Unit 2 Out of this world（话题阅读精练）英语译林版选择性必修第三册

Unit 2 Out of this world 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、探索准备方面 launch a spacecraft（发射航天器） design a space mission（设计太空任务） train astronauts（训练宇航员） test space equipment（测试太空设备） analyze cosmic data（分析宇宙数据） develop space technology（研发太空技术） approve space projects（批准太空项目） gather astronomical information（收集天文信息） 二、太空旅行方面 travel in space（太空旅行） orbit the Earth（环绕地球运行） land on a planet/moon（登陆行星 / 月球） board a space station（登上空间站） conduct spacewalks（进行太空行走） return to Earth safely（安全返回地球） travel through the solar system（穿越太阳系） experience zero gravity（体验失重状态） 三、天体观测方面 observe celestial bodies（观测天体） study galaxies/nebulae（研究星系 / 星云） track comets/asteroids（追踪彗星 / 小行星） explore black holes（探索黑洞） map the universe（绘制宇宙地图） detect gravitational waves（探测引力波） analyze planetary atmospheres（分析行星大气层） use telescopes（使用望远镜） 四、探索体验与成果方面 make scientific discoveries（取得科学发现） expand human knowledge（拓展人类知识） collect space samples（收集太空样本） conduct experiments in space（在太空进行实验） achieve space breakthroughs（取得太空突破） promote international space cooperation（促进国际太空合作） inspire scientific innovation（激发科学创新） advance space exploration（推进太空探索） 五、探索注意事项方面 ensure astronaut safety（确保宇航员安全） protect space environment（保护太空环境） abide by space treaties（遵守太空条约） prevent space debris pollution（防止太空碎片污染） manage mission risks（管理任务风险） maintain life support systems（维护生命支持系统） respect scientific research ethics（尊重科研伦理） 时文拓展阅读 Space exploration has always been a testament to human curiosity and ambition. From the first glance at the stars to the latest missions to Mars, humanity's desire to unlock the mysteries of the cosmos has driven remarkable progress in science and technology. In an age of advanced spacecraft, powerful telescopes, and international collaboration, we are venturing further into the universe than ever before, uncovering secrets that have fascinated us for millennia. Whether it's rovers traversing the red deserts of Mars, space telescopes capturing images of distant galaxies, or astronauts conducting experiments on the International Space Station, each endeavor brings us closer to understanding our place in the cosmos. What makes space exploration truly profound is not just the technological feats we accomplish, but the way it challenges our perspectives, fosters global unity, and inspires future generations to pursue knowledge and innovation. When engaging in space exploration, it's crucial to uphold the principles of international cooperation and responsible exploration. Space is a shared resource, and no single nation can unlock its full potential alone. Collaborations between space agencies, such as NASA, ESA, and CNSA, have led to groundbreaking missions like the James Webb Space Telescope and the Mars Sample Return Program. Moreover, protecting the space environment has become increasingly urgent as human activity in orbit grows—reducing space debris and minimizing environmental impact are essential to ensuring sustainable exploration for future generations. In a world where many challenges divide us, space exploration stands as a unifying force. It reminds us that we are all inhabitants of a tiny blue planet in a vast universe, and that our shared curiosity transcends borders, cultures, and differences. As we continue to reach for the stars, we not only expand our understanding of the cosmos but also discover more about ourselves—our resilience, our ingenuity, and our capacity to achieve the seemingly impossible. So, let us embrace the spirit of exploration, support scientific progress, and let the wonders of the universe fuel our pursuit of a better future. 【译文欣赏】 太空探索一直是人类好奇心与雄心的证明。从最初仰望星空到最新的火星任务，人类解开宇宙奥秘的渴望推动着科技领域取得了非凡进步。在这个拥有先进航天器、高性能望远镜和国际合作的时代，我们正以前所未有的深度探索宇宙，揭开那些数千年来令我们着迷的秘密。 无论是火星车在红色沙漠中穿行、太空望远镜捕捉遥远星系的影像，还是宇航员在国际空间站进行实验，每一项努力都让我们更接近理解自己在宇宙中的位置。让太空探索真正意义深远的，不仅是我们所取得的技术成就，更是它挑战我们认知、促进全球团结并激励后代追求知识与创新的方式。 参与太空探索时，秉持国际合作与负责任探索的原则至关重要。太空是人类的共同资源，没有任何一个国家能够独自发掘其全部潜力。美国国家航空航天局（NASA）、欧洲空间局（ESA）和中国国家航天局（CNSA）等航天机构之间的合作，催生了詹姆斯・韦伯太空望远镜和火星样本返回计划等具有开创性的任务。此外，随着人类在轨活动的增加，保护太空环境变得日益紧迫 —— 减少太空碎片、降低环境影响，对于确保后代能够持续开展探索至关重要。 在这个诸多挑战令我们产生分歧的世界里，太空探索是一股团结的力量。它提醒我们，我们都是这颗浩瀚宇宙中微小蓝色星球的居民，而我们共同的好奇心超越了国界、文化和差异。当我们继续向着星辰迈进时，我们不仅拓展了对宇宙的认知，也更深刻地认识了自己 —— 我们的韧性、创造力以及实现看似不可能之事的能力。因此，让我们秉持探索精神，支持科学进步，让宇宙的奇观为我们追求更美好未来注入动力。 【词汇积累】 testament [ˈtestəmənt] n. 证明；见证 ambition [æmˈbɪʃn] n. 雄心；抱负 cosmos [ˈkɒzmɒs] n. 宇宙 millennia [mɪˈleniə] n. 千年（millennium 的复数） traverse [trəˈvɜːs] vt. 穿越；横贯 debris [ˈdebriː] n. 碎片；残骸 groundbreaking [ˈɡraʊndbreɪkɪŋ] adj. 开创性的；突破性的 resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns] n. 韧性；恢复力 ingenuity [ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːəti] n. 独创性；心灵手巧 sustainable [səˈsteɪnəbl] adj. 可持续的 【长难句分析】 1. From the first glance at the stars to the latest missions to Mars, humanity's desire to unlock the mysteries of the cosmos has driven remarkable progress in science and technology. 抓标志：介词短语（From...to...）作状语；不定式短语（to unlock...）作后置定语 判类型：状语＋主句（主谓宾结构，包含后置定语） 试翻译：从最初仰望星空到最新的火星任务，人类解开宇宙奥秘的渴望推动着科技领域取得了非凡进步。 2. Collaborations between space agencies, such as NASA, ESA, and CNSA, have led to groundbreaking missions like the James Webb Space Telescope and the Mars Sample Return Program. 抓标志：介词短语（between...）作后置定语；插入语（such as...）举例说明 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构，包含后置定语和插入语） 试翻译：美国国家航空航天局（NASA）、欧洲空间局（ESA）和中国国家航天局（CNSA）等航天机构之间的合作，催生了詹姆斯・韦伯太空望远镜和火星样本返回计划等具有开创性的任务。 【词汇延伸】 unlock the mysteries 解开奥秘 groundbreaking missions 开创性任务 international collaboration 国际合作 sustainable exploration 可持续探索 life support systems 生命支持系统 celestial bodies 天体 zero gravity 失重状态 高考真题链接 (2024・北京高考)The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 1. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. 句式拆解： 主句：Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” returns numerous results（动名词短语作主语，谓语为 returns，宾语为 numerous results）。 定语从句 1：that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation（修饰先行词 results，关系代词 that 在从句中作主语）。 宾语从句：whether the universe is a computer simulation（作 debate 的宾语，表 “是否”）。 同位语：a concept that some scientists actually take seriously（解释说明前面的 computer simulation，其中 that 引导定语从句修饰 concept，在从句中作 take 的宾语）。 翻译：搜索 “模拟假说” 这一术语会得到大量讨论宇宙是否是计算机模拟的结果 —— 一些科学家实际上是认真对待这一概念的。 2. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. 句式拆解： 让步状语从句：While he held the notion that objective reality exists（while 表 “虽然”，从句中 that 引导同位语从句，解释 notion 的具体内容，从句成分完整，that 仅起连接作用）。 主句：he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions（said 后省略宾语从句连接词 that，宾语从句主干为 our mind plays a necessary role；in structuring and shaping... 为介词短语作状语，表 “在…… 方面”）。 翻译：虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他表示，我们的大脑在构建和塑造感知方面发挥着必要作用。 ①simulation 模拟；仿真 ②hypothesis 建筑的；建筑学的 ③perception 遗产；传统 ④empirical 实证的；经验主义的 ⑤metaphor /释义：隐喻；暗喻 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 应用文 267 本文介绍了佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心游客综合体的两个新项目，分别是宇航员训练体验（ATX）和火星基地1，并详细说明了这两个项目的具体内容。 Passage2 阅读理解 说明文 310 一个新兴的交叉学科——“宇宙遗产研究”。该领域由考古学家和空间物理学家提出，旨在将人类留在太空中的器物视为文化遗产，而非太空垃圾，并进行识别、记录和保护。文章探讨了该学科的目的、其面临的独特挑战、对太空文物构成威胁的因素以及可行的保护方案。 Passage3 阅读理解 说明文 293 蝙蝠冬眠相关研究为人类实现太空冬眠、助力火星旅行提供新可能。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 396 人类移居火星的可行性、所需的地球化改造、面临的身心健康挑战及相关项目计划与成本争议。 Passage5 完形填空 说明文 361 土卫六上存在生命的可能性。 Passage6 语法填空 说明文 352 一种新型的污染——太空垃圾污染，并探讨了其成因、危害以及可能的解决措施。 Passage7 语法填空 说明文 273 美国宇航局正在开发新型宇航服及其相关测试情况。 Passage8 语法填空 说明文 413 天文学家借助开普勒定律预测小行星轨道，说明确定轨道的挑战与撞击概率计算方式，强调小行星撞击概率低，但持续监测及完善观测手段十分必要。 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·重庆·月考）We have all imagined what it might be like to go into space and to land on Mars. Now at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida you and your family can live it. There are two parts to the new program, the Astronaut Training Experience (ATX) and Mars Base 1. The Astronaut Training Experience The virtual reality Walk-on-Mars, Land-and-Drive-on-Mars full-motion simulator (全动态模拟器) and Spacewalk Training are all parts of the ATX. If you or your children already love science and have a deep interest in space, this will bring that love to life. Prepare for your mission to Mars by training like a real NASA astronaut headed to space. Ever wanted to take a spacewalk? How about a zero-gravity experience, where you fix space equipment like a real astronaut would? You can do any of these as “mini missions” if you don’t have time to do them all at once. Each stage takes about 30-45 minutes. Mars Base 1 What could be cooler than a day actually spent on Mars? Not an hour or a walk through a display, but a real day working and surviving on the planet's surface doing real science? Become a “rookie (新手) astronaut” participating in simulations and scientific research to grow and analyze crops in the Mars Botany Lab, or use robots to accomplish tasks. Yes, you actually take part in these activities, and grow real food that is really used and consumed. Both the ATX and Mars Base 1 offer the magic of space travel without leaving the ground. 1．What can participants do at the ATX? A．Grow space plants. B．Use robots to do tasks. C．See space equipment exhibitions. D．Get trained like a real astronaut. 2．What do the two programs have in common? A．Both offer real food to taste. B．Both take less than an hour. C．Both provide hands-on activities. D．Both recommend mini missions. 3．Who are the intended readers of the text? A．Parents. B．Students. C．Astronauts. D．Educators. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·湖北·月考）A new cross-disciplinary field termed “cosmic (宇宙的) heritage studies” has been proposed by an international team of archaeologists and space physicists. This discipline focuses on identifying, documenting and preserving historical objects from humanity’s ventures into space, treating them as valuable cultural heritage rather than mere space junk. “The objects we’ve left in space and on other planets and moons tell the story of human technological achievement and exploration spirit,” said Dr. Maria Chen, lead researcher from the European Space Heritage Foundation. “With increasing commercial space activities, these artifacts face never-before-seen risks of damage or destruction if not properly protected.” The concept builds upon traditional archaeological principles but adapts them to the unique conditions of space environment. Unlike Earth-based archaeology that deals with centuries-old artifacts, cosmic heritage must consider factors like radiation exposure, low-gravity effects, and orbital decay (衰减) that affect preservation. A central challenge for cosmic heritage researchers involves establishing criteria for what is considered as significant space heritage. “While obviously historically important items like the first satellite Sputnik or Apollo landing sites deserve protection, we also need to consider more recent objects that represent technological milestones,” Dr. Chen explained. The international community currently debates whether to preserve all human-made objects in space or only selected historically significant ones. The team recommends establishing an international record-keeping system for space artifacts and developing low-impact documentation methods using remote sensing technology. “We’re not suggesting we bring everything back to museums,” Dr. Chen clarified. “In many cases, digital preservation through high-resolution imaging and 3D modeling may be the most practical approach.” As space becomes increasingly accessible, cosmic heritage studies aim to ensure that future generations can understand and appreciate the material evidence of humanity’s first steps beyond Earth. The researchers hope their work will inform international space policy and promote responsible management of off-Earth cultural resources. 1．Why does Dr. Chen advocate for treating space objects as heritage? A．For their commercial value. B．For their historical stories. C．For their rescue urgency. D．For their display potential. 2．How does Dr. Chen view the current protection situation? A．Urgent due to commercial growth. B．Challenging due to harsh space conditions. C．Complex due to unclear ownership. D．Manageable with current laws. 3．What is the key challenge mentioned in paragraph 4? A．Agreeing on preservation technology. B．Setting international protection rules. C．Finding long-term conservation funds. D．Deciding which objects to protect. 4．What is the principle behind Dr. Chen’s recommended preservation method? A．Bringing items back to Earth. B．Building bases at sites. C．Using remote, low-impact tech. D．Making strict space laws. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·云南·月考）NASA plans to send astronauts to Mars by the 2030s, but besides the need for large amounts of supplies, the 21-month trip brings big health problems, such as radiation danger and muscle loss. Hibernation (冬眠), once thought an unrealistic solution, is now getting more attention, and a new study on bats is making this science fiction-inspired idea more possible. Many mammals go into hibernation in winter, lowering their body temperature and slowing down how their bodies use energy to save strength. But humans can't do this safely. Our bodies can't store enough fat without harm, work well at low energy levels, or live through big drops in body temperature. To find the secret of hibernation, German animal scientist Gerald Kerth and his team studied red blood cells from three groups: hibernating noctule bats (绒山蝠), non-hibernating Egyptian fruit bats and humans. They tested the cells at three temperatures— human body temperature, room temperature, and the cold point where noctule bats start to hibernate. When it got colder, both bat and human cells became thicker and harder. But only bat cells grew much thicker compared to how hard they were. Researchers think this feature helps bats take in and spread oxygen better in cold conditions— even Egyptian fruit bats have kept this ability from their hibernating ancestors, though they don't hibernate now. Making human cells change like this could open the door to safe hibernation during space travel. Experts say the study is an important step, but many questions still exist— like how to make humans hibernate and if medicine can change our blood cells. While space travel still has many difficulties, this bat research gives an exciting breakthrough to make long Mars trips healthier and more achievable. 1．Which of the following is NOT the reason for humans' inability to go into hibernation safely? A．Because our bodies cannot work well at low energy levels. B．Because our bodies fail to store enough fat without harm. C．Because our bodies can't survive big drops in body temperature. D．Because our bodies can hardly use energy to save strength. 2．What can we infer about Egyptian fruit bats from the study? A．They can hibernate safely like noctule bats. B．Their red blood cells have lost the ancestral hibernation traits. C．Their red blood cells can still adapt to cold conditions well. D．They store more fat than other non- hibernating mammals. 3．What does the passage imply about the future of Mars travel? A．Hibernation will solve all problems of Mars travel. B．The bat study has made safe hibernation in space a reality. C．Long Mars trips may become healthier with further research. D．NASA will send astronauts to Mars without any difficulties by the 2030s. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．NASA Is Planning to Send Astronauts to Mars for Hibernation B．New Bat Discovery May Aid Human Hibernation for Space Travel C．Hibernation Has Become a Reality Thanks to a New Study on Bats D．Studying Hibernation Is of Great Importance to the Human Race Passage 4 （25-26高二上·内蒙古乌兰察布·期中）Some of the world’s most important scientists think the idea of people living on Mars will come true one day. Stephen Hawking believed humans must move into space to survive. “Once we spread out into space and establish independent colonies, our future should be safe.” he said. Robert Zubrin, a rocket scientist, agrees and thinks starting with Mars makes the most sense. He thinks sending people to Mars will allow us to learn a lot—for example, about the ability of humans to live in a very different environment. However, scientists will need to terraform Mars for people to be able to live. Terraforming means changing the environment on a planet so that it is similar to Earth’s. One of the main goals of terraforming Mars is to warm it up because the average temperature there is about -60℃. One idea for warming Mars is to build factories there that produce greenhouse gases. This could take many centuries. However, it should lead to rainfall and the growth of plants, resulting in more air that people can breathe. Another big concern for scientists is whether humans can move to Mars and still stay healthy in mind and body. As a test, six people lived in a Mars-like environment in Hawaii for a year before “returning to Earth” recently. It was a 1,200-square-foot room that was on the side of a volcano and used the sun for energy. Christiane Heinicke, one of the people who lived there, said that one of the biggest issues was feeling bored. So humans on Mars would always need to keep themselves busy with various activities. Another important finding was that the people living together should all be able to get along and work together. One particular organization based in Europe is planning to send the first humans to Mars before 2030.The organization believes that its project is giving people worldwide the chance to be part of the first human crew ever to live on Mars for good. However, many experts think the project’s cost of US $6 billion is too low for it to be successful. The American space agency NASA believes that sending people to Mars would cost about US $100 billion, although this estimate is based on bringing them back to Earth, too. Regardless, it seems that humans living on Mars may well happen a lot sooner than most people believe. 1．Why choose Mars first? A．It has no extreme cold. B．It’s fit for quick terraforming. C．It helps study human adaptability. D．It’s closer than other planets. 2．What worries scientists most? A．Greenhouse gas shortage B．Human physical/mental health C．Lack of funding for factories D．Volcanoes on Mars’ surface 3．What is the connection between Hawaii test and Mars life? A．Both need sun energy use B．Both require team cooperation C．Both have 1,200-square-foot space D．Both last exactly one year 4．How is the 2030 Mars plan viewed? A．Cost estimate is too low. B．It can finish terraforming first. C．NASA will fund it fully. D．It ignores health risks. Passage 5 （25-26高三上·全国·月考）Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, is blanketed in smog, rich in surface organic molecules (分子). However, its surface is extremely cold, around -179°C, making chemical reactions for life progress very slowly. Scientists believe a vast liquid ocean, holding 12 times the volume of Earth’s oceans combined, exists deep underground where it’s warmer. Similar oceans may exist on moons like Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede, where there could be liquid water, often suggesting possible life, but researcher Catherine Neish and her team challenge this idea. Their research suggests that for Titan’s ocean to support life, a significant amount of organic molecules from the surface must reach it to start the chemistry needed for life. The main way this could happen is through comet (彗星) impacts. Impacts melt surface ice, creating pools of water mixed with organics. Because liquid water is denser than ice, these pools could sink. However, Neish’s models show comet strikes are too infrequent to deliver enough organic material. Her team estimates only about 7,500 kilograms of simple amino acid (氨基酸) reach Titan’s ocean every year. While this sounds substantial, it’s equal to the mass of one male African elephant spread across an ocean with a dozen times the volume of Earth’s oceans, truly a drop in the ocean. Even in this most optimistic scenario, there’s not enough organics transported into Titan’s ocean to sustain life there. Other possibilities exist, like some hot vents on the seafloor where water meets rock, making all kinds of molecules erupt and set off complex chemical reactions that could support life. Could similar internal sources provide organics on Titan? Neish doesn’t rule this out, but points out a concern: organics from Titan’s interior might be mostly molecules with exceptional stability, which are difficult to transform into essential biological units like amino acids. While directly exploring these oceans to find life is still far off, Neish’s research highlights the value of NASA’s planned Dragonfly mission to Titan. If Neish is correct, Dragonfly could find sites where comet impacts mixed water and organics, allowing scientists to study prebiological chemistry similar to what led to life on Earth. 1．What can make chemical reactions slow on Titan? A．The thick smog. B．The comet impacts. C．The extreme climate. D．The absence of organics. 2．How does the author emphasize the insufficiency of organics? A．By listing different sources. B．By providing exact statistics. C．By quoting experts’ opinions. D．By making a vivid comparison. 3．What can be inferred about internal organic sources from Titan? A．They contain enough liquid water. B．They have special chemical nature. C．They contribute to life’s development. D．They are identical to those on the Earth. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Suitable Ground for Life. B．The Secret Leading to Life. C．Prospects for Life on Titan. D．A Mission to Explore Titan. Passage 6 （25-26高二上·湖南·期中）Think of pollution and your mind’s eye might conjure up smoke-emitting factories, car exhausts (尾气) and those plastic garbage you see on beaches. What probably doesn’t spring to mind is the mesosphere, a slice of sky far above the height any plane flies. And yet a growing number of scientists are sounding the alarm that this could be the site of a worrying new form of pollution. There are currently more than 15,000 satellites circling around our planet, and almost all are bound to be de-orbited (使脱离轨道), a nice way of saying they will burn up in the atmosphere. In doing so, they will release clouds of metals and reactive chemicals that could have worrying effects, mainly damaging our protective ozone (臭氧) layer. Over the past decade or so, the cost of launching satellites has decreased, thanks to the rise of reusable rockets. Both factors have led to the launch of a huge number of satellites. Foremost among them is the Starlink, which currently consists of around 8000 satellites used to provide broadband internet. Why does this pose a problem? The lifetime of these satellites is often only about five years, partly because they are designed to carry limited fuel, which they require to stay in the air. To prevent the old satellites from crowding into near-Earth space, risking crashing into each other, the satellite companies direct them into the atmosphere to burn up. However, when burned in air, the reaction will cause damage to the ozone known for absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun that would otherwise be harmful to life. Stefan Löhle, a leading scientist at the University of Stuttgart in Germany, proposes that simply changing the path of a satellite as it de-orbits could change the air resistance it experiences, potentially reducing the amount and composition of material left behind. Satellite pollution may not have become a serious threat yet, but for Löhle it isn’t OK for companies to set aside this concern.“It’s all a bit like,‘ let’s think about this later’,” he says.“But later is now.” 1．What does the underlined phrase mean in Paragraph 1? A．Expose. B．Upgrade. C．Visualize. D．Ignore. 2．What has contributed to the new form of pollution? A．Harming the ozone layer. B．Advancement in rocket technology. C．Founding of the Starlink. D．Burning up of the atmosphere. 3．What do we know about the satellite companies? A．They are profit-driven. B．They are in a tough spot. C．They are risk-taking. D．They are technologically advanced. 4．Which of the following best describes Stefan Löhle’s attitude? A．Many hands make light work. B．No use crying over spilt milk. C．It’s never too late to mend. D．Prevention is better than cure. Passage 7 （25-26高二上·四川雅安·期中）What will astronauts wear in 50 years? A brand-new spacesuit is being developed. Called the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EEMU), the spacesuit protects astronauts from the tough environment of the lunar surface, which is different from that astronauts have been exploring in low Earth orbit. Progress on the suit has been overshadowed (使不快乐). “The EEMU represents the first new spacesuit NASA has developed in over 40 years,” George Nield, the associate administrator for commercial space transportation at the Federal Aviation Administration, said. “So far, it looks like things are on schedule.” Nield outlined the agency’s plan to build five EEMU suits. One for design tests is almost done and should be completed in December. A second will be built for qualification testing and a third will be tested in orbit on the International Space Station. The final two will walk on the moon in 2024 on a mission called Artemis 3. In addition to the main spacesuits, each astronaut will also require an internal cooling garment (衣服), and NASA has now completed the first prototype of that undergarment. The agency also needs to update the backpack-like Portable Life Support System that astronauts carry to stay alive. Meanwhile, NASA got a sense of how the new suit will perform on the moon by testing the design underwater. Underwater, astronauts can get a feel for moving around in a spacesuit and using the tools they will operate during a spacewalk. Lately, NASA has been using the pool to study movements like collecting moon rock and dust, navigating a ladder and planting a flag on the lunar surface. 1．What is the text mainly about? A．What people will wear in the future. B．How astronauts will walk on the moon. C．NASA is developing a new spacesuit. D．A spaceship will soon be sent to the moon. 2．What will the second suit be used for? A．Design tests. B．Qualification testing. C．Walking on the moon. D．Tests on the International Space Station. 3．What does the underlined word “update” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Improve. B．Invent. C．Choose. D．Design. 4．Why did scientists test the spacesuit underwater? A．Because the spacesuit would feel lighter. B．Because the result was clear to observe. C．Because it was easy to carry out the tests. D．Because it gave astronauts a feel of walking in a spacesuit. Passage 8 （25-26高二上·江苏南通·期中）You’ve probably seen headlines like this: “Astronomers say space rock may hit Earth in the near future!” Every year, we see warnings about one or two such objects. But how do astronomers know an asteroid’s path? When astronomers detect a new asteroid, they must determine its orbit (轨道). Is it circling the Sun beyond Mars, or does its path bring it close to Earth? Answering these questions relies on the laws of planetary motion established by German astronomer Johannes Kepler in the 17th century. Kepler discovered that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses (椭圆), and asteroids follow the same principle. The basic characteristics of an orbital ellipse are its eccentricity (离心率), size and orientation in space. Once astronomers know all those elements, they can mathematically define the associated orbit. In theory, they can use Kepler’s equations to predict its future positions. In practice, it’s not so easy. To accurately define an asteroid’s orbit, astronomers need at least three well-separated observations. But asteroids don’t appear as perfect dots in telescope images — they are slightly blurred, making their exact positions difficult to measure. The best way to improve predictions is to gather more observations, either from new telescope data or past images. Also, the longer an object is tracked, the more precise its orbital calculations become. However, this isn’t always possible. Some asteroids are too small and dim to observe for long, and others move so close to the sun’s glare that they become temporarily invisible. If an asteroid’s orbit is well-defined, how do astronomers calculate the chance of an Earth impact? One method is to simulate its orbit and identify when it...will pass through Earth’s orbital region. If Earth happens to be in the asteroid’s path at the same time, a collision (碰撞) is possible. However, Earth is a small target, and the space where the asteroid might be on that date is usually large. As a result, even for a seemingly alarming asteroid, the actual chance of impact is typically very low — often one in thousands. In most cases, additional observations improve the prediction and reveal that the asteroid will miss Earth entirely, reducing the risk to zero. That’s not to say we never get hit! Recent examples include the Chelyabinsk meteor event in 2013. That’s why we must keep our eyes on the sky. Fortunately, with more telescopes, we can track more asteroids and sharpen our predictions. 1．Johannes Kepler’s laws help . A．detect an asteroid in space B．predict the orbit of an asteroid C．calculate the size of an asteroid D．determine the influence of an asteroid impact 2．What do paragraphs 4 and 5 mainly discuss? A．The time required to observe an asteroid. B．The challenges in defining an asteroid’s orbit. C．The role of telescope data in tracking asteroids. D．The characteristics of asteroids and their orbits. 3．What does the author imply by stating “Earth is a small target” in paragraph 6? A．To suggest we need to build larger telescopes to calculate the chance. B．To explain why most asteroids are identified when they are very close. C．To emphasize the vastness of space and the low probability of a collision. D．To criticize the inefficiency of current astronomical observation technology. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Continuous monitoring of asteroids is a necessity. B．Additional observations can reduce the risk to zero, C．More telescopes ensure the accuracy of all our predictions. D．Examples prove that current monitoring systems are ineffective. 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 2 Out of this world 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、探索准备方面 launch a spacecraft（发射航天器） design a space mission（设计太空任务） train astronauts（训练宇航员） test space equipment（测试太空设备） analyze cosmic data（分析宇宙数据） develop space technology（研发太空技术） approve space projects（批准太空项目） gather astronomical information（收集天文信息） 二、太空旅行方面 travel in space（太空旅行） orbit the Earth（环绕地球运行） land on a planet/moon（登陆行星 / 月球） board a space station（登上空间站） conduct spacewalks（进行太空行走） return to Earth safely（安全返回地球） travel through the solar system（穿越太阳系） experience zero gravity（体验失重状态） 三、天体观测方面 observe celestial bodies（观测天体） study galaxies/nebulae（研究星系 / 星云） track comets/asteroids（追踪彗星 / 小行星） explore black holes（探索黑洞） map the universe（绘制宇宙地图） detect gravitational waves（探测引力波） analyze planetary atmospheres（分析行星大气层） use telescopes（使用望远镜） 四、探索体验与成果方面 make scientific discoveries（取得科学发现） expand human knowledge（拓展人类知识） collect space samples（收集太空样本） conduct experiments in space（在太空进行实验） achieve space breakthroughs（取得太空突破） promote international space cooperation（促进国际太空合作） inspire scientific innovation（激发科学创新） advance space exploration（推进太空探索） 五、探索注意事项方面 ensure astronaut safety（确保宇航员安全） protect space environment（保护太空环境） abide by space treaties（遵守太空条约） prevent space debris pollution（防止太空碎片污染） manage mission risks（管理任务风险） maintain life support systems（维护生命支持系统） respect scientific research ethics（尊重科研伦理） 时文拓展阅读 Space exploration has always been a testament to human curiosity and ambition. From the first glance at the stars to the latest missions to Mars, humanity's desire to unlock the mysteries of the cosmos has driven remarkable progress in science and technology. In an age of advanced spacecraft, powerful telescopes, and international collaboration, we are venturing further into the universe than ever before, uncovering secrets that have fascinated us for millennia. Whether it's rovers traversing the red deserts of Mars, space telescopes capturing images of distant galaxies, or astronauts conducting experiments on the International Space Station, each endeavor brings us closer to understanding our place in the cosmos. What makes space exploration truly profound is not just the technological feats we accomplish, but the way it challenges our perspectives, fosters global unity, and inspires future generations to pursue knowledge and innovation. When engaging in space exploration, it's crucial to uphold the principles of international cooperation and responsible exploration. Space is a shared resource, and no single nation can unlock its full potential alone. Collaborations between space agencies, such as NASA, ESA, and CNSA, have led to groundbreaking missions like the James Webb Space Telescope and the Mars Sample Return Program. Moreover, protecting the space environment has become increasingly urgent as human activity in orbit grows—reducing space debris and minimizing environmental impact are essential to ensuring sustainable exploration for future generations. In a world where many challenges divide us, space exploration stands as a unifying force. It reminds us that we are all inhabitants of a tiny blue planet in a vast universe, and that our shared curiosity transcends borders, cultures, and differences. As we continue to reach for the stars, we not only expand our understanding of the cosmos but also discover more about ourselves—our resilience, our ingenuity, and our capacity to achieve the seemingly impossible. So, let us embrace the spirit of exploration, support scientific progress, and let the wonders of the universe fuel our pursuit of a better future. 【译文欣赏】 太空探索一直是人类好奇心与雄心的证明。从最初仰望星空到最新的火星任务，人类解开宇宙奥秘的渴望推动着科技领域取得了非凡进步。在这个拥有先进航天器、高性能望远镜和国际合作的时代，我们正以前所未有的深度探索宇宙，揭开那些数千年来令我们着迷的秘密。 无论是火星车在红色沙漠中穿行、太空望远镜捕捉遥远星系的影像，还是宇航员在国际空间站进行实验，每一项努力都让我们更接近理解自己在宇宙中的位置。让太空探索真正意义深远的，不仅是我们所取得的技术成就，更是它挑战我们认知、促进全球团结并激励后代追求知识与创新的方式。 参与太空探索时，秉持国际合作与负责任探索的原则至关重要。太空是人类的共同资源，没有任何一个国家能够独自发掘其全部潜力。美国国家航空航天局（NASA）、欧洲空间局（ESA）和中国国家航天局（CNSA）等航天机构之间的合作，催生了詹姆斯・韦伯太空望远镜和火星样本返回计划等具有开创性的任务。此外，随着人类在轨活动的增加，保护太空环境变得日益紧迫 —— 减少太空碎片、降低环境影响，对于确保后代能够持续开展探索至关重要。 在这个诸多挑战令我们产生分歧的世界里，太空探索是一股团结的力量。它提醒我们，我们都是这颗浩瀚宇宙中微小蓝色星球的居民，而我们共同的好奇心超越了国界、文化和差异。当我们继续向着星辰迈进时，我们不仅拓展了对宇宙的认知，也更深刻地认识了自己 —— 我们的韧性、创造力以及实现看似不可能之事的能力。因此，让我们秉持探索精神，支持科学进步，让宇宙的奇观为我们追求更美好未来注入动力。 【词汇积累】 testament [ˈtestəmənt] n. 证明；见证 ambition [æmˈbɪʃn] n. 雄心；抱负 cosmos [ˈkɒzmɒs] n. 宇宙 millennia [mɪˈleniə] n. 千年（millennium 的复数） traverse [trəˈvɜːs] vt. 穿越；横贯 debris [ˈdebriː] n. 碎片；残骸 groundbreaking [ˈɡraʊndbreɪkɪŋ] adj. 开创性的；突破性的 resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns] n. 韧性；恢复力 ingenuity [ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːəti] n. 独创性；心灵手巧 sustainable [səˈsteɪnəbl] adj. 可持续的 【长难句分析】 1. From the first glance at the stars to the latest missions to Mars, humanity's desire to unlock the mysteries of the cosmos has driven remarkable progress in science and technology. 抓标志：介词短语（From...to...）作状语；不定式短语（to unlock...）作后置定语 判类型：状语＋主句（主谓宾结构，包含后置定语） 试翻译：从最初仰望星空到最新的火星任务，人类解开宇宙奥秘的渴望推动着科技领域取得了非凡进步。 2. Collaborations between space agencies, such as NASA, ESA, and CNSA, have led to groundbreaking missions like the James Webb Space Telescope and the Mars Sample Return Program. 抓标志：介词短语（between...）作后置定语；插入语（such as...）举例说明 判类型：主句（主谓宾结构，包含后置定语和插入语） 试翻译：美国国家航空航天局（NASA）、欧洲空间局（ESA）和中国国家航天局（CNSA）等航天机构之间的合作，催生了詹姆斯・韦伯太空望远镜和火星样本返回计划等具有开创性的任务。 【词汇延伸】 unlock the mysteries 解开奥秘 groundbreaking missions 开创性任务 international collaboration 国际合作 sustainable exploration 可持续探索 life support systems 生命支持系统 celestial bodies 天体 zero gravity 失重状态 高考真题链接 (2024・北京高考)The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 1. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. 句式拆解： 主句：Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” returns numerous results（动名词短语作主语，谓语为 returns，宾语为 numerous results）。 定语从句 1：that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation（修饰先行词 results，关系代词 that 在从句中作主语）。 宾语从句：whether the universe is a computer simulation（作 debate 的宾语，表 “是否”）。 同位语：a concept that some scientists actually take seriously（解释说明前面的 computer simulation，其中 that 引导定语从句修饰 concept，在从句中作 take 的宾语）。 翻译：搜索 “模拟假说” 这一术语会得到大量讨论宇宙是否是计算机模拟的结果 —— 一些科学家实际上是认真对待这一概念的。 2. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. 句式拆解： 让步状语从句：While he held the notion that objective reality exists（while 表 “虽然”，从句中 that 引导同位语从句，解释 notion 的具体内容，从句成分完整，that 仅起连接作用）。 主句：he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions（said 后省略宾语从句连接词 that，宾语从句主干为 our mind plays a necessary role；in structuring and shaping... 为介词短语作状语，表 “在…… 方面”）。 翻译：虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他表示，我们的大脑在构建和塑造感知方面发挥着必要作用。 ①simulation 模拟；仿真 ②hypothesis 建筑的；建筑学的 ③perception 遗产；传统 ④empirical 实证的；经验主义的 ⑤metaphor /释义：隐喻；暗喻 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 应用文 267 本文介绍了佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心游客综合体的两个新项目，分别是宇航员训练体验（ATX）和火星基地1，并详细说明了这两个项目的具体内容。 Passage2 阅读理解 说明文 310 一个新兴的交叉学科——“宇宙遗产研究”。该领域由考古学家和空间物理学家提出，旨在将人类留在太空中的器物视为文化遗产，而非太空垃圾，并进行识别、记录和保护。文章探讨了该学科的目的、其面临的独特挑战、对太空文物构成威胁的因素以及可行的保护方案。 Passage3 阅读理解 说明文 293 蝙蝠冬眠相关研究为人类实现太空冬眠、助力火星旅行提供新可能。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 396 人类移居火星的可行性、所需的地球化改造、面临的身心健康挑战及相关项目计划与成本争议。 Passage5 完形填空 说明文 361 土卫六上存在生命的可能性。 Passage6 语法填空 说明文 352 一种新型的污染——太空垃圾污染，并探讨了其成因、危害以及可能的解决措施。 Passage7 语法填空 说明文 273 美国宇航局正在开发新型宇航服及其相关测试情况。 Passage8 语法填空 说明文 413 天文学家借助开普勒定律预测小行星轨道，说明确定轨道的挑战与撞击概率计算方式，强调小行星撞击概率低，但持续监测及完善观测手段十分必要。 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·重庆·月考）We have all imagined what it might be like to go into space and to land on Mars. Now at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida you and your family can live it. There are two parts to the new program, the Astronaut Training Experience (ATX) and Mars Base 1. The Astronaut Training Experience The virtual reality Walk-on-Mars, Land-and-Drive-on-Mars full-motion simulator (全动态模拟器) and Spacewalk Training are all parts of the ATX. If you or your children already love science and have a deep interest in space, this will bring that love to life. Prepare for your mission to Mars by training like a real NASA astronaut headed to space. Ever wanted to take a spacewalk? How about a zero-gravity experience, where you fix space equipment like a real astronaut would? You can do any of these as “mini missions” if you don’t have time to do them all at once. Each stage takes about 30-45 minutes. Mars Base 1 What could be cooler than a day actually spent on Mars? Not an hour or a walk through a display, but a real day working and surviving on the planet's surface doing real science? Become a “rookie (新手) astronaut” participating in simulations and scientific research to grow and analyze crops in the Mars Botany Lab, or use robots to accomplish tasks. Yes, you actually take part in these activities, and grow real food that is really used and consumed. Both the ATX and Mars Base 1 offer the magic of space travel without leaving the ground. 1．What can participants do at the ATX? A．Grow space plants. B．Use robots to do tasks. C．See space equipment exhibitions. D．Get trained like a real astronaut. 2．What do the two programs have in common? A．Both offer real food to taste. B．Both take less than an hour. C．Both provide hands-on activities. D．Both recommend mini missions. 3．Who are the intended readers of the text? A．Parents. B．Students. C．Astronauts. D．Educators. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心游客综合体的两个新项目，分别是宇航员训练体验（ATX）和火星基地1，并详细说明了这两个项目的具体内容。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Prepare for your mission to Mars by training like a real NASA astronaut headed to space.(像一名真正的美国宇航局宇航员一样接受训练，为你的火星任务做好准备。)”可知，参加者在ATX可以像真正的宇航员一样接受训练。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Prepare for your mission to Mars by training like a real NASA astronaut headed to space.(像一名真正的美国宇航局宇航员一样接受训练，为你的火星任务做好准备。)”和第四段“Become a “rookie astronaut” participating in simulations and scientific research to grow and analyze crops in the Mars Botany Lab, or use robots to accomplish tasks.(成为一名“新手宇航员”，参与模拟和科学研究，在火星植物学实验室种植和分析作物，或使用机器人完成任务。)”可知，这两个项目都提供实践活动。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“If you or your children already love science and have a deep interest in space, this will bring that love to life.(如果你或你的孩子已然热爱科学且对太空有浓厚兴趣，这件事会将这份热爱变为现实。)”可推知，这篇文章的读者是父母。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·湖北·月考）A new cross-disciplinary field termed “cosmic (宇宙的) heritage studies” has been proposed by an international team of archaeologists and space physicists. This discipline focuses on identifying, documenting and preserving historical objects from humanity’s ventures into space, treating them as valuable cultural heritage rather than mere space junk. “The objects we’ve left in space and on other planets and moons tell the story of human technological achievement and exploration spirit,” said Dr. Maria Chen, lead researcher from the European Space Heritage Foundation. “With increasing commercial space activities, these artifacts face never-before-seen risks of damage or destruction if not properly protected.” The concept builds upon traditional archaeological principles but adapts them to the unique conditions of space environment. Unlike Earth-based archaeology that deals with centuries-old artifacts, cosmic heritage must consider factors like radiation exposure, low-gravity effects, and orbital decay (衰减) that affect preservation. A central challenge for cosmic heritage researchers involves establishing criteria for what is considered as significant space heritage. “While obviously historically important items like the first satellite Sputnik or Apollo landing sites deserve protection, we also need to consider more recent objects that represent technological milestones,” Dr. Chen explained. The international community currently debates whether to preserve all human-made objects in space or only selected historically significant ones. The team recommends establishing an international record-keeping system for space artifacts and developing low-impact documentation methods using remote sensing technology. “We’re not suggesting we bring everything back to museums,” Dr. Chen clarified. “In many cases, digital preservation through high-resolution imaging and 3D modeling may be the most practical approach.” As space becomes increasingly accessible, cosmic heritage studies aim to ensure that future generations can understand and appreciate the material evidence of humanity’s first steps beyond Earth. The researchers hope their work will inform international space policy and promote responsible management of off-Earth cultural resources. 1．Why does Dr. Chen advocate for treating space objects as heritage? A．For their commercial value. B．For their historical stories. C．For their rescue urgency. D．For their display potential. 2．How does Dr. Chen view the current protection situation? A．Urgent due to commercial growth. B．Challenging due to harsh space conditions. C．Complex due to unclear ownership. D．Manageable with current laws. 3．What is the key challenge mentioned in paragraph 4? A．Agreeing on preservation technology. B．Setting international protection rules. C．Finding long-term conservation funds. D．Deciding which objects to protect. 4．What is the principle behind Dr. Chen’s recommended preservation method? A．Bringing items back to Earth. B．Building bases at sites. C．Using remote, low-impact tech. D．Making strict space laws. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一个新兴的交叉学科——“宇宙遗产研究”。该领域由考古学家和空间物理学家提出，旨在将人类留在太空中的器物视为文化遗产，而非太空垃圾，并进行识别、记录和保护。文章探讨了该学科的目的、其面临的独特挑战、对太空文物构成威胁的因素以及可行的保护方案。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The objects we’ve left in space and on other planets and moons tell the story of human technological achievement and exploration spirit(我们在太空中以及在其他行星和卫星上留下的物体，讲述着人类在技术成就和探索精神方面的历程)”可知，陈博士主张将太空物体视为遗产是因为它们背后的历史故事。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“With increasing commercial space activities, these artifacts face never-before-seen risks of damage or destruction if not properly protected.(随着商业太空活动的日益增多，这些物品若得不到妥善保护，将面临前所未有的受损或毁灭风险)”可知，陈博士认为由于商业增长，当前的保护状况情况紧急。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“A central challenge for cosmic heritage researchers involves establishing criteria for what is considered as significant space heritage.(对于宇宙遗产研究者而言，一个核心挑战在于确立什么样的空间遗产被视为具有重要意义的标准)”可知，第4段中提到的关键挑战是决定保护哪些物品。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“The team recommends establishing an international record-keeping system for space artifacts and developing low-impact documentation methods using remote sensing technology. “We’re not suggesting we bring everything back to museums,” Dr. Chen clarified. “In many cases, digital preservation through high-resolution imaging and 3D modeling may be the most practical approach.”(该团队建议建立一个国际性的太空文物记录系统，并利用遥感技术开发低影响的记录方法。“我们并不是说要把所有东西都带回博物馆，”陈博士解释道，“在很多情况下，通过高分辨率成像和三维建模进行数字化保存可能是最实际的方法。”)”可知，陈博士推荐的保护方法背后的原理是利用远程、低影响技术。故选C。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·云南·月考）NASA plans to send astronauts to Mars by the 2030s, but besides the need for large amounts of supplies, the 21-month trip brings big health problems, such as radiation danger and muscle loss. Hibernation (冬眠), once thought an unrealistic solution, is now getting more attention, and a new study on bats is making this science fiction-inspired idea more possible. Many mammals go into hibernation in winter, lowering their body temperature and slowing down how their bodies use energy to save strength. But humans can't do this safely. Our bodies can't store enough fat without harm, work well at low energy levels, or live through big drops in body temperature. To find the secret of hibernation, German animal scientist Gerald Kerth and his team studied red blood cells from three groups: hibernating noctule bats (绒山蝠), non-hibernating Egyptian fruit bats and humans. They tested the cells at three temperatures— human body temperature, room temperature, and the cold point where noctule bats start to hibernate. When it got colder, both bat and human cells became thicker and harder. But only bat cells grew much thicker compared to how hard they were. Researchers think this feature helps bats take in and spread oxygen better in cold conditions— even Egyptian fruit bats have kept this ability from their hibernating ancestors, though they don't hibernate now. Making human cells change like this could open the door to safe hibernation during space travel. Experts say the study is an important step, but many questions still exist— like how to make humans hibernate and if medicine can change our blood cells. While space travel still has many difficulties, this bat research gives an exciting breakthrough to make long Mars trips healthier and more achievable. 1．Which of the following is NOT the reason for humans' inability to go into hibernation safely? A．Because our bodies cannot work well at low energy levels. B．Because our bodies fail to store enough fat without harm. C．Because our bodies can't survive big drops in body temperature. D．Because our bodies can hardly use energy to save strength. 2．What can we infer about Egyptian fruit bats from the study? A．They can hibernate safely like noctule bats. B．Their red blood cells have lost the ancestral hibernation traits. C．Their red blood cells can still adapt to cold conditions well. D．They store more fat than other non- hibernating mammals. 3．What does the passage imply about the future of Mars travel? A．Hibernation will solve all problems of Mars travel. B．The bat study has made safe hibernation in space a reality. C．Long Mars trips may become healthier with further research. D．NASA will send astronauts to Mars without any difficulties by the 2030s. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．NASA Is Planning to Send Astronauts to Mars for Hibernation B．New Bat Discovery May Aid Human Hibernation for Space Travel C．Hibernation Has Become a Reality Thanks to a New Study on Bats D．Studying Hibernation Is of Great Importance to the Human Race 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇科普说明文。主要介绍蝙蝠冬眠相关研究为人类实现太空冬眠、助力火星旅行提供新可能。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Our bodies can’t store enough fat without harm, work well at low energy levels, or live through big drops in body temperature.(我们的身体无法无害地储存足够的脂肪，无法在低能量水平下正常运转，也无法承受体温的大幅下降。)”可知，人类无法安全冬眠的原因有三个：无法无害储脂、低能量下无法正常工作、无法承受体温骤降。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But only bat cells grew much thicker compared to how hard they were. Researchers think this feature helps bats take in and spread oxygen better in cold conditions— even Egyptian fruit bats have kept this ability from their hibernating ancestors, though they don’t hibernate now.(但相比细胞原本的硬度，只有蝙蝠的细胞会变得厚得多。研究人员认为，这种特性有助于蝙蝠在寒冷环境中更好地吸收和输送氧气——即使是不冬眠的埃及果蝠，也从其冬眠的祖先那里继承了这种能力。)”可知，埃及果蝠的红细胞依然保留了适应寒冷环境的能力。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“While space travel still has many difficulties, this bat research gives an exciting breakthrough to make long Mars trips healthier and more achievable.(尽管太空旅行仍面临诸多困难，但这项蝙蝠研究带来了令人振奋的突破，有望让漫长的火星之旅变得更健康、更可行。)”可知，随着后续研究的推进，长途火星旅行的健康保障有望得到提升。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章开篇提出NASA火星计划面临的健康难题，引出冬眠设想，接着介绍德国团队对蝙蝠红细胞的研究及发现，最后说明该研究为人类太空冬眠提供了突破方向。所以最佳标题为“蝙蝠研究助力人类太空冬眠”。故选B项。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·内蒙古乌兰察布·期中）Some of the world’s most important scientists think the idea of people living on Mars will come true one day. Stephen Hawking believed humans must move into space to survive. “Once we spread out into space and establish independent colonies, our future should be safe.” he said. Robert Zubrin, a rocket scientist, agrees and thinks starting with Mars makes the most sense. He thinks sending people to Mars will allow us to learn a lot—for example, about the ability of humans to live in a very different environment. However, scientists will need to terraform Mars for people to be able to live. Terraforming means changing the environment on a planet so that it is similar to Earth’s. One of the main goals of terraforming Mars is to warm it up because the average temperature there is about -60℃. One idea for warming Mars is to build factories there that produce greenhouse gases. This could take many centuries. However, it should lead to rainfall and the growth of plants, resulting in more air that people can breathe. Another big concern for scientists is whether humans can move to Mars and still stay healthy in mind and body. As a test, six people lived in a Mars-like environment in Hawaii for a year before “returning to Earth” recently. It was a 1,200-square-foot room that was on the side of a volcano and used the sun for energy. Christiane Heinicke, one of the people who lived there, said that one of the biggest issues was feeling bored. So humans on Mars would always need to keep themselves busy with various activities. Another important finding was that the people living together should all be able to get along and work together. One particular organization based in Europe is planning to send the first humans to Mars before 2030.The organization believes that its project is giving people worldwide the chance to be part of the first human crew ever to live on Mars for good. However, many experts think the project’s cost of US $6 billion is too low for it to be successful. The American space agency NASA believes that sending people to Mars would cost about US $100 billion, although this estimate is based on bringing them back to Earth, too. Regardless, it seems that humans living on Mars may well happen a lot sooner than most people believe. 1．Why choose Mars first? A．It has no extreme cold. B．It’s fit for quick terraforming. C．It helps study human adaptability. D．It’s closer than other planets. 2．What worries scientists most? A．Greenhouse gas shortage B．Human physical/mental health C．Lack of funding for factories D．Volcanoes on Mars’ surface 3．What is the connection between Hawaii test and Mars life? A．Both need sun energy use B．Both require team cooperation C．Both have 1,200-square-foot space D．Both last exactly one year 4．How is the 2030 Mars plan viewed? A．Cost estimate is too low. B．It can finish terraforming first. C．NASA will fund it fully. D．It ignores health risks. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人类移居火星的可行性、所需的地球化改造、面临的身心健康挑战及相关项目计划与成本争议。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Robert Zubrin, a rocket scientist, agrees and thinks starting with Mars makes the most sense. He thinks sending people to Mars will allow us to learn a lot—for example, about the ability of humans to live in a very different environment.(火箭科学家Robert Zubrin对此表示赞同，并认为从火星开始最具意义。他认为，将人类送上火星能让我们学到很多东西 —— 例如，关于人类在截然不同的环境中生存的能力。)”可知，选择火星作为首个移居目标的原因是它能帮助人类研究在截然不同环境中的生存适应能力。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Another big concern for scientists is whether humans can move to Mars and still stay healthy in mind and body.(科学家们另一个重大担忧是，人类移居火星后能否保持身心健康。)”可知，科学家们最担忧的是人类移居火星后能否保持身心健康。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Another important finding was that the people living together should all be able to get along and work together.(另一个重要发现是，同住的人必须能够和睦相处、通力合作。)”可知，夏威夷类火星环境测试的重要发现之一是同住者需和睦相处、通力合作，这与火星上人类居住所需的团队协作能力直接相关。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, many experts think the project’s cost of US $6 billion is too low for it to be successful.(然而，许多专家认为，该项目60亿美元的成本过低，难以成功。)”可知，对于2030年送人类上火星的计划，许多专家认为其60亿美元的成本估算过低，难以成功。故选A。 Passage 5 （25-26高三上·全国·月考）Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, is blanketed in smog, rich in surface organic molecules (分子). However, its surface is extremely cold, around -179°C, making chemical reactions for life progress very slowly. Scientists believe a vast liquid ocean, holding 12 times the volume of Earth’s oceans combined, exists deep underground where it’s warmer. Similar oceans may exist on moons like Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede, where there could be liquid water, often suggesting possible life, but researcher Catherine Neish and her team challenge this idea. Their research suggests that for Titan’s ocean to support life, a significant amount of organic molecules from the surface must reach it to start the chemistry needed for life. The main way this could happen is through comet (彗星) impacts. Impacts melt surface ice, creating pools of water mixed with organics. Because liquid water is denser than ice, these pools could sink. However, Neish’s models show comet strikes are too infrequent to deliver enough organic material. Her team estimates only about 7,500 kilograms of simple amino acid (氨基酸) reach Titan’s ocean every year. While this sounds substantial, it’s equal to the mass of one male African elephant spread across an ocean with a dozen times the volume of Earth’s oceans, truly a drop in the ocean. Even in this most optimistic scenario, there’s not enough organics transported into Titan’s ocean to sustain life there. Other possibilities exist, like some hot vents on the seafloor where water meets rock, making all kinds of molecules erupt and set off complex chemical reactions that could support life. Could similar internal sources provide organics on Titan? Neish doesn’t rule this out, but points out a concern: organics from Titan’s interior might be mostly molecules with exceptional stability, which are difficult to transform into essential biological units like amino acids. While directly exploring these oceans to find life is still far off, Neish’s research highlights the value of NASA’s planned Dragonfly mission to Titan. If Neish is correct, Dragonfly could find sites where comet impacts mixed water and organics, allowing scientists to study prebiological chemistry similar to what led to life on Earth. 1．What can make chemical reactions slow on Titan? A．The thick smog. B．The comet impacts. C．The extreme climate. D．The absence of organics. 2．How does the author emphasize the insufficiency of organics? A．By listing different sources. B．By providing exact statistics. C．By quoting experts’ opinions. D．By making a vivid comparison. 3．What can be inferred about internal organic sources from Titan? A．They contain enough liquid water. B．They have special chemical nature. C．They contribute to life’s development. D．They are identical to those on the Earth. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Suitable Ground for Life. B．The Secret Leading to Life. C．Prospects for Life on Titan. D．A Mission to Explore Titan. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要探讨了土卫六上存在生命的可能性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, its surface is extremely cold, around -179°C, making chemical reactions for life progress very slowly.(然而，它的表面温度极低，约为-179°C，使得生命所需的化学反应进展非常缓慢。)”，由此可知，土卫六上化学反应缓慢是因为其极端的气候，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Her team estimates only about 7,500 kilograms of simple amino acid (氨基酸) reach Titan’s ocean every year. While this sounds substantial, it’s equal to the mass of one male African elephant spread across an ocean with a dozen times the volume of Earth’s oceans, truly a drop in the ocean.(她的团队估计，每年只有大约7500公斤的简单氨基酸到达土卫六的海洋。虽然这听起来数量可观，但它相当于一头雄性非洲象的质量，分散在体积是地球海洋十几倍的海洋中，真是沧海一粟。)”可知，作者通过生动的比较来强调有机物的不足，故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Neish doesn’t rule this out, but points out a concern: organics from Titan’s interior might be mostly molecules with exceptional stability, which are difficult to transform into essential biological units like amino acids.(Neish并不排除这种可能性，但她指出一个担忧：土卫六内部的有机物可能主要是具有特殊稳定性的分子，这些分子很难转化为氨基酸等基本生物单位。)”可知，土卫六内部的有机物可能主要是具有特殊稳定性的分子，即它们具有特殊的化学性质，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了土卫六上存在生命的可能性，科学家们对此进行了研究和探讨，虽然直接探索这些海洋以寻找生命仍然遥不可及，但Neish的研究强调了美国宇航局计划中的“蜻蜓号”任务对土卫六的价值，由此可知，选项C“土卫六上生命的可能性”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C。 Passage 6 （25-26高二上·湖南·期中）Think of pollution and your mind’s eye might conjure up smoke-emitting factories, car exhausts (尾气) and those plastic garbage you see on beaches. What probably doesn’t spring to mind is the mesosphere, a slice of sky far above the height any plane flies. And yet a growing number of scientists are sounding the alarm that this could be the site of a worrying new form of pollution. There are currently more than 15,000 satellites circling around our planet, and almost all are bound to be de-orbited (使脱离轨道), a nice way of saying they will burn up in the atmosphere. In doing so, they will release clouds of metals and reactive chemicals that could have worrying effects, mainly damaging our protective ozone (臭氧) layer. Over the past decade or so, the cost of launching satellites has decreased, thanks to the rise of reusable rockets. Both factors have led to the launch of a huge number of satellites. Foremost among them is the Starlink, which currently consists of around 8000 satellites used to provide broadband internet. Why does this pose a problem? The lifetime of these satellites is often only about five years, partly because they are designed to carry limited fuel, which they require to stay in the air. To prevent the old satellites from crowding into near-Earth space, risking crashing into each other, the satellite companies direct them into the atmosphere to burn up. However, when burned in air, the reaction will cause damage to the ozone known for absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun that would otherwise be harmful to life. Stefan Löhle, a leading scientist at the University of Stuttgart in Germany, proposes that simply changing the path of a satellite as it de-orbits could change the air resistance it experiences, potentially reducing the amount and composition of material left behind. Satellite pollution may not have become a serious threat yet, but for Löhle it isn’t OK for companies to set aside this concern.“It’s all a bit like,‘ let’s think about this later’,” he says.“But later is now.” 1．What does the underlined phrase mean in Paragraph 1? A．Expose. B．Upgrade. C．Visualize. D．Ignore. 2．What has contributed to the new form of pollution? A．Harming the ozone layer. B．Advancement in rocket technology. C．Founding of the Starlink. D．Burning up of the atmosphere. 3．What do we know about the satellite companies? A．They are profit-driven. B．They are in a tough spot. C．They are risk-taking. D．They are technologically advanced. 4．Which of the following best describes Stefan Löhle’s attitude? A．Many hands make light work. B．No use crying over spilt milk. C．It’s never too late to mend. D．Prevention is better than cure. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型的污染——太空垃圾污染，并探讨了其成因、危害以及可能的解决措施。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Think of pollution and your mind’s eye might conjure up smoke-emitting factories, car exhausts and those plastic garbage you see on beaches. (想到污染，你的脑海中可能会conjure up发出浓烟的工厂、汽车尾气以及你在海滩上看到的塑料垃圾)”可知，conjure up后面接的是具体的污染场景实例，是人们“想到污染”时脑海中呈现的画面。所以conjure up此处意为“想象、使显现”，与“visualize(使形象化、想象)”含义一致。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Over the past decade or so, the cost of launching satellites has decreased, thanks to the rise of reusable rockets. Both factors have led to the launch of a huge number of satellites. (在过去十年左右的时间里，由于可重复使用火箭的兴起，发射卫星的成本降低了。这两个因素导致了大量卫星的发射)”可知，火箭技术的进步使得卫星发射成本降低、数量激增，进而引发了高层大气的新型污染。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“To prevent the old satellites from crowding into near-Earth space, risking crashing into each other, the satellite companies direct them into the atmosphere to burn up. However, when burned in air, the reaction will cause damage to the ozone. (为了防止旧卫星挤满近地空间，面临相互碰撞的风险，卫星公司将它们送入大气层燃烧。然而，当在空气中燃烧时，这种反应会对臭氧层造成破坏)”可知，卫星公司面临两难困境：若不处理旧卫星，会导致近地空间拥挤、碰撞风险；若让卫星在大气层燃烧，又会破坏臭氧层。因此，卫星公司处于左右为难的“困境”中。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Satellite pollution may not have become a serious threat yet, but for Löhle it isn’t OK for companies to set aside this concern.“It’s all a bit like,‘ let’s think about this later’,” he says.“But later is now.”(卫星污染可能还没有成为严重的威胁，但对Löhle来说，公司忽视这一担忧是不可接受的。他说：“这有点像‘以后再考虑’，但现在就是那个‘以后’了。”)”可知，Löhle认为卫星污染问题虽尚未严重，但应提前重视、及时应对，避免后续恶化，体现了“预防胜于治疗”的态度。故选D项。 Passage 7 （25-26高二上·四川雅安·期中）What will astronauts wear in 50 years? A brand-new spacesuit is being developed. Called the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EEMU), the spacesuit protects astronauts from the tough environment of the lunar surface, which is different from that astronauts have been exploring in low Earth orbit. Progress on the suit has been overshadowed (使不快乐). “The EEMU represents the first new spacesuit NASA has developed in over 40 years,” George Nield, the associate administrator for commercial space transportation at the Federal Aviation Administration, said. “So far, it looks like things are on schedule.” Nield outlined the agency’s plan to build five EEMU suits. One for design tests is almost done and should be completed in December. A second will be built for qualification testing and a third will be tested in orbit on the International Space Station. The final two will walk on the moon in 2024 on a mission called Artemis 3. In addition to the main spacesuits, each astronaut will also require an internal cooling garment (衣服), and NASA has now completed the first prototype of that undergarment. The agency also needs to update the backpack-like Portable Life Support System that astronauts carry to stay alive. Meanwhile, NASA got a sense of how the new suit will perform on the moon by testing the design underwater. Underwater, astronauts can get a feel for moving around in a spacesuit and using the tools they will operate during a spacewalk. Lately, NASA has been using the pool to study movements like collecting moon rock and dust, navigating a ladder and planting a flag on the lunar surface. 1．What is the text mainly about? A．What people will wear in the future. B．How astronauts will walk on the moon. C．NASA is developing a new spacesuit. D．A spaceship will soon be sent to the moon. 2．What will the second suit be used for? A．Design tests. B．Qualification testing. C．Walking on the moon. D．Tests on the International Space Station. 3．What does the underlined word “update” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Improve. B．Invent. C．Choose. D．Design. 4．Why did scientists test the spacesuit underwater? A．Because the spacesuit would feel lighter. B．Because the result was clear to observe. C．Because it was easy to carry out the tests. D．Because it gave astronauts a feel of walking in a spacesuit. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国宇航局正在开发新型宇航服及其相关测试情况。 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“A brand-new spacesuit is being developed. Called the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EEMU), the spacesuit protects astronauts from the tough environment of the lunar surface, which is different from that astronauts have been exploring in low Earth orbit.(一种全新的宇航服正在开发中。这种宇航服被称为探索舱外活动单元（EEMU），它可以保护宇航员免受月球表面恶劣环境的伤害，这与宇航员在近地轨道探索的环境不同。)”可知，本文主要介绍了美国宇航局正在开发一种新的宇航服。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A second will be built for qualification testing and a third will be tested in orbit on the International Space Station.(第二套将用于资格测试，第三套将在国际空间站的轨道上进行测试。)”可知，第二套宇航服将用于资格测试。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“In addition to the main spacesuits, each astronaut will also require an internal cooling garment (衣服), and NASA has now completed the first prototype of that undergarment. The agency also needs to update the backpack-like Portable Life Support System that astronauts carry to stay alive.(除了主要的宇航服外，每位宇航员还需要一件内部冷却服，美国宇航局现已完成了这款内衣的第一个原型。该机构还需要update宇航员携带的类似背包的便携式生命维持系统，以维持生命。)”可知，研发了新的宇航服，美国宇航局还需要改进宇航员携带的类似背包的便携式生命维持系统，以适配新型航天服。所以update的意思是“改进”。A. Improve改进；B. Invent发明；C. Choose选择；D. Design设计。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Meanwhile, NASA got a sense of how the new suit will perform on the moon by testing the design underwater. Underwater, astronauts can get a feel for moving around in a spacesuit and using the tools they will operate during a spacewalk.(与此同时，美国宇航局通过在水下测试设计，了解了新宇航服在月球上的表现。在水下，宇航员可以感受穿着宇航服四处走动以及使用他们在太空行走时将要操作的工具的感觉。)”可知，科学家在水下测试宇航服是因为它能让宇航员感受到穿着宇航服行走的感觉。故选D。 Passage 8 （25-26高二上·江苏南通·期中）You’ve probably seen headlines like this: “Astronomers say space rock may hit Earth in the near future!” Every year, we see warnings about one or two such objects. But how do astronomers know an asteroid’s path? When astronomers detect a new asteroid, they must determine its orbit (轨道). Is it circling the Sun beyond Mars, or does its path bring it close to Earth? Answering these questions relies on the laws of planetary motion established by German astronomer Johannes Kepler in the 17th century. Kepler discovered that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses (椭圆), and asteroids follow the same principle. The basic characteristics of an orbital ellipse are its eccentricity (离心率), size and orientation in space. Once astronomers know all those elements, they can mathematically define the associated orbit. In theory, they can use Kepler’s equations to predict its future positions. In practice, it’s not so easy. To accurately define an asteroid’s orbit, astronomers need at least three well-separated observations. But asteroids don’t appear as perfect dots in telescope images — they are slightly blurred, making their exact positions difficult to measure. The best way to improve predictions is to gather more observations, either from new telescope data or past images. Also, the longer an object is tracked, the more precise its orbital calculations become. However, this isn’t always possible. Some asteroids are too small and dim to observe for long, and others move so close to the sun’s glare that they become temporarily invisible. If an asteroid’s orbit is well-defined, how do astronomers calculate the chance of an Earth impact? One method is to simulate its orbit and identify when it...will pass through Earth’s orbital region. If Earth happens to be in the asteroid’s path at the same time, a collision (碰撞) is possible. However, Earth is a small target, and the space where the asteroid might be on that date is usually large. As a result, even for a seemingly alarming asteroid, the actual chance of impact is typically very low — often one in thousands. In most cases, additional observations improve the prediction and reveal that the asteroid will miss Earth entirely, reducing the risk to zero. That’s not to say we never get hit! Recent examples include the Chelyabinsk meteor event in 2013. That’s why we must keep our eyes on the sky. Fortunately, with more telescopes, we can track more asteroids and sharpen our predictions. 1．Johannes Kepler’s laws help . A．detect an asteroid in space B．predict the orbit of an asteroid C．calculate the size of an asteroid D．determine the influence of an asteroid impact 2．What do paragraphs 4 and 5 mainly discuss? A．The time required to observe an asteroid. B．The challenges in defining an asteroid’s orbit. C．The role of telescope data in tracking asteroids. D．The characteristics of asteroids and their orbits. 3．What does the author imply by stating “Earth is a small target” in paragraph 6? A．To suggest we need to build larger telescopes to calculate the chance. B．To explain why most asteroids are identified when they are very close. C．To emphasize the vastness of space and the low probability of a collision. D．To criticize the inefficiency of current astronomical observation technology. 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Continuous monitoring of asteroids is a necessity. B．Additional observations can reduce the risk to zero, C．More telescopes ensure the accuracy of all our predictions. D．Examples prove that current monitoring systems are ineffective. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍天文学家借助开普勒定律预测小行星轨道，说明确定轨道的挑战与撞击概率计算方式，强调小行星撞击概率低，但持续监测及完善观测手段十分必要。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Answering these questions relies on the laws of planetary motion established by German astronomer Johannes Kepler in the 17th century.(解答这些问题需要依据17世纪德国天文学家约翰内斯·开普勒所确立的行星运动定律)”以及第三段“In theory, they can use Kepler’s equations to predict its future positions.(从理论上讲，他们可以利用开普勒方程来预测其未来的位置)”可知，约翰内斯·开普勒的定律有助于预测小行星的轨道。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第四段“In practice, it’s not so easy. To accurately define an asteroid’s orbit, astronomers need at least three well-separated observations. But asteroids don’t appear as perfect dots in telescope images — they are slightly blurred, making their exact positions difficult to measure.(实际上，这并非易事。要精确确定一颗小行星的轨道，天文学家至少需要三次彼此间隔较远的观测数据。但小行星在望远镜图像中并非呈现为完美的点状——它们会有轻微的模糊，这使得其确切位置难以测量)”以及第五段“The best way to improve predictions is to gather more observations, either from new telescope data or past images. Also, the longer an object is tracked, the more precise its orbital calculations become. However, this isn’t always possible. Some asteroids are too small and dim to observe for long, and others move so close to the sun’s glare that they become temporarily invisible.(提高预测精度的最佳方法是收集更多的观测数据，这些数据可以来自新的望远镜观测结果或者以往的图像。此外，对一个天体进行的跟踪时间越长，其轨道计算的精度就越高。然而，并非所有情况都能做到这一点。有些小行星太小且太暗，无法长时间观测；还有一些则因为靠近太阳的强光而暂时变得不可见)”可知，第4段和第5段主要说明了确定小行星轨道所面临的挑战。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段“However, Earth is a small target, and the space where the asteroid might be on that date is usually large.(然而，地球只是一个很小的目标，而那颗小行星在该日期可能所在的空间通常会非常广阔)”以及“As a result, even for a seemingly alarming asteroid, the actual chance of impact is typically very low — often one in thousands.(因此，即便是对于一颗看似颇具威胁的小行星而言，其发生撞击的实际概率通常也非常低——通常仅为千分之一左右)”可知，作者强调“地球是小目标”是为了突出太空的广阔性和碰撞的低概率，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In most cases, additional observations improve the prediction and reveal that the asteroid will miss Earth entirely, reducing the risk to zero. That’s not to say we never get hit! Recent examples include the Chelyabinsk meteor event in 2013. That’s why we must keep our eyes on the sky. Fortunately, with more telescopes, we can track more asteroids and sharpen our predictions.(在大多数情况下，进行更多的观测会提高预测的准确性，并表明这颗小行星将完全避开地球，从而将风险降为零。但这并不意味着我们永远不会遭到撞击！最近的例子包括2013年的车里雅宾斯克陨石事件。这就是为什么我们必须持续关注天空。幸运的是，有了更多的望远镜，我们能够追踪更多的小行星，并提高我们的预测精度)”可知，对小行星的持续监测是十分必要的。故选A。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $