专题02 阅读理解：说明文（复习讲义）（北京专用）2026年中考英语一轮复习讲练测

专题02 阅读理解：说明文 目录 01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1 02 思维导图·网络构建 3 03 考点通关·靶向突破 3 ★ 考点一 细节理解题 4 ★ 考点二 词义猜测题 6 ★考点三 主旨大意题 8 ★ 考点四 推理判断题 12 04 优题精选·练能提分 15 考点 课标要求 复习目标 细节理解题 1.能读懂介绍类短文、程序或现象说明、事理阐释、操作指南等说明文语篇。 2.能理解说明文的主要写作目的、结构特征（如总分、总分总、因果等）和信息组织方式。 3.能提取关键信息，梳理说明对象的特征、原理、方法等核心内容。 4.能区分事实性信息和非事实性信息，理解图表提供的辅助信息。 1.能快速识别说明文的说明对象、说明方法和说明顺序。 2.掌握“找中心句+抓关键词”的阅读策略，高效提取核心信息。 3.能结合说明方法分析其对突出说明对象特征的作用。 4.提升对复杂说明文的理解能力，熟练应对各类考点题型。 主旨大意题‌ 词义猜测题‌ 推理判断题 命题预测 1.选材趋向：更贴近现实生活，聚焦科技发展（如可降解机器人）、环保（如食物浪费）、健康生活（如倒走益处）、文化现象等主题。 2.考查侧重：强化思维品质考查，推理判断题比例可能上升，注重对文本逻辑关系和深层含义的理解。 3.素养渗透：将语言能力与思维能力结合，要求学生在获取信息的同时，分析文本的实用价值和导向意义。 解题锦囊 锦囊1：利用定位解决细节理解题 关键词定位→原文逐句比对→排除干扰项（干扰项常见类型：偷换概念、无中生有、扩大范围） 锦囊2：根据逻辑关系解决推理判断题 找原文依据→逻辑合理推导→不选原句/不主观臆断（答案是原文的“言外之意”，而非直接陈述内容） 锦囊3：抓主题句/高频词 通过主题句/高频词→概括全文核心→排除局部细节选项（主题句常出现在首段、尾段或各段首句） 锦囊4：根据上下文语境解决词义猜测题 分析上下文语境→找同义/反义/因果/举例等线索→结合逻辑关系推导（忌仅凭单词字面意思猜测） 中考说明文结构特点 1.核心框架：总—分—总结构为主流 开头总起：文章开篇会直接点明说明对象或核心话题，快速引出全文要讲解的内容。 中间分述：围绕核心话题，从不同角度、维度展开说明，每个分论点对应一段或一个层次，层次清晰。 结尾总结：文末会对全文内容进行总结，有时还会补充展望、呼吁或强调核心意义。 2.逻辑分层：多采用“并列式”或“递进式” 并列式：常见于介绍“方法、好处、原因”类的说明文。 递进式：常见于介绍“研究进展、问题解决”类的说明文，遵循“提出问题→分析问题→解决问题”的逻辑。 3.辅助手法：举例、数据增强说服力 文中会穿插具体案例、实验数据、研究成果等内容，用来支撑观点，让说明更具体、可信。 这类内容通常位于分述部分，作为某一论点的论据。 4.标题与主旨：高度契合，直击核心 文章标题大多直接点明说明对象或核心主题。 主旨题的答案基本能在开头或结尾找到对应表述。 考点一 细节理解题 细节理解题是说明文基础题型，占中考英语阅读题量的40%左右，题干多围绕具体数据、实验结果、事物特征等提问。解题核心是“精准定位→逐句比对→排除干扰”，三步闭环避免失分。 5.关键词定位：锁定答题区间 从题干中圈画核心关键词，优先选择大写字母（人名、地名、专有名词）、数字（时间、数量）、特殊标点词，以及题干中的名词、动词、形容词。 注意：若题干关键词在原文中以同义替换形式出现（如题干important对应原文vital），需结合初三核心词汇积累识别。 课堂eg：题干提问 When did the first 3D-printed bridge appear? ，圈画关键词 first 3D-printed bridge，快速定位原文对应句子。 6.原文逐句比对：核实信息真伪 找到关键词所在的句子及前后1-2句内容，逐词逐句对比选项与原文，重点关注修饰词（如only most never）、时态、主谓宾搭配。 禁忌：不可凭印象答题，必须回归原文找依据。 7.排除干扰项：规避中考常见陷阱 中考说明文细节题干扰项有3类固定类型，需明确识别： 偷换概念：替换原文核心词汇，如原文plastic bags改为选项paper bags； 无中生有：选项内容在原文中无任何依据，如原文未提及“成本”，选项却出现cheap； 扩大范围：将原文限定词删除或替换，如原文some students改为选项all students。 1．（2025·北京）Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. 【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据“Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature.”可知，可生物降解机器人通常属于软体机器人范畴，其灵感来自自然。故选C。 2．（2024·北京） An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一句“An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability.”可知，2022年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因。故选D。 3．（2025·北京海淀·三模） Indeed, in our new research, we found some clear concerns. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets (渠道). What can we know about some of the participants in the new research? A．They were frequently disturbed by digital devices. B．They felt it hard to acquire useful information online. C．They had shorter attention spans than average people. D．They felt challenged by fierce competition from others. 【答案】A 【解析】 细节理解题。根据“We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets.”可知，一半的被调查者认为他们的注意力持续时间比以前短了，相比之下，四分之一的人不这么认为。四分之三的参与者同意，我们生活在一个各种媒体渠道和信息渠道之间无休止地争夺我们注意力的时代。故选A。 考点二 词义猜测题 词义猜测题考查语境理解能力，题干常要求猜测生词、短语或代词（如it they）的含义，解题核心是“依托语境、寻找线索、逻辑推导”，忌仅凭单词字面意思判断。 1.分析上下文语境：锁定线索范围 生词所在句子的前后句、段落主旨，是猜测词义的关键语境。先通读生词所在段落，理清句子间的逻辑关系，为找线索铺垫。 2.寻找语境线索：精准突破词义 中考英语说明文常通过以下4类线索提示词义，需重点关注： 1)同义线索：出现that is、 in other words、 or等词，后面内容是词义解释。 eg：The girl has a phobia, that is, a strong fear of spiders. → 通过a strong fear猜测phobia意为“恐惧”。 2)反义线索：出现but however on the contrary等转折词，前后内容形成对比。 eg：Tom is outgoing, while his sister is quite reserved. → 通过outgoing（外向的）反推reserved意为“内向的”。 3)因果线索：借助because so as a result等词，结合因果关系推测词义。 4)举例线索：出现for example such as等词，通过例子概括词义特征。 3.结合逻辑推导：验证词义合理性 找到线索后，结合句子逻辑和文章说明对象，推导词义并代入原文验证，确保词义符合语境，不偏离文章核心。 注意：对于代词猜测题（如it they），需向上文找指代对象，通常是前一句的名词或名词短语。 1．（2023·北京） Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 【答案】A 【解析】 解题步骤： ① 定位上下文：As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention可知正如这个例子所表明的，我们可以在没有任何精神能量的情况下体验快乐，而享受只有在全神贯注的情况下才会发生。 ② 找反义线索：while表转折，说明pleasure和enjoyment的条件相反——enjoyment需要full attention，则pleasure不需要的psychic energy就是attention ③ 比对选项：A选项attention符合推导，psychic energy与attention意思相近。故选A。 2.（2025·北京东城·二模） We know it is good to show interest in our partners during conversations in many ways—by asking questions, supporting a different opinion, or saying something that relates to what the other person just said. However, self-centredness is tricky to outrun. As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves—their feelings, opinions, and personal experiences. On social media, it’s even worse—80% of communication is self-related. 1．The words “tricky to outrun” in Paragraph 3 probably mean “________”. A．hard to shake off B．unusual to see C．pleasant to accept D．simple to deal with 【答案】A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据“As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves”可知，解释人类大多关注自身观点，对话中40%-60% 的内容与自身相关。由此推断，“tricky to outrun”意为“难以摆脱”，与“hard to shake off难以摆脱”语义一致。故选A。 考点三 主旨大意题 主旨大意题考查对全文或段落核心内容的概括能力，题干常问 What is the passage mainly about? ，解题关键是“找准核心、排除局部”。 1.定位主题句/高频词：抓住核心线索 ① 全文主题句：多在首段首句/尾段尾句，常以The passage mainly talks about... This article introduces...引出； ② 段落主题句：多在段首句，概括该段核心内容 首段首句 This passage introduces the history and uses of robots. 直接点明全文主旨 高频词 全文反复出现的名词/名词短语，往往是文章的说明对象，如全文多次出现renewable energy（可再生能源），则说明对象为“可再生能源的种类及优势” 2.概括全文核心：梳理说明逻辑 结合主题句和高频词，提炼核心结构：说明对象 + 说明内容（特征/原理/用途/影响）。 Eg：说明对象5G technology + 说明内容advantages and applications → 主旨为“5G技术的优势及应用”。 3.排除局部细节选项：聚焦整体 干扰项特征：多为文章某一段的细节内容（如某一个实验、某一个例子），无法概括全文； 解题技巧：若选项只提及原文的一个细节，直接排除。 1.（2025·北京·中考真题） Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation. B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据“Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body.”可知，段主要讨论软体机器人的应用。故选B。 2.（2025·北京东城·一模） In our lively world, where there are crowds everywhere, there’s a group of people who prefer the quiet, less populated environments. But what is it that drives this preference? For some people who don’t like crowds, spending time alone brings peace and safety. Imagine standing in a busy market, with people moving and talking nonstop. The sensory input—all the sounds, smells, and the movements around them—can be difficult for these people to deal with. They often find comfort in calm spaces such as libraries, parks, or their bedrooms. In a crowded environment, it’s easy for them to get lost and forget about themselves. But they can focus on their thoughts and feelings when they’re alone. However, not all who avoid crowds do so out of choice. A recent study at a famous university found that some people experience great fear and anxiety (焦虑) in crowded places. Their hearts beat fast, they sweat (出汗), and they have a strong wish to get away. This condition influences how they behave in social situations. For these people, avoiding crowds is a necessary way to manage their anxiety. Interestingly, the study also showed that people who don’t like crowds aren’t necessarily unsociable. In fact, they often enjoy smaller, closer gatherings (聚会). Whether it’s a dinner with close friends or a family reunion, these smaller settings allow them to focus on the conversation, communicate with others, and build deeper relationships. Without the distractions (干扰) of a crowd, they can truly enjoy the company of their loved ones. For people who dislike crowds, dealing with social situations can be a challenge. However, there are ways to make these experiences more manageable. For example, they can choose to attend smaller, closer gatherings rather than large parties or events. They can also take breaks from social interactions when needed, stepping away to a quieter area to relax. Additionally, it’s important for these people to communicate their needs and preferences to others. By doing so, they can help others understand their dislike of crowds and find ways to meet their needs. Remember, everyone’s comfort levels and preferences are different. What might feel energizing to some can feel tiring to others. The key is empathy (共情), understanding, and respect for each other’s personal spaces and comfort zones. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．People’s different choices in social situations. B．Reasons for crowd discomfort and ways to ease it. C．Problems in dealing with social situations and solutions. D．People’s different preferences for crowds and the reasons. 【答案】B 【解析】 步骤1：定位主旨句 1.首段主旨句 首段结尾句直接抛出全文核心问题：But what is it that drives this preference?（但是什么驱使了这种偏好？），这里的preference指代“喜欢安静、人少的环境，避开人群”。 2.中间段落主旨 第二段：解释第一种原因——主动选择，独处能带来平静和专注。 第三段：解释第二种原因——被动选择，人群引发焦虑，避群是必要的应对方式。 第四段：补充特点——避群不代表不合群，更喜欢小型聚会。 第五段：给出解决办法——如何更轻松地应对需要社交的场景。 3.尾段主旨句 尾段结尾句：The key is empathy, understanding, and respect for each other’s personal spaces and comfort zones. （关键是共情、理解和尊重彼此的个人空间与舒适区），升华主旨，但核心仍围绕“避群的原因”和“应对方法”。 步骤2：分析高频词 全文反复出现的核心词： •crowds / crowded places（人群/拥挤的地方） •preference / dislike / avoid（偏好/讨厌/避开） •reasons (peace, anxiety)（原因：平静、焦虑） •ways / manage（方法/应对） 步骤3：逐一排除选项 选项 分析 A. People’s different choices in social situations. 文章只聚焦“不喜欢人群的人的选择”，并非“所有人的不同选择”，范围扩大。 B. Reasons for crowd discomfort and ways to ease it. reasons对应二、三段的两种原因；ways to ease it对应第五段的应对方法，完全匹配全文核心。 C. Problems in dealing with social situations and solutions. 文章的“problem”特指人群引发的不适/焦虑，选项中“社交问题”范围过宽，偏离核心。 D. People’s different preferences for crowds and the reasons. 文章只讲“不喜欢人群的偏好及原因”，没有提及“喜欢人群”的偏好，“different preferences”表述错误。 总结：主旨题解题技巧 (1)找主旨句：优先看首段设问/结尾和尾段总结句，说明文的主旨句往往直接点明说明对象和内容。 (2)抓高频词：高频词是文章的核心话题，选项必须包含核心高频词（如本文的crowds, reasons, ways）。 (3)排干扰项：警惕范围扩大（如A、C）、概念偷换（如D的different preferences）的选项。 考点四 推理判断题 推理判断题难度中等偏上，题干常含infer（推断）、suggest（暗示）、probably（可能）等词，要求学生基于原文信息推导结论，核心是“有据可依、合理推导、不越界”。 1.找原文依据：筑牢推理基础 推理题答案必须源于原文，不可脱离文本主观臆断。先定位与题干相关的原文内容，标注关键句作为推理“支撑点”，无原文依据的选项直接排除。 eg：原文 Many people choose to take public transport instead of driving cars in the city. ，可作为推导“城市交通拥堵可能缓解”的依据。 2.逻辑合理推导：遵循文本逻辑 结合原文依据，运用因果、转折、条件等逻辑关系推导结论，推导过程需符合常识和文本逻辑，不可过度延伸。 注意：关注连接词（如because but however so），它们是逻辑关系的“信号灯”。 3.规避两大误区：不选原句、不主观臆断 不选原句：推理题答案是原文的“言外之意”，直接摘抄原文的选项大概率是干扰项； 不主观臆断：避免用个人经验替代文本逻辑，即使选项表述符合常识，若与原文无关也需排除。 中考易错点：学生易误选“看起来正确但无原文依据”的选项，需反复强调“原文为本”的原则。 Eg.（2025·北京东城·二模） Scientists have long believed that one of the few good things about higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is that plants grow well in such conditions. But many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe). The report also warns of more harmful effects of climate change on the global food supply (供应). It predicts a rise of 7.6 percent in cereal (谷物) prices by 2050. Higher food prices will lead to an increased risk of hunger. 4．What does the example of wheat in Paragraph 4 show? A．The reason for the increase of food prices. B．The disadvantage of wheat as a cereal crop. C．The effect of climate change on food quality. D．The importance of wheat in crop production. 【答案】C 【解析】推理判断题。定位例子前的观点，根据“many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe).”判断例子作用：小麦的例子是为了支撑“二氧化碳超标降低作物营养”的观点。可知，以小麦为例是为了说明二氧化碳含量高会降低许多作物的蛋白质和营养物质，即展示了气候变化对食物质量的影响。匹配选项：C选项The effect of climate change on food quality准确对应观点，故选C。 1.（2025·北京·中考真题） For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 【答案】A 【解析】推理判断题。根据“...researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks.”可知，研究人员用动植物材料制作了机械臂和控制器，这些材料足够坚固，但可以在自然环境中轻松分解。由此可推知这些机械臂和控制器的特点是环保。故选A。 2.（2024·北京·中考真题） Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. 【答案】 1．A 2．A 【解析】 1．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句“Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest.”可知，A选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. ”可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好。事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题。由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的。故选A。 Passage 1 （2025·北京西城·二模）An interesting finding has been discovered from psychological research: Introverts may manage the challenges of aging better. While extroverts have long been celebrated for their social butterfly abilities, it turns out that the introvert’s natural inclinations (倾向) may serve as a built-in buffer against some of aging’s most common challenges. The very qualities of introverts—preference for quieter environments, comfort with being alone, and deeper but fewer social connections—appear to match well with the natural development of the social world as they grow older. The key lies in what is known as “positive disengagement”. Laura Carstensen. the founding director of Stanford’s Center of Longevity, suggests that as people grow older, they naturally become more selective (有选择的) about their social interactions. preferring quality over quantity (数量). The change that extroverts may feel uncomfortable with often comes more naturally to introverts. Another interesting work by Helene Fung at the Chinese University of Hong Kong found that introverts experience less worry about the social changes accompanying aging. While extroverts may have trouble with the decreased energy for socializing. introverts often find that such changes match with pre-existing (已存在的) preferences. Robert McCrae’s research at the National Institute on Aging supports this “introvert advantage”. His team’s findings show that introverts may deal with the big questions of aging better because they naturally think deeply about life. While extroverts might look for outside activities that can pull their attention away from aging-related worries, introverts’ natural inclinations to turn inward often result in better adjustment (调整) and acceptance of life’s changes. The most convincing research comes from Klaus Rothermund, who studies how people manage emotions as they age. His work shows that introverts often develop better coping skills earlier in life. Such skills as the ability to think deeply about themselves and the ability to form one-on-one connections become increasingly valuable as they grow older. It’s as if introverts have been unknowingly practicing for their elder years all along. The meanings of the findings go beyond just research interest. Understanding how different personality types deal with change becomes increasingly important as people age. For extroverts reading this, don’t feel disappointed—awareness is half the job done, and many coping skills that come naturally to introverts can be learned and trained. And for introverts? You might want to add this to your list of quiet victories. Your personality may have prepared you for a more beautiful journey into your later years. Sometimes, it seems that the tortoise doesn’t just win the race. It may also enjoy the journey more. 1．What does the word “buffer” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Weakness. B．Warning. C．Monitor. D．Protector. 2．Which behavior probably matches Carstensen’s findings? A．Refusing to choose friends according to personality. B．Spending less time alone to make time for social activities. C．Staying away from relationships that are not worthwhile. D．Joining in group discussions instead of thinking independently. 3．What can we learn about introverts and extroverts as they age? A．Introverts need to find ways to stop worrying about their age. B．Extroverts can learn from introverts about ways to slow aging down. C．Extroverts have the ability to deal with personal problems earlier in life. D．Introverts’ qualities better suit the natural changes of the social world. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Introverts: A More Popular Personality B．Introverts: Practice to Fight Against Aging C．Introverts: Feel Better When Getting Older D．Introverts: Social Advantages Over Extroverts 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文介绍了一项心理学研究发现：内向者可能比外向者更能从容应对老龄化的挑战，因为他们的性格特质（如偏好安静环境、享受独处、建立深度社交关系等）更契合伴随年龄增长的自然社会变化，这种“内向者优势”体现在情绪调节、社交选择和生活适应等方面。 1．词句猜测题。根据“Introverts may manage the challenges of aging better... the introvert’s natural inclinations may serve as a built-in buffer against some of aging’s most common challenges”可知，内向者的天性能够帮助他们应对衰老带来的挑战，“buffer”在此处表示对挑战的“缓冲”或“保护”作用，与“Protector（保护者）”含义最接近。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Laura Carstensen... suggests that as people grow older, they naturally become more selective about their social interactions, preferring quality over quantity”可知，Carstensen认为老年人会更倾向于选择高质量的社交关系，而非数量。“远离无价值的人际关系”体现了 “重质量、轻数量”的选择性社交，符合其研究结论。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“The very qualities of introverts—preference for quieter environments, comfort with being alone, and deeper but fewer social connections—appear to match well with the natural development of the social world as they grow older”可知，内向者偏好安静环境、享受独处、注重深度社交等特质，与衰老过程中社交世界的自然变化（如社交选择性增强）高度契合。故选D。 4．最佳标题题。通读文章可知，全文围绕多项研究展开，核心论点是内向者的特质（如深度思考、选择性社交、擅长独处）使其更能适应衰老带来的社交变化和心理挑战，从而在老年阶段表现出更好的心理调整能力。C选项 “内向的人：年龄越大感觉越好”最为适合。故选C。 Passage 2 （2025·北京西城·一模）People have the ability to “picture” an object inside their minds’ eye from memory. However, it’s unclear if dogs share this ability to imagine something that’s not there from a sound. When a dog follows its owner’s order, it’s hard to know what’s really going on inside its brain. Do dogs understand and respond (回应) to voice and words accompanying body language, or just the situation? Behavioral studies have offered some findings, but new research shows that dogs really understand the meaning behind words. According to a study published in Current Biology, dogs show a pattern of neural (神经的) activity that seems to show they can differentiate between words for different objects, and are even surprised when presented with words and objects that don’t match up. Magyari, a cognitive neuroscientist, used electroencephalogram (EEG) testing to measure the electrical pulse (脉冲) inside pet dogs’ brains and found an electrical pulse pattern similar to a known signal (信号) in humans. In humans, an effect called the N400 appears on EEG readouts when people meet language or other stimuli (刺激) . It’s a characteristic signal that reaches the highest around 400 milliseconds after a stimulus is presented, and gets larger when objects or images and words don’t match up. The bigger the surprise, the bigger the signal. Magyari’s team chose the pet dogs that could understand at least three object words for the test. After the dogs got used to the lab, they were separated from their owners by an electronic window that could quickly change from transparent (透明的) to non-transparent. The dogs were played recordings of their owners’ voices calling their attention to one of five familiar objects (e. g. ‘Fido, look, apple’), while being shown their owners’ faces through the window. After a period of non-transparent, the window would show the owner holding up one of the objects—either a match to the played words, or a mismatch. Meanwhile, the EEG recorded the electronic pulses going on inside their brains. When there was a mismatch between the voice and the object presented, the dogs’ EEG readouts always showed a highest signal between 200 and 600 milliseconds later—showing that dogs can differentiate between the meanings of some words. The dogs had the largest brain response when the most well-known words were paired with mismatched objects, further supporting the findings. The timing of the dogs’ electrical pulse suggests it could be analogous to the human N400 signal, though follow-up research would be necessary to test this idea. It’s possible that the brain wave recorded in the study is something special, because human and dog brains are so different. Now scientists are eager to study this mismatch effect. It’s pretty exciting to see that there might be some more progressive ideas. 1．Why did Magyari and her team do the research? A．To compare the understanding ability of dogs and humans. B．To explain why dogs can understand the meaning behind words. C．To study whether dogs understand words the way humans do. D．To test the effectiveness of EEG in studying animal behavior. 2．Which picture can show how Magyari’s team made the test? A． B． C． D． 3．What do the words “be analogous to” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Have influences on. B．Give responses to. C．Provide explanations for. D．Share similarities with. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．The dog’s EEG readout is larger when the mismatch effect takes place. B．The chosen dogs had to learn at least three object words for the test. C．The dogs’ brain waves show how they communicate with their owners. D．Magyari’s research showed why dogs could understand their owners’ words. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇关于狗对词语理解能力的研究报道。Magyari 等认知神经科学家通过脑电图测试，发现狗能区分不同物体的词语含义，当词语和物体不匹配时，狗的脑电图会显示出类似人类 N400 信号的电脉冲模式，表明狗可能像人类一样理解词语含义，但还需进一步研究，科学家们对这一发现很感兴趣并渴望深入研究。 1．推理判断题。根据“People have the ability to ‘picture’ an object inside their minds’ eye from memory. However, it’s unclear if dogs share this ability to imagine something that’s not there from a sound.”以及“Behavioral studies have offered some findings, but new research shows that dogs really understand the meaning behind words.”可知，后面详细介绍了Magyari的研究过程和发现，说明他们做这个研究是为了探究狗是否像人类一样理解词语的含义。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据“After the dogs got used to the lab, they were separated from their owners by an electronic window that could quickly change from transparent (透明的) to non-transparent. The dogs were played recordings of their owners’ voices calling their attention to one of five familiar objects (e.g. ‘Fido, look, apple’), while being shown their owners’ faces through the window. After a period of non-transparent, the window would show the owner holding up one of the objects—either a match to the played words, or a mismatch. Meanwhile, the EEG recorded the electronic pulses going on inside their brains.”描述，狗和主人被一个可在透明和不透明之间快速转换的电子窗隔开，给狗播放主人声音的录音，同时通过窗户让狗看到主人的脸，之后窗户显示主人举起的物体（与播放的词语匹配或不匹配），脑电图记录狗大脑内的电脉冲。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据“The timing of the dogs’ electrical pulse suggests it could be analogous to the human N400 signal, though follow-up research would be necessary to test this idea. It’s possible that the brain wave recorded in the study is something special, because human and dog brains are so different.”可知，前面说狗的电脉冲时间表明它和人类的N400信号之间的关系，后面又说因为人类和狗的大脑很不同，研究中记录的脑波可能很特别，由此可推测“be analogous to”意思是“与……有相似之处”，与“Share similarities with.”意思相符。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“When there was a mismatch between the voice and the object presented, the dogs’ EEG readouts always showed a highest signal between 200 and 600 milliseconds later—showing that dogs can differentiate between the meanings of some words. The dogs had the largest brain response when the most well-known words were paired with mismatched objects, further supporting the findings.”可知，当声音和展示的物体不匹配时，狗的脑电图读数在200到600毫秒后总是显示出最高信号，即不匹配效应发生时狗的脑电图读数更大。故选A。 Passage 3 （2025·北京朝阳·一模）Every year, a lot of food is wasted, and kitchens are one of the biggest causes. The Zero-Waste Kitchen aims to change this by helping people cook and manage food with as little waste as possible. This concept (概念) can go back to the 1980s in the United States, but it was Bea Johnson’s 2013 book, Zero Waste Home, that made it widely popular. Why is the Zero-Waste Kitchen important? Food waste is more than throwing away leftovers (剩饭). It also includes wasting the water, energy, and work used to grow, move, and make food. Cutting down on kitchen waste not only saves money but also helps the environment and makes better use of natural resources (资源). Many experts believe that small changes in cooking and shopping habits can help people practice a zero-waste lifestyle. Here are some simple ways to start. Plan before you shop. Buy only what you need. A famous Chef, Massimo Bottura says, “Cooking is an act of love, but it requires planning to avoid waste.” We can make a shopping list according to the planned meals. Then we will buy only what is necessary, reducing the chance of food going bad. Store food properly. As a food storage expert, Karen Kingston notes, “Proper storage can make the life of food longer and keep its good value for health. For example, using the right boxes and knowing how to keep different kinds of food can help stop food from going bad.” Make good use of leftovers. “Leftovers are an opportunity for creativity,” says Chef Dan Barber. Instead of throwing them away, we can use leftovers to create new meals. For example, leftover vegetables can be used to make soup, and overripe (熟透的) fruit can be used for juice. If leftovers cannot be eaten, they can be composted (制成堆肥) to improve soil and reduce waste. All in all, the Zero-Waste Kitchen is a simple and practical way to protect our planet. By making small changes in daily life, we can all help make the future cleaner and greener. Next time you cook, can you find one way to waste less? 1．According to the passage, why is cutting down on kitchen waste important? A．Because it is an easy task to complete in our everyday life. B．Because kitchen waste is the main cause of resource shortage. C．Because it helps to save on costs and benefits the environment. D．Because kitchen waste is responsible for most of the water waste. 2．Why does the writer use the example of Chef Massimo Bottura in Paragraph 4? A．To teach readers how to make a shopping list. B．To explain why shopping needs better planning. C．To encourage people to cook more often at home. D．To show us how famous chefs cook delicious meals. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．How the Zero-Waste Kitchen concept developed over time. B．Why it is important for us to live a zero-waste lifestyle. C．How we can practice a zero-waste kitchen in daily life. D．What effect food waste has on today’s environment. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“零浪费厨房”的概念及其重要性，并提供了减少厨房浪费的实用建议。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Cutting down on kitchen waste not only saves money but also helps the environment and makes better use of natural resources.”可知，减少厨房浪费既节约成本又对环境有益。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Plan before you shop. Buy only what you need. A famous Chef, Massimo Bottura says, ‘Cooking is an act of love, but it requires planning to avoid waste.’”可知，作者引用名厨的话是为了说明购物需要更好的规划。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了“零浪费厨房”的概念、重要性以及如何在日常生活中实践（如购物计划、食物储存、利用剩菜等）。因此，文章的核心内容是“如何在日常生活中实践零浪费厨房”。故选C。 21 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解：说明文 目录 01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1 02 思维导图·网络构建 2 03 考点通关·靶向突破 3 ★ 考点一 细节理解题 3 ★ 考点二 词义猜测题 5 ★考点三 主旨大意题 7 ★ 考点四 推理判断题 9 04 优题精选·练能提分 11 考点 课标要求 复习目标 细节理解题 1.能读懂介绍类短文、程序或现象说明、事理阐释、操作指南等说明文语篇。 2.能理解说明文的主要写作目的、结构特征（如总分、总分总、因果等）和信息组织方式。 3.能提取关键信息，梳理说明对象的特征、原理、方法等核心内容。 4.能区分事实性信息和非事实性信息，理解图表提供的辅助信息。 1.能快速识别说明文的说明对象、说明方法和说明顺序。 2.掌握“找中心句+抓关键词”的阅读策略，高效提取核心信息。 3.能结合说明方法分析其对突出说明对象特征的作用。 4.提升对复杂说明文的理解能力，熟练应对各类考点题型。 主旨大意题‌ 词义猜测题‌ 推理判断题 命题预测 1.选材趋向：更贴近现实生活，聚焦科技发展（如可降解机器人）、环保（如食物浪费）、健康生活（如倒走益处）、文化现象等主题。 2.考查侧重：强化思维品质考查，推理判断题比例可能上升，注重对文本逻辑关系和深层含义的理解。 3.素养渗透：将语言能力与思维能力结合，要求学生在获取信息的同时，分析文本的实用价值和导向意义。 解题锦囊 锦囊1：利用定位解决细节理解题 关键词定位→原文逐句比对→排除干扰项（干扰项常见类型：偷换概念、无中生有、扩大范围） 锦囊2：根据逻辑关系解决推理判断题 找原文依据→逻辑合理推导→不选原句/不主观臆断（答案是原文的“言外之意”，而非直接陈述内容） 锦囊3：抓主题句/高频词 通过主题句/高频词→概括全文核心→排除局部细节选项（主题句常出现在首段、尾段或各段首句） 锦囊4：根据上下文语境解决词义猜测题 分析上下文语境→找同义/反义/因果/举例等线索→结合逻辑关系推导（忌仅凭单词字面意思猜测） 中考说明文结构特点 1.核心框架：总—分—总结构为主流 开头总起：文章开篇会直接点明说明对象或核心话题，快速引出全文要讲解的内容。 中间分述：围绕核心话题，从不同角度、维度展开说明，每个分论点对应一段或一个层次，层次清晰。 结尾总结：文末会对全文内容进行总结，有时还会补充展望、呼吁或强调核心意义。 2.逻辑分层：多采用“并列式”或“递进式” 并列式：常见于介绍“方法、好处、原因”类的说明文。 递进式：常见于介绍“研究进展、问题解决”类的说明文，遵循“提出问题→分析问题→解决问题”的逻辑。 3.辅助手法：举例、数据增强说服力 文中会穿插具体案例、实验数据、研究成果等内容，用来支撑观点，让说明更具体、可信。 这类内容通常位于分述部分，作为某一论点的论据。 4.标题与主旨：高度契合，直击核心 文章标题大多直接点明说明对象或核心主题。 主旨题的答案基本能在开头或结尾找到对应表述。 考点一 细节理解题 细节理解题是说明文基础题型，占中考英语阅读题量的40%左右，题干多围绕具体数据、实验结果、事物特征等提问。解题核心是“精准定位→逐句比对→排除干扰”，三步闭环避免失分。 5.关键词定位：锁定答题区间 从题干中圈画核心关键词，优先选择大写字母（人名、地名、专有名词）、数字（时间、数量）、特殊标点词，以及题干中的名词、动词、形容词。 注意：若题干关键词在原文中以同义替换形式出现（如题干important对应原文vital），需结合初三核心词汇积累识别。 课堂eg：题干提问 When did the first 3D-printed bridge appear? ，圈画关键词 first 3D-printed bridge，快速定位原文对应句子。 6.原文逐句比对：核实信息真伪 找到关键词所在的句子及前后1-2句内容，逐词逐句对比选项与原文，重点关注修饰词（如only most never）、时态、主谓宾搭配。 禁忌：不可凭印象答题，必须回归原文找依据。 7.排除干扰项：规避中考常见陷阱 中考说明文细节题干扰项有3类固定类型，需明确识别： 偷换概念：替换原文核心词汇，如原文plastic bags改为选项paper bags； 无中生有：选项内容在原文中无任何依据，如原文未提及“成本”，选项却出现cheap； 扩大范围：将原文限定词删除或替换，如原文some students改为选项all students。 1．（2025·北京）Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. 2．（2024·北京） An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 3．（2025·北京海淀·三模） Indeed, in our new research, we found some clear concerns. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets (渠道). What can we know about some of the participants in the new research? A．They were frequently disturbed by digital devices. B．They felt it hard to acquire useful information online. C．They had shorter attention spans than average people. D．They felt challenged by fierce competition from others. 考点二 词义猜测题 词义猜测题考查语境理解能力，题干常要求猜测生词、短语或代词（如it they）的含义，解题核心是“依托语境、寻找线索、逻辑推导”，忌仅凭单词字面意思判断。 1.分析上下文语境：锁定线索范围 生词所在句子的前后句、段落主旨，是猜测词义的关键语境。先通读生词所在段落，理清句子间的逻辑关系，为找线索铺垫。 2.寻找语境线索：精准突破词义 中考英语说明文常通过以下4类线索提示词义，需重点关注： 1)同义线索：出现that is、 in other words、 or等词，后面内容是词义解释。 eg：The girl has a phobia, that is, a strong fear of spiders. → 通过a strong fear猜测phobia意为“恐惧”。 2)反义线索：出现but however on the contrary等转折词，前后内容形成对比。 eg：Tom is outgoing, while his sister is quite reserved. → 通过outgoing（外向的）反推reserved意为“内向的”。 3)因果线索：借助because so as a result等词，结合因果关系推测词义。 4)举例线索：出现for example such as等词，通过例子概括词义特征。 3.结合逻辑推导：验证词义合理性 找到线索后，结合句子逻辑和文章说明对象，推导词义并代入原文验证，确保词义符合语境，不偏离文章核心。 注意：对于代词猜测题（如it they），需向上文找指代对象，通常是前一句的名词或名词短语。 1．（2023·北京） Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 2.（2025·北京东城·二模） We know it is good to show interest in our partners during conversations in many ways—by asking questions, supporting a different opinion, or saying something that relates to what the other person just said. However, self-centredness is tricky to outrun. As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves—their feelings, opinions, and personal experiences. On social media, it’s even worse—80% of communication is self-related. 1．The words “tricky to outrun” in Paragraph 3 probably mean “________”. A．hard to shake off B．unusual to see C．pleasant to accept D．simple to deal with 考点三 主旨大意题 主旨大意题考查对全文或段落核心内容的概括能力，题干常问 What is the passage mainly about? ，解题关键是“找准核心、排除局部”。 1.定位主题句/高频词：抓住核心线索 ① 全文主题句：多在首段首句/尾段尾句，常以The passage mainly talks about... This article introduces...引出； ② 段落主题句：多在段首句，概括该段核心内容 首段首句 This passage introduces the history and uses of robots. 直接点明全文主旨 高频词 全文反复出现的名词/名词短语，往往是文章的说明对象，如全文多次出现renewable energy（可再生能源），则说明对象为“可再生能源的种类及优势” 2.概括全文核心：梳理说明逻辑 结合主题句和高频词，提炼核心结构：说明对象 + 说明内容（特征/原理/用途/影响）。 Eg：说明对象5G technology + 说明内容advantages and applications → 主旨为“5G技术的优势及应用”。 3.排除局部细节选项：聚焦整体 干扰项特征：多为文章某一段的细节内容（如某一个实验、某一个例子），无法概括全文； 解题技巧：若选项只提及原文的一个细节，直接排除。 1.（2025·北京·中考真题） Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation. B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 2.（2025·北京东城·一模） In our lively world, where there are crowds everywhere, there’s a group of people who prefer the quiet, less populated environments. But what is it that drives this preference? For some people who don’t like crowds, spending time alone brings peace and safety. Imagine standing in a busy market, with people moving and talking nonstop. The sensory input—all the sounds, smells, and the movements around them—can be difficult for these people to deal with. They often find comfort in calm spaces such as libraries, parks, or their bedrooms. In a crowded environment, it’s easy for them to get lost and forget about themselves. But they can focus on their thoughts and feelings when they’re alone. However, not all who avoid crowds do so out of choice. A recent study at a famous university found that some people experience great fear and anxiety (焦虑) in crowded places. Their hearts beat fast, they sweat (出汗), and they have a strong wish to get away. This condition influences how they behave in social situations. For these people, avoiding crowds is a necessary way to manage their anxiety. Interestingly, the study also showed that people who don’t like crowds aren’t necessarily unsociable. In fact, they often enjoy smaller, closer gatherings (聚会). Whether it’s a dinner with close friends or a family reunion, these smaller settings allow them to focus on the conversation, communicate with others, and build deeper relationships. Without the distractions (干扰) of a crowd, they can truly enjoy the company of their loved ones. For people who dislike crowds, dealing with social situations can be a challenge. However, there are ways to make these experiences more manageable. For example, they can choose to attend smaller, closer gatherings rather than large parties or events. They can also take breaks from social interactions when needed, stepping away to a quieter area to relax. Additionally, it’s important for these people to communicate their needs and preferences to others. By doing so, they can help others understand their dislike of crowds and find ways to meet their needs. Remember, everyone’s comfort levels and preferences are different. What might feel energizing to some can feel tiring to others. The key is empathy (共情), understanding, and respect for each other’s personal spaces and comfort zones. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．People’s different choices in social situations. B．Reasons for crowd discomfort and ways to ease it. C．Problems in dealing with social situations and solutions. D．People’s different preferences for crowds and the reasons. 考点四 推理判断题 推理判断题难度中等偏上，题干常含infer（推断）、suggest（暗示）、probably（可能）等词，要求学生基于原文信息推导结论，核心是“有据可依、合理推导、不越界”。 1.找原文依据：筑牢推理基础 推理题答案必须源于原文，不可脱离文本主观臆断。先定位与题干相关的原文内容，标注关键句作为推理“支撑点”，无原文依据的选项直接排除。 eg：原文 Many people choose to take public transport instead of driving cars in the city. ，可作为推导“城市交通拥堵可能缓解”的依据。 2.逻辑合理推导：遵循文本逻辑 结合原文依据，运用因果、转折、条件等逻辑关系推导结论，推导过程需符合常识和文本逻辑，不可过度延伸。 注意：关注连接词（如because but however so），它们是逻辑关系的“信号灯”。 3.规避两大误区：不选原句、不主观臆断 不选原句：推理题答案是原文的“言外之意”，直接摘抄原文的选项大概率是干扰项； 不主观臆断：避免用个人经验替代文本逻辑，即使选项表述符合常识，若与原文无关也需排除。 中考易错点：学生易误选“看起来正确但无原文依据”的选项，需反复强调“原文为本”的原则。 Eg.（2025·北京东城·二模） Scientists have long believed that one of the few good things about higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is that plants grow well in such conditions. But many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe). The report also warns of more harmful effects of climate change on the global food supply (供应). It predicts a rise of 7.6 percent in cereal (谷物) prices by 2050. Higher food prices will lead to an increased risk of hunger. 4．What does the example of wheat in Paragraph 4 show? A．The reason for the increase of food prices. B．The disadvantage of wheat as a cereal crop. C．The effect of climate change on food quality. D．The importance of wheat in crop production. 【答案】C 【解析】推理判断题。定位例子前的观点，根据“many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe).”判断例子作用：小麦的例子是为了支撑“二氧化碳超标降低作物营养”的观点。可知，以小麦为例是为了说明二氧化碳含量高会降低许多作物的蛋白质和营养物质，即展示了气候变化对食物质量的影响。匹配选项：C选项The effect of climate change on food quality准确对应观点，故选C。 1.（2025·北京·中考真题） For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2.（2024·北京·中考真题） Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. Passage 1 （2025·北京西城·二模）An interesting finding has been discovered from psychological research: Introverts may manage the challenges of aging better. While extroverts have long been celebrated for their social butterfly abilities, it turns out that the introvert’s natural inclinations (倾向) may serve as a built-in buffer against some of aging’s most common challenges. The very qualities of introverts—preference for quieter environments, comfort with being alone, and deeper but fewer social connections—appear to match well with the natural development of the social world as they grow older. The key lies in what is known as “positive disengagement”. Laura Carstensen. the founding director of Stanford’s Center of Longevity, suggests that as people grow older, they naturally become more selective (有选择的) about their social interactions. preferring quality over quantity (数量). The change that extroverts may feel uncomfortable with often comes more naturally to introverts. Another interesting work by Helene Fung at the Chinese University of Hong Kong found that introverts experience less worry about the social changes accompanying aging. While extroverts may have trouble with the decreased energy for socializing. introverts often find that such changes match with pre-existing (已存在的) preferences. Robert McCrae’s research at the National Institute on Aging supports this “introvert advantage”. His team’s findings show that introverts may deal with the big questions of aging better because they naturally think deeply about life. While extroverts might look for outside activities that can pull their attention away from aging-related worries, introverts’ natural inclinations to turn inward often result in better adjustment (调整) and acceptance of life’s changes. The most convincing research comes from Klaus Rothermund, who studies how people manage emotions as they age. His work shows that introverts often develop better coping skills earlier in life. Such skills as the ability to think deeply about themselves and the ability to form one-on-one connections become increasingly valuable as they grow older. It’s as if introverts have been unknowingly practicing for their elder years all along. The meanings of the findings go beyond just research interest. Understanding how different personality types deal with change becomes increasingly important as people age. For extroverts reading this, don’t feel disappointed—awareness is half the job done, and many coping skills that come naturally to introverts can be learned and trained. And for introverts? You might want to add this to your list of quiet victories. Your personality may have prepared you for a more beautiful journey into your later years. Sometimes, it seems that the tortoise doesn’t just win the race. It may also enjoy the journey more. 1．What does the word “buffer” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Weakness. B．Warning. C．Monitor. D．Protector. 2．Which behavior probably matches Carstensen’s findings? A．Refusing to choose friends according to personality. B．Spending less time alone to make time for social activities. C．Staying away from relationships that are not worthwhile. D．Joining in group discussions instead of thinking independently. 3．What can we learn about introverts and extroverts as they age? A．Introverts need to find ways to stop worrying about their age. B．Extroverts can learn from introverts about ways to slow aging down. C．Extroverts have the ability to deal with personal problems earlier in life. D．Introverts’ qualities better suit the natural changes of the social world. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Introverts: A More Popular Personality B．Introverts: Practice to Fight Against Aging C．Introverts: Feel Better When Getting Older D．Introverts: Social Advantages Over Extroverts Passage 2 （2025·北京西城·一模）People have the ability to “picture” an object inside their minds’ eye from memory. However, it’s unclear if dogs share this ability to imagine something that’s not there from a sound. When a dog follows its owner’s order, it’s hard to know what’s really going on inside its brain. Do dogs understand and respond (回应) to voice and words accompanying body language, or just the situation? Behavioral studies have offered some findings, but new research shows that dogs really understand the meaning behind words. According to a study published in Current Biology, dogs show a pattern of neural (神经的) activity that seems to show they can differentiate between words for different objects, and are even surprised when presented with words and objects that don’t match up. Magyari, a cognitive neuroscientist, used electroencephalogram (EEG) testing to measure the electrical pulse (脉冲) inside pet dogs’ brains and found an electrical pulse pattern similar to a known signal (信号) in humans. In humans, an effect called the N400 appears on EEG readouts when people meet language or other stimuli (刺激) . It’s a characteristic signal that reaches the highest around 400 milliseconds after a stimulus is presented, and gets larger when objects or images and words don’t match up. The bigger the surprise, the bigger the signal. Magyari’s team chose the pet dogs that could understand at least three object words for the test. After the dogs got used to the lab, they were separated from their owners by an electronic window that could quickly change from transparent (透明的) to non-transparent. The dogs were played recordings of their owners’ voices calling their attention to one of five familiar objects (e. g. ‘Fido, look, apple’), while being shown their owners’ faces through the window. After a period of non-transparent, the window would show the owner holding up one of the objects—either a match to the played words, or a mismatch. Meanwhile, the EEG recorded the electronic pulses going on inside their brains. When there was a mismatch between the voice and the object presented, the dogs’ EEG readouts always showed a highest signal between 200 and 600 milliseconds later—showing that dogs can differentiate between the meanings of some words. The dogs had the largest brain response when the most well-known words were paired with mismatched objects, further supporting the findings. The timing of the dogs’ electrical pulse suggests it could be analogous to the human N400 signal, though follow-up research would be necessary to test this idea. It’s possible that the brain wave recorded in the study is something special, because human and dog brains are so different. Now scientists are eager to study this mismatch effect. It’s pretty exciting to see that there might be some more progressive ideas. 1．Why did Magyari and her team do the research? A．To compare the understanding ability of dogs and humans. B．To explain why dogs can understand the meaning behind words. C．To study whether dogs understand words the way humans do. D．To test the effectiveness of EEG in studying animal behavior. 2．Which picture can show how Magyari’s team made the test? A． B． C． D． 3．What do the words “be analogous to” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Have influences on. B．Give responses to. C．Provide explanations for. D．Share similarities with. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．The dog’s EEG readout is larger when the mismatch effect takes place. B．The chosen dogs had to learn at least three object words for the test. C．The dogs’ brain waves show how they communicate with their owners. D．Magyari’s research showed why dogs could understand their owners’ words. Passage 3 （2025·北京朝阳·一模）Every year, a lot of food is wasted, and kitchens are one of the biggest causes. The Zero-Waste Kitchen aims to change this by helping people cook and manage food with as little waste as possible. This concept (概念) can go back to the 1980s in the United States, but it was Bea Johnson’s 2013 book, Zero Waste Home, that made it widely popular. Why is the Zero-Waste Kitchen important? Food waste is more than throwing away leftovers (剩饭). It also includes wasting the water, energy, and work used to grow, move, and make food. Cutting down on kitchen waste not only saves money but also helps the environment and makes better use of natural resources (资源). Many experts believe that small changes in cooking and shopping habits can help people practice a zero-waste lifestyle. Here are some simple ways to start. Plan before you shop. Buy only what you need. A famous Chef, Massimo Bottura says, “Cooking is an act of love, but it requires planning to avoid waste.” We can make a shopping list according to the planned meals. Then we will buy only what is necessary, reducing the chance of food going bad. Store food properly. As a food storage expert, Karen Kingston notes, “Proper storage can make the life of food longer and keep its good value for health. For example, using the right boxes and knowing how to keep different kinds of food can help stop food from going bad.” Make good use of leftovers. “Leftovers are an opportunity for creativity,” says Chef Dan Barber. Instead of throwing them away, we can use leftovers to create new meals. For example, leftover vegetables can be used to make soup, and overripe (熟透的) fruit can be used for juice. If leftovers cannot be eaten, they can be composted (制成堆肥) to improve soil and reduce waste. All in all, the Zero-Waste Kitchen is a simple and practical way to protect our planet. By making small changes in daily life, we can all help make the future cleaner and greener. Next time you cook, can you find one way to waste less? 1．According to the passage, why is cutting down on kitchen waste important? A．Because it is an easy task to complete in our everyday life. B．Because kitchen waste is the main cause of resource shortage. C．Because it helps to save on costs and benefits the environment. D．Because kitchen waste is responsible for most of the water waste. 2．Why does the writer use the example of Chef Massimo Bottura in Paragraph 4? A．To teach readers how to make a shopping list. B．To explain why shopping needs better planning. C．To encourage people to cook more often at home. D．To show us how famous chefs cook delicious meals. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．How the Zero-Waste Kitchen concept developed over time. B．Why it is important for us to live a zero-waste lifestyle. C．How we can practice a zero-waste kitchen in daily life. D．What effect food waste has on today’s environment. 21 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $