综合练02 阅读理解单选(15篇)（综合训练）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习高效培优系列

综合练02 阅读理解单选(15篇) Passage 01 【2026届广东省汕尾市普通高中高三上学期毕业班综合测试（一）】China announced a long-awaited plan to integrate the Pearl River Delta Area (PRDA) as an attempt to create a powerhouse to rival the US Silicon Valley that is home to such well-known companies as Google, Facebook and Apple. The possibilities and challenges of the effort are both equally promising and challenging. The plan is a natural result of the economic and technological development in the area. China’s opening up to the world more than four decades ago began in the area and PRDA has long been home to many of the country’s leading technological companies, including Huawei and Tencent. “The plan is promising,” said Adam Xu, an analyst at OC & C Strategy Consultants. “If you really look at history in China, a lot of top-down plans always have very strong bottom-up support. And a lot of economic activities have already happened there. Now they have a bigger plan to officially recognize, promote and further accelerate (加速).” The key challenge will be execution (执行). The plan has to integrate three different legal systems among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. That makes PRDA unique compared to the other two major areas in China — the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and the Yangtze River Delta Area near Shanghai. “We don’t know how effectively the top-down plan will guide the many independent growing forces at the local level,” Xu admitted. “This part will be quite an important challenge.” China has already taken major steps to overcome some of the physical barriers, such as linking Hong Kong with Guangzhou and Shenzhen by high-speed railways and its recent opening of the 55-kilometer Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge. But other barriers, such as the flow of people, information and money, may prove to be a bigger challenge. “The biggest challenge and the biggest beauty, if they eventually succeed, will be linking all of these together,” Xu said. “Once integrated, Hong Kong serves as a global financial center, Shenzhen as a technology and innovation lab, Guangzhou as a trade powerhouse, and Macau as a tourism and cultural bridge. Together, they reflect the dynamism of China’s growth and its deepening engagement with the world.” 8．What does Adam Xu want to stress in Paragraph 3? A．The favorable conditions in PRDA． B．The benefits of top-down plans in China. C．The speed of carrying out the plan. D．The flow of people, information and money. 9．What is the unique challenge in PRDA? A．The physical barriers. B．Different legal systems. C．The cultural differences. D．The local governments’ support. 10．Which city serves as a cultural bridge? A．Shenzhen. B．Hong Kong. C．Macau. D．Guangzhou. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Different Legal Systems in Hong Kong and Macau B．The Problems Facing China’s Newly Announced Plans C．The Advantages of Integrating the Other Two Areas D．The Potentials and Difficulties of Integrating PRDA Passage 02 【2026届重庆市好教育联盟模拟预测】A team of Chinese scientists has developed a groundbreaking device capable of changing the friction (摩擦力) between vehicle tires (轮胎) and roads into clean electricity. The device,called the roadbed tribological energy harvester (RTE harvester), presents a novel approach to taking advantage of the vast and previously untapped source of energy. An estimated 85 percent of a car’s energy is lost to heat and friction, with tire-road interaction alone holding an untapped energy potential of around 0.3 terawatts annually worldwide, equal to the yearly output of 30 dams of the Three Gorges project in China. The researchers from Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences crafted an energy collector implanted in the roadbed, capable of achieving a peak power output of 16.4 milliwatts from a single tire impact and achieving an impressive energy translation efficiency of 11.7 percent. The device, formed by a freestanding layer triboelectric nanogenerator array, is highly durable, operating stably across temperatures from minus 40℃ to 60℃ and varying humidity(湿度) levels, making it suitable for diverse global climates, according to the study published recently in the journal Science Advances. Its low cost, estimated at just $71.3 per square meter, makes it a highly practicable solution for widespread adoption across extensive road networks globally. Equipped with a self-powered, intelligent and connected transportation system, the innovation can supply energy to devices that monitor vehicle speed and weight, enhancing road safety and management without relying on external power sources. Placing the harvester over a 50-meter section can meet the power needs of traffic lights, cameras and other facilities along a one-kilometer road. “This breakthrough offers a new approach to efficient roadbed tribological energy harvesting and distributed power supply, paving the way for the integration of vehicle-to-road, vehicle-to-infrastructure (车辆与基础设施) and vehicle-to-everything systems,”said the paper’s co-corresponding authors Professor Wang and Professor Chen from the BINN. 12．What is the function of the RTE harvester? A．To improve tires’ durability. B．To monitor road conditions. C．To create a new energy source. D．To measure the heat from tires. 13．Why does the author mention the Three Gorges project? A．To emphasize the impact of vehicle emissions. B．To criticize the inefficiency of traditional dams. C．To compare the energy output of renewable sources. D．To highlight the scale of energy in tire-road friction. 14．What does paragraph 4 mainly focus on about the RTE harvester? A．Its applying prospects. B．Its testing procedures. C．Its working principle. D．Its basic components. 15．What is the professors’ attitude to the RTE harvester? A．Cautious. B．Hopeful. C．Suspicious. D．Dismissive. Passage 03 【2026届浙江省宁波市镇海区镇海中学高三首考模拟考试】 Sick young ants release a smell to tell worker ants to destroy them to protect the colony from infection, scientists said Tuesday, adding that queens do not seem to commit this act of self-sacrifice. Many animals conceal illness for social reasons. Ant colonies, however, act as one “super-organism” which works to ensure the survival of all, similar to how infected cells in our bodies send out a “find-me and eat-me” signal, according to an Austria-led team of scientists. When adult worker ants get an illness, they leave the nest to die alone. Young ants, known as pupae, in contrast are still trapped inside a cocoon, making social distancing impossible. Scientists had already figured out that when these pupae are terminally ill, there is a chemical change that produces a particular smell. Adult worker ants then gather around, remove the cocoon, “bite holes in the pupae and insert poison,” Dawson said. For the research, the scientists wanted to figure out whether the pupae “were actively saying: ‘hey, come and kill me,’” Dawson said. First, the scientists extracted the smell from the sick pupae of a black garden ant. When they applied the smell to a healthy brood in the lab, the workers still destroyed them. Then, the team conducted an experiment showing that the sick pupae only produce the smell when worker ants are nearby, proving it is a deliberate signal for destruction. “While it is a sacrifice — a truly altruistic act — it’s also in their own interest, because it means that their genes are going to survive and be passed on to the next generation,” Dawson said. However, there is one member of the nest that does not sacrifice itself. When queen pupae are infected inside their cocoons, they do not send out the smelly warning signal, the team found. “Are they cheating the system?” Dawson said the team asked themselves. However, they found that the “queen pupae have much better immune systems than the worker pupae, and so they were able to fight off the infection — and that’s why we think that they weren’t signalling”, she said. Dawson hopes future research will investigate whether queen pupae sacrifice themselves when it becomes clear they will not beat their infection. 12．Why does the author mention the “find-me and eat-me” signal? A．To explain the self-sacrifice signal system of the ants. B．To contrast disease responses in insects and humans. C．To show how ants carry out social distancing in the nest. D．To describe the method scientists used in their experiment. 13．What does the word “altruistic” in Paragraph 4 most nearly mean? A．Driven by self-preservation instincts. B．Carried out for the benefit of others. C．Controlled by genetic programming. D．Triggered by external chemical signals. 14．Why don’t queen pupae emit the warning signal? A．They possess superior immune defenses against infection. B．They use a biological trick to avoid detection. C．They postpone signaling until the infection progresses. D．They rely on specialized protective mechanisms. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Sick young ants invite destruction to save colony. B．Sick young ants send signals asking for treatment. C．Queen ants refuse to signal and avoid sacrifice. D．Different ant species show various sacrifice behaviors. Passage 04 【广东省深圳市某校2025-2026学年高二上学期期中考试】Scientists have invented a new way to make electricity. Their method uses supertiny holes to make electricity from moisture (水分) in the air. Water droplets in the air carry an electric charge. In clouds, these water droplets build up large charges, which we later see as lightning. One of the researchers, Yao Jun, described the new invention as a “small-scale, man-made cloud”. Since the new device generates electricity from the air, scientists call it “Air-gen”. The new device is very small and very simple. In it, water molecules from the air move through tiny holes from the upper part of a material down into the lower part of the material. The holes are the key. The material has lots of extremely tiny holes called “nanopores (纳米孔)”. As the water molecules work their way through the nanopores, they disrupt the electrical balance between the upper and lower parts of the material, leaving the upper part with a greater charge. This “imbalance” between the two parts is what creates electricity. Currently, the device only makes a small amount of electricity. But in lab tests, the Air-gen produced electricity all day and all night for a week, powered by nothing but the air. Scientists have tried to make electricity from humidity before, but those methods didn’t work for long or were too expensive to make. In 2020, Dr. Yao and his team found a way of getting electricity from humidity using special “nanowires” made from bacteria. In time, that research led the scientists to the key invention of the Air-gen. The researchers are hopeful the Air-gen will become an important green energy source. Many scientists are impressed with the ideas behind the Air-gen. But some scientists have suggested that it might be tough for the Air-gen to create enough electricity to really make a difference, especially compared with solar energy. But Dr. Yao and his team are to work on ways to make Air-gen technology more powerful. Dr. Yao says, “What I imagine is that sometime in the future, we can get clean electricity wherever we go.” 12．Why does the author mention droplets in the first paragraph? A．To explain how they form lightning. B．To stress that they carry electric charges. C．To show they are a natural phenomenon. D．To bring in the topic for discussion. 13．What does the underlined word “disrupt” in the second paragraph mean? A．Improve. B．Disturb. C．Adjust. D．Establish. 14．What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A．Air-gen sets the pace in electricity generation. B．Air-gen is more efficient than solar power. C．Air-gen is based on previous research. D．No electricity was made from moisture before. 15．What will Dr. Yao’s team continue to do next? A．To expand the use of Air-gen. B．To make Air-gen more productive. C．To switch to the study of solar energy. D．To cooperate with other research teams. Passage 05 【湖南省长沙市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】 Most air conditioners use refrigerant gases called HFCs (氢氟碳化合物)，which are hundreds of times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CO₂. Researchers have long sought ways to produce cooling systems that do without these troublesome gases. Now Exergyn, a Dublin-based company, claims to have developed a new type of air conditioning which avoids using HFCs. Exergyn’s system uses nitinol, a shape-memory alloy (合金) of nickel and titanium. All shape-memory alloys release heat when compressed (压缩), and then absorb it when the pressure is released and they return to their original shape. But Exergyn’s version of nitinol displays this quality to a remarkable degree. For its experimental model, the company produced 4 cm² plates of the alloy, each with holes to permit the passage of a heat-carrying liquid or gas. A range of eco-friendly substances such as water, salty water and air can-be employed in that role, thus avoiding the use of HFCs. Kevin O’ Toole, Exergyn’s managing director, explains, “To build a refrigerator involves fitting these plates together into stacks of 50 or more. Four stacks make a unit. The stacks are compressed in turn. At any given moment, one stack is being compressed, one released, one pre-heated and one pre- cooled. To cool a room involves passing one hot circuit and one cold circuit of the heat-carrying fluid or gas through this four-stack unit.” This method of cooling is not only more environmentally friendly than an HFC set-up, but will also be less expensive to buy and 30%–40% cheaper to run. It will be lighter and smaller, too. As for reliability, the prototype’s performance suggests the unit could operate for more than 40 years without a problem. Development is still continuing, but products may be only a few years away. Exergyn has also begun talks with carmakers and aerospace companies about setting up joint-development projects. With cars and some small aircraft going electric, it is not just cooling the cabin that manufacturers have to think about, but also cooling the batteries. 32．What are the holes in the plates of alloy intended for? A．Avoiding the use of those troublesome gases such as HFCs. B．Testing a range of substances such as water, salty water and air. C．Passing the heat-carrying fluid or gas through the four-stack unit. D．Helping compress, release, pre-heat and pre-cool the four stacks. 33．What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about concerning the new type of cooling? A．Its potential. B．Its strengths. C．Its functions. D．Its affordability. 34．What can we infer about Exergyn from the last paragraph? A．It is likely to expand its business. B．It will set up an aerospace company. C．It has brought the technology to market. D．It will lead the market of air conditioning. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Model: a four-stack unit B．HFCs: a potential crisis C．Exergyn: a future winner D．Nitinol: a cooler alternative Passage 06 【江苏省南京市玄武区南京外国语学校2025-2026学年高三上学期10月考】Jason Haney is a construction worker from Indiana. When he began his current job as foreman on a site opposite a children’s hospital, this awesome dad and hobby artist had a brilliant idea. Haney noticed that many of the sick kids at the Memorial Children’s Hospital in South Bend could not go outside, and his construction site was the only view from their hospital rooms. So together with his teenage daughter, Haney built a 2.5 meter tall plywood (胶合板) cut out of Waldo from the famous Where’s Waldo? books. Every day, the workers hide Waldo in a different spot on the construction site, giving the children a new challenge. As soon as Haney finds out that the kids have found Waldo, the cutout gets moved to a new secret hiding spot and the game begins again. Heidi Prescott, a spokeswoman for Beacon Health System, which runs the hospital, said the project began one winter when the workers put up an inflatable (可充气的) snowman for the children. The kids loved the idea and from there it quickly developed into the Waldo cutout. “It didn’t take long to catch on, the kids whether they are in the rooms or in a play area, they look across as soon as they get to the window,” Prescott told ABC News. “They will look all over the building, point and exclaim (惊叫) ‘I found him!’” Haney, meanwhile, simply enjoys knowing that he can brighten the children’s day and make them forget that they are in hospital for a few minutes. Jason has said over and over again, “All I did this for was to make the kids smile.” Haney even created a Facebook group where he leaves clues as to where Waldo might be hiding and the children can post photos of their findings. The project has been a huge success, with hundreds of people sharing photos of Waldo and happy parents thanking Haney for making an otherwise difficult visit to the hospital just that little bit more enjoyable. 8．Why did Jason Haney create the Waldo cutout? A．To bring joy to sick kids in the nearby hospital. B．To make his construction site more famous. C．To practice his hobby of art with his daughter. D．To attract more attention to the hospital’s work. 9．What can we learn about the Waldo game from paragraph 3? A．The kids need to find Waldo once a week. B．The game ends when all kids find Waldo. C．The game is kept going by moving Waldo regularly. D．The workers hide Waldo in the same place every day. 10．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Parents think the Waldo project makes hospital stays easier for kids. B．Haney’s next project will be more successful than the Waldo one. C．The Facebook group is only used to share hints about Waldo’s location. D．Haney posted photos online to encourage the ill kids. 11．Which of the following words can best describe Jason Haney? A．Selfless and humorous. B．Kind-hearted and creative. C．Shy and quiet. D．Considerate and serious. Passage 07 【江苏省南京市玄武区南京外国语学校2025-2026学年高三上学期10月考】The education technology (edtech) industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with investment (投资) in this field increasing more than forty times over the last decade. As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom. “Only 11% of education decision makers were looking at any type of evidence to make a purchasing decision on an edtech tool,” said Isabelle Hau, executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, an organization that helps improve how well children and adults learn. “And only 7% of edtech tools around the world have any kind of strict, dependable evidence that they work.” Besides the lack of research on which tools help students get better grades in this fast-growing edtech field, making sure everyone can get these tools fairly is also challenging. “Many of these tools aren’t shared fairly. This has to do with who pays the money for them and how the money is provided,” Ms. Hau explained. “Around the world, there’s still a huge divide in how easy it is for people in different places to use digital tools (like computers and tablets).” Hau joins GSE Dean Dan Schwartz and Senior Lecturer Denise Pope as they discuss edtech’s rocketing growth, what’s driving that growth, and how school leaders, the government, and other organizations can help teachers get the tools that will best serve their students. “A lot of people are working on it, including us, of course, because we have a big role to play in improving learning outcomes for children and educators,” Hau said. She also shared tips and resources for businessmen looking to get into the edtech space. “You need to start small, and you need to start with a handful of partners that love your solution. And then from there you can expect to grow in size.” 12．What might be the school leaders’ concern about edtech tools? A．Originality. B．Effectiveness. C．Safety. D．Convenience. 13．What does the underlined part “a huge divide” in paragraph 3 probably refer to? A．The inequality in access to digital tools. B．The difference in the quality of edtech products. C．The gap in digital skills between teachers and students. D．The imbalance in educational development across regions. 14．What is Hau’s suggestion for businessmen interested in edtech? A．Dream big. B．Seek investment. C．Be practical. D．Be independent. 15．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend edtech products and services. B．To complain about the poor quality of edtech tools. C．To provide detailed guidance on choosing edtech tools. D．To expose the challenges in the fast-growing edtech field. Passage 08 【江苏省徐州市徐州一中、徐州三中2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】 To reduce carbon emissions and slow down global warming, new buildings must meet high environmental standards. In the UK, this goal has been discussed for many years, especially since the government promised to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. However, despite the urgency of the climate crisis, many new homes still lack basic energy-saving features. This situation highlights the need for stronger action to make housing development truly sustainable. England plans to build 1.5 million new homes. But previous decisions — such as the removal of key environmental rules — have led to houses being built without essentials like solar panels. Future housing standards are expected to include solar technology, though there is uncertainty about how strict these rules will be. Experts suggest that all new homes should include solar panels, battery storage to reduce pressure on the grid (电网), and high-quality insulation (隔热) to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy bills. Domestic heating is an even bigger challenge. While the use of renewable energy is growing, reducing dependence on fossil fuels remains critical. Unfortunately, recent decisions have allowed wood-burning stoves and may continue to permit gas boilers in new homes. However, choosing gas boilers instead of heat pumps (热泵) is harmful to the environment and economically short-sighted. Many European countries have adopted heat pump technology, which reduces carbon emissions and could create new green jobs in the UK if supported by appropriate policies. A major issue is that large construction companies appear to have significant influence over housing policy. Developers often aim to reduce costs and maximize profits. However, long-term environmental goals are considered important. Refitting heat pumps and insulation costs far more than putting them at the beginning. Besides, some natural habitats cannot be replaced once destroyed. Sustainable housing is essential for current energy needs and for the health of the planet. 8．What does the author imply about the past efforts on sustainable housing? A．They faced strong opposition. B．They were insufficiently carried out. C．They were ignored by the public. D．They led to energy-saving adoption. 9．New homes in England are expected to _________. A．reduce energy cost B．remove solar panels C．lower battery storage D．follow flexible standards 10．Why is domestic heating considered a bigger challenge? A．Gas boilers are cheaper to use. B．It still relies heavily on fossil fuels. C．Solar panels require advanced technology. D．New homes lack space for heating systems. 11．What concern is raised in the last paragraph? A．Adopting green technology is more expensive. B．The government ignores environmental issues. C．Cost-driven decisions may harm future sustainability. D．Developers prefer to build homes near natural habitats. Passage 09 【江苏省徐州市徐州一中、徐州三中2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】 When Sarah, a book lover logged into her neighborhood’s AI-powered app, she never expected an algorithm (算法) to spark a lifelong friendship. The app, which analyzes residents’ hobbies and interaction patterns, suggested she connect with Mike, a fellow poetry enthusiast who lived just three blocks away — yet they’d never crossed paths in five years of living nearby. Their first offline encounter at a local cafe led to a monthly neighborhood book club, now a cornerstone of community life. AI is evolving into a powerful driver for fostering inclusive social connections within communities. In daily life, by using data analysis to understand residents’ interests and contact patterns, algorithms can form specific interest-based communities — from gardening groups to hiking clubs. For instance, neighbors living in suburban areas of the United States exchange professional knowledge through online platforms, which in turn helps organize offline activities such as seed-swapping events and joint community garden projects. However, hidden risks may arise from the popularity of AI use in daily life. As social technology expert Dr. Lisa Chen points out, the digital gap leaves elderly people who don’t know how to use smart devices out of community information and social activities. Smart monitoring and data collection also cause privacy worries, as community platforms often share data with third parties without permission. Worse still, algorithms focusing on bad events may increase distrust in communities and stop natural engagement. Experts advocate that communities ought to bridge the digital divide through AI literacy initiatives, safeguard data privacy via well-defined frameworks, and adjust algorithmic conduct based on moral standards. Ultimately, the core value of AI lies in complementing rather than replacing human connections. It is only by integrating technological efficiency with human warmth that we can promote more harmonious communities. 12．What can we learn about AI app from Sarah’s story? A．It redefined interaction patterns. B．It directly launched a book club. C．It greatly aroused social exclusion. D．It enhanced Sarah’s literacy innovation. 13．Which best explains “inclusive social connections” in communities? A．Residents’ interests are known to all. B．All jobs are done on online platforms. C．AI focuses on professional skill-sharing. D．Neighbors interact more online and offline. 14．What solutions may be effective for AI’s risks? A．Allowing data sharing with third parties. B．Letting AI evolve freely to ensure efficiency. C．Helping people, especially the elderly, use AI. D．Banning AI in activities to prevent privacy issues. 15．What’s the passage mainly about? A．AI facilitates diverse interest-based communities. B．AI both fosters connections and brings potential risks. C．Experts raise practical proposals to address AI issues. D．The digital gap threatens elderly people’s participation. Passage 10 【山东师范大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试】Everyone relies on bias — otherwise known as cognitive (认知的) shortcuts — in their daily lives. For example, imagine you’re scrolling through your social media feed and immediately dismiss a news article because it comes from a source you don’t typically trust. This scenario highlights how automatic and unconscious the mental process can be. These biases aren’t character flaws. Thousands of years ago, this type of quick decision-making ensured the safety of ancient humans. Although these mental shortcuts served us well long ago, they don’t always translate well to our complex modern world. For several decades, psychology researchers have been testing interventions to help people become aware of and minimize their biases. A new systematic review published in Nature Human Behaviour offers the most comprehensive analysis of bias training to date. Researchers combined results from 54 randomized controlled trials involving nearly 11,000 students to determine whether educational interventions can reduce cognitive biases. The studies used a wide range of approaches, including games, online simulations, classroom instruction, video-based training, and group discussions. The analysis found that these interventions led to a small but significant reduction in biased thinking. The most successful interventions from the studies focused on teaching specific cognitive strategies to neutralize (中立化) particular biases. These strategies include actively seeking out contradictory evidence when evaluating a claim and using structured checklists to avoid jumping to conclusions. Interestingly, the research revealed that some biases are harder to avoid than others. For example, people are more likely to cling to stereotypes (成见), such as assuming that someone who wears glasses and reads a lot is a librarian. It remains unclear whether these lessons transfer beyond the classroom; just because someone can avoid confirmation bias in an online test doesn’t mean they will use those skills in the real world. Researchers said this gap between laboratory performance and real-world application represents the next frontier in bias research. This field is important because cognitive biases can have far-reaching consequences in modern society, influencing medical diagnoses, public policy decisions, elections, and more. The take-home message: This review provides solid evidence that bias reduction is possible. 32．How did bias help ancient humans? A．Strengthen mental process. B．Make quick and safe decisions. C．Improve unconscious learning. D．Enhance social communication. 33．Which method is most effective for lessening specific biases? A．Having group discussions. B．Watching an instructional video. C．Thinking critically about an event. D．Conducting video-based experiments. 34．What remains a major challenge in bias research according to the text? A．The lack of research funding. B．The absence of effective tools. C．The gap between lab and reality. D．The unwillingness of participants. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Scientists Find New Ways to Train Our Brains B．Bias Training Proves Ineffective in New Study C．Stereotypes Remain the Biggest Challenge for Society D．Evidence Grows That Cognitive Bias Can Be Reduced Passage 11 【浙江省杭州高级中学2025-2026学年高三上学期】Much has been discussed about how modern lifestyles lead to insufficient sleep, unlike our ancestors who lived in simpler times. However, an analysis of 54 global sleep studies reveals that individuals in small, non-industrial societies actually sleep less than those in more industrialized regions. “Everyone I speak to in Canada and the US complains about poor sleep,” says Leela McKinnon from the University of Toronto Mississauga. “But the data doesn’t support that.” It is commonly believed that the rise of devices like smartphones has resulted in reduced sleep — often referred to as a sleep-loss epidemic. Yet, many studies reporting a decline in sleep duration rely on self-reported data, which is an unreliable measure. Research using more reliable methods, such as activity monitors or brainwave tracking, has not indicated a decrease in sleep over recent decades. For instance, a 2023 review of 168 studies found no significant drop in sleep duration over the past 50 years. However, these studies primarily focused on industrialized nations, leaving the question of whether sleep patterns were different before industrialization unanswered. The availability of wrist-based activity monitors made it easier to study sleep in non-industrial societies. Such studies have revealed short sleep durations. For instance, among hunter-gatherers, the San peoples in southern Africa sleep for 6.7 hours a night on average. McKinnon and her colleague David Samson, also from the University of Toronto Mississauga, have participated in several relevant studies. They compared sleep habits in industrialized nations — like the US and Australia — with those in smaller, non-industrial communities, including local groups in the Amazon, Madagascar, and Tanna Island in the Pacific. Their analysis, the most comprehensive to date, involved direct measurements of sleep in 866 participants aged 18 and older with no serious health issues. They discovered that individuals in non-industrial societies averaged 6.4 hours of sleep, while those in industrial societies averaged 7.1 hours. Additionally, people in non-industrial societies were asleep for 74% of their time in bed, compared to 88% in industrialized areas, a concept known as sleep efficiency. Samson believes that people in industrialized societies sleep longer and better because their environment is more suitable for sleep. “We see that we’ve made some real gains in the safety and security of our sleep sites,” he says, “We no longer need to worry about rival groups or predators at night.” 12．What does Leela McKinnon think of sleep complaints? A．They are overstated by people. B．They are supported by data. C．They are unique to Canada. D．They are caused by smartphones. 13．How did the researchers conduct their research on people’s sleep habits? A．By collecting sleep data of different age groups. B．By interviewing participants about their sleep routines. C．By analyzing health problems of sleep-deficient people. D．By comparing sleep conditions of different societies. 14．Why do people in industrial societies sleep better? A．They sleep less but feel better. B．Their sleep technology is advanced. C．They are more used to short sleep. D．Their sleep environments are safer. 15．What is the passage mainly about? A．Research challenges beliefs about sleep. B．Technology greatly reduces sleep time. C．Industrialization worsens sleep quality. D．Non-industrial societies sleep better. Passage 12 【福建省厦门第一中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】Understanding a proof in a math textbook is one thing; being able to reconstruct it without help is another thing. My classmates and I learned this the hard way at university. Most of our exams were oral exams, and nothing exposes a lack of deep knowledge faster than trying to explain a concept to someone. Unlike written exams, where visual learners may be able to parrot back memorized notes that they barely understand, an oral test demands creative thinking in real time. When presented with a problem, students not only need to recall relevant definitions and theories, but they also need to apply them-sometimes in ways they never anticipated. Students often fall into a familiar trap. They read the textbooks, highlight key passages, and review lecture notes. These activities feel productive, but when exam day arrives, a student will often realize their passive familiarity with the material doesn’t translate into the ability to apply it. Nor does it translate into a good grade. Passive learning is misleading. It feels like we’re making progress, but without actually applying what we learn, it slips away quickly. Consuming information is not the same as developing skills. The cognitive psychologist Daniel T. Willingham explains the distinction between passive and active learning when he writes, “Memory is the result of thought.” In other words, we forget most of what we encounter and remember only what we think about. Reading about calculations doesn’t automatically create the neural pathways needed to solve calculating problems. Those pathways only form through deliberate practice: by solving problems, making mistakes, and experiencing the struggle. As a general rule, the harder your brain works during practice, the better it performs when it matters. To truly master something, you should embrace challenges and accept the slow, often frustrating, pace of true learning. The oral math exam was valuable because it broke the illusion of passive learning. Standing in front of the professor, faced with a problem, there’s nowhere to hide. The pressure to produce mathematics revealed the true state of our understanding. To truly know what we don’t know, we should simulate our own oral exams by picturing an imaginary professor asking questions and forcing ourselves to figure out answers on our own. 8．What does the underlined phrase “parrot back” mean in paragraph 2? A．Repeat mechanically. B．Appreciate deeply. C．Apply creatively. D．Forget quickly. 9．Why do students fall into the learning trap? A．Because of over-reliance on textbooks. B．Because of brilliant exam performance. C．Because of a false sense of competence. D．Because of overemphasis on memory skills. 10．Which of the following statements might Daniel T. Willingham agree with? A．Repeated exposure strengthens memories. B．Active engagement builds solid memory. C．Memory improves with extensive reading. D．Learning occurs when teachers ask questions. 11．What would be the best title for the text? A．Passive Learning: The Silent Killer of Exams B．Conscious Practice: The Best Way to Learn Math C．Oral Math Exams: The Frustrating University Tests D．Active Learning: The Key to Mastering Knowledge Passage 13 【福建省厦门第一中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】For decades, scientists have identified chronic low-level inflammation (炎症) — called “inflammaging” — as one of the primary drivers of age-related diseases. Think of it as your body’s immune system stuck in overdrive — constantly fighting battles that don’t exist, gradually wearing down organs and systems. But a new study challenges that idea and could reshape how we think about aging itself. The research, published in Nature Aging, compared patterns of inflammation in four very different communities around the world. Two groups were from modern, industrialised societies — older adults living in Italy and Singapore. The other two were pristine communities who live more traditional lifestyles: the Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli in the forests of Malaysia. The researchers analysed blood samples from more than 2,800 people, looking at a wide range of inflammatory molecules (分子), known as cytokines. Among the Italian and Singaporean participants, the researchers found a fairly consistent inflammaging pattern. As people aged, levels of inflammatory markers in the blood rose together. Higher levels were linked to a greater risk of chronic diseases including kidney disease and heart disease. But in the Tsimane and Orang Asli populations, the inflammaging pattern was absent. The same inflammatory molecules did not rise consistently with age, and they were not strongly linked to age-related diseases. In fact, among the Tsimane, who face high rates of microorganism infections, inflammation levels were often high. Yet this did not lead to the same rates of chronic diseases that are common in industrialised nations. These results raise important questions. One possibility is that inflammaging, at least as measured through these blood signals, is not a universal biological feature of aging. Instead, it may arise in societies marked by high-calorie diets, low physical activity and reduced exposure to infections. In other words, chronic inflammation linked to aging and disease might not simply result from an inevitable biological process, but rather from a mismatch between our ancient physiology and the modern environment. If these findings are confirmed, they could have some significant consequences. 12．How is inflammaging related to aging in the established scientific view? A．It attacks human organs. B．It causes the inactivity of organs. C．It generates overactive immune response. D．It lowers the efficiency of immune system. 13．What does the word “pristine” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Unspoiled. B．Unwelcoming. C．Unsafe. D．Unlivable. 14．What has the study found about the Tsimane and Orang Asli people? A．They seldom develop chronic diseases. B．Their blood lacks inflammatory markers. C．They rarely get exposed to sources of infection. D．Their inflammation levels are independent of aging. 15．What does the new study suggest? A．Inflammaging is a signal of aging. B．Inflammaging is biologically unavoidable. C．Repeated infections hold back inflammaging. D．Modern lifestyle contributes to inflammaging. Passage 14 【江苏省扬州中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月阶段性测试】Anyone who has taken a standardized test knows that writing an essay in 20 minutes or less takes serious brain power. Having access to artificial intelligence (AI) would certainly lighten the mental load. But as a recent study by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) suggests, that help may come at a cost. Over the course of a series of essay-writing sessions, students working with as well as without an AI chatbot had their brain activity measured. Across the board, the AI users exhibited markedly lower brain activity in areas associated with creative functions and attention. Whether AI will leave people’s brains weak in the long term remains an open question. Researchers behind this study have stressed that further work is needed to establish a definitive causal link between increased AI use and weakened brains. After all, the study had a tiny sample size and focused on a single narrow task. Moreover, generative AI tools clearly seek to lighten people’s mental loads, as many other technologies do. Concerns about this kind of offloading aren’t new. As long ago as the 5th century BC, Socrates was quoted as complaining that writing is not “a potion (神药) for remembering, but for reminding”. Calculators spare cashiers from computing a bill. Navigation apps remove the need for map-reading. And yet few would argue that people are less capable as a result. There is little evidence to suggest that letting machines handle users’ mental tasks alters the brain’s capacity for thinking. But the worry is that generative AI allows one to offload a thought process. And once the brain has developed a taste for offloading, it can be a hard habit to kick. As one user put it, “I rely so much on AI that I don’t think I’d know how to solve certain problems without it.” The technology is so young that, for many tasks, the human brain is still the sharpest tool in the toolkit. But in time both the consumers of AI and its regulators will have to assess whether its wider benefits outweigh any cognitive (认知) costs. If stronger evidence emerges that AI makes people less intelligent, will they care? 12．What did the MIT study find? A．AI users showed less mental engagement. B．AI left people’s brains weak. C．AI lightened the mental load in writing. D．AI users associated creativity with attention. 13．According to Socrates, what negative consequence could writing have? A．People would avoid using reminders. B．People would stop thinking independently. C．People would rely less on their own memory. D．People would care less about the spoken word. 14．What point does the user’s remark in paragraph 5 illustrate? A．AI can change users’ mental capacity. B．AI is not widely available to the public. C．AI can encourage users’ mental laziness. D．AI is not capable of solving every problem. 15．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Will AI Make You Stupid? B．How AI Lets You Offload Tasks C．Why AI Affects Your Thinking Abilities D．Is AI a Mental Shortcut You Can easily Quit? Passage 15 【2026届河南省实验中学高三上学期模拟二英语试卷】For years, most new cars sold have been equipped with high-tech touch screens that control various functions, from air conditioning and navigation to music. Even safety features like automatic lane-keeping are sometimes screen-controlled. But are touch screens safe for drivers to use while driving? Traditional physical buttons allow drivers to operate controls without looking away from the road. However, touch screens offer no physical feedback, making it harder to use them without direct visual attention. Since a single screen handles dozens of functions, finding a particular setting often means tapping through several sub-menus. The result, say critics, is a dangerous distraction. Research backs that up. In 2022, Swedish researchers conducted a study comparing 11 cars with touch screens to an older model with physical buttons. They measured how long it took drivers to perform simple tasks like changing radio stations or adjusting temperature while driving at 110 km/h. The results were striking. In the older car, drivers completed all tasks in about ten seconds, during which the car traveled approximately 300 meters. In the worst-performing modern car, the same tasks took 45 seconds, with the car covering 1.4 kilometers. Even the best-performing models required several seconds longer than the traditional button-controlled car. Another study in 2024 by Norwegian researchers used gaze-tracking cameras to measure distraction times. They found that even the quickest task—adjusting temperature — took drivers’ eyes off the road for an average of 3.5 seconds. Finding a new radio station took 11 seconds, while entering a new navigation address took 16 seconds. An analysis published in 2020 by the Transport Research Laboratory, a British organization, found that touch screens impaired a driver’s reaction time more than driving over the legal alcohol limit. Safety organizations are taking actions. Starting this year, Euro NCAP, which provides safety ratings for cars in Europe, will require that certain critical functions like turn signals and windshield wipers must be controlled by physical buttons for a car to receive the highest five-star safety rating. Meanwhile, car manufacturers are responding to concerns. Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Porsche have begun returning physical buttons to their new models, recognizing that many drivers find touch screens inconvenient and potentially dangerous. As car technology continues to evolve, the balance between innovation and safety remains an important consideration. 12．What makes touch screens less user-friendly for drivers? A．They are energy consuming. B．They have a single function. C．They provide no physical response. D．They are more expensive to produce. 13．What did the Swedish study focus on? A．Drivers’ feelings about control systems. B．The time required to perform simple operations. C．The various road conditions and driving speeds. D．The long-term impact of touch screens on driving habits. 14．Why did Euro NCAP set the new rules? A．To reduce production cost. B．To promote more touch screens use. C．To enhance driving safety. D．To encourage new system development. 15．Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A．Touch screens may pose risks to driving safety. B．Safety is an important consideration for driving. C．Physical buttons should be replaced by touch screens. D．Touch screens are more convenient than physical buttons. 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 综合练02 阅读理解单选(15篇) Passage 01 【2026届广东省汕尾市普通高中高三上学期毕业班综合测试（一）】China announced a long-awaited plan to integrate the Pearl River Delta Area (PRDA) as an attempt to create a powerhouse to rival the US Silicon Valley that is home to such well-known companies as Google, Facebook and Apple. The possibilities and challenges of the effort are both equally promising and challenging. The plan is a natural result of the economic and technological development in the area. China’s opening up to the world more than four decades ago began in the area and PRDA has long been home to many of the country’s leading technological companies, including Huawei and Tencent. “The plan is promising,” said Adam Xu, an analyst at OC & C Strategy Consultants. “If you really look at history in China, a lot of top-down plans always have very strong bottom-up support. And a lot of economic activities have already happened there. Now they have a bigger plan to officially recognize, promote and further accelerate (加速).” The key challenge will be execution (执行). The plan has to integrate three different legal systems among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. That makes PRDA unique compared to the other two major areas in China — the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and the Yangtze River Delta Area near Shanghai. “We don’t know how effectively the top-down plan will guide the many independent growing forces at the local level,” Xu admitted. “This part will be quite an important challenge.” China has already taken major steps to overcome some of the physical barriers, such as linking Hong Kong with Guangzhou and Shenzhen by high-speed railways and its recent opening of the 55-kilometer Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge. But other barriers, such as the flow of people, information and money, may prove to be a bigger challenge. “The biggest challenge and the biggest beauty, if they eventually succeed, will be linking all of these together,” Xu said. “Once integrated, Hong Kong serves as a global financial center, Shenzhen as a technology and innovation lab, Guangzhou as a trade powerhouse, and Macau as a tourism and cultural bridge. Together, they reflect the dynamism of China’s growth and its deepening engagement with the world.” 8．What does Adam Xu want to stress in Paragraph 3? A．The favorable conditions in PRDA． B．The benefits of top-down plans in China. C．The speed of carrying out the plan. D．The flow of people, information and money. 9．What is the unique challenge in PRDA? A．The physical barriers. B．Different legal systems. C．The cultural differences. D．The local governments’ support. 10．Which city serves as a cultural bridge? A．Shenzhen. B．Hong Kong. C．Macau. D．Guangzhou. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Different Legal Systems in Hong Kong and Macau B．The Problems Facing China’s Newly Announced Plans C．The Advantages of Integrating the Other Two Areas D．The Potentials and Difficulties of Integrating PRDA 【答案】8．A 9．B 10．C 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍中国珠三角整合计划的发展潜力与面临的各类挑战。 8．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“If you really look at history in China, a lot of top-down plans always have very strong bottom-up support. And a lot of economic activities have already happened there. Now they have a bigger plan to officially recognize, promote and further accelerate. (如果你仔细研究中国的历史，就会发现很多自上而下的计划都得到了非常强大的自下而上的支持。而且那里已经开展了很多经济活动。现在他们有了一个更宏大的计划来正式认可、促进并进一步加速其发展。)”可知，Adam Xu强调珠三角有自上而下的政策支持和活跃的经济活动等有利条件，凸显该计划具备良好基础。故选A项。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The plan has to integrate three different legal systems among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. That makes PRDA unique compared to the other two major areas in China — the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and the Yangtze River Delta Area near Shanghai. (该计划必须整合中国内地、香港和澳门三个不同的法律体系。这使得珠三角与中国另外两个主要区域 —— 京津冀地区和上海附近的长三角地区相比，具有独特性。)”可知，珠三角整合面临的独特挑战是要整合不同的法律体系。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Once integrated, Hong Kong serves as a global financial center, Shenzhen as a technology and innovation lab, Guangzhou as a trade powerhouse, and Macau as a tourism and cultural bridge. (一旦整合完成，香港将成为全球金融中心，深圳成为科技创新实验室，广州成为贸易重镇，澳门成为旅游和文化桥梁。)”可知，澳门是文化桥梁。故选C项。 11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“China announced a long-awaited plan to integrate the Pearl River Delta Area (PRDA) as an attempt to create a powerhouse to rival the US Silicon Valley that is home to such well-known companies as Google, Facebook and Apple. The possibilities and challenges of the effort are both equally promising and challenging. (中国宣布了一项期待已久的整合珠江三角洲地区（PRDA）的计划，试图创建一个与美国硅谷相媲美的强大地区，硅谷是谷歌、Facebook和苹果等知名公司的所在地。这一举措的可能性与挑战都同样充满前景且极具难度。)”以及全文围绕珠三角整合的潜力和各类挑战展开论述可知，本文核心是珠三角整合计划的潜力与困难。D项“The Potentials and Difficulties of Integrating PRDA (整合PRDA的潜力与困难)”可以作为本文的标题。故选D项。 Passage 02 【2026届重庆市好教育联盟模拟预测】A team of Chinese scientists has developed a groundbreaking device capable of changing the friction (摩擦力) between vehicle tires (轮胎) and roads into clean electricity. The device,called the roadbed tribological energy harvester (RTE harvester), presents a novel approach to taking advantage of the vast and previously untapped source of energy. An estimated 85 percent of a car’s energy is lost to heat and friction, with tire-road interaction alone holding an untapped energy potential of around 0.3 terawatts annually worldwide, equal to the yearly output of 30 dams of the Three Gorges project in China. The researchers from Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences crafted an energy collector implanted in the roadbed, capable of achieving a peak power output of 16.4 milliwatts from a single tire impact and achieving an impressive energy translation efficiency of 11.7 percent. The device, formed by a freestanding layer triboelectric nanogenerator array, is highly durable, operating stably across temperatures from minus 40℃ to 60℃ and varying humidity(湿度) levels, making it suitable for diverse global climates, according to the study published recently in the journal Science Advances. Its low cost, estimated at just $71.3 per square meter, makes it a highly practicable solution for widespread adoption across extensive road networks globally. Equipped with a self-powered, intelligent and connected transportation system, the innovation can supply energy to devices that monitor vehicle speed and weight, enhancing road safety and management without relying on external power sources. Placing the harvester over a 50-meter section can meet the power needs of traffic lights, cameras and other facilities along a one-kilometer road. “This breakthrough offers a new approach to efficient roadbed tribological energy harvesting and distributed power supply, paving the way for the integration of vehicle-to-road, vehicle-to-infrastructure (车辆与基础设施) and vehicle-to-everything systems,”said the paper’s co-corresponding authors Professor Wang and Professor Chen from the BINN. 12．What is the function of the RTE harvester? A．To improve tires’ durability. B．To monitor road conditions. C．To create a new energy source. D．To measure the heat from tires. 13．Why does the author mention the Three Gorges project? A．To emphasize the impact of vehicle emissions. B．To criticize the inefficiency of traditional dams. C．To compare the energy output of renewable sources. D．To highlight the scale of energy in tire-road friction. 14．What does paragraph 4 mainly focus on about the RTE harvester? A．Its applying prospects. B．Its testing procedures. C．Its working principle. D．Its basic components. 15．What is the professors’ attitude to the RTE harvester? A．Cautious. B．Hopeful. C．Suspicious. D．Dismissive. 12．C 13．D 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。中国科学家研发出道路摩擦能量收集器(RTE harvester)，能将轮胎与路面摩擦力转化为电能，其性能佳、成本低，应用前景好，为能源收集和供电带来新途径。 12．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A team of Chinese scientists has developed a groundbreaking device capable of changing the friction (摩擦力) between vehicle tires (轮胎) and roads into clean electricity. The device, called the roadbed tribological energy harvester (RTE harvester), presents a novel approach to taking advantage of the vast and previously untapped source of energy. (一组中国科学家开发出一种开创性的装置，能够将车辆轮胎与道路之间的摩擦力转化为清洁电力。这种被称为路基摩擦能量收集器(RTE收集器)的装置，为利用这一巨大且此前未开发的能源提供了一种新方法。)”可知，RTE收集器的作用是将轮胎与道路之间的摩擦力转化为清洁电力，也就是创造了一种新的能源。故选C项。 13．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“An estimated 85 percent of a car’s energy is lost to heat and friction, with tire-road interaction alone holding an untapped energy potential of around 0.3 terawatts annually worldwide, equal to the yearly output of 30 dams of the Three Gorges project in China. (据估计，汽车85%的能量都因热量和摩擦而损失，仅轮胎与道路的相互作用，每年在全球范围内就有约0.3太瓦的未开发能源潜力，相当于中国三峡工程30个大坝的年发电量。)”可知，作者提到三峡工程是为了强调轮胎与道路摩擦中所蕴含的能源规模之大。故选D项。 14．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Equipped with a self-powered, intelligent and connected transportation system, the innovation can supply energy to devices that monitor vehicle speed and weight, enhancing road safety and management without relying on external power sources. (这项创新配备了自供电、智能和互联的交通系统，可以为监测车辆速度和重量的设备供电，在不依赖外部电源的情况下提高道路安全和管理水平。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了RTE收集器的应用前景，即它可以为哪些设备供电以及在不同路段上的应用效果。A选项“Its applying prospect.(其应用前景。)”概括本段主要内容，符合题意。故选A项。 15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“‘This breakthrough offers a new approach to efficient roadbed tribological energy harvesting and distributed power supply, paving the way for the integration of vehicle-to-road, vehicle-to-infrastructure (车辆对基础建设的) and vehicle- to- everything systems,’ said the paper’s co-corresponding authors Professor Wang and Professor Chen from the BINN. (“这一突破为高效的路基摩擦能量收集和分布式供电提供了一种新方法，为车对路、车对基础设施以及车对万物系统的集成铺平了道路，”来自北京纳米能源与系统研究所的论文共同通讯作者王教授和陈教授说。)”可知，教授们对RTE收集器的态度是充满希望的，认为它为未来的能源收集和系统集成提供了新的途径。故选B项。 Passage 03 【2026届浙江省宁波市镇海区镇海中学高三首考模拟考试】 Sick young ants release a smell to tell worker ants to destroy them to protect the colony from infection, scientists said Tuesday, adding that queens do not seem to commit this act of self-sacrifice. Many animals conceal illness for social reasons. Ant colonies, however, act as one “super-organism” which works to ensure the survival of all, similar to how infected cells in our bodies send out a “find-me and eat-me” signal, according to an Austria-led team of scientists. When adult worker ants get an illness, they leave the nest to die alone. Young ants, known as pupae, in contrast are still trapped inside a cocoon, making social distancing impossible. Scientists had already figured out that when these pupae are terminally ill, there is a chemical change that produces a particular smell. Adult worker ants then gather around, remove the cocoon, “bite holes in the pupae and insert poison,” Dawson said. For the research, the scientists wanted to figure out whether the pupae “were actively saying: ‘hey, come and kill me,’” Dawson said. First, the scientists extracted the smell from the sick pupae of a black garden ant. When they applied the smell to a healthy brood in the lab, the workers still destroyed them. Then, the team conducted an experiment showing that the sick pupae only produce the smell when worker ants are nearby, proving it is a deliberate signal for destruction. “While it is a sacrifice — a truly altruistic act — it’s also in their own interest, because it means that their genes are going to survive and be passed on to the next generation,” Dawson said. However, there is one member of the nest that does not sacrifice itself. When queen pupae are infected inside their cocoons, they do not send out the smelly warning signal, the team found. “Are they cheating the system?” Dawson said the team asked themselves. However, they found that the “queen pupae have much better immune systems than the worker pupae, and so they were able to fight off the infection — and that’s why we think that they weren’t signalling”, she said. Dawson hopes future research will investigate whether queen pupae sacrifice themselves when it becomes clear they will not beat their infection. 12．Why does the author mention the “find-me and eat-me” signal? A．To explain the self-sacrifice signal system of the ants. B．To contrast disease responses in insects and humans. C．To show how ants carry out social distancing in the nest. D．To describe the method scientists used in their experiment. 13．What does the word “altruistic” in Paragraph 4 most nearly mean? A．Driven by self-preservation instincts. B．Carried out for the benefit of others. C．Controlled by genetic programming. D．Triggered by external chemical signals. 14．Why don’t queen pupae emit the warning signal? A．They possess superior immune defenses against infection. B．They use a biological trick to avoid detection. C．They postpone signaling until the infection progresses. D．They rely on specialized protective mechanisms. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Sick young ants invite destruction to save colony. B．Sick young ants send signals asking for treatment. C．Queen ants refuse to signal and avoid sacrifice. D．Different ant species show various sacrifice behaviors. 12．A 13．B 14．A 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了生病的年轻蚂蚁会释放一种气味，告诉工蚁摧毁它们以保护蚁群免受感染，而蚁后似乎不会做出这种自我牺牲的行为，并说明了背后的原因。 12．推理判断题。根据第二段“Many animals conceal illness for social reasons. Ant colonies, however, act as one “super-organism” which works to ensure the survival of all, similar to how infected cells in our bodies send out a “find-me and eat-me” signal, according to an Austria-led team of scientists(许多动物出于社会原因隐藏疾病。然而，一个由奥地利领导的科学家团队称，蚂蚁群落就像一个“超级生物体”，致力于确保所有蚂蚁的生存，这与我们体内受感染的细胞发出“找到我并吃掉我”的信号类似)”可知，蚂蚁群落就像一个“超级生物体”，致力于确保所有蚂蚁的生存，可推理出作者提到“找到我并吃掉我”的信号是为了解释蚂蚁的自我牺牲信号系统。故选A。 13．词句猜测题。根据第四段““While it is a sacrifice—a truly altruistic act—it’s also in their own interest, because it means that their genes are going to survive and be passed on to the next generation,” Dawson said(道森说：“虽然这是一种牺牲——一种真正的altruistic行为——但这也符合它们自身的利益，因为这意味着它们的基因将存活下来并传给下一代。”)”可知，划线词上文提到了牺牲，下文提到了符合它们自身的利益，可推理出蚂蚁的这种自我牺牲行为是利他的，所以“altruistic”在这里最接近的意思是“利他的”。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, they found that the “queen pupae have much better immune systems than the worker pupae, and so they were able to fight off the infection—and that’s why we think that they weren’t signalling”, she said(然而，他们发现“蚁后蛹的免疫系统比工蚁蛹好得多，所以它们能够抵御感染——这就是我们认为它们不发出信号的原因”，她说)”可知，蚁后蛹不发出警告信号是因为它们拥有更强的免疫防御能力来对抗感染。故选A。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“Sick young ants release a smell to tell worker ants to destroy them to protect the colony from infection, scientists said Tuesday, adding that queens do not seem to commit this act of self-sacrifice.(科学家周二表示，生病的年轻蚂蚁会释放一种气味，告诉工蚁摧毁它们以保护蚁群免受感染，并补充说蚁后似乎不会做出这种自我牺牲的行为)”可知，文章主要围绕生病的年轻蚂蚁通过释放气味邀请被摧毁以拯救蚁群展开，所以A选项“Sick young ants invite destruction to save colony(生病的年轻蚂蚁邀请被摧毁以拯救蚁群)”最能概括文章主旨。故选A。 Passage 04 【广东省深圳市某校2025-2026学年高二上学期期中考试】Scientists have invented a new way to make electricity. Their method uses supertiny holes to make electricity from moisture (水分) in the air. Water droplets in the air carry an electric charge. In clouds, these water droplets build up large charges, which we later see as lightning. One of the researchers, Yao Jun, described the new invention as a “small-scale, man-made cloud”. Since the new device generates electricity from the air, scientists call it “Air-gen”. The new device is very small and very simple. In it, water molecules from the air move through tiny holes from the upper part of a material down into the lower part of the material. The holes are the key. The material has lots of extremely tiny holes called “nanopores (纳米孔)”. As the water molecules work their way through the nanopores, they disrupt the electrical balance between the upper and lower parts of the material, leaving the upper part with a greater charge. This “imbalance” between the two parts is what creates electricity. Currently, the device only makes a small amount of electricity. But in lab tests, the Air-gen produced electricity all day and all night for a week, powered by nothing but the air. Scientists have tried to make electricity from humidity before, but those methods didn’t work for long or were too expensive to make. In 2020, Dr. Yao and his team found a way of getting electricity from humidity using special “nanowires” made from bacteria. In time, that research led the scientists to the key invention of the Air-gen. The researchers are hopeful the Air-gen will become an important green energy source. Many scientists are impressed with the ideas behind the Air-gen. But some scientists have suggested that it might be tough for the Air-gen to create enough electricity to really make a difference, especially compared with solar energy. But Dr. Yao and his team are to work on ways to make Air-gen technology more powerful. Dr. Yao says, “What I imagine is that sometime in the future, we can get clean electricity wherever we go.” 12．Why does the author mention droplets in the first paragraph? A．To explain how they form lightning. B．To stress that they carry electric charges. C．To show they are a natural phenomenon. D．To bring in the topic for discussion. 13．What does the underlined word “disrupt” in the second paragraph mean? A．Improve. B．Disturb. C．Adjust. D．Establish. 14．What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A．Air-gen sets the pace in electricity generation. B．Air-gen is more efficient than solar power. C．Air-gen is based on previous research. D．No electricity was made from moisture before. 15．What will Dr. Yao’s team continue to do next? A．To expand the use of Air-gen. B．To make Air-gen more productive. C．To switch to the study of solar energy. D．To cooperate with other research teams. 12．D 13．B 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们发明了一种从空气所含水分中产生电的设备Air-gen，这种设备小而简单，虽然目前只能产生少量的电，但是科学家们正在研究如何使其产生更多的电。在未来，这种设备有望成为一种重要的绿色能源。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Water droplets in the air carry an electric charge. In clouds, these water droplets build up large charges, which we later see as lightning. One of the researchers, Yao Jun, described the new invention as a “small-scale, man-made cloud”. (空气中的水滴带有电荷。在云中，这些水滴聚集了大量电荷，这就是我们后来看到的闪电。其中一名研究人员姚军将这项新发明描述为“小规模的人造云”)”可知，作者先提到空气中的水滴携带电荷，然后提到一项运用该原理发电的新发明。由此可知，作者提到“水滴”是为了引出下文要探讨的内容——一种从空气所含水分中产生电能的设备Air-gen以及与之相关的情况。故选D项。 13．词义猜测题。根据画线词的下文“the electrical balance between the upper and lower parts of the material, leaving the upper part with a greater charge. This “imbalance” between the two parts is what creates electricity. (……材料的上部和下部之间的电平衡，使上部带有更大的电荷。这两部分之间的“不平衡”就是产生电的原因)”可知，水分子使材料上下部分产生电荷差异，从而产生电。由此可推知，水分子扰乱了原先的电平衡，画线单词的含义是“扰乱”，和disturb意思相近。故选B项。 14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“In 2020, Dr. Yao and his team found a way of getting electricity from humidity using special “nanowires” made from bacteria. In time, that research led the scientists to the key invention of the Air-gen. (2020年，姚博士和他的团队发现了一种利用细菌制成的特殊“纳米线”从湿度中获取电能的方法。随着时间的推移，这项研究引导科学家们发明了Air-gen)”可知，该团队2020年的研究引导了后来Air-gen的发明。由此可知，Air-gen的发明基于先前的研究。故选C项。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But some scientists have suggested that it might be tough for the Air-gen to create enough electricity to really make a difference, especially compared with solar energy. But Dr. Yao and his team are to work on ways to make Air-gen technology more powerful. (但一些科学家认为，Air-gen可能很难产生足够的电能来真正发挥作用，尤其是与太阳能相比。但姚博士和他的团队正在研究使Air-gen技术更强大的方法)”可知，虽然目前Air-gen发电的能力有限，但是姚博士的团队在探索增强发电能力的方法，接下来会让Air-gen产生更多的电。故选B项。 Passage 05 【湖南省长沙市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】 Most air conditioners use refrigerant gases called HFCs (氢氟碳化合物)，which are hundreds of times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CO₂. Researchers have long sought ways to produce cooling systems that do without these troublesome gases. Now Exergyn, a Dublin-based company, claims to have developed a new type of air conditioning which avoids using HFCs. Exergyn’s system uses nitinol, a shape-memory alloy (合金) of nickel and titanium. All shape-memory alloys release heat when compressed (压缩), and then absorb it when the pressure is released and they return to their original shape. But Exergyn’s version of nitinol displays this quality to a remarkable degree. For its experimental model, the company produced 4 cm² plates of the alloy, each with holes to permit the passage of a heat-carrying liquid or gas. A range of eco-friendly substances such as water, salty water and air can-be employed in that role, thus avoiding the use of HFCs. Kevin O’ Toole, Exergyn’s managing director, explains, “To build a refrigerator involves fitting these plates together into stacks of 50 or more. Four stacks make a unit. The stacks are compressed in turn. At any given moment, one stack is being compressed, one released, one pre-heated and one pre- cooled. To cool a room involves passing one hot circuit and one cold circuit of the heat-carrying fluid or gas through this four-stack unit.” This method of cooling is not only more environmentally friendly than an HFC set-up, but will also be less expensive to buy and 30%–40% cheaper to run. It will be lighter and smaller, too. As for reliability, the prototype’s performance suggests the unit could operate for more than 40 years without a problem. Development is still continuing, but products may be only a few years away. Exergyn has also begun talks with carmakers and aerospace companies about setting up joint-development projects. With cars and some small aircraft going electric, it is not just cooling the cabin that manufacturers have to think about, but also cooling the batteries. 32．What are the holes in the plates of alloy intended for? A．Avoiding the use of those troublesome gases such as HFCs. B．Testing a range of substances such as water, salty water and air. C．Passing the heat-carrying fluid or gas through the four-stack unit. D．Helping compress, release, pre-heat and pre-cool the four stacks. 33．What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about concerning the new type of cooling? A．Its potential. B．Its strengths. C．Its functions. D．Its affordability. 34．What can we infer about Exergyn from the last paragraph? A．It is likely to expand its business. B．It will set up an aerospace company. C．It has brought the technology to market. D．It will lead the market of air conditioning. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Model: a four-stack unit B．HFCs: a potential crisis C．Exergyn: a future winner D．Nitinol: a cooler alternative 32．C 33．B 34．A 35．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一款不含氢氟碳化合物的新型环保空调及其工作原理与优势。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“For its experimental model, the company produced 4 cm² plates of the alloy, each with holes to permit the passage of a heat-carrying liquid or gas. (在实验模型中，该公司制造了4平方厘米的合金板，每块板上都有孔洞，以便载热液体或气体通过)”可知，合金板上的孔洞用途是让载热流体或气体通过。故选C项。 33．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“This method of cooling is not only more environmentally friendly than an HFC set-up, but will also be less expensive to buy and 30%–40% cheaper to run. It will be lighter and smaller, too. As for reliability, the prototype’s performance suggests the unit could operate for more than 40 years without a problem. (这种制冷方式不仅比氢氟碳化合物制冷系统更环保，而且购买成本更低，运行成本也低30%至40%。它还会更轻、更小。在可靠性方面，原型机的表现表明该设备可以无故障运行40年以上)”可知，该段主要介绍了这种新型制冷方式的各项优势。故选B项。 34．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Exergyn has also begun talks with carmakers and aerospace companies about setting up joint-development projects. (埃克瑟金公司也已开始与汽车制造商和航空航天公司洽谈建立联合开发项目)”可知，该公司正计划拓展业务领域，很可能会扩大自身的业务规模。故选A项。 35．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“ Now Exergyn, a Dublin-based company, claims to have developed a new type of air conditioning which avoids using HFCs.(现在，总部位于都柏林的埃克瑟金公司声称已经开发出一种新型空调，可以避免使用氢氟碳化物)”和第二段中“ Exergyn’s system uses nitinol, a shape-memory alloy (合金) of nickel and titanium. All shape-memory alloys release heat when compressed (压缩), and then absorb it when the pressure is released and they return to their original shape.(埃克瑟金的系统使用镍钛诺，一种由镍和钛组成的形状记忆合金。所有的形状记忆合金在被压缩时都会释放热量，然后在压力释放时吸收热量，然后恢复到原来的形状)”可知，文章围绕一款以镍钛诺形状记忆合金为核心的新型制冷设备展开，介绍了其工作原理、优势以及未来的发展方向，这种合金是替代氢氟碳化合物制冷的新选择。D选项 “Nitinol: a cooler alternative(镍钛诺：一种制冷新选择)”最能概括全文主旨，适合用作标题。故选D项。 Passage 06 【江苏省南京市玄武区南京外国语学校2025-2026学年高三上学期10月考】Jason Haney is a construction worker from Indiana. When he began his current job as foreman on a site opposite a children’s hospital, this awesome dad and hobby artist had a brilliant idea. Haney noticed that many of the sick kids at the Memorial Children’s Hospital in South Bend could not go outside, and his construction site was the only view from their hospital rooms. So together with his teenage daughter, Haney built a 2.5 meter tall plywood (胶合板) cut out of Waldo from the famous Where’s Waldo? books. Every day, the workers hide Waldo in a different spot on the construction site, giving the children a new challenge. As soon as Haney finds out that the kids have found Waldo, the cutout gets moved to a new secret hiding spot and the game begins again. Heidi Prescott, a spokeswoman for Beacon Health System, which runs the hospital, said the project began one winter when the workers put up an inflatable (可充气的) snowman for the children. The kids loved the idea and from there it quickly developed into the Waldo cutout. “It didn’t take long to catch on, the kids whether they are in the rooms or in a play area, they look across as soon as they get to the window,” Prescott told ABC News. “They will look all over the building, point and exclaim (惊叫) ‘I found him!’” Haney, meanwhile, simply enjoys knowing that he can brighten the children’s day and make them forget that they are in hospital for a few minutes. Jason has said over and over again, “All I did this for was to make the kids smile.” Haney even created a Facebook group where he leaves clues as to where Waldo might be hiding and the children can post photos of their findings. The project has been a huge success, with hundreds of people sharing photos of Waldo and happy parents thanking Haney for making an otherwise difficult visit to the hospital just that little bit more enjoyable. 8．Why did Jason Haney create the Waldo cutout? A．To bring joy to sick kids in the nearby hospital. B．To make his construction site more famous. C．To practice his hobby of art with his daughter. D．To attract more attention to the hospital’s work. 9．What can we learn about the Waldo game from paragraph 3? A．The kids need to find Waldo once a week. B．The game ends when all kids find Waldo. C．The game is kept going by moving Waldo regularly. D．The workers hide Waldo in the same place every day. 10．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Parents think the Waldo project makes hospital stays easier for kids. B．Haney’s next project will be more successful than the Waldo one. C．The Facebook group is only used to share hints about Waldo’s location. D．Haney posted photos online to encourage the ill kids. 11．Which of the following words can best describe Jason Haney? A．Selfless and humorous. B．Kind-hearted and creative. C．Shy and quiet. D．Considerate and serious. 8．A 9．C 10．A 11．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述印第安纳州建筑工人杰森・哈尼为医院里无法外出的患病儿童打造“寻找沃尔多”游戏，通过移动沃尔多纸板、创建社交群组等方式为孩子带来欢乐的故事。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Haney noticed that many of the sick kids at the Memorial Children’s Hospital in South Bend could not go outside, and his construction site was the only view from their hospital rooms. So together with his teenage daughter, Haney built a 2.5 meter tall plywood (胶合板) cut out of Waldo from the famous Where’s Waldo? books.(哈尼注意到南本德纪念儿童医院的很多患病儿童无法外出，而他的建筑工地是孩子们从病房里唯一能看到的景象。于是，哈尼和他十几岁的女儿一起，用胶合板制作了一个 2.5 米高的“沃尔多”纸板剪影 —— 这个形象源自著名的《沃尔多在哪里？》系列书籍)”及第六段中“All I did this for was to make the kids smile.(我做这一切只是为了让孩子们笑)”可知，哈尼制作沃尔多纸板是为了给附近医院的患病儿童带来欢乐。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“Every day, the workers hide Waldo in a different spot on the construction site, giving the children a new challenge. As soon as Haney finds out that the kids have found Waldo, the cutout gets moved to a new secret hiding spot and the game begins again.(每天，工人们把沃尔多藏在建筑工地的不同地方，给孩子们带来了新的挑战。一旦哈尼发现孩子们找到了沃尔多，纸板剪影就会被转移到一个新的秘密隐藏点，游戏又开始了)”可知，游戏通过定期移动沃尔多的位置持续进行。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The project has been a huge success, with hundreds of people sharing photos of Waldo and happy parents thanking Haney for making an otherwise difficult visit to the hospital just that little bit more enjoyable.(这个项目取得了巨大的成功，数百人分享了沃尔多的照片，开心的父母们感谢哈尼，因为他让原本艰难的医院陪护时光变得稍微愉快了)”可推断，家长认为沃尔多项目能让孩子们在住院期间更轻松地度过。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据第二段“Haney noticed that many of the sick kids at the Memorial Children’s Hospital in South Bend could not go outside, and his construction site was the only view from their hospital rooms. So together with his teenage daughter, Haney built a 2.5 meter tall plywood (胶合板) cut out of Waldo from the famous Where’s Waldo? books.(哈尼注意到南本德纪念儿童医院的很多患病儿童无法外出，而他的建筑工地是孩子们从病房里唯一能看到的景象。于是，哈尼和他十几岁的女儿一起，用胶合板制作了一个 2.5 米高的“沃尔多”纸板剪影 —— 这个形象源自著名的《沃尔多在哪里？》系列书籍)”以及第六段中“All I did this for was to make the kids smile.(我做这一切只是为了让孩子们笑)”可知，哈尼主动关注患病儿童的需求，为让孩子开心而行动，体现了善良的品质；根据第三段“Every day, the workers hide Waldo in a different spot on the construction site, giving the children a new challenge. As soon as Haney finds out that the kids have found Waldo, the cutout gets moved to a new secret hiding spot and the game begins again.(每天，工人们把沃尔多藏在建筑工地的不同地方，给孩子们带来了新的挑战。一旦哈尼发现孩子们找到了沃尔多，剪纸就会被转移到一个新的秘密隐藏点，游戏又开始了)”以及最后一段中“Haney even created a Facebook group where he leaves clues as to where Waldo might be hiding and the children can post photos of their findings.(哈尼甚至创建了一个Facebook群组，在里面留下沃尔多可能藏身处的线索，孩子们也可以发布找到沃尔多的照片)”可知，他通过设计“寻找沃尔多”的互动游戏、创建社交群组拓展活动形式，体现了创造力。故选B。 Passage 07 【江苏省南京市玄武区南京外国语学校2025-2026学年高三上学期10月考】The education technology (edtech) industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with investment (投资) in this field increasing more than forty times over the last decade. As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom. “Only 11% of education decision makers were looking at any type of evidence to make a purchasing decision on an edtech tool,” said Isabelle Hau, executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, an organization that helps improve how well children and adults learn. “And only 7% of edtech tools around the world have any kind of strict, dependable evidence that they work.” Besides the lack of research on which tools help students get better grades in this fast-growing edtech field, making sure everyone can get these tools fairly is also challenging. “Many of these tools aren’t shared fairly. This has to do with who pays the money for them and how the money is provided,” Ms. Hau explained. “Around the world, there’s still a huge divide in how easy it is for people in different places to use digital tools (like computers and tablets).” Hau joins GSE Dean Dan Schwartz and Senior Lecturer Denise Pope as they discuss edtech’s rocketing growth, what’s driving that growth, and how school leaders, the government, and other organizations can help teachers get the tools that will best serve their students. “A lot of people are working on it, including us, of course, because we have a big role to play in improving learning outcomes for children and educators,” Hau said. She also shared tips and resources for businessmen looking to get into the edtech space. “You need to start small, and you need to start with a handful of partners that love your solution. And then from there you can expect to grow in size.” 12．What might be the school leaders’ concern about edtech tools? A．Originality. B．Effectiveness. C．Safety. D．Convenience. 13．What does the underlined part “a huge divide” in paragraph 3 probably refer to? A．The inequality in access to digital tools. B．The difference in the quality of edtech products. C．The gap in digital skills between teachers and students. D．The imbalance in educational development across regions. 14．What is Hau’s suggestion for businessmen interested in edtech? A．Dream big. B．Seek investment. C．Be practical. D．Be independent. 15．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend edtech products and services. B．To complain about the poor quality of edtech tools. C．To provide detailed guidance on choosing edtech tools. D．To expose the challenges in the fast-growing edtech field. 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了教育科技行业发展迅速，但学校领导面临工具选择难题，且公平获取工具也具有挑战性。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段“The education technology (edtech) industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with investment (投资) in this field increasing more than forty times over the last decade. As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom.(近年来，教育科技行业发展迅猛，过去十年间，该领域的投资增长了四十多倍。因此，市场上充斥着各种新工具和新成立的教育科技公司，这使得学校领导者和教师难以判断哪些工具在课堂上能真正发挥最佳效果。)”可知，学校领导和教师很难弄清楚哪些工具在课堂上最有效，即他们担心教育科技工具的有效性。故选B。 13．词句猜测题。根据第三段中““Many of these tools aren’t shared fairly. This has to do with who pays the money for them and how the money is provided,” Ms. Hau explained. “Around the world, there’s still a huge divide in how easy it is for people in different places to use digital tools (like computers and tablets).”(Hau女士解释道：“许多工具并没有得到公平共享。这关系到谁来为这些工具买单，以及资金是如何提供的。”“在全球范围内，不同地区的人们使用数字工具（如电脑和平板电脑）的便利程度仍存在a huge divide。”)”可知，此处指世界各地的人们使用数字工具的难易程度存在巨大差距，即数字工具获取的不平等性，a huge divide的意思是“数字工具获取的不平等性”。故选A。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“She also shared tips and resources for businessmen looking to get into the edtech space. “You need to start small, and you need to start with a handful of partners that love your solution. And then from there you can expect to grow in size.”(她还为有意进入教育科技领域的商人分享了建议和资源。“你需要从小处着手，你需要从一些喜欢你的解决方案的合作伙伴开始。然后从那里你可以期待规模的增长。”)”可知，Hau建议有意进入教育科技领域的商人要从小处着手，务实一些。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据第一段中“As a result, the market is being flooded with new tools and new edtech companies, making it hard for school leaders and teachers to figure out which tools will actually work best in the classroom.(因此，市场上充斥着各种新工具和新成立的教育科技公司，这使得学校领导者和教师难以判断哪些工具在课堂上能真正发挥最佳效果。)”以及第三段中“Besides the lack of research on which tools help students get better grades in this fast-growing edtech field, making sure everyone can get these tools fairly is also challenging.(除了在这个快速增长的教育科技领域缺乏关于哪些工具能帮助学生取得更好成绩的研究之外，确保每个人都能公平地获得这些工具也是一个挑战。)”可知，文章主要介绍了教育科技行业快速发展带来的挑战，包括学校领导和教师难以选择有效的工具，以及确保公平获取这些工具的挑战。作者的目的是揭示快速增长的教育技术领域的挑战。故选D。 Passage 08 【江苏省徐州市徐州一中、徐州三中2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】 To reduce carbon emissions and slow down global warming, new buildings must meet high environmental standards. In the UK, this goal has been discussed for many years, especially since the government promised to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. However, despite the urgency of the climate crisis, many new homes still lack basic energy-saving features. This situation highlights the need for stronger action to make housing development truly sustainable. England plans to build 1.5 million new homes. But previous decisions — such as the removal of key environmental rules — have led to houses being built without essentials like solar panels. Future housing standards are expected to include solar technology, though there is uncertainty about how strict these rules will be. Experts suggest that all new homes should include solar panels, battery storage to reduce pressure on the grid (电网), and high-quality insulation (隔热) to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy bills. Domestic heating is an even bigger challenge. While the use of renewable energy is growing, reducing dependence on fossil fuels remains critical. Unfortunately, recent decisions have allowed wood-burning stoves and may continue to permit gas boilers in new homes. However, choosing gas boilers instead of heat pumps (热泵) is harmful to the environment and economically short-sighted. Many European countries have adopted heat pump technology, which reduces carbon emissions and could create new green jobs in the UK if supported by appropriate policies. A major issue is that large construction companies appear to have significant influence over housing policy. Developers often aim to reduce costs and maximize profits. However, long-term environmental goals are considered important. Refitting heat pumps and insulation costs far more than putting them at the beginning. Besides, some natural habitats cannot be replaced once destroyed. Sustainable housing is essential for current energy needs and for the health of the planet. 8．What does the author imply about the past efforts on sustainable housing? A．They faced strong opposition. B．They were insufficiently carried out. C．They were ignored by the public. D．They led to energy-saving adoption. 9．New homes in England are expected to _________. A．reduce energy cost B．remove solar panels C．lower battery storage D．follow flexible standards 10．Why is domestic heating considered a bigger challenge? A．Gas boilers are cheaper to use. B．It still relies heavily on fossil fuels. C．Solar panels require advanced technology. D．New homes lack space for heating systems. 11．What concern is raised in the last paragraph? A．Adopting green technology is more expensive. B．The government ignores environmental issues. C．Cost-driven decisions may harm future sustainability. D．Developers prefer to build homes near natural habitats. 【答案】8．B 9．A 10．B 11．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了为减排缓暖，英国新房需达高环保标准却落实不足，未来拟纳入太阳能；供暖依赖化石燃料存挑战，开发商控成本恐影响住房可持续发展。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“However, despite the urgency of the climate crisis, many new homes still lack basic energy-saving features.(然而，尽管气候危机形势严峻，但许多新建住宅仍缺乏基本的节能设施)”以及第二段“England plans to build 1.5 million new homes. But previous decisions — such as the removal of key environmental rules — have led to houses being built without essentials like solar panels.(英格兰计划新建150万套住房。但此前的一些决策（比如取消关键的环保规定）导致许多房屋在建造时缺少诸如太阳能电池板等必要设施)”可知，过去在可持续住房方面的举措没有得到充分落实。故选B。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Experts suggest that all new homes should include solar panels, battery storage to reduce pressure on the grid (电网), and high-quality insulation (隔热) to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy bills.(专家们建议，所有新建住宅都应配备太阳能电池板、电池储能装置以减轻电网压力，以及高质量的隔热材料以提高能源效率并降低能源费用)”可知，英格兰的新住宅预计能降低能源消耗成本。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Domestic heating is an even bigger challenge. While the use of renewable energy is growing, reducing dependence on fossil fuels remains critical.(家庭供暖问题则更为严峻。尽管可再生能源的使用量在不断增加，但减少对化石燃料的依赖仍至关重要)”可知，家庭供暖被视为更大的挑战是因为它仍然大量依赖化石燃料。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“A major issue is that large construction companies appear to have significant influence over housing policy. Developers often aim to reduce costs and maximize profits. However, long-term environmental goals are considered important. Refitting heat pumps and insulation costs far more than putting them at the beginning. Besides, some natural habitats cannot be replaced once destroyed. Sustainable housing is essential for current energy needs and for the health of the planet.(一个主要的问题是，大型建筑公司似乎对住房政策有着重大影响。开发商通常旨在降低成本并实现利润最大化。然而，长期的环境目标也被认为是重要的。重新安装热泵和进行隔热的成本远远高于在一开始就进行这些操作。此外，一旦自然栖息地遭到破坏，就无法恢复。可持续住房对于当前的能源需求以及地球的健康都至关重要)”可知，以成本为导向的决策可能会损害未来的可持续性。故选C。 Passage 09 【江苏省徐州市徐州一中、徐州三中2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】 When Sarah, a book lover logged into her neighborhood’s AI-powered app, she never expected an algorithm (算法) to spark a lifelong friendship. The app, which analyzes residents’ hobbies and interaction patterns, suggested she connect with Mike, a fellow poetry enthusiast who lived just three blocks away — yet they’d never crossed paths in five years of living nearby. Their first offline encounter at a local cafe led to a monthly neighborhood book club, now a cornerstone of community life. AI is evolving into a powerful driver for fostering inclusive social connections within communities. In daily life, by using data analysis to understand residents’ interests and contact patterns, algorithms can form specific interest-based communities — from gardening groups to hiking clubs. For instance, neighbors living in suburban areas of the United States exchange professional knowledge through online platforms, which in turn helps organize offline activities such as seed-swapping events and joint community garden projects. However, hidden risks may arise from the popularity of AI use in daily life. As social technology expert Dr. Lisa Chen points out, the digital gap leaves elderly people who don’t know how to use smart devices out of community information and social activities. Smart monitoring and data collection also cause privacy worries, as community platforms often share data with third parties without permission. Worse still, algorithms focusing on bad events may increase distrust in communities and stop natural engagement. Experts advocate that communities ought to bridge the digital divide through AI literacy initiatives, safeguard data privacy via well-defined frameworks, and adjust algorithmic conduct based on moral standards. Ultimately, the core value of AI lies in complementing rather than replacing human connections. It is only by integrating technological efficiency with human warmth that we can promote more harmonious communities. 12．What can we learn about AI app from Sarah’s story? A．It redefined interaction patterns. B．It directly launched a book club. C．It greatly aroused social exclusion. D．It enhanced Sarah’s literacy innovation. 13．Which best explains “inclusive social connections” in communities? A．Residents’ interests are known to all. B．All jobs are done on online platforms. C．AI focuses on professional skill-sharing. D．Neighbors interact more online and offline. 14．What solutions may be effective for AI’s risks? A．Allowing data sharing with third parties. B．Letting AI evolve freely to ensure efficiency. C．Helping people, especially the elderly, use AI. D．Banning AI in activities to prevent privacy issues. 15．What’s the passage mainly about? A．AI facilitates diverse interest-based communities. B．AI both fosters connections and brings potential risks. C．Experts raise practical proposals to address AI issues. D．The digital gap threatens elderly people’s participation. 【答案】12．A 13．D 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍人工智能能助力社区构建兴趣社交圈、促进邻里互动，但同时也存在数字鸿沟、隐私泄露等隐患，以及对应的解决办法。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The app, which analyzes residents’ hobbies and interaction patterns, suggested she connect with Mike, a fellow poetry enthusiast who lived just three blocks away — yet they’d never crossed paths in five years of living nearby. Their first offline encounter at a local cafe led to a monthly neighborhood book club, now a cornerstone of community life. (这款应用会分析居民的爱好和互动模式，它建议萨拉和迈克建立联系，迈克是一名诗歌爱好者，就住在三个街区之外——然而在附近住了五年，他们却从未谋面。他们在当地一家咖啡馆的首次线下见面，促成了每月一次的社区读书俱乐部，如今这已是社区生活的重要支柱。)”可知，这款人工智能应用打破了萨拉和迈克原本毫无交集的状态，促成了新的社交联结，重新定义了邻里的互动模式。故选A项。 13．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“In daily life, by using data analysis to understand residents’ interests and contact patterns, algorithms can form specific interest-based communities — from gardening groups to hiking clubs. For instance, neighbors living in suburban areas of the United States exchange professional knowledge through online platforms, which in turn helps organize offline activities such as seed-swapping events and joint community garden projects. (在日常生活中，算法通过数据分析了解居民的兴趣和联系模式，能够组建起特定的兴趣社群——从园艺小组到徒步俱乐部不一而足。例如，美国郊区的邻居们通过线上平台交流专业知识，进而协助组织线下活动，如种子交换活动和联合社区花园项目。)”可知，“inclusive social connections”指的是人工智能促成的邻里之间线上线下多方面的互动交流。故选D项。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Experts advocate that communities ought to bridge the digital divide through AI literacy initiatives, safeguard data privacy via well-defined frameworks, and adjust algorithmic conduct based on moral standards. (专家主张，社区应当通过人工智能知识普及项目来弥合数字鸿沟，借助明确的框架保障数据隐私，并依据道德标准调整算法行为。)”可知，针对人工智能的风险，有效的解决办法包括帮助人们尤其是老年人掌握使用人工智能的相关技能，跨越数字鸿沟。故选C项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“AI is evolving into a powerful driver for fostering inclusive social connections within communities. (人工智能正逐渐成为促进社区内包容性社交联系的强大驱动力。)”以及第三段中的“However, hidden risks may arise from the popularity of AI use in daily life. (然而，人工智能在日常生活中的普及也可能引发潜在风险。)”可知，文章主要论述了人工智能在促进社区社交联结的同时，也带来了相应的隐患。故选B项。 Passage 10 【山东师范大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试】Everyone relies on bias — otherwise known as cognitive (认知的) shortcuts — in their daily lives. For example, imagine you’re scrolling through your social media feed and immediately dismiss a news article because it comes from a source you don’t typically trust. This scenario highlights how automatic and unconscious the mental process can be. These biases aren’t character flaws. Thousands of years ago, this type of quick decision-making ensured the safety of ancient humans. Although these mental shortcuts served us well long ago, they don’t always translate well to our complex modern world. For several decades, psychology researchers have been testing interventions to help people become aware of and minimize their biases. A new systematic review published in Nature Human Behaviour offers the most comprehensive analysis of bias training to date. Researchers combined results from 54 randomized controlled trials involving nearly 11,000 students to determine whether educational interventions can reduce cognitive biases. The studies used a wide range of approaches, including games, online simulations, classroom instruction, video-based training, and group discussions. The analysis found that these interventions led to a small but significant reduction in biased thinking. The most successful interventions from the studies focused on teaching specific cognitive strategies to neutralize (中立化) particular biases. These strategies include actively seeking out contradictory evidence when evaluating a claim and using structured checklists to avoid jumping to conclusions. Interestingly, the research revealed that some biases are harder to avoid than others. For example, people are more likely to cling to stereotypes (成见), such as assuming that someone who wears glasses and reads a lot is a librarian. It remains unclear whether these lessons transfer beyond the classroom; just because someone can avoid confirmation bias in an online test doesn’t mean they will use those skills in the real world. Researchers said this gap between laboratory performance and real-world application represents the next frontier in bias research. This field is important because cognitive biases can have far-reaching consequences in modern society, influencing medical diagnoses, public policy decisions, elections, and more. The take-home message: This review provides solid evidence that bias reduction is possible. 32．How did bias help ancient humans? A．Strengthen mental process. B．Make quick and safe decisions. C．Improve unconscious learning. D．Enhance social communication. 33．Which method is most effective for lessening specific biases? A．Having group discussions. B．Watching an instructional video. C．Thinking critically about an event. D．Conducting video-based experiments. 34．What remains a major challenge in bias research according to the text? A．The lack of research funding. B．The absence of effective tools. C．The gap between lab and reality. D．The unwillingness of participants. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Scientists Find New Ways to Train Our Brains B．Bias Training Proves Ineffective in New Study C．Stereotypes Remain the Biggest Challenge for Society D．Evidence Grows That Cognitive Bias Can Be Reduced 32．B 33．C 34．C 35．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出认知偏见是日常认知捷径，曾助力古人快速避险但适应不了现代社会，一项新研究显示相关干预能减少偏见，同时提及部分偏见难消除及实验室与现实应用的差距。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段“Thousands of years ago, this type of quick decision-making ensured the safety of ancient humans.(数千年前，这种迅速做出决策的方式保障了古人类的安全)”可知，偏见使古代人类能够迅速且安全地做出决策。故选B。 33．细节理解题。根据第四段“The most successful interventions from the studies focused on teaching specific cognitive strategies to neutralize (中立化) particular biases. These strategies include actively seeking out contradictory evidence when evaluating a claim and using structured checklists to avoid jumping to conclusions.(这些研究中最为成功的干预措施在于教授特定的认知策略，以消除特定的偏见。这些策略包括在评估某一论断时主动寻找与之相悖的证据，以及使用结构化的检查清单来避免匆忙下结论)”可知，对于减少特定的偏见而言，对某一事件进行批判性思考最为有效。故选C。 34．细节理解题。根据第五段“Researchers said this gap between laboratory performance and real-world application represents the next frontier in bias research.(研究人员表示，实验室测试结果与实际应用效果之间的这种差异，是偏见研究领域的下一个重要课题)”可知，偏见研究中仍存在的一个主要挑战是实验室环境与实际情况之间的差距。故选C。 35．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Everyone relies on bias — otherwise known as cognitive (认知的) shortcuts — in their daily lives. For example, imagine you’re scrolling through your social media feed and immediately dismiss a news article because it comes from a source you don’t typically trust. This scenario highlights how automatic and unconscious the mental process can be.(在日常生活中，每个人都会依赖某种偏见——也就是所谓的认知捷径。比如，想象一下你正在浏览自己的社交媒体动态，然后立刻就忽略了某篇新闻文章，因为它的来源是你通常不信任的。这种情景就很好地说明了这种思维过程是多么的自动且无意识)”结合文章指出认知偏见是日常认知捷径，曾助力古人快速避险但适配不了现代社会，一项新研究显示相关干预能减少偏见，同时提及部分偏见难消除及实验室与现实应用的差距。可知，D选项“有越来越多的证据表明认知偏见是可以减少的”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 11 【浙江省杭州高级中学2025-2026学年高三上学期】Much has been discussed about how modern lifestyles lead to insufficient sleep, unlike our ancestors who lived in simpler times. However, an analysis of 54 global sleep studies reveals that individuals in small, non-industrial societies actually sleep less than those in more industrialized regions. “Everyone I speak to in Canada and the US complains about poor sleep,” says Leela McKinnon from the University of Toronto Mississauga. “But the data doesn’t support that.” It is commonly believed that the rise of devices like smartphones has resulted in reduced sleep — often referred to as a sleep-loss epidemic. Yet, many studies reporting a decline in sleep duration rely on self-reported data, which is an unreliable measure. Research using more reliable methods, such as activity monitors or brainwave tracking, has not indicated a decrease in sleep over recent decades. For instance, a 2023 review of 168 studies found no significant drop in sleep duration over the past 50 years. However, these studies primarily focused on industrialized nations, leaving the question of whether sleep patterns were different before industrialization unanswered. The availability of wrist-based activity monitors made it easier to study sleep in non-industrial societies. Such studies have revealed short sleep durations. For instance, among hunter-gatherers, the San peoples in southern Africa sleep for 6.7 hours a night on average. McKinnon and her colleague David Samson, also from the University of Toronto Mississauga, have participated in several relevant studies. They compared sleep habits in industrialized nations — like the US and Australia — with those in smaller, non-industrial communities, including local groups in the Amazon, Madagascar, and Tanna Island in the Pacific. Their analysis, the most comprehensive to date, involved direct measurements of sleep in 866 participants aged 18 and older with no serious health issues. They discovered that individuals in non-industrial societies averaged 6.4 hours of sleep, while those in industrial societies averaged 7.1 hours. Additionally, people in non-industrial societies were asleep for 74% of their time in bed, compared to 88% in industrialized areas, a concept known as sleep efficiency. Samson believes that people in industrialized societies sleep longer and better because their environment is more suitable for sleep. “We see that we’ve made some real gains in the safety and security of our sleep sites,” he says, “We no longer need to worry about rival groups or predators at night.” 12．What does Leela McKinnon think of sleep complaints? A．They are overstated by people. B．They are supported by data. C．They are unique to Canada. D．They are caused by smartphones. 13．How did the researchers conduct their research on people’s sleep habits? A．By collecting sleep data of different age groups. B．By interviewing participants about their sleep routines. C．By analyzing health problems of sleep-deficient people. D．By comparing sleep conditions of different societies. 14．Why do people in industrial societies sleep better? A．They sleep less but feel better. B．Their sleep technology is advanced. C．They are more used to short sleep. D．Their sleep environments are safer. 15．What is the passage mainly about? A．Research challenges beliefs about sleep. B．Technology greatly reduces sleep time. C．Industrialization worsens sleep quality. D．Non-industrial societies sleep better. 【答案】12．A 13．D 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕一项研究展开，该研究表明，非工业社会的群体（如狩猎采集者）实际睡眠时间比工业化社会更短，且睡眠效率更低；研究反驳了“现代生活方式导致普遍睡眠不足”的流行观点，并指出工业化社会的安全环境可能促进了更长的睡眠时间。 12．推理判断题。根据第二段中““Everyone I speak to in  Canada and the US complains about poor sleep,” says Leela McKinnon from  the University of Toronto Mississauga. “But the data doesn’t support  that.”(“在加拿大和美国，我遇到的每个人都在抱怨睡眠质量差，”多伦多大学密西沙加校区的莉拉・麦金农说，“但数据并不支持这种说法。”)”及“Yet, many studies reporting a decline in sleep duration rely on self-reported data, which is an unreliable measure. (然而，许多声称睡眠时间下降的研究都依赖自我报告的数据，这种测量方式并不可靠)”可推断，她认为人们对睡眠问题的抱怨言过其实。故选A。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段中“They compared sleep habits in industrialized nations — like the US and Australia — with those in smaller, non-industrial communities, including local groups in the Amazon, Madagascar, and Tanna Island in the Pacific. Their analysis, the most comprehensive to date, involved direct measurements of sleep in 866 participants aged 18 and older with no serious health issues. They discovered that individuals in non-industrial societies averaged 6.4 hours of sleep, while those in industrial societies averaged 7.1 hours. Additionally, people in non-industrial societies were asleep for 74% of their time in bed, compared to 88% in industrialized areas, a concept known as sleep efficiency. (他们对比了工业化国家（如美国、澳大利亚）与小型非工业化社群（包括亚马逊、马达加斯加以及太平洋塔纳岛的本地群体）的睡眠习惯。他们的分析是迄今为止最全面的一项，研究对象为866名18岁及以上、无严重健康问题的参与者，并对他们的睡眠情况进行了直接测量。研究发现，非工业化社会人群的平均睡眠时间为6.4小时，而工业化社会人群的平均睡眠时间为7.1小时。此外，非工业化社会人群的睡眠效率（即卧床时间中用于睡眠的比例）为74%，而工业化地区人群的睡眠效率则达到88%)”可知，研究人员对比了工业化国家和非工业化小型社群的睡眠习惯，还对866名参与者的睡眠情况进行了直接测量。由此可知，研究的核心方法是对比不同社会的睡眠状况。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Samson believes that people  in industrialized societies sleep longer and better because their  environment is more suitable for sleep. “We see that we’ve made some  real gains in the safety and security of our sleep sites,” he says, “We  no longer need to worry about rival groups or predators at night.”(萨姆森认为，工业化社会人群睡得更久、质量更高，是因为他们的睡眠环境更适宜睡眠。“我们发现，人类睡眠环境的安全性已经有了实质性的提升，”他说，“我们再也不用担心夜晚会遭遇敌对群体或捕食者的侵袭了。”)”可知，工业化社会的人们睡得更好是因为他们的睡眠环境更安全。故选D。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Much has been discussed about how modern lifestyles lead to insufficient sleep, unlike our ancestors who lived in simpler times. However, an analysis of 54 global sleep studies reveals that individuals in small, non-industrial societies actually sleep less than those in more industrialized regions. (关于现代生活方式如何导致睡眠不足的讨论已有很多，这与我们生活在更简单年代的祖先们截然不同。然而，一项涵盖54项全球睡眠研究的分析表明，小型非工业化社会人群的睡眠时间，实际上比工业化程度更高地区的人群要短)”以及通读全文可知，全文围绕一项研究展开，大众普遍认为现代工业化生活方式导致睡眠不足，非工业化社会人群睡眠更好，但研究却发现非工业化社会人群睡眠时长更短、睡眠效率更低，这一结论挑战了人们对睡眠的固有认知。因此，A选项“Research challenges beliefs about sleep. (研究挑战了人们对睡眠的看法)”最符合文章主旨。故选A。 Passage 12 【福建省厦门第一中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】Understanding a proof in a math textbook is one thing; being able to reconstruct it without help is another thing. My classmates and I learned this the hard way at university. Most of our exams were oral exams, and nothing exposes a lack of deep knowledge faster than trying to explain a concept to someone. Unlike written exams, where visual learners may be able to parrot back memorized notes that they barely understand, an oral test demands creative thinking in real time. When presented with a problem, students not only need to recall relevant definitions and theories, but they also need to apply them-sometimes in ways they never anticipated. Students often fall into a familiar trap. They read the textbooks, highlight key passages, and review lecture notes. These activities feel productive, but when exam day arrives, a student will often realize their passive familiarity with the material doesn’t translate into the ability to apply it. Nor does it translate into a good grade. Passive learning is misleading. It feels like we’re making progress, but without actually applying what we learn, it slips away quickly. Consuming information is not the same as developing skills. The cognitive psychologist Daniel T. Willingham explains the distinction between passive and active learning when he writes, “Memory is the result of thought.” In other words, we forget most of what we encounter and remember only what we think about. Reading about calculations doesn’t automatically create the neural pathways needed to solve calculating problems. Those pathways only form through deliberate practice: by solving problems, making mistakes, and experiencing the struggle. As a general rule, the harder your brain works during practice, the better it performs when it matters. To truly master something, you should embrace challenges and accept the slow, often frustrating, pace of true learning. The oral math exam was valuable because it broke the illusion of passive learning. Standing in front of the professor, faced with a problem, there’s nowhere to hide. The pressure to produce mathematics revealed the true state of our understanding. To truly know what we don’t know, we should simulate our own oral exams by picturing an imaginary professor asking questions and forcing ourselves to figure out answers on our own. 8．What does the underlined phrase “parrot back” mean in paragraph 2? A．Repeat mechanically. B．Appreciate deeply. C．Apply creatively. D．Forget quickly. 9．Why do students fall into the learning trap? A．Because of over-reliance on textbooks. B．Because of brilliant exam performance. C．Because of a false sense of competence. D．Because of overemphasis on memory skills. 10．Which of the following statements might Daniel T. Willingham agree with? A．Repeated exposure strengthens memories. B．Active engagement builds solid memory. C．Memory improves with extensive reading. D．Learning occurs when teachers ask questions. 11．What would be the best title for the text? A．Passive Learning: The Silent Killer of Exams B．Conscious Practice: The Best Way to Learn Math C．Oral Math Exams: The Frustrating University Tests D．Active Learning: The Key to Mastering Knowledge 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了被动学习无法让人真正掌握知识，通过大学数学口试的经历，强调主动学习、刻意练习才是掌握知识的关键。 8．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Unlike written exams, where visual learners may be able to parrot back memorized notes that they barely understand, an oral test demands creative thinking in real time.(与笔试不同，视觉学习者在笔试中可能会对自己几乎不理解的背诵笔记进行parrot back，而口试则需要实时的创造性思维。)”可知，笔试中学习者可能只是重复记忆的笔记，并未真正理解，与口试的创造性思维形成对比。因此“parrot back”表示“机械重复”。故选A项。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These activities feel productive, but when exam day arrives, a student will often realize their passive familiarity with the material doesn’t translate into the ability to apply it. Nor does it translate into a good grade. Passive learning is misleading. It feels like we’re making progress, but without actually applying what we learn, it slips away quickly.(这些活动让人感觉很有成效，但当考试日到来时，学生往往会意识到，他们对材料的被动熟悉并不能转化为应用能力，也不能转化为好成绩。被动学习具有误导性。感觉我们在进步，但如果不实际应用所学，知识很快就会溜走。)”可知，学生陷入学习陷阱是因为被动学习带来了虚假的能力感，让他们误以为自己掌握了知识。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The cognitive psychologist Daniel T. Willingham explains the distinction between passive and active learning when he writes, “Memory is the result of thought.” In other words, we forget most of what we encounter and remember only what we think about.(认知心理学家丹尼尔·T·威林厄姆在解释被动学习和主动学习的区别时写道：“记忆是思考的结果。”换句话说，我们会忘记大部分遇到的东西，只记住我们思考过的东西。)”可知，威林厄姆认为记忆源于思考，即主动参与才能形成牢固的记忆。故选B项。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章通过大学数学口试的经历引出被动学习的弊端，引用心理学家的观点强调“记忆是思考的结果”，并指出主动练习、迎接挑战才是真正掌握知识的方式，所以题目“主动学习是掌握知识的关键”概括了全文的主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 13 【福建省厦门第一中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月考】For decades, scientists have identified chronic low-level inflammation (炎症) — called “inflammaging” — as one of the primary drivers of age-related diseases. Think of it as your body’s immune system stuck in overdrive — constantly fighting battles that don’t exist, gradually wearing down organs and systems. But a new study challenges that idea and could reshape how we think about aging itself. The research, published in Nature Aging, compared patterns of inflammation in four very different communities around the world. Two groups were from modern, industrialised societies — older adults living in Italy and Singapore. The other two were pristine communities who live more traditional lifestyles: the Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli in the forests of Malaysia. The researchers analysed blood samples from more than 2,800 people, looking at a wide range of inflammatory molecules (分子), known as cytokines. Among the Italian and Singaporean participants, the researchers found a fairly consistent inflammaging pattern. As people aged, levels of inflammatory markers in the blood rose together. Higher levels were linked to a greater risk of chronic diseases including kidney disease and heart disease. But in the Tsimane and Orang Asli populations, the inflammaging pattern was absent. The same inflammatory molecules did not rise consistently with age, and they were not strongly linked to age-related diseases. In fact, among the Tsimane, who face high rates of microorganism infections, inflammation levels were often high. Yet this did not lead to the same rates of chronic diseases that are common in industrialised nations. These results raise important questions. One possibility is that inflammaging, at least as measured through these blood signals, is not a universal biological feature of aging. Instead, it may arise in societies marked by high-calorie diets, low physical activity and reduced exposure to infections. In other words, chronic inflammation linked to aging and disease might not simply result from an inevitable biological process, but rather from a mismatch between our ancient physiology and the modern environment. If these findings are confirmed, they could have some significant consequences. 12．How is inflammaging related to aging in the established scientific view? A．It attacks human organs. B．It causes the inactivity of organs. C．It generates overactive immune response. D．It lowers the efficiency of immune system. 13．What does the word “pristine” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Unspoiled. B．Unwelcoming. C．Unsafe. D．Unlivable. 14．What has the study found about the Tsimane and Orang Asli people? A．They seldom develop chronic diseases. B．Their blood lacks inflammatory markers. C．They rarely get exposed to sources of infection. D．Their inflammation levels are independent of aging. 15．What does the new study suggest? A．Inflammaging is a signal of aging. B．Inflammaging is biologically unavoidable. C．Repeated infections hold back inflammaging. D．Modern lifestyle contributes to inflammaging. 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究，指出炎症性衰老并不是一个不可避免的生理现象，而是与我们当代的生活方式息息相关。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段“Think of it as your body’s immune system stuck in overdrive — constantly fighting battles that don’t exist, gradually wearing down organs and systems. (把它想象成你身体的免疫系统陷入了超速状态——不断地与不存在的战斗作斗争，逐渐消耗了器官和系统。)”可知，长期低水平炎症使得身体的免疫系统陷入过度激活状态，持续对抗不存在的敌人，逐渐消耗各个器官和系统。故选C。 13．词句猜测题。从第二段“Two groups were from modern, industrialised societies — older adults living in Italy and Singapore. (其中两组来自现代工业化社会——生活在意大利和新加坡的老年人。)”和“who live more traditional lifestyles: the Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli in the forests of Malaysia. (他们过着更传统的生活方式：玻利维亚亚马逊地区的Tsimane人和马来西亚森林里的Orang Asli人。)”可知，研究选取了现代工业化社会下的人群和原始社区过着传统生活方式的人群进行比较，pristine的意思是“未受损害的，处于原始状态的”，和unspoiled意思相近。故选A。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段“But in the Tsimane and Orang Asli populations, the inflammaging pattern was absent. The same inflammatory molecules did not rise consistently with age, and they were not strongly linked to age-related diseases. (但在Tsimane人和Orang Asli人中，没有这种炎症模式。同样的炎症分子并没有随着年龄的增长而持续增加，它们与年龄相关的疾病也没有很强的联系。)”可知，这项研究发现Tsimane人和Orang Asli人的炎症水平与年龄无关。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据第四段“One possibility is that inflammaging, at least as measured through these blood signals, is not a universal biological feature of aging. Instead, it may arise in societies marked by high-calorie diets, low physical activity and reduced exposure to infections. (一种可能性是，炎症，至少通过这些血液信号来衡量，并不是衰老的普遍生物学特征。相反，它可能出现在以高热量饮食、低体力活动和低感染风险为特征的社会。)”可知，新的研究表明现代生活方式会导致炎症。故选D。 16．C 17．D 18．G 19．B 20．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些更有效地进行沟通的技巧。 16．上文“One of the most common mistakes in communication is trying to do too much.(沟通中最常见的错误之一就是试图做得太多)”指出“做得太多”是沟通中易犯的错误，C选项“The best messages are often simple.(最好的信息往往是简单的)”承接上文，明确正确沟通方法，即不要“做得太多”，要避免复杂，追求简单，句中“simple”与上文“too much”形成对比。故选C项。 17．上文“Your audience will naturally be more interested and engaged when you tailor your communications to their interests.(当你根据受众的兴趣来调整你的沟通内容时，他们自然会更感兴趣、更投入)”强调要迎合受众兴趣，D选项“Speak directly to what matters to them.(直接谈论对他们重要的事情)”进一步说明了具体做法，即直接针对受众关心的事情进行交流，与上文逻辑一致。故选D项。 18．下文“However, they’re hearing it for the first time.(然而，他们是第一次听到这些)”与设空句之间是转折关系。G选项“As the speaker, you already know what you’re going to say.(作为演讲者，你已经知道你要说什么了)”与下文构成转折，演讲者自己熟悉内容，但听众是初次接触，同时，句中“what you’re going to say”与下文中指示代词“it”构成指代关系，上下文逻辑连贯。故选G项。 19．下文“If you’ve ever worked as an instructor, manager, trainer or coach, you’ll know that there are few better ways to learn new information than to teach it. Ask the audience to contribute their ideas or to take a role in explaining new concepts and policies to others.(如果你曾经当过导师、经理、培训师或教练，你就会知道，没有比教别人更好的学习新信息的方法了。让听众贡献他们的想法，或者让他们扮演向他人解释新概念和政策的角色)”建议让受众参与其中，B选项“Get the audience involved.(让受众参与进来)”能概括这部分内容，适合作段首小标题。故选B项。 20．上文“If the information you’re communicating isn’t urgent, consider sending an email. Written communication will give your audience more time to review it, think it over, and follow up with questions.(如果你传达的信息不紧急，考虑发电子邮件。书面沟通会给你的受众更多时间来复习、思考，并跟进提问)”说明了发邮件这种书面沟通的好处，F选项“It will also give them a handy record to refer back to.(它还会给他们提供一个方便查阅的记录)”进一步补充了发邮件的另一个好处，与上文逻辑紧密。故选F项。 Passage 14 【江苏省扬州中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月阶段性测试】Anyone who has taken a standardized test knows that writing an essay in 20 minutes or less takes serious brain power. Having access to artificial intelligence (AI) would certainly lighten the mental load. But as a recent study by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) suggests, that help may come at a cost. Over the course of a series of essay-writing sessions, students working with as well as without an AI chatbot had their brain activity measured. Across the board, the AI users exhibited markedly lower brain activity in areas associated with creative functions and attention. Whether AI will leave people’s brains weak in the long term remains an open question. Researchers behind this study have stressed that further work is needed to establish a definitive causal link between increased AI use and weakened brains. After all, the study had a tiny sample size and focused on a single narrow task. Moreover, generative AI tools clearly seek to lighten people’s mental loads, as many other technologies do. Concerns about this kind of offloading aren’t new. As long ago as the 5th century BC, Socrates was quoted as complaining that writing is not “a potion (神药) for remembering, but for reminding”. Calculators spare cashiers from computing a bill. Navigation apps remove the need for map-reading. And yet few would argue that people are less capable as a result. There is little evidence to suggest that letting machines handle users’ mental tasks alters the brain’s capacity for thinking. But the worry is that generative AI allows one to offload a thought process. And once the brain has developed a taste for offloading, it can be a hard habit to kick. As one user put it, “I rely so much on AI that I don’t think I’d know how to solve certain problems without it.” The technology is so young that, for many tasks, the human brain is still the sharpest tool in the toolkit. But in time both the consumers of AI and its regulators will have to assess whether its wider benefits outweigh any cognitive (认知) costs. If stronger evidence emerges that AI makes people less intelligent, will they care? 12．What did the MIT study find? A．AI users showed less mental engagement. B．AI left people’s brains weak. C．AI lightened the mental load in writing. D．AI users associated creativity with attention. 13．According to Socrates, what negative consequence could writing have? A．People would avoid using reminders. B．People would stop thinking independently. C．People would rely less on their own memory. D．People would care less about the spoken word. 14．What point does the user’s remark in paragraph 5 illustrate? A．AI can change users’ mental capacity. B．AI is not widely available to the public. C．AI can encourage users’ mental laziness. D．AI is not capable of solving every problem. 15．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Will AI Make You Stupid? B．How AI Lets You Offload Tasks C．Why AI Affects Your Thinking Abilities D．Is AI a Mental Shortcut You Can easily Quit? 12．A 13．C 14．C 15．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。MIT研究表明，使用AI写作文的学生在创造力和注意力相关脑区活动显著降低，但长期影响未知。虽无证据显示AI 改变大脑思考能力，但需权衡其利弊。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的 “Across the board, the AI users exhibited markedly lower brain activity in areas associated with creative functions and attention.(总体而言，使用人工智能的学生在与创造性功能和注意力相关的大脑区域表现出明显更低的活动水平)” 可知，MIT的研究发现AI使用者的脑力参与度更低。故选A项。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段中“As long ago as the 5th century BC, Socrates was quoted as complaining that writing is not “a potion (神药) for remembering, but for reminding”. Calculators spare cashiers from computing a bill. Navigation apps remove the need for map-reading. And yet few would argue that people are less capable as a result. (早在公元前5世纪，苏格拉底就曾抱怨说，写作不是“记忆的药水，而是提醒的药水”。计算器使收银员不必计算账单。导航应用免去了看地图的需要。然而，很少有人会认为人们的能力因此而下降)”可知，根据苏格拉底的说法，写作的消极结果是人们更少依赖自己的记忆。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第五段中“But the worry is that generative AI allows one to offload a thought process. And once the brain has developed a taste for offloading, it can be a hard habit to kick. As one user put it, “I rely so much on AI that I don’t think I’d know how to solve certain problems without it.” (但令人担忧的是，生成式人工智能允许人们卸载思维过程。而且，一旦大脑养成了“卸载”的习惯，就很难改掉了。正如一位用户所说，“我太依赖人工智能了，如果没有它，我不知道如何解决某些问题。”)”可知，该用户的话表明AI可能会助长用户的思维惰性。故选C。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第三段“Whether AI will leave people’s brains weak in the long term remains an open question. Researchers behind this study have stressed that further work is needed to establish a definitive causal link between elevated AI use and weakened brains. After all, the study had a tiny sample size and focused on a single narrow task. (从长远来看，人工智能是否会让人类的大脑变弱，这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。这项研究背后的研究人员强调，需要进一步的工作来确定人工智能使用量增加与大脑功能减弱之间的明确因果关系。毕竟，这项研究的样本量很小，而且只关注一个单一的任务)”和最后一段“The technology is so young that, for many tasks, the human brain is still the sharpest tool in the toolkit. But in time both the consumers of AI and its regulators will have to assess whether its wider benefits outweigh any cognitive (认知) costs. If stronger evidence emerges that AI makes people less intelligent, will they care? (这项技术是如此年轻，以至于在许多任务中，人类的大脑仍然是工具包中最锋利的工具。但随着时间的推移，人工智能的消费者和监管机构都将不得不评估其更广泛的好处是否超过任何认知成本。如果有更有力的证据表明人工智能会让人变得更不聪明，他们会在意吗?)”可知，文章主要介绍MIT 研究表明，使用AI写作文的学生在创造力和注意力相关脑区活动显著降低，虽无证据显示AI 改变大脑思考能力，但需权衡其利弊。因此A项“AI会使你变笨吗?”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。 Passage 15 【2026届河南省实验中学高三上学期模拟二英语试卷】For years, most new cars sold have been equipped with high-tech touch screens that control various functions, from air conditioning and navigation to music. Even safety features like automatic lane-keeping are sometimes screen-controlled. But are touch screens safe for drivers to use while driving? Traditional physical buttons allow drivers to operate controls without looking away from the road. However, touch screens offer no physical feedback, making it harder to use them without direct visual attention. Since a single screen handles dozens of functions, finding a particular setting often means tapping through several sub-menus. The result, say critics, is a dangerous distraction. Research backs that up. In 2022, Swedish researchers conducted a study comparing 11 cars with touch screens to an older model with physical buttons. They measured how long it took drivers to perform simple tasks like changing radio stations or adjusting temperature while driving at 110 km/h. The results were striking. In the older car, drivers completed all tasks in about ten seconds, during which the car traveled approximately 300 meters. In the worst-performing modern car, the same tasks took 45 seconds, with the car covering 1.4 kilometers. Even the best-performing models required several seconds longer than the traditional button-controlled car. Another study in 2024 by Norwegian researchers used gaze-tracking cameras to measure distraction times. They found that even the quickest task—adjusting temperature — took drivers’ eyes off the road for an average of 3.5 seconds. Finding a new radio station took 11 seconds, while entering a new navigation address took 16 seconds. An analysis published in 2020 by the Transport Research Laboratory, a British organization, found that touch screens impaired a driver’s reaction time more than driving over the legal alcohol limit. Safety organizations are taking actions. Starting this year, Euro NCAP, which provides safety ratings for cars in Europe, will require that certain critical functions like turn signals and windshield wipers must be controlled by physical buttons for a car to receive the highest five-star safety rating. Meanwhile, car manufacturers are responding to concerns. Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Porsche have begun returning physical buttons to their new models, recognizing that many drivers find touch screens inconvenient and potentially dangerous. As car technology continues to evolve, the balance between innovation and safety remains an important consideration. 12．What makes touch screens less user-friendly for drivers? A．They are energy consuming. B．They have a single function. C．They provide no physical response. D．They are more expensive to produce. 13．What did the Swedish study focus on? A．Drivers’ feelings about control systems. B．The time required to perform simple operations. C．The various road conditions and driving speeds. D．The long-term impact of touch screens on driving habits. 14．Why did Euro NCAP set the new rules? A．To reduce production cost. B．To promote more touch screens use. C．To enhance driving safety. D．To encourage new system development. 15．Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A．Touch screens may pose risks to driving safety. B．Safety is an important consideration for driving. C．Physical buttons should be replaced by touch screens. D．Touch screens are more convenient than physical buttons. 12．C 13．B 14．C 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述多数新车配备触摸屏控制多种功能，但因无物理反馈、易分心，多项研究证实其危及驾驶安全，相关机构和车企已采取应对措施。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“However, touch screens offer no physical feedback, making it harder to use them without direct visual attention. (然而，触摸屏没有物理反馈，这使得驾驶员在不直接注视的情况下难以操作。)”可知，触摸屏对驾驶员不够友好的核心原因是缺乏物理反馈。故选C项。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段“They measured how long it took drivers to perform simple tasks like changing radio stations or adjusting temperature while driving at 110 km/h. (他们测量了驾驶员以110公里/小时的速度行驶时，完成换电台、调温度等简单操作所需的时间。)”可知，瑞典研究的核心是关注驾驶员执行简单操作的耗时。故选B项。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Safety organizations are taking actions. Starting this year, Euro NCAP, which provides safety ratings for cars in Europe, will require that certain critical functions like turn signals and windshield wipers must be controlled by physical buttons for a car to receive the highest five-star safety rating.(安全机构正在采取行动。从今年开始，为欧洲汽车提供安全评级的欧洲新车安全评鉴（Euro NCAP）规定，若汽车要获得最高五星安全评级，转向灯、雨刷等关键功能必须采用物理按键控制。)”可知，Euro NCAP制定新规则的目的是通过保留关键功能的物理按键，提升驾驶安全性。故选C项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文特别是第一段“For years, most new cars sold have been equipped with high-tech touch screens that control various functions, from air conditioning and navigation to music. Even safety features like automatic lane-keeping are sometimes screen-controlled. But are touch screens safe for drivers to use while driving?(多年来，大多数在售新车都配备了高科技触摸屏，可操控空调、导航、音乐等各类功能。即便像自动车道保持这样的安全配置，有时也需通过屏幕操作。但驾驶员在驾驶过程中使用触摸屏是否安全呢？)”，第一段提出“触摸屏是否安全”的疑问，第二段分析触摸屏的安全隐患（无物理反馈、分散注意力），第三至五段通过多项研究数据证明触摸屏会增加驾驶分心时间、影响反应速度，最后一段介绍安全机构和车企的应对措施。核心围绕“触摸屏可能给驾驶安全带来风险”展开。故选A项。 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $