有计划地持续努力”。
· 例:The government is working to reduce air pollution.(政府正致力于减少空气污染)
4. 易错难点:quality的词义与搭配
· 表“质量、品质”,固定搭配 the quality of life(生活质量);表“素质”,例:He has good quality.(他素质很好)
· 形容词形式:qualified(合格的),例:a qualified teacher(一名合格的老师)
句子10:Shenzhen is the first city in the world to use green energy for almost all its buses and taxis.(深圳是全球首个将绿色能源用于几乎所有公交车和出租车的城市。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主系表 + 定语】的简单句。
· Shenzhen (主语) is (系动词) the first city (表语) in the world (定语,修饰city) to use green energy for almost all its buses and taxis (定语,修饰the first city)
2. 重点语法:不定式作定语(序数词修饰名词时)
· 用法:当名词被the first、the second、the last等序数词修饰时,后接不定式作定语,表“第……个做某事的人/物”。
· 例:He was the first student to finish the exam.(他是第一个完成考试的学生)
3. 固定搭配:use...for...(将……用于……)
· 讲解:use 后接被使用的物品,for 后接用途,可转换为 use...to do sth.。
· 例:We use reusable bags for shopping.(我们用环保袋购物)= We use reusable bags to go shopping.
4. green energy的含义与拓展搭配
· green energy(绿色能源):指清洁、可再生的能源,如 solar energy(太阳能)、wind energy(风能)。
· 拓展:green life(绿色生活)、green food(绿色食品)、green travel(绿色出行)
句子11:Electric buses produce less air pollution and make little noise, and now people here are enjoying a cleaner environment.(电动公交车产生的空气污染更少、噪音更小,如今这里的人们正享受着更清洁的环境。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【and连接的并列句】。
· 【第一分句】: Electric buses (主语) produce (谓语1) less air pollution (宾语1) and make (谓语2) little noise (宾语2)
· 【第二分句】: people here (主语) are enjoying (谓语) a cleaner environment (宾语) now (时间状语)
2. less vs fewer用法(比较级易错)
· Less(little 的比较级):修饰不可数名词;fewer(few 的比较级):修饰可数名词
· 例:There is less water in the bottle.(瓶子里的水更少了)/ There are fewer students in the classroom.(教室里的学生更少了)
3. 固定搭配:air pollution(空气污染)
· 讲解:pollution 为不可数名词,常见搭配:water pollution(水污染)、reduce pollution(减少污染)。
· 例:We should take action to reduce air pollution.(我们应该采取行动减少空气污染)
4. 易错难点:little与a little的区别
· little(否定):几乎没有,后接不可数名词,例:There is little milk in the fridge.(冰箱里几乎没有牛奶)
· a little(肯定):有一点,后接不可数名词,例:There is a little milk in the fridge.(冰箱里还有一点牛奶)
· 拓展:few(否定,接可数名词复数)、a few(肯定,接可数名词复数),例:Few people know the secret.(几乎没人知道这个秘密)
句子12:Since the late 1970s, Shenzhen has developed at an amazing speed and has become a symbol of China's development.(自20世纪70年代末以来,深圳以惊人的速度发展,已成为中国发展的象征。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓 + 时间状语 + 并列谓语】的简单句。
· Since the late 1970s(时间状语),Shenzhen (主语) has developed (谓语1) at an amazing speed (状语) and has become (谓语2) a symbol of China's development (表语)
2.重点语法: 现在完成时 + since 时间状语
· 讲解:现在完成时与since连用,主要强调动作或状态从过去某一刻开始,一直延续到说话时刻,并且可能继续下去。
· 基本结构:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + since + 时间点/过去动作的起点。
· (1)since + 过去的一个具体时间点。例:I have been here since 1989.(自1989年起,我一直在这里。)
· (2)since + 一段时间 + ago。例:I have been here since five months ago.(我五个月前就来这里了。/ 我来这里已经五个月了。)
· (3)since + 从句。从句通常用一般过去时,表示动作或状态开始的时刻。例:Great changes have taken place since you left.(自从你离开后,发生了巨大的变化。)
· (4)It is + 一段时间 + since 从句。与“主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + since 从句”相同,但更强调时间长度。例:It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.(我成为研究生已经两年了。)
3.重点语法:since与for的区别(现在完成时标志)
用法
例句
说明
since + 过去时间点
since the late 1970s; since last week
表示“从……时间点开始”
for + 时间段
for about 40 years; for three hours
表示“动作持续了多久”
· 例:He has lived here since 2000.(他自2000年以来就住在这里)/ He has lived here for 24 years.(他在这里住了24年了)
· 注意:短暂性动词(如leave, come, go, die等)不与"for+时间段"连用,需转换为延续性表达
· ❌ 错误:He has left Nanjing for three years.
· ✅ 正确:He has been away from Nanjing for three years.(他离开南京三年了)
4. 固定搭配:at an amazing speed(以惊人的速度)
· 讲解:speed 常见搭配:at a high speed(高速)、at full speed(全速);amazing 修饰物,表“令人惊讶的”。
· 例:The car ran at an amazing speed on the highway.(汽车在高速公路上以惊人的速度行驶)
5. 易错难点:amazing与amazed的区别
· amazing(修饰物):令人惊讶的,例:The city's development speed is amazing.(这座城市的发展速度令人惊讶)
· amazed(修饰人):感到惊讶的,例:I am amazed at Shenzhen's changes.(我对深圳的变化感到惊讶)
· 拓展:同类词:exciting(令人兴奋的)/ excited(感到兴奋的)、interesting(有趣的)/ interested(感兴趣的)
句子13:The city's pioneering spirit, together with the hard work and creativity of its citizens, is certainly the key to Shenzhen's success.(这座城市的开拓精神,连同市民的辛勤付出与创造力,无疑是深圳成功的关键。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主系表 + 伴随成分】的简单句。
· together with the hard work and creativity of its citizens(伴随成分),The city's pioneering spirit (主语) is (系动词) the key to Shenzhen's success (表语) certainly (状语)
2. 重点语法:主谓一致(就前原则)
· 用法:当主语后接 together with、as well as 等短语时,谓语动词的单复数由前面的核心主语决定。
· 例:His father, together with his mother, works in a factory.(他的爸爸和妈妈一起在工厂工作,核心主语是his father)
3. 固定搭配:the key to(……的关键)
· 讲解:key 此处为名词,表“关键、秘诀”,to 为介词,后接名词或动名词,不可接不定式。
· 例:The key to learning English well is practice.(学好英语的关键是练习)
4. 易错难点:creativity的词形变化
· creativity(不可数名词,创造力)→ creative(形容词,有创造力的)→ create(动词,创造)→ creation(名词,创造物)
· 例:She is a creative student.(她是一个有创造力的学生)/ He created a new invention.(他创造了一项新发明)
第二篇 Great changes in Sunshine Town
一、主题概述
本文聚焦阳光镇过去40年的巨大变迁,围绕居住条件、交通方式、人才流动三个方面,对比过去与现在的差异,阐述了政府支持与市民辛勤付出是变化的核心原因,展现了小镇在时代发展中的进步与居民生活质量的提升。
二、课文梳理
(一)总述城镇变化
· 原文:Many changes have taken place in Sunshine Town over the last 40 years.
· 译文:过去40年里,阳光镇发生了许多变化。
(二)居住条件变化
· 原文:In the past, people lived in old broken houses. Today, most people live in modern houses or flats, and the streets are clean and beautiful.
· 译文:过去,人们住在破旧的房子里。如今,大多数人住在现代化的房子或公寓里,街道干净又漂亮。
(三)交通方式变化
· 原文:Many years ago, people had to get around the town by bicycle or on foot. Now it is common to take a bus, a taxi or the underground. Moreover, most families have got their own cars.
· 译文:许多年前,人们不得不骑自行车或步行在镇上出行。现在,乘公交车、出租车或地铁很普遍。此外,大多数家庭都有了自己的汽车。
(四)人才流动变化
· 原文:Back then, some people went to college and had to find jobs in other places. Today, however, many college students return and do all kinds of jobs. They bring knowledge and skills to help the local people.
· 译文:那时候,一些人上了大学后不得不去其他地方找工作。然而如今,许多大学生毕业后选择回来,从事各种各样的工作。他们带来知识和技能,帮助当地居民。
(五)变化原因与成果
· 原文:Thanks to the support from the government and the hard work of the citizens, the living conditions in Sunshine Town have improved a lot. People are enjoying a happier life.
· 译文:多亏了政府的支持和市民的辛勤工作,阳光镇的生活条件有了很大改善。人们正享受着更幸福的生活。
三、课文详解
句子1:Many changes have taken place in Sunshine Town over the last 40 years.(过去40年里,阳光镇发生了许多变化。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓 + 时间状语 + 地点状语】的简单句。
· Many changes(主语) have taken place(谓语) in Sunshine Town(地点状语) over the last 40 years(时间状语)。
2. 重点语法:现在完成时与时间状语搭配
· 用法:“over the last 40 years”“in the past five years”等短语表示“过去一段时间以来”,强调动作从过去延续到现在,必须与现在完成时连用,不能搭配一般过去时。
· 例:Over the past ten years, our hometown has changed a lot.(过去十年,我们的家乡变了很多)
· 中考链接:2023・苏州模拟:Over the past ten years, our hometown ______ a lot. (答案:has changed)
3. 固定搭配:take place(发生)
· 讲解:无被动语态,侧重有计划、有组织地发生,或自然渐进式的变化,不用于偶然事件。
· 例:Great changes have taken place in our school since last year.(去年以来我们学校发生了巨大变化)
4. 易错难点:take place与happen的区别
· take place:有计划、有规律地发生,无被动,如本文城镇变化是逐步、有规划的;
· happen:偶然发生,无被动,后可接to sb./sth.。
· 例:A funny thing happened to my brother when he went shopping.(我哥哥购物时偶然发生了一件有趣的事)。
· 易错警示:❌ Many changes were taken place.(误用被动) ✅ Many changes have taken place.
句子2:In the past, people lived in old broken houses.(过去,人们住在破旧的房子里。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾 + 时间状语】的简单句。
· In the past(时间状语), people(主语) lived(谓语) in old broken houses(介词短语作宾语)。
2. 重点语法:一般过去时的用法
· 用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与“in the past”“many years ago”“yesterday”等过去时间状语连用。
· 例:She lived in a small village in 2010.(2010年她住在一个小村庄里)
3. 固定搭配:live in(居住在……)
· 讲解:后接具体居住的地点(房子、城市、村庄等),是初中最基础的居住表达。
· 例:My grandparents used to live in a small village, now they live in a big city.(爷爷奶奶过去住小村庄,现在住大城市)
句子3:Today, most people live in modern houses or flats, and the streets are clean and beautiful.(如今,大多数人住在现代化的房子或公寓里,街道干净又漂亮。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【and连接的并列句】。
· 【第一分句】: Today(时间状语), most people(主语) live(谓语) in modern houses or flats(宾语)
· 【第二分句】: and the streets(主语) are(系动词) clean and beautiful(表语,形容词并列)。
2. 重点语法:In the past...Today...对比句型
· 结构:In the past, 主语 + 过去式...; Today, 主语 + 现在时...,用于书面表达中对比过去与现在的变化,对比鲜明,是单元核心写作句型。
· 例:In the past, we communicated by letter. Today, we use mobile phones to chat.(过去我们靠写信沟通,现在我们用手机聊天)
3. 固定搭配:modern houses or flats(现代化的房子或公寓)
· 讲解:modern 强调“现代化的、新式的”,与前文old broken houses形成对比;flats 为英式表达,美式表达为apartments,均表示“公寓”。
· 例:More and more people choose to live in modern flats in cities.(越来越多的人选择住在城市的现代化公寓里)
4. 易错难点:一般现在时表现在状态
· 本句用一般现在时(live, are)描述当前稳定的状态,区别于现在进行时(表正在进行的动作)。
· 例:He lives in Beijing.(他住在北京,表稳定状态)/ He is living in Beijing now.(他现在暂时住在北京,表阶段性动作)
句子4:Many years ago, people had to get around the town by bicycle or on foot.(许多年前,人们不得不骑自行车或步行在镇上出行。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓 + 时间状语 + 方式状语】的简单句。
· Many years ago(时间状语), people(主语) had to get around(谓语,had to+动词原形,表过去的客观需求) the town(宾语) by bicycle or on foot(方式状语,表出行方式)。
2. 固定搭配:get around(四处走动;出行)
· 讲解:侧重在某个区域内移动、出行,口语和书面语均可使用。
· 例:It's easy to get around the city by subway.(乘地铁在这座城市出行很方便)
3. 易错难点:have to与must的区别
· have to:客观原因导致“不得不”,有时态/人称变化,如本文因过去交通不便,人们“不得不”步行/骑车;
· must:主观义务“必须”,无人称/时态变化,例:We must obey the school rules.(我们必须遵守校规,表主观认知的义务);
句子5:Now it is common to take a bus, a taxi or the underground.(现在,乘公交车、出租车或地铁很普遍。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【it作形式主语】的简单句。
· Now(时间状语), it(形式主语,替代后面的不定式) is(系动词) common(表语) to take a bus, a taxi or the underground(真正主语,不定式结构)。
2. 重点语法:it作形式主语(It is + 形容词 + to do sth.)
· 用法:当不定式短语作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,用it作形式主语,真正主语置于句末,本文表“乘交通工具这件事很普遍”。
· 例:It is important to learn English well.(学好英语很重要)
3. 固定搭配:交通方式表达(take a bus/by bicycle/on foot)
· 讲解:“take + a/an + 交通工具”为动词短语(作谓语),如take a bus;“by + 交通工具”为介词短语(作状语),无冠词,如by bicycle;“on foot”为固定表达。
· 例:I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes I take a bus when it rains.(我通常步行上学,下雨时有时乘公交)
4. 易错难点:the underground的词性与同义表达
the underground 为名词,表“地铁”,英式表达;美式表达为subway,口语中也可简称为metro。例:He goes to work by underground every day.(他每天乘地铁上班)= He takes the underground to work every day.
句子6:Moreover, most families have got their own cars.(此外,大多数家庭都有了自己的汽车。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾】的简单句。
· Moreover(递进副词,表补充说明,衔接前文交通变化), most families(主语) have got(谓语) their own cars(宾语)。
2. 重点语法:have got与have的区别
· 二者均表“拥有”,语义基本一致,have got更口语化,英式英语中常用,美式英语中更倾向用have;时态变化上,have got的过去式为had got,have的过去式为had。本句用have got强调“现在已拥有”的结果。
· 例:She has got a new pen.(= She has a new pen. 她有一支新钢笔)/ They had got a big house last year.(= They had a big house last year. 他们去年有一栋大房子)
句子7:Back then, some people went to college and had to find jobs in other places.(那时候,一些人上了大学后不得不去其他地方找工作。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【并列谓语结构】的简单句。
· Back then(时间状语,“那时候”,等同于many years ago), some people(主语) went to college(并列谓语1) and had to find(并列谓语2,had to+动词原形,表过去客观需求) jobs(宾语) in other places(介词短语作状语,表地点)。
2. 固定搭配:go to college(上大学)
· 讲解:college前无冠词,表“上大学”这一动作或抽象概念;若加the,表“去某所具体的大学”。
· 例:He wants to go to college after high school.(他高中毕业后想上大学)/ She went to the college to meet her teacher.(她去那所大学见老师)
4. 易错难点:find jobs与look for jobs的区别
· find jobs:表“找到工作”,强调动作结果;look for jobs:表“找工作”,强调动作过程。
· 例:He looked for jobs for a month and finally found a good one.(他找了一个月工作,终于找到了一份好的);易错警示:不可说find for jobs。
句子8:Today, however, many college students return and do all kinds of jobs.(然而如今,许多大学生毕业后选择回来,从事各种各样的工作。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【转折关系并列句】。
· Today(时间状语), however(转折副词,表语义转折,需用逗号隔开), many college students(主语) return(并列谓语1) and do(并列谓语2) all kinds of jobs(宾语)。
2. 重点语法:however与but的区别
· 二者均表“然而”,but是连词,直接连接两个分句,无需逗号;however是副词,可置于句首、句中或句末,需用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。本句用however体现“过去外出找工作”与“现在回来工作”的转折。
· 例:He is young, but he is very experienced.(他很年轻,但经验丰富)/ He is young. However, he is very experienced.(他很年轻,然而经验丰富)
3. 固定搭配:all kinds of(各种各样的)
· 讲解:后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,等同于different kinds of。
· 例:There are all kinds of books in the library.(图书馆里有各种各样的书)/ She likes all kinds of music.(她喜欢各种各样的音乐)
4. 易错难点:return的用法
· return是不及物动词,表“返回某地”时,需加介词to,即return to sp.;表“归还某物”时,是及物动词,return sth. to sb. = return sb. sth.。
· 例:He returned to Sunshine Town after college.(他大学毕业后回到了阳光镇)/ She returned the book to the library.(她把书还给了图书馆);
· 易错警示:不可说return back,back与return语义重复。
句子9:They bring knowledge and skills to help the local people.(他们带来知识和技能,帮助当地居民。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾 + 目的状语】的简单句。
· They(主语,指代returning college students) bring(谓语) knowledge and skills(并列宾语) to help the local people(不定式短语作目的状语)。
2. 重点语法:不定式作目的状语
· 用法:to + 动词原形,置于句末,表动作的目的,可转换为in order to do sth.(语气更正式)。本句用to help...说明大学生带回知识技能的目的。
· 例:She studies hard to pass the exam.(她努力学习是为了通过考试)/ He went to the supermarket in order to buy some fruit.(他去超市是为了买些水果)
3. 固定搭配:bring sth. to do sth.(带来某物做某事)
· 讲解:bring表“带来”,指从别处把某物带到说话者所在处,后接名词作宾语,不定式作目的状语。
· 例:My mom brings food to share with us.(妈妈带来食物和我们分享)/ He brings a camera to take photos.(他带来相机拍照)
4. 易错难点:bring与take的区别
· bring:带来(朝向说话者方向),例:Bring your homework to school tomorrow.(明天把作业带到学校来);
· take:带走(远离说话者方向),例:Take this book to your sister.(把这本书带给你姐姐);
· 拓展:carry表“搬运”,侧重负重,无方向感,例:He carries a heavy box.(他搬着一个重箱子)
句子10:Thanks to the support from the government and the hard work of the citizens, the living conditions in Sunshine Town have improved a lot.(多亏了政府的支持和市民的辛勤工作,阳光镇的生活条件有了很大改善。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓 + 原因状语】的简单句。
· Thanks to the support from the government and the hard work of the citizens(原因状语,表“改善”的原因), the living conditions(主语) in Sunshine Town(介词短语作定语,修饰主语) have improved(谓语) a lot(副词短语作状语,修饰improved)。
2. 重点语法:Thanks to的用法
· Thanks to为介词短语,表“多亏;由于”,后接名词、代词或动名词,用于引出积极原因(偶尔也可接消极原因),置于句首或句末。本句引出生活条件改善的积极原因。
· 例:Thanks to your help, I finished the work on time.(多亏了你的帮助,我按时完成了工作)/ He was late thanks to the heavy rain.(由于大雨,他迟到了)
3. 固定搭配:the support from...(来自……的支持);living conditions(生活条件)
· 讲解:support为不可数名词,常见搭配:give support to sb.(给某人支持)、get support from sb.(得到某人支持);living conditions为固定短语,condition此处用复数,表“各种生活条件”。
· 例:We get strong support from our parents.(我们得到父母的大力支持)/ With the development of society, living conditions are getting better.(随着社会发展,生活条件越来越好)
4. 易错难点:improve的用法及语态
· improve为不及物动词,表“改善;提高”,无被动语态,主语通常是物(如conditions、life、level等);若作及物动词,后接宾语(如skills、English等)。
· 例:The environment has improved greatly.(环境已经大大改善了,无被动)/ She improves her English by reading every day.(她通过每天阅读提高英语,及物动词);
· 易错警示:❌ The living conditions have been improved.(误用被动) ✅ The living conditions have improved.
句子11:People are enjoying a happier life.(人们正享受着更幸福的生活。)
1. 结构分析:这是一个【主谓宾】的简单句。
· People(主语) are enjoying(谓语) a happier life(宾语)。
2. 重点语法:现在进行时表当前持续状态
· 现在进行时(am/is/are + doing)除了表“此刻正在进行的动作”,还可表“现阶段持续进行的状态”,本句用are enjoying强调人们当前正持续享受改善后的幸福生活。
· 例:They are living a happy life now.(他们现在正过着幸福的生活)/ He is studying hard these days.(这些天他一直在努力学习)
3. 固定搭配:enjoy a happier life(享受更幸福的生活)
· 讲解:enjoy为及物动词,后接名词、代词或动名词,不可接不定式;happier为happy的比较级,与前文过去的生活状态形成对比。
· 例:We are enjoying a more comfortable life.(我们正享受着更舒适的生活)/ She enjoys listening to music.(她喜欢听音乐)
4. 易错难点:happy的比较级变化规则
· happy为“以辅音字母+y结尾”的形容词,变比较级时需变y为i再加er,即happy → happier → happiest;同类词:easy → easier、busy → busier。
· 例:This task is easier than that one.(这项任务比那项简单);易错警示:❌ happyer ❌ more happy(均为错误形式)。
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