Unit7 Careers（知识清单）英语北师大版选择性必修第三册

该高中英语Unit 7 Careers知识清单系统整合了职业主题相关的词汇、语法与写作核心内容，涵盖26个职业相关单词、15个实用短语、5个熟词生义，以及过去分词语法和求职申请信写作模块，为学生搭建从基础词汇积累到语法应用再到写作输出的递进式学习支架。 清单采用“词汇分层拓展+语法情境化训练+写作模板化指导”的特色设计，如词汇部分对“assist”“operate”等核心词标注拓展用法及写作佳句，语法部分通过“用法精讲+经典练+对比表格”解析过去分词作表语、定语等五大用法，写作部分提供求职申请信“三段式”结构及句型模板。融入语言能力与学习能力培养，帮助学生系统构建知识网络，教师可据此设计分层教学活动，提升教学针对性与学生自主学习效率。

Unit 7 Careers 单词 1.lawyer n.律师 2.dentist n.牙科医生 3.chemist n.化学家 4.librarian n.图书馆管理员 5.department n.（医院、大学、公司、政府的）科，系，处，部;（大商场的）部 6.economy n.经济，经济制度 7.management n.经营，管理 8.persuade vt.说服，劝服 9.predict vt.预言,预料，预测 10.deserve vt.应得，应受到（奖赏或惩罚） 11.lower adj.较小的；较低级的；下面的 12.internal adj.内心的；内部的；国内的 13.willing adj.乐意、愿意（做某事）的 14.altogether adv.总而言之，总的说来；完全，全部 15.trend n.趋势，趋向，倾向 16.guarantee vt.保证，担保n.保修单 17.workshop n.车间，工厂 18.relevant adj.有关的，切题的 19.salary n.薪金，工资 20.pace n.速度，进度 21.part-time adj.部分时间的，兼职的 22.photographer n.摄影者 23.journalist n.新闻工作者，新闻记者 24.district n.地区，区域 25.vision n.视野；视力 26.telescope n.望远镜 短语 1.be fascinated by着迷于 2.rather than而不是 3.end up以……结束 4.deal with处理；应对 5.by birth生来 6.in terms of就……而言；用……措辞 7.compared to和……比起来 8.be involved in参与;卷入 9.follow in one's footsteps继承某人的事业 10.out of date过时的；过期的 11.at an...pace以……的速度 12.in short简言之 13.in addition此外 14.focus on集中于 15.get paid得到报酬 熟词生义 credit n. 学分 (与学业、职业资格相关) solid adj. 可靠的，确凿的 lower adj. 较低级的；下级的 (如：lower management 基层管理) shadow n. 见习；影子工作 (职场概念，指跟随学习，如：job shadowing) prospect n. 可能性，希望 (常用复数 prospects 指职业/经济前景) 句型 1. It is generally believed that people with high EQs are open to new ideas and have positive attitudes towards life.（It is believed that...） 人们普遍认为，高情商的人容易接受新思想，而且对生活有积极的态度。 2.On the other hand， there is little doubt that people with low EQs often have problems getting on with other people and dealing with difficult situations...（There is no/little doubt that...） 另一方面，毫无疑问，低情商的人往往在与他人相处和处理困难情况方面存在问题…… 3. Altogether， the results of studies show that EQ is as important， if not more important than IQ.（if条件句的省略） 4. 总之，一系列研究结果表明，情商即使不比智商更重要，至少也与智商同样重要。 语法 1. 祈使句+and/or+陈述句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 assistant n.助手，助理，副手 adj.辅助的；助理的 【拓展】 （1）assist v. 协助，帮助 assist sb. to do/in doing sth. 帮助某人做某事 assist sb. with/in sth. 帮助某人某事 （2）assistance n. 帮助；协助 with the assistance/help of... 在……的帮助下 【写作佳句】Weak as she was, she struggled to her feet, continuing searching for assistance.尽管她很虚弱，她还是挣扎着站起来，继续寻求帮助。 【经典练】语段填空/微写作 ① John works as an _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （assist） manager in an import company. He is a nice person and usually _  _  _  _  _  _  （assist） his neighbors _  _  _  _  _  _   lots of things, so they like him very much. Several days ago, John fell down from a ladder and injured his right leg badly. With the _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （assist） of Lucy, who is a nurse, he is recovering quickly now. ② 我希望您能帮助学生更多地了解西方文化，这能增进我们的了解并有助于我们建立良好的关系。 I hope you can _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  ，which can increase our understanding and help build good relationships between us. 知识点2 operate vi.工作；运转 vt.操作 【拓展】 （1）operator n.操作员；电话接线员 operate on/upon sb. 给某人动手术 （2）operation n. 操作；经营；手术；运算 be in operation 在运转；在行动中；在实施中 come/go into operation 开始工作（生效） put/bring...into operation 使……开始工作/生效 【写作佳句】In 1971, China's first subway line in Beijing was formally put into operation.1971年，中国的第一条地铁线路在北京正式投入运营。 【经典练】单句语法填空/句型转换 ① My father is a doctor. He operated _  _  _  _  _  _   a patient on the head last night. ② The new regulations will come _  _   operation next Sunday. ③ With such models， scientists have found out some key principles _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （operate） in food webs. ④ This machine is very easy to operate and anyone can learn it. →_  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   and anyone can learn it.（it作形式主语） 知识点3 persuade vt.说服，劝服；使信服 【拓展】 （1）persuade sb. to do sth. =persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 （2）persuade sb. not to do sth. =persuade sb. out of doing sth. 说服某人不做某事 （3）persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 persuade sb. that... 使某人相信…… 【写作佳句】I put my palm on his back and persuaded him to take part in/into taking part in the run.我把手掌放在他的背上，说服他参加跑步。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① The children did everything they could to persuade the family the plan's benefits, highlighting how it would bring long-term advantages. ②成功说服大卫不要放弃越野赛之后，我欣慰地笑了。 Having successfully _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   the cross-country race， I smiled with relief. ③ 我非常紧张，犹豫不决地敲开老人的门，试图说服他买我的报纸。 Having butterflies in my stomach， I hesitantly knocked on the old man's door and _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  . 知识点4 employ vt.& n.雇用 vt.运用；使用 【拓展】 （1）employ sb. as... 雇用某人为…… employ sb.to do sth. 雇用某人做某事 employ oneself in doing sth. =be employed in doing sth. 忙于做某事；从事于某事 be employed to do sth. 被用于做某事 （2）employer n. 雇用者；雇主；老板 employee n. 雇工；雇员 employment n. 职业；工作；就业 unemployment n. 失业 【写作佳句】Overwhelmed with excitement, David and I had fun camping while Mom was employed in chatting happily with the family that also camped there.我和大卫兴奋不已，在露营时玩得很开心，而妈妈则忙于和同样在那里露营的家庭开心地聊天。 【经典练】单句语法填空/语段填空/一句多译 ① In order to bring emotional responses in the audience, various kinds of rhetorical devices （修辞手法） are often employed _  _  _  _  _  _  （add） power to the speech language. ② The _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   rate has increased recently. Also, _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   are willing to offer higher pay to the qualified _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  ．（employ） ③ 我每天忙着准备写作比赛，抽不出时间来玩。 →I _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   on a daily basis and I couldn't spare any time to play around. →_  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   on a daily basis，I couldn't spare any time to play around.（分词短语作状语） 知识点5 predict vt.预言，预料，预测 【拓展】 （1）predict doing... 预言做…… It is predicted that... 据预测…… predict that... 预测…… （2）prediction n. 预测，预报 make a prediction 做出预测 【写作佳句】They predicted that many students would sign up for the dance competition so they made full preparations for it.他们预计很多学生来报名参加舞蹈比赛，因此做好了充分的准备。 【经典练】单句语法填空/句型转换 ① I predicted their _  _  _  _  _  _  （get） into trouble, so I got them ready in advance. ② People predict that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. →_  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century.（it作形式主语） →_  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century.（prediction） 知识点6 adjust vi.& vt.适应，（使）习惯；调整，调节 【拓展】 （1）adjust...to... 调整……以适应…… adjust （oneself） to... 使（自己）适应于…… （2）adjustment n. 调整；调节；适应 make an adjustment/adjustments to... 对……做出调整 【写作佳句】（1）She adjusted her glasses, looked at me for a moment, but didn't say a word.她调整了眼镜,看了我一会儿,但一句话也没说。 （2）Knowing that you have some difficulties in adjusting （yourself） to the new school life， I'm writing to give you some tips， which I hope will be of help to you.我知道你在适应新的学校生活方面有些困难，所以我写信给你一些建议，希望能对你有帮助。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① One of the essential aims of AI is to develop computer intelligence capable of learning from experience, _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （adjust） to new inputs and performing tasks like humans. ② The government, in response to recent economic fluctuations （波动）， introduced several _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （adjust） to stabilize the financial market. ③ 由于我没有及时调整相关的信息，给您带来了极大的不便，我写信向您道歉。 I am writing to apologise to you for _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  ，causing great inconvenience to you. 知识点7 react vi.（作出）反应；回应 【拓展】 （1）react to sb./sth. 对某人/某事物作出反应 react with... 与……起（化学）反应 react against 反对，反抗，反叛 （2）reaction n. 反应；感应 reaction to... 对……的反应 【写作佳句】My father's reaction astonished me. I was anxious to know how he could be so calm. 父亲的反应让我很惊讶，我想知道他怎么能如此镇静。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （react） to body language is an important component of being a teacher. ② Children tend to react _  _  _  _  _  _   their parents by going against their wishes. ③ 爱丽丝坐在那里,又吃惊又生气,不知道如何应对这个意外事件。 Surprised and angry, Alice sat there, _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  . 知识点8 relevant adj.有关的,切题的；有意义的 【拓展】 （1）be relevant to... 和……有关 （2）relevantly adv. 有关地；切题地 relevance n. 相关性；关联 【写作佳句】He refused to comment before he had seen all the relevant information. 在看到全部相关资料之前，他拒绝评论。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① As is known to all, temperature and precipitation （降水量） will change _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （relevant） when altitude rises. ② It is a great honour for me to tell you some information relevant the local customs. ③ 当你申请这份工作时，有一些相关经验将会有帮助。 _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   when you apply for the job. 知识点9 occupy v.占用，占去（时间）；使忙于（做某事）；忙着（做某事） 【拓展】 （1）occupation n.工作，职业；占领 occupy oneself with sth./in （doing） sth. 忙于（做）某事;专心于（做）某事 （2）occupied adj. 忙于；被占领的 be occupied in doing sth. 忙于做某事 be occupied with sth. 忙于某事 keep sb./oneself occupied 使某人/自己忙碌 【经典练】语段填空/一句多译 ① Teaching _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   almost all her life. Sometimes, she is so _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   in working that she has no time for relaxation. With education _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   her mind, she cares less what is not related to her _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  . （occupy） ②我在暑假期间专注于学习如何弹吉他，发现练习和耐心是掌握这一美妙乐器的关键。 →I _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   learning how to play the guitar during the summer break, and I found that practice and patience were the keys to mastering this wonderful instrument. →_  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  , I found that practice and patience were the keys to mastering this wonderful instrument.（分词短语作状语） 【写作佳句】The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding， but they can also be extremely rewarding.占据了一天里大部分时间的日常工作要求很高，但是也会非常有意义。 知识点10 qualify vi.&vt.（使）有资格，有权利；取得资格，达到标准 【拓展】 （1）qualify （sb.） for... 使（某人）有……资格/取得……的参赛资格 qualify sb.to do sth. 使某人有资格做某事 （2）qualified adj. 有资格的，称职的 be/feel qualified for/to do sth. 有/感到有资格做某事 be qualified as... 能胜任…… （3）qualification n. 技能条件，资格 the qualification for/to do sth. 做某事的资格 【写作佳句】With a good command of English， I'm quite qualified for the job.我的英语很好，完全可以胜任这份工作。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① The course qualifies you _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （operate） this kind of machines in any area of the country. ②Xie Lei is studying for a business _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  （qualify） at a university in China and has come to our university on a year-long exchange programme. ③ 读了这份比赛公告后，艾伦想知道他是否有资格参加比赛。 →Having read the competition announcement, Alan wondered _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  .（qualified adj.） →Having read the competition announcement, Alan wondered _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  .（qualification n.） 二、语法清单 过去分词 【精讲·语法知识】 (一)过去分词的基本特征 形式: · 规则动词:动词原形 + -ed (worked, finished, applied) · 不规则动词:需记忆(written, done, chosen) 语态与时态特征: · 表示被动 意义 · 表示完成 意义 （二）过去分词作表语 （1）基本结构 用在系动词后面，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态，此时过去分词大多已变成了形容词。 He looked worried after reading the letter. 看完信后，他显得很忧虑。 When we heard of it, we were deeply moved. 当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。 （2）过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同，但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。试比较： The cup is broken. 杯子破了。(系表结构) The cup was broken by Tom. 杯子是汤姆打破的。(被动语态) （3）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别 英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即"令人有某种感觉的"，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即"人被引起某种感觉的"，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。 常用的这类词有： 动词 现在分词(-ing) 过去分词(-ed) surprise surprising 令人惊讶的 surprised 感到惊讶的 excite exciting 令人兴奋的 excited 感到兴奋的 interest interesting 有趣的 interested 感兴趣的 move moving 感人的 moved 感动的 disappoint disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 frighten frightening 令人害怕的 frightened 感到害怕的 tire tiring 令人疲倦的 tired 感到疲倦的 bore boring 令人厌烦的 bored 感到厌烦的 puzzle puzzling 令人困惑的 puzzled 感到困惑的 satisfy satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的 amaze amazing 令人惊奇的 amazed 感到惊奇的 confuse confusing 令人困惑的 confused 感到困惑的 We were surprised at what he said at the meeting. 我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。 His words were discouraging, which made many people discouraged. 他的话令人泄气，使得很多人灰心丧气。 【经典练】 (1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ①We got a little _____________，but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind. ②While waiting for the opportunity to get_____________，Henry did his best to perform his duty. ③The__________ look on her face suggested that she was _____________ by the_____________scene.(frighten) ④The news was _____________and they were all _____________ at it.(excite) ⑤The audience were all _____________ to tears by the _____________ film.(move) (2)补全句子 ⑥Why do you always _____________?你为什么总是看上去很疲劳？ ⑦I _____________ at the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better.我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能更好些。 三、过去分词作定语 （1）单个过去分词作定语 单个过去分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前，表示被动或完成意义。 a retired teacher 一位退休教师 fallen leaves 落叶 the risen sun 升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 a broken cup 一个破杯子 qualified candidates 合格的候选人 （2）过去分词短语作定语 过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句。 The position advertised in the newspaper has been filled. = The position which was advertised in the newspaper has been filled. 报纸上刊登的那个职位已经有人了。 Candidates selected for the interview will be notified. = Candidates who are selected for the interview will be notified. 被选中参加面试的候选人将会收到通知。 The book written by Lu Xun is very popular. = The book which was written by Lu Xun is very popular. 鲁迅写的这本书很受欢迎。 （3）过去分词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别 过去分词作定语表示被动或完成 现在分词作定语表示主动或进行 试比较： the changing world 正在变化的世界（主动、进行） the changed world 已经改变的世界（被动、完成） a developing country 发展中国家（主动、进行） a developed country 发达国家（被动、完成） 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① The_____________(pollute) water is not fit to drink. ② Most of the people _____________(invite) to the party were famous scientists. ③ The first textbooks _________(write) for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ④ There is a _____________(break) window in the classroom. （2）句型转换 ⑤ The student who is dressed in white is my daughter. = __________________________ ⑥ The building which was built last year is our library. = _________________________ 四、过去分词作状语 （1）表示时间 相当于时间状语从句，可在过去分词前加上连词when, while, until等。 Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. = When it is seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 从山上看，这座城市显得很壮观。 Asked about his career plan, he said he wanted to be a doctor. = When he was asked about his career plan, he said he wanted to be a doctor. 当被问及职业规划时，他说他想当医生。 （2）表示原因 相当于原因状语从句。 Encouraged by his teacher, he applied for the position. = Because he was encouraged by his teacher, he applied for the position. 受到老师的鼓励，他申请了这个职位。 Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. = Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. 被这个故事深深感动，孩子们哭了起来。 Lost in thought, he didn't hear the bell. = Because he was lost in thought, he didn't hear the bell. 由于陷入沉思，他没有听到铃声。 （3）表示条件 相当于条件状语从句。 Given more time, I could do it better. = If I were given more time, I could do it better. 如果给我更多时间，我能做得更好。 Compared with other candidates, you have more experience. = If you are compared with other candidates, you have more experience. 与其他候选人相比，你有更多经验。 （4）表示让步 相当于让步状语从句。 Rejected many times, he never gave up. = Although he was rejected many times, he never gave up. 尽管被拒绝多次，他从未放弃。 Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. = Although he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 尽管被警告有危险，他仍然在薄冰上滑冰。 （5）表示伴随或方式 说明动作发生的背景或情况。 The manager sat there, surrounded by his team members. 经理坐在那里，被团队成员围着。 She walked into the interview room, followed by her assistant. 她走进面试室，助理跟在后面。 He stood there, lost in thought. 他站在那里，陷入沉思。 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① _____________ (see) from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. ② _____________(give) another chance, I will do it much better. ③ _____________(face) with the difficult situation, he remained calm. ④ _____________(encourage) by the progress he has made, he works harder. ⑤ She sat by the window, _____________ (lose) in thought. （2）句型转换 ⑥ Because he was inspired by his teacher, he chose to become a doctor. = _________________________ ⑦ If I am given more opportunities, I could make greater contributions. =_________________________ ⑧ Although he was left alone at home, he didn't feel afraid. =_________________________ 五、过去分词作宾语补足语 （1）感官动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 常用的感官动词有：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find等。 结构：感官动词 + sb./sth. + done I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。 He saw the problem solved. 他看到问题被解决了。 We found the village greatly changed. 我们发现村庄变化很大。 I felt myself pushed forward. 我感到自己被推向前。 （2）使役动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 常用的使役动词有：make, have, get, keep, leave等。 结构：使役动词 + sb./sth. + done I must get my CV updated. 我必须更新我的简历。 The boss wants the report finished by Friday. 老板想要报告在周五前完成。 You should make yourself heard in the meeting. 你应该在会议上让别人听到你的声音。 He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。 Don't leave the work unfinished. 不要让工作半途而废。 （3）with复合结构：with + 宾语 + 过去分词 表示伴随状况或补充说明。 With the problem solved, we can move forward. 问题解决了，我们可以继续前进。 He sat there with his arms folded. 他双臂交叉坐在那里。 She stood there with her eyes closed. 她闭着眼睛站在那里。 With all the work finished, they went home happily. 所有工作完成后，他们高兴地回家了。 （4）want, wish, like, expect, order等动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 表示"希望/要求某事被做"。 I want the work finished by tomorrow. 我想让这项工作明天完成。 The teacher doesn't like the problem discussed at the moment. 老师不想现在讨论这个问题。 We expect the plan carried out next month. 我们期望这个计划下个月实施。 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① I heard my name _____________(call) when I was about to leave. ② He watched the cup _____________(break) by his son. ③ I must get my bike _____________(repair) tomorrow. ④ The boss wants the letter _____________(type) at once. ⑤ With all the problems _____________ (solve), he felt relaxed. （2）补全句子 ⑥ You should _____________in English. 你应该用英语让别人理解你的意思。 ⑦ He_____________ on the bus. 他的钱包在公交车上被偷了。 ⑧_____________,I couldn't get into the room. 门锁着，我进不了房间。 六、过去分词的独立主格结构 （1）基本结构 名词/代词 + 过去分词，在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。 特点： · 过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致 · 过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系 （2）常见用法 ① 表示时间或原因 The work done, we went home. = After the work was done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们回家了。 All things considered, the plan is quite practical. = When all things are considered, the plan is quite practical. 考虑到所有因素，这个计划很实用。 ② 表示条件 Weather permitting, we'll go for a picnic tomorrow. = If weather permits, we'll go for a picnic tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去野餐。（这里是现在分词形式） Time permitting, I'll visit you this weekend. 如果时间允许，我周末去看你。 ③ 表示伴随状况（这里是现在分词形式） He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，双手交叉放在脑后。 The teacher came in, a book held in his hand. 老师走了进来，手里拿着一本书。 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① The meeting ________(finish), we went back to our office. ② All the tickets ________out (sell), we had to wait for the next show. ③ More time ________(give), we could do it much better. （2）补全句子 ④ ________________, your article is of great value. 考虑到所有因素，你的文章很有价值。 ⑤ He lay on his back, ________________. 他仰卧着，双手交叉放在脑后。 七、过去分词使用注意事项 （1）过去分词的否定形式 在过去分词前加not或never。 Not knowing what to do, he asked his teacher for help. 不知道该做什么，他向老师求助。（注意：这里用现在分词） Not invited to the party, she felt disappointed. 没有被邀请参加聚会，她感到失望。 （2）过去分词的完成式 having been done，强调动作发生在谓语动词之前。 Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. = Though he had been told many times, he still made the same mistake. 尽管被告知多次，他还是犯了同样的错误。 Having been shown around the school, the visitors were taken to the library. 被带着参观完学校后，访客们被带到了图书馆。 （3）某些固定结构 generally speaking 一般来说 frankly speaking 坦白地说 judging from/by 根据……判断 considering 考虑到 compared with/to 与……相比 given 考虑到，鉴于 Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys. 一般来说，女孩比男孩更细心。 Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 从他的口音判断，他一定来自南方。 综合练习 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① The position ________(advertise) in the newspaper attracted many applicants. ② ________(give) another chance, I will do it much better. ③ He sat at the desk with his eyes ________(fix) on the computer screen. ④ ________(encourage) by his parents, he decided to apply for the job. ⑤ The manager wants the report ________(finish) by the end of this week. ⑥ I'm________ (interest) in the interesting (interest) story. ⑦ ________(face) with difficulties, we should be brave. ⑧ She walked into the office, ________(follow) by her assistant. ⑨ I heard my name________(call) in the crowd. ⑩ The work________(do), they went out to play. （2）句型转换 ① Because he was moved by her words, he decided to help her. = _______________________ ② The book which was written by Mo Yan is very popular. = _______________________ ③ When she was asked about her opinion, she kept silent. = _______________________. ④ He wants someone to repair his car. = _______________________ ⑤ After all the work was finished, they went home. = _____________________. 总结：过去分词的五大用法 用法 位置/结构 意义 例句 作表语 系动词 + 过去分词 表示主语的状态 He looks tired. 作定语 单个词前置，短语后置 表示被动或完成 a broken cup / the book written by... 作状语 句首或句中 表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随 Given more time, I could do better. 作宾补 动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 表示宾语被... I heard my name called. 独立主格 名词/代词 + 过去分词 作状语 The work done, we went home. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 求职申请信（Job Application Letter / Cover Letter）是应用文的一种，用于向招聘单位表达求职意愿、展示个人优势、争取面试机会。该文体具有以下特点： （1）目的明确 表达对特定职位的兴趣 说明自己符合职位要求 争取获得面试机会 （2）语言特点 正式礼貌：使用正式的书信语言，体现职业素养 简洁明了：避免冗长，突出重点信息 积极自信：展现自信但不自负的态度 该文体写作结构： 基本结构：三段式 第一段：开头段 ✓ 说明写信目的 ✓ 表明信息来源│ ✓ 表达求职意愿 第二段：主体段 ✓ 介绍个人优势 ✓ 说明胜任理由 ✓ 展示相关经验/技能 第三段：结尾段 ✓ 表达面试期望 ✓ 表示感谢 ✓ 期待回复 【积累·写作素材】 第一段：开头段（说明写信目的） 表明写信目的 - 申请什么职位 说明信息来源 - 从哪里得知招聘信息 表达求职兴趣 - 对职位的兴趣和热情 功能 句型模板 说明目的 • I'm writing to apply for the position of... advertised in... • I'm writing in response to your advertisement for... • I wish to apply for the position of... which was advertised in... 信息来源 • I learned from... that your company is looking for... • I saw your advertisement in... for the post of... • I was informed by... that you are recruiting... 表达兴趣 • I'm very interested in this position. • I'm writing to express my strong interest in... • This position particularly appeals to me because... 第二段：主体段（展示个人优势） 核心内容： 学历背景 - 教育经历、学习成绩 技能特长 - 专业技能、语言能力、计算机能力 性格特点 - 与职位相关的个人品质 相关经验 - 实习经历、项目经验、获奖情况 胜任理由 - 为什么适合这个职位 常用句型： 功能 句型模板 总起句 • I believe I am well qualified for this position because... • I'm confident that I would be an ideal candidate for this job for the following reasons. • I have the qualifications and experience that make me suitable for this position. 学历背景 • I'm currently a senior student majoring in... at... • I have been doing well in my studies, especially in... • I will graduate from... with a degree in... 技能特长 • I have a good command of... • I'm proficient in... • I have excellent... skills, which enable me to... • I'm familiar with... 性格特点 • I'm outgoing and easy-going, which helps me... • I have a strong sense of responsibility and... • I'm a team player with... • I'm highly motivated and... 相关经验 • I have gained valuable experience in... through... • During my internship at..., I... • I have participated in... and successfully... • My experience in... has prepared me for... 胜任理由 • These qualities make me suitable for... • I'm convinced that I can make a contribution to... • I believe my skills and experience match your requirements. 第三段：结尾段（表达期望与感谢） 核心内容： 表达面试期望 - 希望获得面试机会 表示感谢 - 感谢对方考虑 期待回复 - 期待尽快收到回复 附件说明（如有）- 说明随信附上的材料 常用句型： 功能 句型模板 期望面试 • I would appreciate it if you could give me an opportunity for an interview. • I would be grateful if you could grant me an interview. • I'm available for an interview at your convenience. • I hope to have the opportunity to discuss my qualifications with you in person. 表示感谢 • Thank you for considering my application. • I appreciate your time and consideration. • Thank you for taking the time to review my application. 期待回复 • I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. • I look forward to your favorable reply. • I'm looking forward to your early reply. 附件说明 • I have enclosed my resume for your review. • Please find attached my CV and relevant certificates. • My resume is enclosed for your reference. 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你校将举办国际文化节，现招募志愿者。请写一封申请信，内容包括： 写信目的 个人优势 希望获准 注意：可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯 第一步：审题谋篇 审题要素 具体内容 体裁 应用文——求职申请信（志愿者申请） 人称 以第一人称为主 时态 主要使用一般现在时态 要点 ① 写信目的 ② 个人优势 ③ 希望获准 框架 第一段：说明写信目的，表达申请意愿 第二段：详细介绍个人优势（语言能力、文化知识、性格特点、相关经验） 第三段：表达希望获准，期待回复 第二步：要点翻译 第一段要点： 1. 我写信是为了申请即将举办的国际文化节志愿者职位。（apply for） I'm writing to _______________________ for the upcoming International Culture Festival. 2. 得知需要志愿者，我渴望抓住这个机会。（eager） _______________________that volunteers are needed, _______________________ take this opportunity. 第二段要点： 3. 我相信我会是一个理想的候选人。（confident） _______________________ that I would be an ideal candidate. 5. 我精通英语。（have a good command of） I _______________________English. 6. 这将帮助我与外国客人顺畅交流。（communicate） This will help me______________________foreign guests. 7. 我熟悉中国文化和历史。（be familiar with） I_______________________Chinese culture and history. 8. 我可以用有趣的方式向游客介绍我们的传统。（introduce） I can _______________________s in an interesting way. 9. 我是一个外向且有耐心的人。（outgoing, patient） I'm_______________________ person. 10. 我总是乐于助人。（ready to help） I_______________________others. 11. 我有在市博物馆做志愿者的经验。（experience） I_______________________ as a volunteer at the City Museum. 12. 我学会了如何提供优质服务和处理突发情况。（handle） I learned how to provide quality service and _______________________. 第三段要点： 13. 如果您能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。（grateful） _______________________ if you could consider my application. 14. 我可以在您方便的时候参加面试。（available） _______________________ at your convenience. 15. 感谢您的时间和考虑。（consideration） Thank you for your time and _______________________. 16. 我期待您的好消息。（look forward to） I _______________________your favorable reply. 第三步：词句升级 升级1：用非谓语动词（现在分词）作状语合并句2和句3 原句： Having learned that volunteers are needed, I'm eager to take this opportunity. I want to serve my fellow students and international guests. 升级后：__________________________________________________________________________________________ 用不定式to serve作目的状语） 升级2：用定语从句合并句5和句6 原句： I have a good command of English. This will help me communicate smoothly with foreign guests. 升级后：__________________________________________________________________________________________ （用which引导非限制性定语从句） 升级3：用so连接句7和句8，使逻辑更清晰 原句： I'm familiar with Chinese culture and history. I can introduce our traditions to visitors in an interesting way. 升级后：__________________________________________________________________________________________ （用so表示因果关系） 升级4：用定语从句合并句11和句12 原句： I have previous experience as a volunteer at the City Museum. I learned how to provide quality service and handle unexpected situations. 升级后： __________________________________________________________________________________________ （用where引导定语从句，修饰地点） 升级5：使用连接词使第二段层次更清晰 在各个优势之间添加连接词： First / First of all（首先） Second / Moreover（其次） Third / In addition（第三/此外） Last but not least（最后但同样重要的是） 第四步：连句成篇 完整范文： Dear Sir/Madam, __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 7 Careers 单词 1.lawyer n.律师 2.dentist n.牙科医生 3.chemist n.化学家 4.librarian n.图书馆管理员 5.department n.（医院、大学、公司、政府的）科，系，处，部;（大商场的）部 6.economy n.经济，经济制度 7.management n.经营，管理 8.persuade vt.说服，劝服 9.predict vt.预言,预料，预测 10.deserve vt.应得，应受到（奖赏或惩罚） 11.lower adj.较小的；较低级的；下面的 12.internal adj.内心的；内部的；国内的 13.willing adj.乐意、愿意（做某事）的 14.altogether adv.总而言之，总的说来；完全，全部 15.trend n.趋势，趋向，倾向 16.guarantee vt.保证，担保n.保修单 17.workshop n.车间，工厂 18.relevant adj.有关的，切题的 19.salary n.薪金，工资 20.pace n.速度，进度 21.part-time adj.部分时间的，兼职的 22.photographer n.摄影者 23.journalist n.新闻工作者，新闻记者 24.district n.地区，区域 25.vision n.视野；视力 26.telescope n.望远镜 短语 1.be fascinated by着迷于 2.rather than而不是 3.end up以……结束 4.deal with处理；应对 5.by birth生来 6.in terms of就……而言；用……措辞 7.compared to和……比起来 8.be involved in参与;卷入 9.follow in one's footsteps继承某人的事业 10.out of date过时的；过期的 11.at an...pace以……的速度 12.in short简言之 13.in addition此外 14.focus on集中于 15.get paid得到报酬 熟词生义 credit n. 学分 (与学业、职业资格相关) solid adj. 可靠的，确凿的 lower adj. 较低级的；下级的 (如：lower management 基层管理) shadow n. 见习；影子工作 (职场概念，指跟随学习，如：job shadowing) prospect n. 可能性，希望 (常用复数 prospects 指职业/经济前景) 句型 1. It is generally believed that people with high EQs are open to new ideas and have positive attitudes towards life.（It is believed that...） 人们普遍认为，高情商的人容易接受新思想，而且对生活有积极的态度。 2.On the other hand， there is little doubt that people with low EQs often have problems getting on with other people and dealing with difficult situations...（There is no/little doubt that...） 另一方面，毫无疑问，低情商的人往往在与他人相处和处理困难情况方面存在问题…… 3. Altogether， the results of studies show that EQ is as important， if not more important than IQ.（if条件句的省略） 4. 总之，一系列研究结果表明，情商即使不比智商更重要，至少也与智商同样重要。 语法 1. 祈使句+and/or+陈述句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 assistant n.助手，助理，副手 adj.辅助的；助理的 【拓展】 （1）assist v. 协助，帮助 assist sb. to do/in doing sth. 帮助某人做某事 assist sb. with/in sth. 帮助某人某事 （2）assistance n. 帮助；协助 with the assistance/help of... 在……的帮助下 【写作佳句】Weak as she was, she struggled to her feet, continuing searching for assistance.尽管她很虚弱，她还是挣扎着站起来，继续寻求帮助。 【经典练】语段填空/微写作 ① John works as an assistant（assist） manager in an import company. He is a nice person and usually assists（assist） his neighbors with/in lots of things, so they like him very much. Several days ago, John fell down from a ladder and injured his right leg badly. With the assistance  （assist） of Lucy, who is a nurse, he is recovering quickly now. ② 我希望您能帮助学生更多地了解西方文化，这能增进我们的了解并有助于我们建立良好的关系。 I hope you can assist the students to learn/in learning more about Western culture，which can increase our understanding and help build good relationships between us. 知识点2 operate vi.工作；运转 vt.操作 【拓展】 （1）operator n.操作员；电话接线员 operate on/upon sb. 给某人动手术 （2）operation n. 操作；经营；手术；运算 be in operation 在运转；在行动中；在实施中 come/go into operation 开始工作（生效） put/bring...into operation 使……开始工作/生效 【写作佳句】In 1971, China's first subway line in Beijing was formally put into operation.1971年，中国的第一条地铁线路在北京正式投入运营。 【经典练】单句语法填空/句型转换 ① My father is a doctor. He operated on/upon a patient on the head last night. ② The new regulations will come into operation next Sunday. ③ With such models， scientists have found out some key principles operating（operate） in food webs. ④ This machine is very easy to operate and anyone can learn it. →It is very easy to operate this machine and anyone can learn it.（it作形式主语） 知识点3 persuade vt.说服，劝服；使信服 【拓展】 （1）persuade sb. to do sth. =persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 （2）persuade sb. not to do sth. =persuade sb. out of doing sth. 说服某人不做某事 （3）persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 persuade sb. that... 使某人相信…… 【写作佳句】I put my palm on his back and persuaded him to take part in/into taking part in the run.我把手掌放在他的背上，说服他参加跑步。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① The children did everything they could to persuade the family of the plan's benefits, highlighting how it would bring long-term advantages. ② 成功说服大卫不要放弃越野赛之后，我欣慰地笑了。 Having successfully persuaded David not to quit/out of quitting the cross-country race， I smiled with relief. ③ 我非常紧张，犹豫不决地敲开老人的门，试图说服他买我的报纸。 Having butterflies in my stomach， I hesitantly knocked on the old man's door and tried to persuade him to buy/into buying my newspaper  . 知识点4 employ vt.& n.雇用 vt.运用；使用 【拓展】 （1）employ sb. as... 雇用某人为…… employ sb.to do sth. 雇用某人做某事 employ oneself in doing sth. =be employed in doing sth. 忙于做某事；从事于某事 be employed to do sth. 被用于做某事 （2）employer n. 雇用者；雇主；老板 employee n. 雇工；雇员 employment n. 职业；工作；就业 unemployment n. 失业 【写作佳句】Overwhelmed with excitement, David and I had fun camping while Mom was employed in chatting happily with the family that also camped there.我和大卫兴奋不已，在露营时玩得很开心，而妈妈则忙于和同样在那里露营的家庭开心地聊天。 【经典练】单句语法填空/语段填空/一句多译 ① In order to bring emotional responses in the audience, various kinds of rhetorical devices （修辞手法） are often employed to add（add） power to the speech language. ② The employment   rate has increased recently. Also, employers are willing to offer higher pay to the qualified employees  ．（employ） ③ 我每天忙着准备写作比赛，抽不出时间来玩。 →I employed myself in/was employed in preparing for the writing competition  on a daily basis and I couldn't spare any time to play around. →Employing myself in/Employed in preparing for the writing competition on a daily basis，I couldn't spare any time to play around.（分词短语作状语） 知识点5 predict vt.预言，预料，预测 【拓展】 （1）predict doing... 预言做…… It is predicted that... 据预测…… predict that... 预测…… （2）prediction n. 预测，预报 make a prediction 做出预测 【写作佳句】They predicted that many students would sign up for the dance competition so they made full preparations for it.他们预计很多学生来报名参加舞蹈比赛，因此做好了充分的准备。 【经典练】单句语法填空/句型转换 ① I predicted their getting（get） into trouble, so I got them ready in advance. ② People predict that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. →It is predicted that   there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century.（it作形式主语） →People make a prediction that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century.（prediction） 知识点6 adjust vi.& vt.适应，（使）习惯；调整，调节 【拓展】 （1）adjust...to... 调整……以适应…… adjust （oneself） to... 使（自己）适应于…… （2）adjustment n. 调整；调节；适应 make an adjustment/adjustments to... 对……做出调整 【写作佳句】（1）She adjusted her glasses, looked at me for a moment, but didn't say a word.她调整了眼镜,看了我一会儿,但一句话也没说。 （2）Knowing that you have some difficulties in adjusting （yourself） to the new school life， I'm writing to give you some tips， which I hope will be of help to you.我知道你在适应新的学校生活方面有些困难，所以我写信给你一些建议，希望能对你有帮助。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① One of the essential aims of AI is to develop computer intelligence capable of learning from experience, adjusting（adjust） to new inputs and performing tasks like humans. ② The government, in response to recent economic fluctuations （波动）， introduced several adjustments （adjust） to stabilize the financial market. ③ 由于我没有及时调整相关的信息，给您带来了极大的不便，我写信向您道歉。 I am writing to apologise to you for my not adjusting the relevant information in time/my not making an adjustment/adjustments to the relevant information in time  ，causing great inconvenience to you. 知识点7 react vi.（作出）反应；回应 【拓展】 （1）react to sb./sth. 对某人/某事物作出反应 react with... 与……起（化学）反应 react against 反对，反抗，反叛 （2）reaction n. 反应；感应 reaction to... 对……的反应 【写作佳句】My father's reaction astonished me. I was anxious to know how he could be so calm. 父亲的反应让我很惊讶，我想知道他怎么能如此镇静。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① Reacting（react） to body language is an important component of being a teacher. ② Children tend to react against their parents by going against their wishes. ③ 爱丽丝坐在那里,又吃惊又生气,不知道如何应对这个意外事件。 Surprised and angry, Alice sat there, not knowing how to react to the unexpected incident. 知识点8 relevant adj.有关的,切题的；有意义的 【拓展】 （1）be relevant to... 和……有关 （2）relevantly adv. 有关地；切题地 relevance n. 相关性；关联 【写作佳句】He refused to comment before he had seen all the relevant information. 在看到全部相关资料之前，他拒绝评论。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① As is known to all, temperature and precipitation （降水量） will change relevantly  （relevant） when altitude rises. ② It is a great honour for me to tell you some information relevant to the local customs. ③ 当你申请这份工作时，有一些相关经验将会有帮助。 Having some relevant experience will be helpful, when you apply for the job. 知识点9 occupy v.占用，占去（时间）；使忙于（做某事）；忙着（做某事） 【拓展】 （1）occupation n.工作，职业；占领 occupy oneself with sth./in （doing） sth. 忙于（做）某事;专心于（做）某事 （2）occupied adj. 忙于；被占领的 be occupied in doing sth. 忙于做某事 be occupied with sth. 忙于某事 keep sb./oneself occupied 使某人/自己忙碌 【经典练】语段填空/一句多译 ① Teaching occupies  almost all her life. Sometimes, she is so occupied in working that she has no time for relaxation. With education occupying her mind, she cares less what is not related to her occupation  . （occupy） ②我在暑假期间专注于学习如何弹吉他，发现练习和耐心是掌握这一美妙乐器的关键。 →I was occupied in/occupied myself in learning how to play the guitar during the summer break, and I found that practice and patience were the keys to mastering this wonderful instrument. →Occupied in/Occupying myself in learning how to play the guitar during the summer break, I found that practice and patience were the keys to mastering this wonderful instrument.（分词短语作状语） 【写作佳句】The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding， but they can also be extremely rewarding.占据了一天里大部分时间的日常工作要求很高，但是也会非常有意义。 知识点10 qualify vi.&vt.（使）有资格，有权利；取得资格，达到标准 【拓展】 （1）qualify （sb.） for... 使（某人）有……资格/取得……的参赛资格 qualify sb.to do sth. 使某人有资格做某事 （2）qualified adj. 有资格的，称职的 be/feel qualified for/to do sth. 有/感到有资格做某事 be qualified as... 能胜任…… （3）qualification n. 技能条件，资格 the qualification for/to do sth. 做某事的资格 【写作佳句】With a good command of English， I'm quite qualified for the job.我的英语很好，完全可以胜任这份工作。 【经典练】单句语法填空/微写作 ① The course qualifies you to operate（operate） this kind of machines in any area of the country. ②Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification（qualify） at a university in China and has come to our university on a year-long exchange programme. ③ 读了这份比赛公告后，艾伦想知道他是否有资格参加比赛。 →Having read the competition announcement, Alan wondered whether he was qualified to participate in it  .（qualified adj.） →Having read the competition announcement, Alan wondered whether he had the qualification to participate in it  .（qualification n.） 二、语法清单 过去分词 【精讲·语法知识】 (一)过去分词的基本特征 形式: · 规则动词:动词原形 + -ed (worked, finished, applied) · 不规则动词:需记忆(written, done, chosen) 语态与时态特征: · 表示被动 意义 · 表示完成 意义 （二）过去分词作表语 （1）基本结构 用在系动词后面，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态，此时过去分词大多已变成了形容词。 He looked worried after reading the letter. 看完信后，他显得很忧虑。 When we heard of it, we were deeply moved. 当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。 （2）过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同，但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。试比较： The cup is broken. 杯子破了。(系表结构) The cup was broken by Tom. 杯子是汤姆打破的。(被动语态) （3）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别 英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即"令人有某种感觉的"，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即"人被引起某种感觉的"，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。 常用的这类词有： 动词 现在分词(-ing) 过去分词(-ed) surprise surprising 令人惊讶的 surprised 感到惊讶的 excite exciting 令人兴奋的 excited 感到兴奋的 interest interesting 有趣的 interested 感兴趣的 move moving 感人的 moved 感动的 disappoint disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 frighten frightening 令人害怕的 frightened 感到害怕的 tire tiring 令人疲倦的 tired 感到疲倦的 bore boring 令人厌烦的 bored 感到厌烦的 puzzle puzzling 令人困惑的 puzzled 感到困惑的 satisfy satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的 amaze amazing 令人惊奇的 amazed 感到惊奇的 confuse confusing 令人困惑的 confused 感到困惑的 We were surprised at what he said at the meeting. 我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。 His words were discouraging, which made many people discouraged. 他的话令人泄气，使得很多人灰心丧气。 【经典练】 (1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ①We got a little sunburned，but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind. ②While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform his duty. ③The frightened look on her face suggested that she was frightened by the frightening scene.(frighten) ④The news was exciting and they were all excited at it.(excite) ⑤The audience were all moved to tears by the moving film.(move) (2)补全句子 ⑥Why do you always look tired?你为什么总是看上去很疲劳？ ⑦I was disappointed at the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better.我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能更好些。 三、过去分词作定语 （1）单个过去分词作定语 单个过去分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前，表示被动或完成意义。 a retired teacher 一位退休教师 fallen leaves 落叶 the risen sun 升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 a broken cup 一个破杯子 qualified candidates 合格的候选人 （2）过去分词短语作定语 过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句。 The position advertised in the newspaper has been filled. = The position which was advertised in the newspaper has been filled. 报纸上刊登的那个职位已经有人了。 Candidates selected for the interview will be notified. = Candidates who are selected for the interview will be notified. 被选中参加面试的候选人将会收到通知。 The book written by Lu Xun is very popular. = The book which was written by Lu Xun is very popular. 鲁迅写的这本书很受欢迎。 （3）过去分词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别 过去分词作定语表示被动或完成 现在分词作定语表示主动或进行 试比较： the changing world 正在变化的世界（主动、进行） the changed world 已经改变的世界（被动、完成） a developing country 发展中国家（主动、进行） a developed country 发达国家（被动、完成） 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① The polluted (pollute) water is not fit to drink. ② Most of the people invited (invite) to the party were famous scientists. ③ The first textbooks written (write) for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ④ There is a broken (break) window in the classroom. （2）句型转换 ⑤ The student who is dressed in white is my daughter. = The student dressed in white is my daughter. ⑥ The building which was built last year is our library. = The building built last year is our library. 四、过去分词作状语 （1）表示时间 相当于时间状语从句，可在过去分词前加上连词when, while, until等。 Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. = When it is seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 从山上看，这座城市显得很壮观。 Asked about his career plan, he said he wanted to be a doctor. = When he was asked about his career plan, he said he wanted to be a doctor. 当被问及职业规划时，他说他想当医生。 （2）表示原因 相当于原因状语从句。 Encouraged by his teacher, he applied for the position. = Because he was encouraged by his teacher, he applied for the position. 受到老师的鼓励，他申请了这个职位。 Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. = Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. 被这个故事深深感动，孩子们哭了起来。 Lost in thought, he didn't hear the bell. = Because he was lost in thought, he didn't hear the bell. 由于陷入沉思，他没有听到铃声。 （3）表示条件 相当于条件状语从句。 Given more time, I could do it better. = If I were given more time, I could do it better. 如果给我更多时间，我能做得更好。 Compared with other candidates, you have more experience. = If you are compared with other candidates, you have more experience. 与其他候选人相比，你有更多经验。 （4）表示让步 相当于让步状语从句。 Rejected many times, he never gave up. = Although he was rejected many times, he never gave up. 尽管被拒绝多次，他从未放弃。 Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. = Although he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 尽管被警告有危险，他仍然在薄冰上滑冰。 （5）表示伴随或方式 说明动作发生的背景或情况。 The manager sat there, surrounded by his team members. 经理坐在那里，被团队成员围着。 She walked into the interview room, followed by her assistant. 她走进面试室，助理跟在后面。 He stood there, lost in thought. 他站在那里，陷入沉思。 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① Seen (see) from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. ② Given (give) another chance, I will do it much better. ③ Faced (face) with the difficult situation, he remained calm. ④ Encouraged (encourage) by the progress he has made, he works harder. ⑤ She sat by the window, lost (lose) in thought. （2）句型转换 ⑥ Because he was inspired by his teacher, he chose to become a doctor. = Inspired by his teacher, he chose to become a doctor. ⑦ If I am given more opportunities, I could make greater contributions. = Given more opportunities, I could make greater contributions. ⑧ Although he was left alone at home, he didn't feel afraid. = Left alone at home, he didn't feel afraid. 五、过去分词作宾语补足语 （1）感官动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 常用的感官动词有：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find等。 结构：感官动词 + sb./sth. + done I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。 He saw the problem solved. 他看到问题被解决了。 We found the village greatly changed. 我们发现村庄变化很大。 I felt myself pushed forward. 我感到自己被推向前。 （2）使役动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 常用的使役动词有：make, have, get, keep, leave等。 结构：使役动词 + sb./sth. + done I must get my CV updated. 我必须更新我的简历。 The boss wants the report finished by Friday. 老板想要报告在周五前完成。 You should make yourself heard in the meeting. 你应该在会议上让别人听到你的声音。 He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。 Don't leave the work unfinished. 不要让工作半途而废。 （3）with复合结构：with + 宾语 + 过去分词 表示伴随状况或补充说明。 With the problem solved, we can move forward. 问题解决了，我们可以继续前进。 He sat there with his arms folded. 他双臂交叉坐在那里。 She stood there with her eyes closed. 她闭着眼睛站在那里。 With all the work finished, they went home happily. 所有工作完成后，他们高兴地回家了。 （4）want, wish, like, expect, order等动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 表示"希望/要求某事被做"。 I want the work finished by tomorrow. 我想让这项工作明天完成。 The teacher doesn't like the problem discussed at the moment. 老师不想现在讨论这个问题。 We expect the plan carried out next month. 我们期望这个计划下个月实施。 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① I heard my name called (call) when I was about to leave. ② He watched the cup broken (break) by his son. ③ I must get my bike repaired (repair) tomorrow. ④ The boss wants the letter typed (type) at once. ⑤ With all the problems solved (solve), he felt relaxed. （2）补全句子 ⑥ You should make yourself understood in English. 你应该用英语让别人理解你的意思。 ⑦ He had his wallet stolen on the bus. 他的钱包在公交车上被偷了。 ⑧ With the door locked, I couldn't get into the room. 门锁着，我进不了房间。 六、过去分词的独立主格结构 （1）基本结构 名词/代词 + 过去分词，在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。 特点： · 过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致 · 过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系 （2）常见用法 ① 表示时间或原因 The work done, we went home. = After the work was done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们回家了。 All things considered, the plan is quite practical. = When all things are considered, the plan is quite practical. 考虑到所有因素，这个计划很实用。 ② 表示条件 Weather permitting, we'll go for a picnic tomorrow. = If weather permits, we'll go for a picnic tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去野餐。（这里是现在分词形式） Time permitting, I'll visit you this weekend. 如果时间允许，我周末去看你。 ③ 表示伴随状况（这里是现在分词形式） He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，双手交叉放在脑后。 The teacher came in, a book held in his hand. 老师走了进来，手里拿着一本书。 【经典练】 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① The meeting finished (finish), we went back to our office. ② All the tickets sold out (sell), we had to wait for the next show. ③ More time given (give), we could do it much better. （2）补全句子 ④ All things considered, your article is of great value. 考虑到所有因素，你的文章很有价值。 ⑤ He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. 他仰卧着，双手交叉放在脑后。 七、过去分词使用注意事项 （1）过去分词的否定形式 在过去分词前加not或never。 Not knowing what to do, he asked his teacher for help. 不知道该做什么，他向老师求助。（注意：这里用现在分词） Not invited to the party, she felt disappointed. 没有被邀请参加聚会，她感到失望。 （2）过去分词的完成式 having been done，强调动作发生在谓语动词之前。 Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. = Though he had been told many times, he still made the same mistake. 尽管被告知多次，他还是犯了同样的错误。 Having been shown around the school, the visitors were taken to the library. 被带着参观完学校后，访客们被带到了图书馆。 （3）某些固定结构 generally speaking 一般来说 frankly speaking 坦白地说 judging from/by 根据……判断 considering 考虑到 compared with/to 与……相比 given 考虑到，鉴于 Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys. 一般来说，女孩比男孩更细心。 Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 从他的口音判断，他一定来自南方。 综合练习 （1）用所给词的适当形式填空 ① The position advertised (advertise) in the newspaper attracted many applicants. ② Given (give) another chance, I will do it much better. ③ He sat at the desk with his eyes fixed (fix) on the computer screen. ④ Encouraged (encourage) by his parents, he decided to apply for the job. ⑤ The manager wants the report finished (finish) by the end of this week. ⑥ I'm interested (interest) in the interesting (interest) story. ⑦ Faced (face) with difficulties, we should be brave. ⑧ She walked into the office, followed (follow) by her assistant. ⑨ I heard my name called (call) in the crowd. ⑩ The work done (do), they went out to play. （2）句型转换 ① Because he was moved by her words, he decided to help her. = Moved by her words, he decided to help her. ② The book which was written by Mo Yan is very popular. = The book written by Mo Yan is very popular. ③ When she was asked about her opinion, she kept silent. = Asked about her opinion, she kept silent. ④ He wants someone to repair his car. = He wants his car repaired. ⑤ After all the work was finished, they went home. = All the work finished, they went home. 总结：过去分词的五大用法 用法 位置/结构 意义 例句 作表语 系动词 + 过去分词 表示主语的状态 He looks tired. 作定语 单个词前置，短语后置 表示被动或完成 a broken cup / the book written by... 作状语 句首或句中 表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随 Given more time, I could do better. 作宾补 动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词 表示宾语被... I heard my name called. 独立主格 名词/代词 + 过去分词 作状语 The work done, we went home. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 求职申请信（Job Application Letter / Cover Letter）是应用文的一种，用于向招聘单位表达求职意愿、展示个人优势、争取面试机会。该文体具有以下特点： （1）目的明确 表达对特定职位的兴趣 说明自己符合职位要求 争取获得面试机会 （2）语言特点 正式礼貌：使用正式的书信语言，体现职业素养 简洁明了：避免冗长，突出重点信息 积极自信：展现自信但不自负的态度 该文体写作结构： 基本结构：三段式 第一段：开头段 ✓ 说明写信目的 ✓ 表明信息来源│ ✓ 表达求职意愿 第二段：主体段 ✓ 介绍个人优势 ✓ 说明胜任理由 ✓ 展示相关经验/技能 第三段：结尾段 ✓ 表达面试期望 ✓ 表示感谢 ✓ 期待回复 【积累·写作素材】 第一段：开头段（说明写信目的） 表明写信目的 - 申请什么职位 说明信息来源 - 从哪里得知招聘信息 表达求职兴趣 - 对职位的兴趣和热情 功能 句型模板 说明目的 • I'm writing to apply for the position of... advertised in... • I'm writing in response to your advertisement for... • I wish to apply for the position of... which was advertised in... 信息来源 • I learned from... that your company is looking for... • I saw your advertisement in... for the post of... • I was informed by... that you are recruiting... 表达兴趣 • I'm very interested in this position. • I'm writing to express my strong interest in... • This position particularly appeals to me because... 第二段：主体段（展示个人优势） 核心内容： 学历背景 - 教育经历、学习成绩 技能特长 - 专业技能、语言能力、计算机能力 性格特点 - 与职位相关的个人品质 相关经验 - 实习经历、项目经验、获奖情况 胜任理由 - 为什么适合这个职位 常用句型： 功能 句型模板 总起句 • I believe I am well qualified for this position because... • I'm confident that I would be an ideal candidate for this job for the following reasons. • I have the qualifications and experience that make me suitable for this position. 学历背景 • I'm currently a senior student majoring in... at... • I have been doing well in my studies, especially in... • I will graduate from... with a degree in... 技能特长 • I have a good command of... • I'm proficient in... • I have excellent... skills, which enable me to... • I'm familiar with... 性格特点 • I'm outgoing and easy-going, which helps me... • I have a strong sense of responsibility and... • I'm a team player with... • I'm highly motivated and... 相关经验 • I have gained valuable experience in... through... • During my internship at..., I... • I have participated in... and successfully... • My experience in... has prepared me for... 胜任理由 • These qualities make me suitable for... • I'm convinced that I can make a contribution to... • I believe my skills and experience match your requirements. 第三段：结尾段（表达期望与感谢） 核心内容： 表达面试期望 - 希望获得面试机会 表示感谢 - 感谢对方考虑 期待回复 - 期待尽快收到回复 附件说明（如有）- 说明随信附上的材料 常用句型： 功能 句型模板 期望面试 • I would appreciate it if you could give me an opportunity for an interview. • I would be grateful if you could grant me an interview. • I'm available for an interview at your convenience. • I hope to have the opportunity to discuss my qualifications with you in person. 表示感谢 • Thank you for considering my application. • I appreciate your time and consideration. • Thank you for taking the time to review my application. 期待回复 • I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. • I look forward to your favorable reply. • I'm looking forward to your early reply. 附件说明 • I have enclosed my resume for your review. • Please find attached my CV and relevant certificates. • My resume is enclosed for your reference. 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你校将举办国际文化节，现招募志愿者。请写一封申请信，内容包括： 写信目的 个人优势 希望获准 注意：可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯 第一步：审题谋篇 审题要素 具体内容 体裁 应用文——求职申请信（志愿者申请） 人称 以第一人称为主 时态 主要使用一般现在时态 要点 ① 写信目的 ② 个人优势 ③ 希望获准 框架 第一段：说明写信目的，表达申请意愿 第二段：详细介绍个人优势（语言能力、文化知识、性格特点、相关经验） 第三段：表达希望获准，期待回复 第二步：要点翻译 第一段要点： 1. 我写信是为了申请即将举办的国际文化节志愿者职位。（apply for） I'm writing to apply for the position of volunteer for the upcoming International Culture Festival. 2. 得知需要志愿者，我渴望抓住这个机会。（eager） Having learned that volunteers are needed, I'm eager to take this opportunity. 第二段要点： 3. 我相信我会是一个理想的候选人。（confident） I'm confident that I would be an ideal candidate. 5. 我精通英语。（have a good command of） I have a good command of English. 6. 这将帮助我与外国客人顺畅交流。（communicate） This will help me communicate smoothly with foreign guests. 7. 我熟悉中国文化和历史。（be familiar with） I'm familiar with Chinese culture and history. 8. 我可以用有趣的方式向游客介绍我们的传统。（introduce） I can introduce our traditions to visitors in an interesting way. 9. 我是一个外向且有耐心的人。（outgoing, patient） I'm an outgoing and patient person. 10. 我总是乐于助人。（ready to help） I'm always ready to help others. 11. 我有在市博物馆做志愿者的经验。（experience） I have previous experience as a volunteer at the City Museum. 12. 我学会了如何提供优质服务和处理突发情况。（handle） I learned how to provide quality service and handle unexpected situations. 第三段要点： 13. 如果您能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。（grateful） I would be grateful if you could consider my application. 14. 我可以在您方便的时候参加面试。（available） I'm available for an interview at your convenience. 15. 感谢您的时间和考虑。（consideration） Thank you for your time and consideration. 16. 我期待您的好消息。（look forward to） I look forward to your favorable reply. 第三步：词句升级 升级1：用非谓语动词（现在分词）作状语合并句2和句3 原句： Having learned that volunteers are needed, I'm eager to take this opportunity. I want to serve my fellow students and international guests. 升级后： Having learned that volunteers are needed, I'm eager to take this opportunity to serve my fellow students and international guests. （用不定式to serve作目的状语） 升级2：用定语从句合并句5和句6 原句： I have a good command of English. This will help me communicate smoothly with foreign guests. 升级后： I have a good command of English, which will help me communicate smoothly with foreign guests. （用which引导非限制性定语从句） 升级3：用so连接句7和句8，使逻辑更清晰 原句： I'm familiar with Chinese culture and history. I can introduce our traditions to visitors in an interesting way. 升级后： I'm familiar with Chinese culture and history, so I can introduce our traditions to visitors in an interesting way. （用so表示因果关系） 升级4：用定语从句合并句11和句12 原句： I have previous experience as a volunteer at the City Museum. I learned how to provide quality service and handle unexpected situations. 升级后： I have previous experience as a volunteer at the City Museum, where I learned how to provide quality service and handle unexpected situations. （用where引导定语从句，修饰地点） 升级5：使用连接词使第二段层次更清晰 在各个优势之间添加连接词： First / First of all（首先） Second / Moreover（其次） Third / In addition（第三/此外） Last but not least（最后但同样重要的是） 第四步：连句成篇 完整范文： Dear Sir/Madam, 【第一段：写信目的】 I'm writing to apply for the position of volunteer for the upcoming International Culture Festival at our school. Having learned that volunteers are needed, I'm eager to take this opportunity to serve my fellow students and international guests. 【第二段：个人优势】 I'm confident that I would be an ideal candidate for the following reasons. First, I have a good command of English, which will help me communicate smoothly with foreign guests. Second, I'm familiar with Chinese culture and history, so I can introduce our traditions to visitors in an interesting way. Third, I'm an outgoing and patient person, always ready to help others. Last but not least, I have previous experience as a volunteer at the City Museum, where I learned how to provide quality service and handle unexpected situations. 【第三段：希望获准】 I would be grateful if you could consider my application. I'm available for an interview at your convenience. Thank you for your time and consideration, and I look forward to your favorable reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $