专题01 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致(方法技巧篇)(全国通用)2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

2026-01-09
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摘要:

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考核心考点动词时态、语态及主谓一致,以“解题方法—例题应用—易错总结”为逻辑架构,通过8大时态步骤、6大语态步骤、7大主谓一致步骤细化考点梳理,结合15道典型例题详解与12类易错陷阱分析,构建“方法指导—真题训练—错因规避”的系统复习流程,助力学生突破语法难点。 讲义创新采用“时间线索锁定+动作特征匹配”解题策略,如通过“主将从现”原则情境应用培养学生思维品质,设计“瞬间动词延续性转化”等针对性训练提升语言能力。分层设置基础例题与综合应用题型,配合即时反馈机制,确保学生高效掌握考点,为教师精准把控复习节奏、提升学生应考能力提供实用教学工具。

内容正文:

专题01 :动词的时态和语态及主谓一致 目录 第一部分 核心解题方法 (具体操作步骤) 1.动词时态解题方法(8 大步骤 + 精准判断技巧) 2.动词语态解题方法(6 大步骤 + 主动被动判断技巧) 3.主谓一致解题方法(7 大步骤 + 核心原则) 第二部分 方法技巧应用(例题讲解 + 详细解析) 1.动词时态例题(15 道) 2.动词语态例题(15 道) 3.主谓一致例题(15 道) 4.主谓一致综合例题(5 道,结合时态和语态) 第二部分 易错总结(高频陷阱 + 规避方法) 1.动词时态易错点(12 大陷阱 + 解决方案) 2.动词语态易错点(10 大陷阱 + 解决方案) 3.主谓一致易错点(10 大陷阱 + 解决方案) 动词的时态、语态及主谓一致是英语语法的核心模块,也是各类英语考试(中考、高考、四六级、考研等)的高频考点。三者紧密关联,直接影响句子表达的准确性和规范性。本专题围绕 “解题方法 — 例题应用 — 易错总结” 三大核心展开,其中解题方法部分细化操作步骤,例题解析落实到每一步逻辑推导,易错总结覆盖高频陷阱,旨在帮助学习者全面掌握这一知识点,提升解题正确率。 动词时态的本质是 “动作发生的时间 + 动作的状态”,解题的核心是 “锁定时间线索 + 匹配动作特征”,具体分为 8 个可落地的步骤: 步骤 1:通读题干,圈画时间标志词(最直接线索) 时间标志词是判断时态的 “第一抓手”,需熟练记忆不同时态对应的核心标志词,圈画后直接缩小时态范围。 一般现在时:every day/week/month/year, usually, often, always, sometimes, rarely, never, once a week, on Sundays 等 一般过去时:yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/month/year, ago(three days ago), in 2020, just now, at that time 等 一般将来时:tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, soon, in + 时间段(in three days), will/shall/be going to 等 现在进行时:now, at the moment, at present, look! listen! 等 过去进行时:at 8 o’clock last night, from 7 to 9 yesterday evening, when/while 引导的时间状语从句(主句过去时)等 现在完成时:already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, up to now, since + 时间点 / 从句(一般过去时), for + 时间段等 过去完成时:by the end of last year/month, by + 过去时间点,before + 过去时间点,主句为过去时的宾语从句(从句动作发生在主句之前)等 将来完成时:by the end of next year/month, by + 将来时间点,in + 时间段 + 将来时间点等 步骤 2:无明确时间标志词时,分析动作的 “时间关系”(相对线索) 若题干无明显时间词,需通过上下文判断动作与其他动作的先后、同时或持续关系: 动作同时发生:优先考虑进行时(现在 / 过去 / 将来进行时) 动作先于另一动作:优先考虑完成时(现在完成时:先于现在动作;过去完成时:先于过去动作;将来完成时:先于将来动作) 动作反复发生 / 客观事实 / 真理:优先考虑一般现在时 动作在过去某个不确定时间发生(不强调先后,仅说明事实):优先考虑一般过去时 步骤 3:判断动作的 “状态特征”(持续 / 瞬间) 不同时态对动作状态有特定要求,需匹配对应特征: 持续动作(延续性动词:live, work, study, keep, have 等):可用于一般时、进行时、完成时(与 for/since 连用) 瞬间动作(非延续性动词:die, marry, buy, borrow, join 等):不可用于进行时,也不可与 for/since 引导的时间段连用(需转化为延续性表达,如 buy→have, borrow→keep) 步骤 4:结合句子 “语气 / 场景” 排除干扰项 部分场景有固定时态搭配,需牢记: 条件状语从句(if, unless)、时间状语从句(when, as soon as, until 等):“主将从现”(主句一般将来时,从句一般现在时) 让步状语从句(though, although):前后时态一致(若描述客观事实,从句可用一般现在时,主句用一般现在时 / 过去时) 宾语从句:主句为一般现在时,从句时态随句意变化;主句为一般过去时,从句需用相应过去时态(客观真理除外,仍用一般现在时) 虚拟语气:与事实相反时,时态需 “退一步”(如 if 从句用一般过去时→主句 would do;if 从句用过去完成时→主句 would have done) 祈使句、标语、说明文字:常用一般现在时 步骤 5:验证时态的 “一致性”(前后呼应) 句子或上下文时态需保持逻辑一致,避免矛盾: 并列句(and, but, or 连接):前后分句时态通常一致(除非描述不同时间的动作) 主从复合句:主句与从句时态需符合时间逻辑(如主句过去进行时,从句常用一般过去时描述短暂动作) 步骤 6:特殊时态的固定用法核对 部分时态有专属搭配,需逐一验证: 现在完成时:“it’s the first/second time that...” 从句必须用现在完成时 过去完成时:“hardly...when..., no sooner...than...” 结构中,hardly/no sooner 后用过去完成时,when/than 后用一般过去时 将来进行时:表示 “将来某个时间正在发生的动作” 或 “预计会发生的动作”(比一般将来时更委婉) 现在完成进行时:强调 “从过去持续到现在的动作,且仍在进行” 或 “动作反复发生带来的结果”(have/has been doing) 步骤 7:排除 “时态错误搭配” 选项 熟记常见错误搭配,直接排除: 错误:have/has + 过去式(正确:have/has + 过去分词,现在完成时) 错误:was/were + 过去分词(被动语态,若表主动则错误,如 was happened×,happened√) 错误:will + be doing(将来进行时正确,但 will + do 表示一般将来时,不可混淆) 错误:for + 时间段 + 一般过去时(正确:for + 时间段 + 现在完成时) 步骤 8:最终锁定答案,代入题干验证逻辑 将选定的时态代入题干,检查动作时间、状态、逻辑是否通顺,无矛盾则为正确答案。 动词语态分为主动语态和被动语态,核心是 “判断主语与谓语动词的关系”,解题步骤如下: 步骤 1:判断主语与谓语动词的 “逻辑关系”(核心依据) 主语是动作的 “执行者”(主语做某事):用主动语态 主语是动作的 “承受者”(主语被做某事):用被动语态(be + 过去分词) 步骤 2:结合 “动作发出者” 的明确性辅助判断 若题干明确给出动作发出者(by + 执行者):优先考虑主动语态(执行者做动作);若强调动作承受者,也可用被动语态(by + 执行者作状语) 若动作发出者不明确、不重要或无需提及:必须用被动语态 步骤 3:根据 “动词类型” 判断能否用于被动语态 并非所有动词都能用于被动语态,需排除不可用于被动的情况: 不及物动词(vi.:happen, occur, appear, disappear, come, go, arrive, leave 等):无被动语态(无承受者),如 “发生事故” 是 the accident happened(主动),而非 the accident was happened(错误) 系动词(be, look, sound, feel, taste, smell, seem, become 等):无被动语态,如 the cake tastes good(主动),而非 the cake is tasted good(错误) 反身代词 / 相互代词作宾语的动词(enjoy, help, teach, hurt, kill 等):一般不用被动语态,如 he taught himself English(主动),而非 he was taught himself English(错误) 固定搭配(不及物动词 + 介词):若需用被动,需保留介词,如 we look forward to the meeting→the meeting is looked forward to(不可省略 to) 表示 “拥有、包含、适合” 的动词(have, own, hold, contain, fit 等):一般不用被动语态,如 the box contains books(主动),而非 the box is contained books(错误) 步骤 4:确定被动语态的 “时态”(与时态解题方法结合) 被动语态的时态由 “be 动词” 的时态决定,需结合前文时态判断方法,确定 be 动词的形式: 一般现在时被动:am/is/are + 过去分词 一般过去时被动:was/were + 过去分词 一般将来时被动:will be + 过去分词 /be going to be + 过去分词 现在进行时被动:am/is/are being + 过去分词 过去进行时被动:was/were being + 过去分词 现在完成时被动:have/has been + 过去分词 过去完成时被动:had been + 过去分词 将来完成时被动:will have been + 过去分词 情态动词被动:情态动词(can/may/must/should 等)+ be + 过去分词 步骤 5:检查被动语态的 “特殊结构” 部分被动结构有固定形式,需准确运用: 双宾语动词(give, send, show, bring 等)的被动:可将间接宾语作主语(常用),或直接宾语作主语(需加 to/for),如 he gave me a book→i was given a book /a book was given to me 使役动词(make, let, have, get)的被动:make/let/have 用于被动时,需加 to(get 除外),如 the teacher made him stand→he was made to stand;they had her do the work→she was had to do the work(错误)→she was asked to do the work(正确)/she got the work done(正确) 感官动词(see, hear, watch, notice, feel 等)的被动:需加 to,如 we saw him enter the room→he was seen to enter the room 主动形式表被动含义的动词:某些动词(sell, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear 等)+ well/easily 等副词时,用主动表被动,如 the shirt washes well(这件衬衫耐洗),而非 the shirt is washed well 步骤 6:代入题干验证,确保逻辑通顺 检查被动语态的时态、动词形式、介词搭配是否正确,主语与谓语的被动关系是否成立,无语法错误则为正确答案。 主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词在 “人称” 和 “数” 上保持一致,核心是 “确定真正主语 + 匹配谓语形式”,解题步骤如下: 步骤 1:识别 “真正主语”,排除干扰成分 题干中常出现插入语、定语从句、介词短语等干扰成分,需先找出真正的主语: 常见干扰结构:主语 + with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/except/besides/including + 其他成分(真正主语是前面的核心名词,后面的成分不影响主谓一致) 例句:tom, along with his parents, likes playing football.(真正主语是 tom,谓语用 likes) 注意:and 连接两个并列主语时,若表示 “同一人 / 物 / 概念”,谓语用单数;若表示 “不同的人 / 物”,谓语用复数。如 the writer and teacher is coming.(同一人:既是作家又是老师);the writer and the teacher are coming.(不同的人:作家和老师) 步骤 2:根据 “主语的单复数形式” 确定谓语基本形式 单数主语(可数名词单数、不可数名词、代词 he/she/it/this/that 等):谓语用单数形式(动词原形 + s/es,be 动词用 is/was) 复数主语(可数名词复数、代词 they/we/these/those 等):谓语用复数形式(动词原形,be 动词用 are/were) 步骤 3:遵循 “主谓一致核心原则”(3 大原则) (1)语法一致原则(最基础) 主语的语法形式决定谓语形式,即单数主语配单数谓语,复数主语配复数谓语。 例外:集合名词(family, team, group, class, crowd 等)作主语时,若表示 “整体”,谓语用单数;若表示 “成员”,谓语用复数。如 our family is a big one.(整体);our family are watching tv.(成员) (2)意义一致原则(根据主语的实际含义判断) 主语的语法形式为单数,但实际含义为复数,谓语用复数;反之,语法形式为复数,实际含义为单数,谓语用单数。 常见情况: 表示 “时间、距离、金钱、重量” 等的复数名词作主语,视为一个整体,谓语用单数。如 ten years is a long time.;five hundred yuan is enough. 不定代词(everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, everything, something, anything, nothing 等)作主语,谓语用单数。如 everyone in the class likes english. “the + 形容词”(表示一类人,如 the poor, the rich, the old, the young)作主语,谓语用复数。如 the old are taken good care of in our country. “a number of + 可数名词复数” 作主语,谓语用复数(表示 “许多”);“the number of + 可数名词复数” 作主语,谓语用单数(表示 “…… 的数量”)。如 a number of students are absent.;the number of students in our class is 50. (3)就近原则(谓语形式由靠近它的主语决定) 部分连词连接两个并列主语时,谓语形式取决于靠近它的主语: 连词:or, nor, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., there be/here be 例句:either you or he is wrong.(靠近谓语的主语是 he,单数,谓语用 is);there are two books and a pen on the desk.(靠近谓语的主语是 two books,复数,谓语用 are) 步骤 4:特殊主语的主谓一致判断 以下特殊主语的主谓一致需单独记忆,逐一核对: 动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)、从句作主语:谓语用单数。如 reading is my hobby.;what he said is true. “one of + 可数名词复数” 作主语:谓语用单数(强调 “其中之一”);“the only one of + 可数名词复数” 作主语:谓语用单数(强调 “唯一的一个”)。如 one of the students is from beijing.;she is the only one of the girls who likes playing basketball.(定语从句的先行词是 the only one,从句谓语用 likes) “分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词” 作主语:谓语形式由 of 后的名词决定(名词单数 / 不可数→谓语单数;名词复数→谓语复数)。如 two thirds of the land is covered with water.;70% of the students are boys. 专有名词(国家、机构、书籍、报刊等)作主语:谓语用单数。如 the united states is a developed country.;the new york times is very popular. “quantity of + 名词” 作主语:a quantity of + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词→谓语用单数;quantities of + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词→谓语用复数。如 a large quantity of food is needed.;large quantities of food are needed. 步骤 5:排除 “主谓一致常见错误” 选项 熟记错误搭配,直接排除: 错误:there is + 复数主语(正确:there are + 复数主语) 错误:the number of + 可数名词复数 + 复数谓语(正确:the number of... + 单数谓语) 错误:one of + 可数名词复数 + 复数谓语(正确:one of... + 单数谓语) 错误:集合名词表示 “成员” 时 + 单数谓语(正确:集合名词表示 “成员” 时 + 复数谓语) 步骤 6:结合时态和语态,确定谓语最终形式 主谓一致解决的是谓语 “数” 的问题,需结合前文时态和语态的判断结果,确定谓语的完整形式(时态 + 语态 + 单复数)。 例句:the letters (主语,复数) have been sent (现在完成时被动语态,复数谓语) to the customers.(时态:现在完成时;语态:被动;主谓一致:复数主语→have been sent) 步骤 7:代入题干验证,确保无矛盾 检查主语与谓语的人称、数是否一致,结合时态和语态后,句子逻辑是否通顺,无语法错误则为正确答案。 例题 1(一般现在时 vs 一般过去时) — do you know him well? — sure. we ______ friends since ten years ago. a. were b. have been c. have made d. are 例题 2(一般将来时 vs 将来进行时) — what will you be doing at 8 o’clock tomorrow evening? — i ______ a movie with my family. a. watch b. will watch c. will be watching d. am watching 例题 3(现在完成时 vs 过去完成时) by the time he arrived at the station, the train ______ already ______. a. has; left b. had; left c. is; leaving d. was; leaving 例题 4(过去进行时 vs 一般过去时) — what were you doing when the rainstorm came? — i ______ my homework in the study. a. do b. did c. was doing d. have done 例题 5(现在完成时 vs 一般现在时) — how long ______ you ______ this book? — for two weeks. i need to return it to the library. a. have; borrowed b. have; kept c. did; borrow d. do; keep 例题 6(一般过去时 vs 现在完成时) — where ______ you ______ last weekend? — i went to the countryside to visit my grandparents. a. have; been b. have; gone c. did; go d. do; go 例题 7(将来完成时 vs 一般将来时) by the end of next year, we ______ 1000 english words. a. will learn b. have learned c. will have learned d. learned 例题 8(现在进行时表将来 vs 一般将来时) — are you free tomorrow? i ______ to the museum with you. — sure! i’d love to. a. go b. went c. am going d. will go 例题 9(过去完成时 vs 一般过去时) she said she ______ the film before, so she didn’t want to see it again. a. saw b. has seen c. had seen d. would see 例题 10(一般现在时表客观真理) our teacher told us that the earth ______ around the sun. a. goes b. went c. will go d. is going 例题 11(现在完成进行时 vs 现在完成时) — why are your eyes red? — i ______ for hours. i need to rest. a. have been crying b. have cried c. cried d. am crying 例题 12(“主将从现” 原则) if it ______ tomorrow, we ______ a picnic in the park. a. rains; won’t have b. will rain; don’t have c. rains; don’t have d. will rain; won’t have 例题 13(过去进行时 vs 过去完成时) while my mother ______ dinner, my father ______ the news on tv. a. cooks; watches b. cooked; watched c. was cooking; was watching d. was cooking; watched 例题 14(现在完成时 vs 一般过去时) — ______ you ______ to beijing before? — yes, i went there last year. a. have; been b. have; gone c. did; go d. do; go 例题 15(将来完成时 vs 现在完成时) by the time we graduate from university, we ______ together for four years. a. have studied b. will have studied c. studied d. will study 例题 1(主动语态 vs 被动语态) many trees ______ in our city every year. a. plant b. planted c. are planted d. were planted 例题 2(一般过去时被动 vs 现在完成时被动) the bridge ______ in 1998. it has been used for more than 20 years. a. builds b. built c. was built d. has been built 例题 3(情态动词被动语态) the problem ______ by us yet. we need to discuss it again. a. isn’t solved b. hasn’t been solved c. can’t solve d. won’t be solved 例题 4(现在进行时被动 vs 一般现在时被动) look! the old buildings ______ by the workers. they will be finished next month. a. are repairing b. are being repaired c. repaired d. were repaired 例题 5(双宾语动词的被动语态) a new computer ______ to me as a birthday gift last week. a. gives b. gave c. was given d. has given 例题 6(主动形式表被动含义) this kind of cloth ______ well and ______ long. a. washes; lasts b. is washed; lasts c. washes; is lasted d. is washed; is lasted 例题 7(过去进行时被动 vs 一般过去时被动) when i arrived at the factory, the machines ______ by the workers. a. repair b. repaired c. were repairing d. were being repaired 例题 8(现在完成时被动 vs 一般过去时被动) — ______ the project ______ yet? — yes, it ______ two days ago. a. has; finished; finished b. has; been finished; was finished c. was; finished; finished d. is; finished; was finished 例题 9(使役动词的被动语态) the children ______ to read English every morning by their teacher. a. make b. are made c. made d. will make 例题 10(感官动词的被动语态) he ______ to sing in the park by many people yesterday. a. heard b. was heard c. hears d. is heard 例题 11(将来完成时被动 vs 一般将来时被动) by the end of next month, all the tasks ______ by the team. a. will finish b. will be finished c. will have been finished d. have been finished 例题 12(不及物动词无被动语态) great changes ______ in our hometown since 2000. a. have happened b. have been happened c. happened d. were happened 例题 13(介词短语作状语的被动语态) the letter ______ by my brother yesterday afternoon. a. is written b. was written c. writes d. wrote 例题 14(情态动词被动语态的否定式) this mistake ______ by carelessness. you must be more careful next time. a. shouldn’t make b. shouldn’t be made c. isn’t made d. wasn’t made 例题 15(现在完成时被动的延续性) the library ______ since last year. it’s a good place to read. a. has opened b. has been opened c. has been open d. opened 例题 1(and 连接并列主语) bread and butter ______ my favorite breakfast. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 2(with 连接干扰成分) tom, together with his classmates, ______ going to visit the museum tomorrow. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 3(不定代词作主语) everything ______ ready for the party. we can start now. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 4(“the + 形容词” 作主语) the poor ______ helped by the government in our country. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 5(“a number of vs the number of”) ______ the students in our class ______ fifty. a. a number of; is b. a number of; are c. the number of; is d. the number of; are 例题 6(集合名词作主语) our team ______ won the game. we are so proud of them. a. has b. have c. is d. are 例题 7(就近原则:there be) there ______ a book and two pens on the desk. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 8(分数作主语) two thirds of the land ______ covered with water in that country. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 9(动名词作主语) playing football ______ my favorite sport since i was a child. a. is b. are c. has been d. have been 例题 10(“one of + 可数名词复数” 作主语) one of the most popular songs ______ by her last year. a. is sung b. are sung c. was sung d. were sung 例题 11(“quantity of + 名词” 作主语) a large quantity of milk ______ in the fridge. you don’t need to buy more. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 12(就近原则:neither...nor...) neither my parents nor my brother ______ to the usa before. a. have been b. has been c. have gone d. has gone 例题 13(专有名词作主语) the united nations ______ an important role in international affairs. a. play b. plays c. played d. were playing 例题 14(定语从句中的主谓一致) she is one of the girls who ______ good at playing the piano. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 15(“分数 + of + 复数名词” 作主语) 70% of the students in our school ______ part in volunteer activities every year. a. take b. takes c. took d. will take 例题 1(时态 + 语态 + 主谓一致) a lot of new roads ______ in our city since 2018. it’s more convenient to travel now. a. have built b. have been built c. were built d. are built 例题 2(时态 + 主谓一致) the number of people who ______ interested in learning chinese ______ increasing rapidly. a. is; is b. are; is c. is; are d. are; are 例题 3(语态 + 主谓一致) not only the students but also their teacher ______ looking forward to the holiday. a. is b. are c. was d. were 例题 4(时态 + 语态 + 主谓一致) all the preparations for the party ______ by the end of last week. a. have been finished b. had been finished c. were finished d. are finished 例题 5(时态 + 主谓一致) ten thousand yuan ______ a lot of money for me. i can’t afford the car. a. is b. are c. was d. were 陷阱 1:时间标志词混淆(最高频错误) 易错表现:将现在完成时的标志词(since/for/so far)与一般过去时连用,或反之。 错误例句:i lived in beijing for 5 years.(表示 “现在仍住在北京” 需用现在完成时) 正确例句:i have lived in beijing for 5 years.(持续到现在)/i lived in beijing for 5 years and then moved to shanghai.(过去持续,现在已结束) 规避方法: 牢记 “现在完成时 + for/since” 表示 “动作持续到现在”,“一般过去时 + for” 表示 “过去持续,现在已终止”,需结合语境判断。 看到 since + 过去时间点 / 从句,直接锁定现在完成时;看到具体过去时间词(yesterday/last week/in 2020),直接锁定一般过去时。 陷阱 2:瞬间动词与时间段连用 易错表现:非延续性动词(die/buy/borrow/join)与 for/since 引导的时间段连用。 错误例句:he has bought the book for 3 months. 正确例句:he has had the book for 3 months.(buy→have) 规避方法: 熟记常见瞬间动词的延续性转化: die→be dead;marry→be married;buy→have;borrow→keep;join→be in/be a member of;leave→be away;begin→be on 看到 for/since,先判断谓语动词是否为延续性,若为瞬间动词,立即转化。 陷阱 3:“主将从现” 原则误用 易错表现:条件 / 时间状语从句中用一般将来时,或主句用一般现在时。 错误例句:if it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home. 正确例句:if it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(从句一般现在时,主句一般将来时) 规避方法: 牢记核心场景:if/unless(条件从句)、when/as soon as/until(时间从句),必遵循 “主将从现”。 例外情况:从句描述客观真理时,仍用一般现在时,如 “if the sun rises in the east, we will go hiking”(无需变化)。 陷阱 4:宾语从句时态一致错误 易错表现:主句为过去时,从句仍用现在时(非客观真理);或客观真理用过去时。 错误例句:she said that the earth was round.(客观真理需用一般现在时) 错误例句:he told me he will come tomorrow.(主句过去时,从句需用过去将来时) 正确例句:she said that the earth is round. /he told me he would come tomorrow. 规避方法: 主句现在时→从句时态随句意(任意时态);主句过去时→从句时态 “退一级”(一般现在→一般过去;一般将来→过去将来;现在完成→过去完成)。 客观真理(地球绕太阳转、光速比声速快等)永远用一般现在时,不受主句时态影响。 陷阱 5:过去完成时滥用 / 漏用 易错表现:无 “过去的过去” 关系时用过去完成时;或有先后关系时漏用。 错误例句:i finished my homework and went out.(“完成作业” 在 “出去” 之前,需用过去完成时) 错误例句:i had breakfast at 7 o’clock this morning.(无其他过去动作对比,直接用一般过去时) 正确例句:i had finished my homework before i went out. /i had breakfast at 7 o’clock this morning. 规避方法: 过去完成时的核心是 “动作 A 发生在动作 B 之前,且 B 是过去时”,无 B 则无 A 的过去完成时。 看到 by the end of last year/by + 过去时间点 /before + 过去时,直接锁定过去完成时。 陷阱 6:现在完成进行时与现在完成时混淆 易错表现:强调 “持续动作” 时用现在完成时,强调 “完成结果” 时用现在完成进行时。 错误例句:i have read the book for 3 hours.(强调 “持续读了 3 小时”,需用现在完成进行时) 错误例句:i have been reading the book twice.(强调 “完成两次”,需用现在完成时) 正确例句:i have been reading the book for 3 hours.(持续动作)/i have read the book twice.(完成结果) 规避方法: 现在完成进行时(have/has been doing):强调 “动作持续进行(可能仍在进行)” 或 “反复发生带来的影响”,常与 for/since 连用。 现在完成时(have/has done):强调 “动作完成的结果” 或 “经历”,常与 already/yet/just/ever/never/twice 等连用。 陷阱 7:将来进行时与一般将来时混淆 易错表现:描述 “将来某个具体时间正在做的动作” 用一般将来时。 错误例句:at 9 o’clock tomorrow, i will visit my grandma.(强调 “9 点正在拜访”,需用将来进行时) 正确例句:at 9 o’clock tomorrow, i will be visiting my grandma. 规避方法: 一般将来时(will do):表示 “将来要做的动作”(无具体时间点或不强调正在进行)。 将来进行时(will be doing):表示 “将来某个具体时间点 / 时间段正在进行的动作”,或 “预计会发生的动作”(更委婉),常与 at 8 o’clock tomorrow/from 3 to 5 next afternoon 等连用。 陷阱 8:虚拟语气时态错误 易错表现:与事实相反时,时态未 “退一级”。 错误例句:if i have time, i would help you.(与现在事实相反,从句需用一般过去时) 正确例句:if i had time, i would help you.(现在相反:从句过去时→主句 would do) 错误例句:if i knew the answer, i would have told you.(与过去事实相反,从句需用过去完成时) 正确例句:if i had known the answer, i would have told you.(过去相反:从句过去完成时→主句 would have done) 规避方法: 虚拟语气时态口诀:“现在相反退一级,过去相反退两级”。 牢记固定结构: 与现在事实相反:if 从句→一般过去时;主句→would/could/might/should + do 与过去事实相反:if 从句→过去完成时;主句→would/could/might/should + have done 陷阱 9:“it’s the first time that...” 句型时态错误 易错表现:从句用一般过去时或现在进行时。 错误例句:it’s the first time that i visited beijing. 正确例句:it’s the first time that i have visited beijing. 规避方法: 固定规则:“it’s the first/second/third...time that...” 从句必须用现在完成时。 若主句为过去时(it was the first time),从句用过去完成时:it was the first time that i had visited beijing. 陷阱 10:“hardly...when...”“no sooner...than...” 句型时态错误 易错表现:hardly/no sooner 后用一般过去时,when/than 后用过去完成时。 错误例句:hardly i arrived home when it began to rain. 正确例句:hardly had i arrived home when it began to rain.(hardly/no sooner 后用过去完成时,且需部分倒装;when/than 后用一般过去时) 规避方法: 固定结构:hardly had sb. done...when sb. did...;no sooner had sb. done...than sb. did... 记忆口诀:“hardly/no sooner 先完成,when/than 后过去,倒装提前 had”。 陷阱 11:现在进行时表将来与一般将来时混淆 易错表现:临时决定的动作用人称代词的现在进行时。 错误例句:— i’m thirsty. — i am getting you some water.(临时决定,需用 will do) 正确例句:— i’m thirsty. — i will get you some water. 规避方法: 现在进行时表将来:用于 “计划、安排好的动作”,主语常为表示地点、事件的名词或人称代词(表计划),如 “the train is leaving at 3 o’clock”(计划)、“i’m going to the cinema tonight”(计划)。 will do 表将来:用于 “临时决定、预测、意愿”,如 “— it’s cold. — i will close the window”(临时决定)。 陷阱 12:一般现在时表客观真理的例外错误 易错表现:描述 “习惯性动作” 用现在进行时,描述 “当前动作” 用一般现在时。 错误例句:he is often late for school.(习惯性动作,需用一般现在时) 错误例句:look! he reads a book.(当前动作,需用现在进行时) 正确例句:he is often late for school. /look! he is reading a book. 规避方法: 一般现在时:习惯性动作(often/usually/always)、客观真理、真理、说明文字。 现在进行时:当前正在进行的动作(now/look/listen)、当前阶段持续的动作、计划好的将来动作。 陷阱 1:不及物动词误用被动语态 易错表现:happen/occur/appear/disappear/come/go/arrive 等不及物动词用被动。 错误例句:a car accident was happened yesterday. 正确例句:a car accident happened yesterday. 规避方法: 牢记 “不及物动词无被动”:动词后无宾语,无法构成 “承受者”,因此无被动语态。 常见不及物动词清单:happen, occur, appear, disappear, come, go, arrive, leave, die, sleep, walk, run 等。 陷阱 2:系动词误用被动语态 易错表现:look/sound/feel/taste/smell/seem/become 等系动词用被动。 错误例句:the flower is smelled sweet. 正确例句:the flower smells sweet. 规避方法: 系动词的功能是 “连接主语和表语,说明主语状态”,无动作 “执行者”,因此无被动语态。 固定结构:主语 + 系动词 + 形容词 / 名词(主动形式表被动含义)。 陷阱 3:主动形式表被动含义的动词误用被动 易错表现:sell/wash/clean/cook/cut/wear 等动词 + well/easily 时用被动。 错误例句:this kind of shirt is washed well. 正确例句:this kind of shirt washes well. 规避方法: 当这些动词表示 “某物的特性(耐洗、好卖、易切)” 时,用主动形式表被动含义,无需加 be 动词。 常见搭配:sell well(畅销)、wash well(耐洗)、cut easily(易切)、wear long(耐穿)。 陷阱 4:使役动词被动语态漏加 to 易错表现:make/let/have 用于被动时,后面的不定式漏加 to。 错误例句:he was made stand for 2 hours. 正确例句:he was made to stand for 2 hours. 规避方法: 使役动词主动结构:make/let/have sb. do sth.(省略 to)。 被动结构:sb. be made/let/had to do sth.(必须加 to),注意 have 的被动不常用,常用 be asked to do 替代。 陷阱 5:感官动词被动语态漏加 to 易错表现:see/hear/watch/notice/feel 等感官动词被动时,后面的不定式漏加 to。 错误例句:she was seen enter the building. 正确例句:she was seen to enter the building. 规避方法: 感官动词主动结构:see sb. do sth.(省略 to,强调动作全过程)/see sb. doing sth.(强调正在进行)。 被动结构:sb. be seen to do sth.(必须加 to)/sb. be seen doing sth.(无 to,保留 doing)。 陷阱 6:双宾语动词被动语态介词遗漏 易错表现:将直接宾语作主语时,漏加 to/for。 错误例句:a book was given me by my father. 正确例句:a book was given to me by my father. /i was given a book by my father. 规避方法: 双宾语动词(give/send/show/bring/buy/make 等)被动时: 间接宾语作主语:sb. be given sth.(无需介词)。 直接宾语作主语:sth. be given to/for sb.(必须加介词,give 搭配 to,buy 搭配 for)。 常见介词搭配:give sth. to sb.→sth. be given to sb.;buy sth. for sb.→sth. be bought for sb. 陷阱 7:情态动词被动语态结构错误 易错表现:情态动词后加 been + 过去分词,或漏加 be。 错误例句:the work must finished today.(漏加 be) 错误例句:the work must been finished today.(情态动词后需加 be) 正确例句:the work must be finished today. 规避方法: 情态动词被动语态固定结构:情态动词(can/may/must/should/will 等)+ be + 过去分词。 否定式:情态动词 + not + be + 过去分词,如 “the work shouldn’t be finished so early”。 陷阱 8:现在完成时被动语态与一般过去时被动语态混淆 易错表现:有具体过去时间词时用现在完成时被动,或强调 “持续到现在” 时用一般过去时被动。 错误例句:the bridge has been built in 1998.(具体过去时间,需用一般过去时被动) 错误例句:the bridge was built for 3 years.(持续 3 年,需用现在完成时被动) 正确例句:the bridge was built in 1998. /the bridge has been built for 3 years. 规避方法: 一般过去时被动:与具体过去时间词连用(yesterday/in 1998/last week),仅说明 “过去被做”,不强调现在。 现在完成时被动:与 for/since/so far 等连用,强调 “动作从过去持续到现在” 或 “对现在的影响”。 陷阱 9:“get + 宾语 + 过去分词” 与 “be + 过去分词” 混淆 易错表现:get 被动结构中漏加宾语,或误用为 “get + 过去分词” 表主动。 错误例句:he got injured in the accident.(正确,get + 过去分词表被动,无宾语时直接用) 错误例句:the work got done by him.(正确,get + 宾语 + 过去分词) 错误例句:i get my homework do.(需用过去分词 done) 正确例句:i get my homework done every day. 规避方法: get 被动结构有两种: 主语是承受者:sb./sth. get + 过去分词(= sb./sth. be + 过去分词),如 “the window got broken”(窗户被打破了)。 主语是执行者:sb. get + 宾语 + 过去分词(= sb. have + 宾语 + 过去分词),表 “让别人做某事”,如 “i get my hair cut”(我让别人剪了头发)。 注意:get 被动结构更口语化,正式场合常用 be 被动。 陷阱 10:固定搭配的被动语态错误 易错表现:固定短语的被动语态中遗漏介词。 错误例句:he was looked down by everyone.(look down on 是固定短语,被动时需保留 on) 正确例句:he was looked down on by everyone. 规避方法: 含有介词的固定短语(look forward to, take care of, pay attention to, depend on 等)被动时,必须保留介词,不可省略。 记忆技巧:将固定短语视为一个整体,被动时 “介词跟着短语走”,如 “we look forward to the meeting”→“the meeting is looked forward to”。 陷阱 1:干扰成分导致主语判断错误 易错表现:将 with/along with/together with/as well as 等连接的成分视为主语。 错误例句:tom, together with his parents, are going to the zoo.(真正主语是 tom,单数) 正确例句:tom, together with his parents, is going to the zoo. 规避方法: 核心规则:主语 + 介词短语(with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/except/besides/including)+ 其他成分,真正主语是前面的核心名词,介词短语仅为附加信息,不影响主谓一致。 快速判断:去掉介词短语,剩余部分即为真正主语,再匹配谓语单复数。 陷阱 2:and 连接并列主语的单复数错误 易错表现:and 连接的两个名词均视为复数,忽略 “同一人 / 物 / 概念” 的情况。 错误例句:the writer and the teacher are coming.(不同的人,复数,正确) 错误例句:the writer and teacher are coming.(同一人,单数,错误) 正确例句:the writer and teacher is coming. 规避方法: and 连接两个名词,若表示 “同一人 / 物 / 概念”(第二个名词前无冠词),谓语用单数;若表示 “不同的人 / 物”(第二个名词前有冠词),谓语用复数。 常见固定搭配(视为单数):bread and butter(面包抹黄油)、fish and chips(炸鱼薯条)、a knife and fork(一副刀叉)。 陷阱 3:集合名词的单复数判断错误 易错表现:集合名词(family/team/group/class)无论表示 “整体” 还是 “成员”,均用单数或复数。 错误例句:our family are a big one.(表示 “整体”,需用单数) 错误例句:our family is watching tv.(表示 “成员”,需用复数) 正确例句:our family is a big one. /our family are watching tv. 规避方法: 集合名词表 “整体”(视为一个单位)→ 谓语单数;表 “成员”(强调个体)→ 谓语复数。 判断技巧:看后面的表语或语境,如 “a big one”(整体)、“watching tv”(成员个体动作)。 陷阱 4:“the + 形容词” 作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:“the + 形容词”(the poor/the rich/the old)作主语时用单数。 错误例句:the old is taken good care of in our country. 正确例句:the old are taken good care of in our country. 规避方法: 固定规则:“the + 形容词” 表示 “一类具有某种特征的人”,视为复数,谓语用复数形式。 例外:若 “the + 形容词” 表示 “某一抽象概念”,则视为单数,如 “the beautiful is always admired”(美总是被赞赏)。 陷阱 5:“a number of vs the number of” 混淆 易错表现:“a number of + 复数名词” 用单数谓语,“the number of + 复数名词” 用复数谓语。 错误例句:a number of students is absent today. 错误例句:the number of students are 50. 正确例句:a number of students are absent today.(许多学生,复数)/the number of students is 50.(学生数量,单数) 规避方法: 口诀记忆:“a number of 表许多,谓语复数跟着来;the number of 表数量,谓语单数记心怀”。 本质区别:a number of = many(修饰复数名词),the number of = the count(表单数概念)。 陷阱 6:就近原则与语法一致原则混淆 易错表现:非就近原则的连词(and/both...and...)用就近原则,或就近原则的连词(or/either...or...)用语法一致。 错误例句:either you or he are wrong.(就近原则,靠近 he,单数) 错误例句:both you and he is wrong.(语法一致,复数主语,复数谓语) 正确例句:either you or he is wrong. /both you and he are wrong. 规避方法: 需用就近原则的连词:or, nor, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., there be/here be。 需用语法一致的连词:and, both...and..., as well as(非连词,属干扰成分)。 陷阱 7:分数 / 百分数作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词作主语时,谓语单复数由分数 / 百分数决定,而非 of 后的名词。 错误例句:two thirds of the land are covered with water.(land 不可数,单数) 错误例句:70% of the students is boys.(students 复数,复数) 正确例句:two thirds of the land is covered with water. / 70% of the students are boys. 规避方法: 核心规则:分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词作主语,谓语单复数由 of 后的名词决定(名词单数 / 不可数→谓语单数;名词复数→谓语复数)。 特殊情况:of 后为集合名词时,按集合名词的单复数规则判断,如 “60% of the team are young players”(强调成员,复数)。 陷阱 8:动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语时用复数谓语。 错误例句:reading and writing are my hobbies.(两个动名词作主语,表不同动作,复数,正确) 错误例句:reading books are my hobby.(一个动名词短语作主语,单数,错误) 正确例句:reading books is my hobby. 规避方法: 单个动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语→ 谓语单数;两个及以上并列作主语,若表示 “同一动作 / 概念”→ 谓语单数,若表示 “不同动作 / 概念”→ 谓语复数。 例句对比: 同一概念:early to bed and early to rise is a good habit.(早睡早起是一个习惯,单数) 不同概念:swimming and running are my favorite sports.(游泳和跑步是两种运动,复数) 陷阱 9:“one of + 可数名词复数” 后定语从句的主谓一致错误 易错表现:定语从句的谓语用单数,忽略先行词是复数名词。 错误例句:she is one of the girls who is good at math.(先行词是 girls,复数) 正确例句:she is one of the girls who are good at math. 规避方法: 核心规则:“one of + 可数名词复数” 后接定语从句时,定语从句的先行词是复数名词(girls),而非 one,因此从句谓语用复数。 例外:若有 the only/the very 修饰 one,先行词变为 one(单数),从句谓语用单数,如 “she is the only one of the girls who is good at math”。 陷阱 10:表示时间 / 金钱 / 距离 / 重量的复数名词作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:此类复数名词作主语时用复数谓语。 错误例句:ten years are a long time. 错误例句:five hundred yuan are enough. 正确例句:ten years is a long time. /five hundred yuan is enough. 规避方法: 固定规则:表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度等的复数名词作主语时,视为一个整体,谓语用单数形式。 强调个体时例外:“the ten years were full of challenges”(这十年充满了挑战,强调每一年的经历,可用复数),但这种情况极少,优先用单数。 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ 专题01 :动词的时态和语态及主谓一致 目录 第一部分 核心解题方法 (具体操作步骤) 1.动词时态解题方法(8 大步骤 + 精准判断技巧) 2.动词语态解题方法(6 大步骤 + 主动被动判断技巧) 3.主谓一致解题方法(7 大步骤 + 核心原则) 第二部分 方法技巧应用(例题讲解 + 详细解析) 1.动词时态例题(15 道) 2.动词语态例题(15 道) 3.主谓一致例题(15 道) 4.主谓一致综合例题(5 道,结合时态和语态) 第二部分 易错总结(高频陷阱 + 规避方法) 1.动词时态易错点(12 大陷阱 + 解决方案) 2.动词语态易错点(10 大陷阱 + 解决方案) 3.主谓一致易错点(10 大陷阱 + 解决方案) 动词的时态、语态及主谓一致是英语语法的核心模块,也是各类英语考试(中考、高考、四六级、考研等)的高频考点。三者紧密关联,直接影响句子表达的准确性和规范性。本专题围绕 “解题方法 — 例题应用 — 易错总结” 三大核心展开,其中解题方法部分细化操作步骤,例题解析落实到每一步逻辑推导,易错总结覆盖高频陷阱,旨在帮助学习者全面掌握这一知识点,提升解题正确率。 动词时态的本质是 “动作发生的时间 + 动作的状态”,解题的核心是 “锁定时间线索 + 匹配动作特征”,具体分为 8 个可落地的步骤: 步骤 1:通读题干,圈画时间标志词(最直接线索) 时间标志词是判断时态的 “第一抓手”,需熟练记忆不同时态对应的核心标志词,圈画后直接缩小时态范围。 一般现在时:every day/week/month/year, usually, often, always, sometimes, rarely, never, once a week, on Sundays 等 一般过去时:yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/month/year, ago(three days ago), in 2020, just now, at that time 等 一般将来时:tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, soon, in + 时间段(in three days), will/shall/be going to 等 现在进行时:now, at the moment, at present, look! listen! 等 过去进行时:at 8 o’clock last night, from 7 to 9 yesterday evening, when/while 引导的时间状语从句(主句过去时)等 现在完成时:already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, up to now, since + 时间点 / 从句(一般过去时), for + 时间段等 过去完成时:by the end of last year/month, by + 过去时间点,before + 过去时间点,主句为过去时的宾语从句(从句动作发生在主句之前)等 将来完成时:by the end of next year/month, by + 将来时间点,in + 时间段 + 将来时间点等 步骤 2:无明确时间标志词时,分析动作的 “时间关系”(相对线索) 若题干无明显时间词,需通过上下文判断动作与其他动作的先后、同时或持续关系: 动作同时发生:优先考虑进行时(现在 / 过去 / 将来进行时) 动作先于另一动作:优先考虑完成时(现在完成时:先于现在动作;过去完成时:先于过去动作;将来完成时:先于将来动作) 动作反复发生 / 客观事实 / 真理:优先考虑一般现在时 动作在过去某个不确定时间发生(不强调先后,仅说明事实):优先考虑一般过去时 步骤 3:判断动作的 “状态特征”(持续 / 瞬间) 不同时态对动作状态有特定要求,需匹配对应特征: 持续动作(延续性动词:live, work, study, keep, have 等):可用于一般时、进行时、完成时(与 for/since 连用) 瞬间动作(非延续性动词:die, marry, buy, borrow, join 等):不可用于进行时,也不可与 for/since 引导的时间段连用(需转化为延续性表达,如 buy→have, borrow→keep) 步骤 4:结合句子 “语气 / 场景” 排除干扰项 部分场景有固定时态搭配,需牢记: 条件状语从句(if, unless)、时间状语从句(when, as soon as, until 等):“主将从现”(主句一般将来时,从句一般现在时) 让步状语从句(though, although):前后时态一致(若描述客观事实,从句可用一般现在时,主句用一般现在时 / 过去时) 宾语从句:主句为一般现在时,从句时态随句意变化;主句为一般过去时,从句需用相应过去时态(客观真理除外,仍用一般现在时) 虚拟语气:与事实相反时,时态需 “退一步”(如 if 从句用一般过去时→主句 would do;if 从句用过去完成时→主句 would have done) 祈使句、标语、说明文字:常用一般现在时 步骤 5:验证时态的 “一致性”(前后呼应) 句子或上下文时态需保持逻辑一致,避免矛盾: 并列句(and, but, or 连接):前后分句时态通常一致(除非描述不同时间的动作) 主从复合句:主句与从句时态需符合时间逻辑(如主句过去进行时,从句常用一般过去时描述短暂动作) 步骤 6:特殊时态的固定用法核对 部分时态有专属搭配,需逐一验证: 现在完成时:“it’s the first/second time that...” 从句必须用现在完成时 过去完成时:“hardly...when..., no sooner...than...” 结构中,hardly/no sooner 后用过去完成时,when/than 后用一般过去时 将来进行时:表示 “将来某个时间正在发生的动作” 或 “预计会发生的动作”(比一般将来时更委婉) 现在完成进行时:强调 “从过去持续到现在的动作,且仍在进行” 或 “动作反复发生带来的结果”(have/has been doing) 步骤 7:排除 “时态错误搭配” 选项 熟记常见错误搭配,直接排除: 错误:have/has + 过去式(正确:have/has + 过去分词,现在完成时) 错误:was/were + 过去分词(被动语态,若表主动则错误,如 was happened×,happened√) 错误:will + be doing(将来进行时正确,但 will + do 表示一般将来时,不可混淆) 错误:for + 时间段 + 一般过去时(正确:for + 时间段 + 现在完成时) 步骤 8:最终锁定答案,代入题干验证逻辑 将选定的时态代入题干,检查动作时间、状态、逻辑是否通顺,无矛盾则为正确答案。 动词语态分为主动语态和被动语态,核心是 “判断主语与谓语动词的关系”,解题步骤如下: 步骤 1:判断主语与谓语动词的 “逻辑关系”(核心依据) 主语是动作的 “执行者”(主语做某事):用主动语态 主语是动作的 “承受者”(主语被做某事):用被动语态(be + 过去分词) 步骤 2:结合 “动作发出者” 的明确性辅助判断 若题干明确给出动作发出者(by + 执行者):优先考虑主动语态(执行者做动作);若强调动作承受者,也可用被动语态(by + 执行者作状语) 若动作发出者不明确、不重要或无需提及:必须用被动语态 步骤 3:根据 “动词类型” 判断能否用于被动语态 并非所有动词都能用于被动语态,需排除不可用于被动的情况: 不及物动词(vi.:happen, occur, appear, disappear, come, go, arrive, leave 等):无被动语态(无承受者),如 “发生事故” 是 the accident happened(主动),而非 the accident was happened(错误) 系动词(be, look, sound, feel, taste, smell, seem, become 等):无被动语态,如 the cake tastes good(主动),而非 the cake is tasted good(错误) 反身代词 / 相互代词作宾语的动词(enjoy, help, teach, hurt, kill 等):一般不用被动语态,如 he taught himself English(主动),而非 he was taught himself English(错误) 固定搭配(不及物动词 + 介词):若需用被动,需保留介词,如 we look forward to the meeting→the meeting is looked forward to(不可省略 to) 表示 “拥有、包含、适合” 的动词(have, own, hold, contain, fit 等):一般不用被动语态,如 the box contains books(主动),而非 the box is contained books(错误) 步骤 4:确定被动语态的 “时态”(与时态解题方法结合) 被动语态的时态由 “be 动词” 的时态决定,需结合前文时态判断方法,确定 be 动词的形式: 一般现在时被动:am/is/are + 过去分词 一般过去时被动:was/were + 过去分词 一般将来时被动:will be + 过去分词 /be going to be + 过去分词 现在进行时被动:am/is/are being + 过去分词 过去进行时被动:was/were being + 过去分词 现在完成时被动:have/has been + 过去分词 过去完成时被动:had been + 过去分词 将来完成时被动:will have been + 过去分词 情态动词被动:情态动词(can/may/must/should 等)+ be + 过去分词 步骤 5:检查被动语态的 “特殊结构” 部分被动结构有固定形式,需准确运用: 双宾语动词(give, send, show, bring 等)的被动:可将间接宾语作主语(常用),或直接宾语作主语(需加 to/for),如 he gave me a book→i was given a book /a book was given to me 使役动词(make, let, have, get)的被动:make/let/have 用于被动时,需加 to(get 除外),如 the teacher made him stand→he was made to stand;they had her do the work→she was had to do the work(错误)→she was asked to do the work(正确)/she got the work done(正确) 感官动词(see, hear, watch, notice, feel 等)的被动:需加 to,如 we saw him enter the room→he was seen to enter the room 主动形式表被动含义的动词:某些动词(sell, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear 等)+ well/easily 等副词时,用主动表被动,如 the shirt washes well(这件衬衫耐洗),而非 the shirt is washed well 步骤 6:代入题干验证,确保逻辑通顺 检查被动语态的时态、动词形式、介词搭配是否正确,主语与谓语的被动关系是否成立,无语法错误则为正确答案。 主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词在 “人称” 和 “数” 上保持一致,核心是 “确定真正主语 + 匹配谓语形式”,解题步骤如下: 步骤 1:识别 “真正主语”,排除干扰成分 题干中常出现插入语、定语从句、介词短语等干扰成分,需先找出真正的主语: 常见干扰结构:主语 + with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/except/besides/including + 其他成分(真正主语是前面的核心名词,后面的成分不影响主谓一致) 例句:tom, along with his parents, likes playing football.(真正主语是 tom,谓语用 likes) 注意:and 连接两个并列主语时,若表示 “同一人 / 物 / 概念”,谓语用单数;若表示 “不同的人 / 物”,谓语用复数。如 the writer and teacher is coming.(同一人:既是作家又是老师);the writer and the teacher are coming.(不同的人:作家和老师) 步骤 2:根据 “主语的单复数形式” 确定谓语基本形式 单数主语(可数名词单数、不可数名词、代词 he/she/it/this/that 等):谓语用单数形式(动词原形 + s/es,be 动词用 is/was) 复数主语(可数名词复数、代词 they/we/these/those 等):谓语用复数形式(动词原形,be 动词用 are/were) 步骤 3:遵循 “主谓一致核心原则”(3 大原则) (1)语法一致原则(最基础) 主语的语法形式决定谓语形式,即单数主语配单数谓语,复数主语配复数谓语。 例外:集合名词(family, team, group, class, crowd 等)作主语时,若表示 “整体”,谓语用单数;若表示 “成员”,谓语用复数。如 our family is a big one.(整体);our family are watching tv.(成员) (2)意义一致原则(根据主语的实际含义判断) 主语的语法形式为单数,但实际含义为复数,谓语用复数;反之,语法形式为复数,实际含义为单数,谓语用单数。 常见情况: 表示 “时间、距离、金钱、重量” 等的复数名词作主语,视为一个整体,谓语用单数。如 ten years is a long time.;five hundred yuan is enough. 不定代词(everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, everything, something, anything, nothing 等)作主语,谓语用单数。如 everyone in the class likes english. “the + 形容词”(表示一类人,如 the poor, the rich, the old, the young)作主语,谓语用复数。如 the old are taken good care of in our country. “a number of + 可数名词复数” 作主语,谓语用复数(表示 “许多”);“the number of + 可数名词复数” 作主语,谓语用单数(表示 “…… 的数量”)。如 a number of students are absent.;the number of students in our class is 50. (3)就近原则(谓语形式由靠近它的主语决定) 部分连词连接两个并列主语时,谓语形式取决于靠近它的主语: 连词:or, nor, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., there be/here be 例句:either you or he is wrong.(靠近谓语的主语是 he,单数,谓语用 is);there are two books and a pen on the desk.(靠近谓语的主语是 two books,复数,谓语用 are) 步骤 4:特殊主语的主谓一致判断 以下特殊主语的主谓一致需单独记忆,逐一核对: 动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)、从句作主语:谓语用单数。如 reading is my hobby.;what he said is true. “one of + 可数名词复数” 作主语:谓语用单数(强调 “其中之一”);“the only one of + 可数名词复数” 作主语:谓语用单数(强调 “唯一的一个”)。如 one of the students is from beijing.;she is the only one of the girls who likes playing basketball.(定语从句的先行词是 the only one,从句谓语用 likes) “分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词” 作主语:谓语形式由 of 后的名词决定(名词单数 / 不可数→谓语单数;名词复数→谓语复数)。如 two thirds of the land is covered with water.;70% of the students are boys. 专有名词(国家、机构、书籍、报刊等)作主语:谓语用单数。如 the united states is a developed country.;the new york times is very popular. “quantity of + 名词” 作主语:a quantity of + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词→谓语用单数;quantities of + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词→谓语用复数。如 a large quantity of food is needed.;large quantities of food are needed. 步骤 5:排除 “主谓一致常见错误” 选项 熟记错误搭配,直接排除: 错误:there is + 复数主语(正确:there are + 复数主语) 错误:the number of + 可数名词复数 + 复数谓语(正确:the number of... + 单数谓语) 错误:one of + 可数名词复数 + 复数谓语(正确:one of... + 单数谓语) 错误:集合名词表示 “成员” 时 + 单数谓语(正确:集合名词表示 “成员” 时 + 复数谓语) 步骤 6:结合时态和语态,确定谓语最终形式 主谓一致解决的是谓语 “数” 的问题,需结合前文时态和语态的判断结果,确定谓语的完整形式(时态 + 语态 + 单复数)。 例句:the letters (主语,复数) have been sent (现在完成时被动语态,复数谓语) to the customers.(时态:现在完成时;语态:被动;主谓一致:复数主语→have been sent) 步骤 7:代入题干验证,确保无矛盾 检查主语与谓语的人称、数是否一致,结合时态和语态后,句子逻辑是否通顺,无语法错误则为正确答案。 例题 1(一般现在时 vs 一般过去时) — do you know him well? — sure. we ______ friends since ten years ago. a. were b. have been c. have made d. are 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:since ten years ago(现在完成时的核心标志词),直接锁定现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词),排除 a(一般过去时)和 d(一般现在时)。 2.分析动作状态:make 是瞬间动词(非延续性),since ten years ago 是时间段,瞬间动词不可与时间段连用,排除 c(have made)。 3.转化延续性动词:make friends→be friends,be 的过去分词是 been,因此正确形式为 have been。 4.代入验证:“我们从十年前就是朋友了”,动作持续到现在,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 2(一般将来时 vs 将来进行时) — what will you be doing at 8 o’clock tomorrow evening? — i ______ a movie with my family. a. watch b. will watch c. will be watching d. am watching 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:at 8 o’clock tomorrow evening(将来某个具体时间点),表示 “将来某个时间正在发生的动作”,对应将来进行时(will be doing)。 2.分析选项:a(一般现在时)、d(现在进行时)时态不符,排除;b(一般将来时)表示 “将来要做的动作”,不强调 “正在进行”,排除;c(will be watching)符合将来进行时的用法。 3.代入验证:“明天晚上 8 点你在做什么?”“我正在和家人看电影”,强调动作在将来具体时间正在进行,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 3(现在完成时 vs 过去完成时) by the time he arrived at the station, the train ______ already ______. a. has; left b. had; left c. is; leaving d. was; leaving 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:by the time + 过去时间点(he arrived at the station,一般过去时),表示 “到过去某个时间点为止,动作已经完成”,对应过去完成时(had + 过去分词)。 2.分析选项:a(现在完成时)时态不符(by the time 后接过去时,需用过去完成时),排除;c(现在进行时)、d(过去进行时)时态不符,排除;b(had left)符合过去完成时用法。 3.验证时间关系:“火车离开” 发生在 “他到达车站” 之前,过去的过去,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 4(过去进行时 vs 一般过去时) — what were you doing when the rainstorm came? — i ______ my homework in the study. a. do b. did c. was doing d. have done 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:when the rainstorm came(一般过去时的时间状语从句),主句动作与从句动作同时发生,对应过去进行时(was/were doing)。 2.分析选项:a(一般现在时)、d(现在完成时)时态不符,排除;b(一般过去时)表示 “过去发生的短暂动作”,不强调 “同时进行”,排除;c(was doing)符合过去进行时用法(主语 i,用 was)。 3.代入验证:“暴风雨来的时候你在做什么?”“我正在书房做作业”,主句动作与从句动作同时发生,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 5(现在完成时 vs 一般现在时) — how long ______ you ______ this book? — for two weeks. i need to return it to the library. a. have; borrowed b. have; kept c. did; borrow d. do; keep 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:how long(询问时间段)、for two weeks(时间段),对应现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词),排除 c(一般过去时)、d(一般现在时)。 2.分析动作状态:borrow 是瞬间动词,不可与 for two weeks 连用,排除 a(have borrowed);keep 是延续性动词,可与时间段连用,过去分词是 kept。 3.代入验证:“你借这本书多久了?”“两周了,我需要还给图书馆”,动作持续到现在,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 6(一般过去时 vs 现在完成时) — where ______ you ______ last weekend? — i went to the countryside to visit my grandparents. a. have; been b. have; gone c. did; go d. do; go 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:last weekend(一般过去时的标志词),询问过去某个具体时间的动作,对应一般过去时(did + 动词原形)。 2.分析选项:a(have been)、b(have gone)是现在完成时,时态不符(现在完成时不与具体过去时间词连用),排除;d(do go)是一般现在时,时态不符,排除;c(did go)符合一般过去时的疑问句结构(助动词 did + 动词原形 go)。 3.代入验证:“你上周末去哪里了?”“我去乡下看望祖父母了”,动作发生在过去,有明确时间词,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 7(将来完成时 vs 一般将来时) by the end of next year, we ______ 1000 english words. a. will learn b. have learned c. will have learned d. learned 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:by the end of next year(将来时间点),表示 “到将来某个时间点为止,动作已经完成”,对应将来完成时(will have + 过去分词)。 2.分析选项:a(一般将来时)表示 “将来要做的动作”,不强调 “完成”,排除;b(现在完成时)、d(一般过去时)时态不符,排除;c(will have learned)符合将来完成时用法。 3.验证时间关系:“到明年年底” 是将来时间点,“学 1000 个英语单词” 的动作将在该时间点前完成,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 8(现在进行时表将来 vs 一般将来时) — are you free tomorrow? i ______ to the museum with you. — sure! i’d love to. a. go b. went c. am going d. will go 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:tomorrow(将来时间),现在进行时(am/is/are doing)可表示 “计划、安排好的将来动作”,一般将来时(will do)可表示 “临时决定的将来动作”。 2.分析语境:“你明天有空吗?我打算和你一起去博物馆”,此处是计划好的动作,用现在进行时(am going)更合适;d(will go)强调临时决定,不符合语境,排除。 3.排除其他选项:a(一般现在时)、b(一般过去时)时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“你明天有空吗?我打算和你去博物馆”,计划好的动作,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 9(过去完成时 vs 一般过去时) she said she ______ the film before, so she didn’t want to see it again. a. saw b. has seen c. had seen d. would see 解析步骤: 1.分析句子结构:主句 she said(一般过去时),宾语从句动作 “看电影” 发生在主句动作 “说” 之前,即 “过去的过去”,对应过去完成时(had + 过去分词)。 2.分析选项:a(一般过去时)表示 “与主句动作同时或之后发生”,时态不符,排除;b(现在完成时)主句是过去时,从句需用过去相关时态,排除;d(过去将来时)表示 “主句动作之后发生”,时态不符,排除;c(had seen)符合过去完成时用法。 3.代入验证:“她说她以前看过这部电影,所以不想再看了”,从句动作先于主句动作,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 10(一般现在时表客观真理) our teacher told us that the earth ______ around the sun. a. goes b. went c. will go d. is going 解析步骤: 1.分析句子结构:主句 our teacher told us(一般过去时),宾语从句描述 “地球绕太阳转” 是客观真理,客观真理需用一般现在时,不受主句时态影响。 2.分析选项:b(一般过去时)、c(一般将来时)、d(现在进行时)时态不符,排除;a(goes)是一般现在时,主语 the earth 是单数,谓语用 goes,符合用法。 3.代入验证:“老师告诉我们地球绕太阳转”,客观真理用一般现在时,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 11(现在完成进行时 vs 现在完成时) — why are your eyes red? — i ______ for hours. i need to rest. a. have been crying b. have cried c. cried d. am crying 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:for hours(时间段),结合语境 “眼睛红”,强调 “从过去持续到现在的动作,且仍在进行”,对应现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)。 2.分析选项:c(一般过去时)、d(现在进行时)时态不符,排除;b(现在完成时)强调 “动作完成的结果”,而此处强调 “持续的动作和当前的状态(眼睛红)”,排除;a(have been crying)符合现在完成进行时用法。 3.代入验证:“你的眼睛为什么红?”“我哭了好几个小时,我需要休息”,动作持续到现在,且导致现在眼睛红的结果,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 12(“主将从现” 原则) if it ______ tomorrow, we ______ a picnic in the park. a. rains; won’t have b. will rain; don’t have c. rains; don’t have d. will rain; won’t have 解析步骤: 1.分析句子结构:if 引导条件状语从句,遵循 “主将从现” 原则(主句一般将来时,从句一般现在时)。 2.分析选项:从句需用一般现在时,排除 b(will rain)、d(will rain);主句需用一般将来时,排除 c(don’t have);a(rains; won’t have)符合 “主将从现”,从句主语 it 是单数,谓语用 rains,主句用 won’t have(一般将来时否定式)。 3.代入验证:“如果明天下雨,我们就不去公园野餐了”,条件状语从句时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 13(过去进行时 vs 过去完成时) while my mother ______ dinner, my father ______ the news on tv. a. cooks; watches b. cooked; watched c. was cooking; was watching d. was cooking; watched 解析步骤: 1.圈画连词:while 引导时间状语从句,强调 “主句和从句动作同时进行”,且动作是持续的,因此主从句都用过去进行时(was/were doing)。 2.分析选项:a(一般现在时)、b(一般过去时)时态不符,排除;d(was cooking; watched)中主句用一般过去时,不强调 “同时进行”,排除;c(was cooking; was watching)主从句都用过去进行时,主语 my mother 和 my father 都是单数,用 was cooking 和 was watching,符合用法。 3.代入验证:“我妈妈做饭的时候,我爸爸正在看电视新闻”,两个持续动作同时进行,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 14(现在完成时 vs 一般过去时) — ______ you ______ to beijing before? — yes, i went there last year. a. have; been b. have; gone c. did; go d. do; go 解析步骤: 1.圈画标志词:before(单独使用,无具体时间,对应现在完成时),询问 “是否曾经去过某地”,用 have/has been to(表示 “去过,已经回来”)。 2.分析选项:c(一般过去时)、d(一般现在时)时态不符,排除;b(have gone to)表示 “去了某地,还没回来”,不符合语境(答句说去年去的,已经回来),排除;a(have been to)符合现在完成时用法。 3.代入验证:“你以前去过北京吗?”“去过,我去年去的”,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 15(将来完成时 vs 现在完成时) by the time we graduate from university, we ______ together for four years. a. have studied b. will have studied c. studied d. will study 解析步骤: 1.圈画时间标志词:by the time + 将来时间点(we graduate from university,一般现在时表将来),表示 “到将来某个时间点为止,动作已经完成”,对应将来完成时(will have + 过去分词)。 2.分析选项:a(现在完成时)、c(一般过去时)时态不符,排除;d(一般将来时)表示 “将来要做的动作”,不强调 “完成”,排除;b(will have studied)符合将来完成时用法。 3.验证时间关系:“到我们大学毕业时,我们已经一起学习四年了”,动作将在将来时间点前完成,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 1(主动语态 vs 被动语态) many trees ______ in our city every year. a. plant b. planted c. are planted d. were planted 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 many trees(树)是动作 plant(种植)的承受者,用被动语态(be + 过去分词),排除 a(主动,一般现在时)、b(主动,一般过去时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 every year(一般现在时),被动语态的 be 动词用 am/is/are,主语 many trees 是复数,用 are,plant 的过去分词是 planted,因此是 are planted。 3.排除干扰项:d(were planted)是一般过去时被动,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“我们城市每年都种很多树”,被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 2(一般过去时被动 vs 现在完成时被动) the bridge ______ in 1998. it has been used for more than 20 years. a. builds b. built c. was built d. has been built 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 the bridge(桥)是动作 build(建造)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,一般现在时)、b(主动,一般过去时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 in 1998(一般过去时),被动语态的 be 动词用 was/were,主语 the bridge 是单数,用 was,build 的过去分词是 built,因此是 was built。 3.排除干扰项:d(has been built)是现在完成时被动,时态不符(in 1998 是具体过去时间,不用现在完成时),排除。 4.代入验证:“这座桥建于 1998 年,已经使用了 20 多年”,被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 3(情态动词被动语态) the problem ______ by us yet. we need to discuss it again. a. isn’t solved b. hasn’t been solved c. can’t solve d. won’t be solved 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 the problem(问题)是动作 solve(解决)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 c(主动,情态动词 can’t + 原形)。 2.确定时态和情态:时间标志词 yet(常用于现在完成时否定句),因此用现在完成时被动语态(have/has not been + 过去分词),主语 the problem 是单数,用 hasn’t been solved。 3.排除干扰项:a(isn’t solved)是一般现在时被动,时态不符;d(won’t be solved)是一般将来时被动,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“这个问题我们还没解决,需要再讨论一次”,被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 4(现在进行时被动 vs 一般现在时被动) look! the old buildings ______ by the workers. they will be finished next month. a. are repairing b. are being repaired c. repaired d. were repaired 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 the old buildings(旧建筑)是动作 repair(修理)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,现在进行时)、c(主动,一般过去时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 look!(现在进行时),被动语态的现在进行时是 am/is/are being + 过去分词,主语 the old buildings 是复数,用 are being repaired。 3.排除干扰项:d(were repaired)是一般过去时被动,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“看!工人们正在修理那些旧建筑,下个月就能完工”,被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 5(双宾语动词的被动语态) a new computer ______ to me as a birthday gift last week. a. gives b. gave c. was given d. has given 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 a new computer(一台新电脑)是动作 give(给)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,一般现在时)、b(主动,一般过去时)、d(主动,现在完成时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 last week(一般过去时),被动语态的 be 动词用 was/were,主语 a new computer 是单数,用 was,give 的过去分词是 given,因此是 was given。 3.验证双宾语被动:give 的间接宾语是 me,直接宾语是 a new computer,被动语态中可将直接宾语作主语,符合用法。 4.代入验证:“上周我收到了一台新电脑作为生日礼物”(即 “一台新电脑被作为生日礼物送给我”),被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 6(主动形式表被动含义) this kind of cloth ______ well and ______ long. a. washes; lasts b. is washed; lasts c. washes; is lasted d. is washed; is lasted 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:wash 和 last 此处表示 “布料的特性(耐洗、耐用)”,主语 this kind of cloth 是动作的承受者,但表示 “某物的特性” 时,用主动形式表被动含义,无需用被动语态。 2.分析选项:b(is washed; lasts)、d(is washed; is lasted)中 wash 用被动语态,错误;c(washes; is lasted)中 last 用被动语态,错误(last 是不及物动词,无被动语态);a(washes; lasts)用主动形式表被动,主语是单数,谓语用 washes 和 lasts,符合用法。 3.代入验证:“这种布料耐洗且耐用”,主动形式表被动,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 7(过去进行时被动 vs 一般过去时被动) when i arrived at the factory, the machines ______ by the workers. a. repair b. repaired c. were repairing d. were being repaired 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 the machines(机器)是动作 repair(修理)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,一般现在时)、b(主动,一般过去时)、c(主动,过去进行时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 when i arrived at the factory(一般过去时),主句动作与从句动作同时发生,用过去进行时被动语态(was/were being + 过去分词),主语 the machines 是复数,用 were being repaired。 3.代入验证:“我到达工厂时,工人们正在修理机器”,被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:d 例题 8(现在完成时被动 vs 一般过去时被动) — ______ the project ______ yet? — yes, it ______ two days ago. a. has; finished; finished b. has; been finished; was finished c. was; finished; finished d. is; finished; was finished 解析步骤: 1.第一空:时间标志词 yet(现在完成时否定 / 疑问句),主语 the project 是动作 finish 的承受者,用现在完成时被动语态(has been + 过去分词),因此第一空填 has; been finished,排除 a(主动)、c(一般过去时被动)、d(一般现在时被动)。 2.第二空:时间标志词 two days ago(一般过去时),主语 it(指代 project)是动作 finish 的承受者,用一般过去时被动语态(was + 过去分词),填 was finished。 3.代入验证:“项目已经完成了吗?”“是的,两天前完成的”,被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 9(使役动词的被动语态) the children ______ to read English every morning by their teacher. a. make b. are made c. made d. will make 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 the children(孩子们)是动作 make(让)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,一般现在时)、c(主动,一般过去时)、d(主动,一般将来时)。 2.确定时态和固定用法:时间标志词 every morning(一般现在时),make 作为使役动词,被动语态需加 to(be made to do),主语 the children 是复数,用 are made,因此是 are made to read。 3.代入验证:“老师让孩子们每天早上读英语”(即 “孩子们每天早上被老师要求读英语”),被动关系成立,固定用法正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 10(感官动词的被动语态) he ______ to sing in the park by many people yesterday. a. heard b. was heard c. hears d. is heard 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 he(他)是动作 hear(听见)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,一般过去时)、c(主动,一般现在时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 yesterday(一般过去时),被动语态的 be 动词用 was/were,主语 he 是单数,用 was,hear 的过去分词是 heard,因此是 was heard(感官动词被动需加 to,即 was heard to sing)。 3.排除干扰项:d(is heard)是一般现在时被动,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“昨天很多人听见他在公园里唱歌”(即 “他昨天被很多人听见在公园里唱歌”),被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 11(将来完成时被动 vs 一般将来时被动) by the end of next month, all the tasks ______ by the team. a. will finish b. will be finished c. will have been finished d. have been finished 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 all the tasks(所有任务)是动作 finish(完成)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,一般将来时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 by the end of next month(将来时间点),表示 “到将来某个时间点为止,动作已经完成”,用将来完成时被动语态(will have been + 过去分词),因此是 will have been finished。 3.排除干扰项:b(will be finished)是一般将来时被动,不强调 “完成”,排除;d(have been finished)是现在完成时被动,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“到下月底,团队将完成所有任务”(即 “所有任务将在下月底前被团队完成”),被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 12(不及物动词无被动语态) great changes ______ in our hometown since 2000. a. have happened b. have been happened c. happened d. were happened 解析步骤: 1.判断动词类型:happen 是不及物动词,无被动语态(无承受者),排除 b(现在完成时被动)、d(一般过去时被动)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 since 2000(现在完成时),主语 great changes 是复数,用 have happened。 3.排除干扰项:c(happened)是一般过去时,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“自 2000 年以来,我们家乡发生了巨大变化”,不及物动词用主动语态,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 13(介词短语作状语的被动语态) the letter ______ by my brother yesterday afternoon. a. is written b. was written c. writes d. wrote 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 the letter(信)是动作 write(写)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 c(主动,一般现在时)、d(主动,一般过去时)。 2.确定时态:时间标志词 yesterday afternoon(一般过去时),被动语态的 be 动词用 was/were,主语 the letter 是单数,用 was,write 的过去分词是 written,因此是 was written。 3.排除干扰项:a(is written)是一般现在时被动,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“这封信是我哥哥昨天下午写的”,被动关系成立,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 14(情态动词被动语态的否定式) this mistake ______ by carelessness. you must be more careful next time. a. shouldn’t make b. shouldn’t be made c. isn’t made d. wasn’t made 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 this mistake(这个错误)是动作 make(犯)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动,情态动词否定式)。 2.确定情态和时态:根据语境 “你下次必须更小心”,此处表示 “不应该犯这个错误”,用情态动词 shouldn’t 的被动语态(shouldn’t be + 过去分词),make 的过去分词是 made,因此是 shouldn’t be made。 3.排除干扰项:c(isn’t made)是一般现在时被动否定,无 “应该” 的含义,排除;d(wasn’t made)是一般过去时被动否定,无 “应该” 的含义,排除。 4.代入验证:“这个错误不应该因为粗心而犯,你下次必须更小心”,被动关系成立,情态含义正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 15(现在完成时被动的延续性) the library ______ since last year. it’s a good place to read. a. has opened b. has been opened c. has been open d. opened 解析步骤: 1.判断主语与谓语的关系:主语 the library(图书馆)是动作 open(开放)的承受者,但 open 此处需表示 “持续开放的状态”,open 作为动词是瞬间动词,不可与 since last year(时间段)连用,需转化为形容词 open(开放的),用 be open 表示持续状态。 2.确定时态:现在完成时(have/has been + 形容词),主语 the library 是单数,用 has been open。 3.排除干扰项:a(has opened)是主动语态,且 open 是瞬间动词,排除;b(has been opened)是现在完成时被动,但 opened 是瞬间动词,不可与时间段连用,排除;d(opened)是一般过去时,时态不符,排除。 4.代入验证:“图书馆从去年就开放了,是个读书的好地方”,持续状态用 be open,时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 1(and 连接并列主语) bread and butter ______ my favorite breakfast. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定真正主语:and 连接 bread and butter,此处表示 “同一类食物(面包抹黄油)”,视为单数主语。 2.匹配谓语形式:单数主语配单数谓语,排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 3.确定时态:描述客观喜好(最喜欢的早餐),用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 4.代入验证:“面包抹黄油是我最喜欢的早餐”,主语视为单数,谓语用 is,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 2(with 连接干扰成分) tom, together with his classmates, ______ going to visit the museum tomorrow. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定真正主语:主语是 tom,together with his classmates 是插入语(干扰成分),不影响主谓一致,真正主语是单数 tom。 2.匹配谓语形式:单数主语配单数谓语,排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 3.确定时态:时间标志词 tomorrow(一般将来时),be going to 表示将来,用一般现在时的 be 动词(is),排除 c(一般过去时)。 4.代入验证:“汤姆和他的同学明天要去参观博物馆”,真正主语是 tom,谓语用 is,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 3(不定代词作主语) everything ______ ready for the party. we can start now. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定主语类型:everything 是不定代词,不定代词作主语,谓语用单数。 2.匹配谓语形式:排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 3.确定时态:根据语境 “我们现在可以开始了”,表示 “现在一切准备就绪”,用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 4.代入验证:“派对的一切都准备好了,我们现在可以开始了”,不定代词作主语,谓语用 is,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 4(“the + 形容词” 作主语) the poor ______ helped by the government in our country. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定主语类型:the poor 表示 “穷人这一类人”,“the + 形容词” 作主语,谓语用复数。 2.匹配谓语形式:排除 a(单数)、c(单数)。 3.确定时态:描述客观事实(国家帮助穷人),用一般现在时,排除 d(一般过去时)。 4.代入验证:“我们国家的穷人得到了政府的帮助”,“the + 形容词” 作主语,谓语用 are,被动语态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 5(“a number of vs the number of”) ______ the students in our class ______ fifty. a. a number of; is b. a number of; are c. the number of; is d. the number of; are 解析步骤: 1.区分主语结构:the number of + 可数名词复数,表示 “…… 的数量”,作主语时谓语用单数;a number of + 可数名词复数,表示 “许多”,作主语时谓语用复数。 2.结合语境:题干表示 “我们班学生的数量是 50”,因此用 the number of,排除 a、b。 3.匹配谓语形式:the number of 作主语,谓语用单数 is,排除 d。 4.代入验证:“我们班学生的数量是 50”,主语是 the number of students,谓语用 is,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 6(集合名词作主语) our team ______ won the game. we are so proud of them. a. has b. have c. is d. are 解析步骤: 1.确定主语类型:team 是集合名词,此处根据语境 “我们为他们感到骄傲”,强调 “团队成员”,视为复数主语。 2.匹配谓语形式:复数主语配复数谓语,排除 a(单数)、c(单数)。 3.确定时态和动词类型:根据语境 “赢得了比赛”,用现在完成时(have + 过去分词),c、d 是 be 动词,不符合 “赢得比赛” 的动作,排除。 4.代入验证:“我们队赢了比赛,我们为他们感到骄傲”,集合名词强调成员,谓语用 have,现在完成时正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 7(就近原则:there be) there ______ a book and two pens on the desk. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.遵循就近原则:there be 句型中,谓语形式由靠近它的主语决定,靠近 be 动词的主语是 a book(单数),因此谓语用单数。 2.匹配谓语形式:排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 3.确定时态:描述现在的状态(桌子上有一本书和两支笔),用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 4.代入验证:“桌子上有一本书和两支笔”,就近原则,谓语用 is,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 8(分数作主语) two thirds of the land ______ covered with water in that country. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定主语核心:分数 of + 名词作主语,谓语形式由 of 后的名词决定,of 后的名词是 land(不可数名词),视为单数。 2.匹配谓语形式:排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 3.确定时态:描述客观事实(那个国家三分之二的土地被水覆盖),用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 4.代入验证:“那个国家三分之二的土地被水覆盖”,不可数名词作核心主语,谓语用 is,被动语态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 9(动名词作主语) playing football ______ my favorite sport since i was a child. a. is b. are c. has been d. have been 解析步骤: 1.确定主语类型:playing football 是动名词短语作主语,动名词作主语时,谓语动词需用单数形式,排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 2.圈画时间标志词:since i was a child(自从我小时候起),是现在完成时的核心标志词,强调动作从过去持续到现在,需用现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词),排除 a(一般现在时,仅表示当前状态,不体现持续关系)。 3.匹配谓语单复数:主语为单数(动名词短语),现在完成时的助动词用 has,be 动词的过去分词是 been,因此正确形式为 has been。 4.代入验证:“自从我小时候起,踢足球就是我最喜欢的运动”,动作持续到现在,逻辑通顺,语法正确。 答案:c 例题 10(“one of + 可数名词复数” 作主语) one of the most popular songs ______ by her last year. a. is sung b. are sung c. was sung d. were sung 解析步骤: 1.确定真正主语:“one of + 可数名词复数” 表示 “…… 之一”,真正主语是 one(单数),谓语需用单数形式,排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 2.判断语态:主语 one of the most popular songs(最受欢迎的歌曲之一)是动作 sing(唱)的承受者,需用被动语态(be + 过去分词),此处已符合被动结构,无需额外调整。 3.圈画时间标志词:last year(去年),是一般过去时的标志词,被动语态的 be 动词需用 was/were,主语为单数,因此用 was,sing 的过去分词是 sung,即 was sung。 4.排除干扰项:a(is sung)是一般现在时被动,时态不符,排除。 5.代入验证:“去年,最受欢迎的歌曲之一是她唱的”,主谓一致、时态和语态均正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:c 例题 11(“quantity of + 名词” 作主语) a large quantity of milk ______ in the fridge. you don’t need to buy more. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定主语核心:“a quantity of + 不可数名词” 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;“quantities of + 名词” 作主语时,谓语用复数。本题中是 a large quantity of + milk(不可数名词),因此谓语用单数,排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 2.确定时态:根据语境 “你不需要再买了”,表示当前冰箱里牛奶的状态,用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 3.匹配谓语形式:主语为单数含义,一般现在时的 be 动词用 is。 4.代入验证:“冰箱里有大量牛奶,你不需要再买了”,主谓一致、时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 12(就近原则:neither...nor...) neither my parents nor my brother ______ to the usa before. a. have been b. has been c. have gone d. has gone 解析步骤: 1.遵循就近原则:neither...nor... 连接两个并列主语时,谓语形式由靠近它的主语决定,靠近谓语的主语是 my brother(单数),因此谓语用单数形式,排除 a(复数)、c(复数)。 2.区分 have been to 和 have gone to:have been to 表示 “去过某地,已返回”;have gone to 表示 “去了某地,未返回”。根据语境 “before”(以前),可知是 “曾经去过”,已返回,因此用 have been to,排除 d(has gone to)。 3.匹配时态和单复数:主语为单数 my brother,现在完成时的助动词用 has,因此正确形式为 has been。 4.代入验证:“我父母和我哥哥以前都没去过美国”,就近原则、固定搭配均正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 13(专有名词作主语) the united nations ______ an important role in international affairs. a. play b. plays c. played d. were playing 解析步骤: 1.确定主语类型:the united nations(联合国)是专有名词,虽以 s 结尾,但表示单一机构,视为单数主语,谓语需用单数形式,排除 a(复数)、d(复数)。 2.确定时态:描述专有名词的客观功能(联合国在国际事务中扮演重要角色),用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 3.匹配谓语形式:单数主语的一般现在时,动词 play 需加 s,即 plays。 4.代入验证:“联合国在国际事务中扮演着重要角色”,主谓一致、时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 14(定语从句中的主谓一致) she is one of the girls who ______ good at playing the piano. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定定语从句的先行词:“one of + 可数名词复数” 后接定语从句时,定语从句的先行词是复数名词(girls),而非 one,因此定语从句的谓语用复数形式,排除 a(单数)、c(单数)。 2.确定时态:主句是一般现在时(is),描述当前的能力(擅长弹钢琴),定语从句时态与主句一致,用一般现在时,排除 d(一般过去时)。 3.匹配谓语形式:定语从句主语 who 指代 girls(复数),一般现在时的 be 动词用 are。 4.易错提示:若题干为 “she is the only one of the girls who ______ good at playing the piano”,则先行词是 the only one(单数),定语从句谓语用单数 is,需注意 “the only one” 的限定作用。 5.代入验证:“她是那些擅长弹钢琴的女孩之一”,定语从句主谓一致、时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 15(“分数 + of + 复数名词” 作主语) 70% of the students in our school ______ part in volunteer activities every year. a. take b. takes c. took d. will take 解析步骤: 1.确定主语核心:分数 of + 名词作主语时,谓语形式由 of 后的名词决定,of 后的名词是 the students(复数),因此谓语用复数形式,排除 b(单数)。 2.圈画时间标志词:every year(每年),是一般现在时的标志词,描述反复发生的动作,排除 c(一般过去时)、d(一般将来时)。 3.匹配谓语形式:复数主语的一般现在时,动词用原形 take,固定搭配 “take part in”(参加)。 4.代入验证:“我们学校 70% 的学生每年都会参加志愿活动”,主谓一致、时态和固定搭配均正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 1(时态 + 语态 + 主谓一致) a lot of new roads ______ in our city since 2018. it’s more convenient to travel now. a. have built b. have been built c. were built d. are built 解析步骤: 1.判断语态:主语 new roads(新公路)是动作 build(修建)的承受者,用被动语态,排除 a(主动)。 2.圈画时间标志词:since 2018(自从 2018 年起),是现在完成时的标志词,被动语态需用现在完成时被动(have/has been + 过去分词),排除 c(一般过去时被动)、d(一般现在时被动)。 3.主谓一致:主语 new roads 是复数,现在完成时被动的助动词用 have,build 的过去分词是 built,因此正确形式为 have been built。 4.代入验证:“自从 2018 年以来,我们城市修建了很多新公路,现在出行更方便了”,语态、时态、主谓一致均正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 2(时态 + 主谓一致) the number of people who ______ interested in learning chinese ______ increasing rapidly. a. is; is b. are; is c. is; are d. are; are 解析步骤: 1.第一空(定语从句主谓一致):定语从句的先行词是 people(复数),因此定语从句的谓语用复数形式 are,排除 a(is)、c(is)。 2.第二空(主句主谓一致):主句的主语是 the number of people(人的数量),“the number of + 复数名词” 作主语时,谓语用单数形式 is,排除 d(are)。 3.确定时态:描述当前的趋势(对学中文感兴趣的人数正在快速增加),用现在进行时(is increasing),符合语境。 4.代入验证:“对学习中文感兴趣的人数正在快速增加”,两处主谓一致均正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 3(语态 + 主谓一致) not only the students but also their teacher ______ looking forward to the holiday. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.遵循就近原则:not only...but also... 连接两个并列主语时,谓语形式由靠近它的主语决定,靠近谓语的主语是 their teacher(单数),因此谓语用单数形式,排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 2.确定时态:根据语境 “期待假期”,描述当前的状态,用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 3.匹配谓语形式:单数主语的一般现在时,be 动词用 is,固定搭配 “look forward to”(期待),此处用现在进行时表持续状态,符合语境。 4.代入验证:“不仅学生们,他们的老师也在期待假期”,就近原则、时态均正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 例题 4(时态 + 语态 + 主谓一致) all the preparations for the party ______ by the end of last week. a. have been finished b. had been finished c. were finished d. are finished 解析步骤: 1.判断语态:主语 preparations(准备工作)是动作 finish(完成)的承受者,用被动语态,四个选项均为被动,需进一步判断时态。 2.圈画时间标志词:by the end of last week(到上周末为止),是过去完成时的标志词(表示 “过去的过去” 完成的动作),被动语态需用过去完成时被动(had been + 过去分词),排除 a(现在完成时被动)、c(一般过去时被动)、d(一般现在时被动)。 3.主谓一致:主语 preparations 是复数,但过去完成时被动的助动词 had 无单复数变化,仅需确保过去分词正确(finished),此处符合要求。 4.代入验证:“到上周末为止,派对的所有准备工作都已经完成了”,语态、时态、主谓一致均正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:b 例题 5(时态 + 主谓一致) ten thousand yuan ______ a lot of money for me. i can’t afford the car. a. is b. are c. was d. were 解析步骤: 1.确定主语含义:ten thousand yuan(一万元)表示金钱,视为一个整体,谓语用单数形式,排除 b(复数)、d(复数)。 2.确定时态:描述当前的客观情况(一万元对我来说是一大笔钱),用一般现在时,排除 c(一般过去时)。 3.匹配谓语形式:单数主语的一般现在时,be 动词用 is。 4.易错提示:表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时,均视为整体,谓语用单数,如 “two hours is enough”(两小时足够了)。 5.代入验证:“一万元对我来说是一大笔钱,我买不起那辆车”,主谓一致、时态正确,逻辑通顺。 答案:a 陷阱 1:时间标志词混淆(最高频错误) 易错表现:将现在完成时的标志词(since/for/so far)与一般过去时连用,或反之。 错误例句:i lived in beijing for 5 years.(表示 “现在仍住在北京” 需用现在完成时) 正确例句:i have lived in beijing for 5 years.(持续到现在)/i lived in beijing for 5 years and then moved to shanghai.(过去持续,现在已结束) 规避方法: 牢记 “现在完成时 + for/since” 表示 “动作持续到现在”,“一般过去时 + for” 表示 “过去持续,现在已终止”,需结合语境判断。 看到 since + 过去时间点 / 从句,直接锁定现在完成时;看到具体过去时间词(yesterday/last week/in 2020),直接锁定一般过去时。 陷阱 2:瞬间动词与时间段连用 易错表现:非延续性动词(die/buy/borrow/join)与 for/since 引导的时间段连用。 错误例句:he has bought the book for 3 months. 正确例句:he has had the book for 3 months.(buy→have) 规避方法: 熟记常见瞬间动词的延续性转化: die→be dead;marry→be married;buy→have;borrow→keep;join→be in/be a member of;leave→be away;begin→be on 看到 for/since,先判断谓语动词是否为延续性,若为瞬间动词,立即转化。 陷阱 3:“主将从现” 原则误用 易错表现:条件 / 时间状语从句中用一般将来时,或主句用一般现在时。 错误例句:if it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home. 正确例句:if it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(从句一般现在时,主句一般将来时) 规避方法: 牢记核心场景:if/unless(条件从句)、when/as soon as/until(时间从句),必遵循 “主将从现”。 例外情况:从句描述客观真理时,仍用一般现在时,如 “if the sun rises in the east, we will go hiking”(无需变化)。 陷阱 4:宾语从句时态一致错误 易错表现:主句为过去时,从句仍用现在时(非客观真理);或客观真理用过去时。 错误例句:she said that the earth was round.(客观真理需用一般现在时) 错误例句:he told me he will come tomorrow.(主句过去时,从句需用过去将来时) 正确例句:she said that the earth is round. /he told me he would come tomorrow. 规避方法: 主句现在时→从句时态随句意(任意时态);主句过去时→从句时态 “退一级”(一般现在→一般过去;一般将来→过去将来;现在完成→过去完成)。 客观真理(地球绕太阳转、光速比声速快等)永远用一般现在时,不受主句时态影响。 陷阱 5:过去完成时滥用 / 漏用 易错表现:无 “过去的过去” 关系时用过去完成时;或有先后关系时漏用。 错误例句:i finished my homework and went out.(“完成作业” 在 “出去” 之前,需用过去完成时) 错误例句:i had breakfast at 7 o’clock this morning.(无其他过去动作对比,直接用一般过去时) 正确例句:i had finished my homework before i went out. /i had breakfast at 7 o’clock this morning. 规避方法: 过去完成时的核心是 “动作 A 发生在动作 B 之前,且 B 是过去时”,无 B 则无 A 的过去完成时。 看到 by the end of last year/by + 过去时间点 /before + 过去时,直接锁定过去完成时。 陷阱 6:现在完成进行时与现在完成时混淆 易错表现:强调 “持续动作” 时用现在完成时,强调 “完成结果” 时用现在完成进行时。 错误例句:i have read the book for 3 hours.(强调 “持续读了 3 小时”,需用现在完成进行时) 错误例句:i have been reading the book twice.(强调 “完成两次”,需用现在完成时) 正确例句:i have been reading the book for 3 hours.(持续动作)/i have read the book twice.(完成结果) 规避方法: 现在完成进行时(have/has been doing):强调 “动作持续进行(可能仍在进行)” 或 “反复发生带来的影响”,常与 for/since 连用。 现在完成时(have/has done):强调 “动作完成的结果” 或 “经历”,常与 already/yet/just/ever/never/twice 等连用。 陷阱 7:将来进行时与一般将来时混淆 易错表现:描述 “将来某个具体时间正在做的动作” 用一般将来时。 错误例句:at 9 o’clock tomorrow, i will visit my grandma.(强调 “9 点正在拜访”,需用将来进行时) 正确例句:at 9 o’clock tomorrow, i will be visiting my grandma. 规避方法: 一般将来时(will do):表示 “将来要做的动作”(无具体时间点或不强调正在进行)。 将来进行时(will be doing):表示 “将来某个具体时间点 / 时间段正在进行的动作”,或 “预计会发生的动作”(更委婉),常与 at 8 o’clock tomorrow/from 3 to 5 next afternoon 等连用。 陷阱 8:虚拟语气时态错误 易错表现:与事实相反时,时态未 “退一级”。 错误例句:if i have time, i would help you.(与现在事实相反,从句需用一般过去时) 正确例句:if i had time, i would help you.(现在相反:从句过去时→主句 would do) 错误例句:if i knew the answer, i would have told you.(与过去事实相反,从句需用过去完成时) 正确例句:if i had known the answer, i would have told you.(过去相反:从句过去完成时→主句 would have done) 规避方法: 虚拟语气时态口诀:“现在相反退一级,过去相反退两级”。 牢记固定结构: 与现在事实相反:if 从句→一般过去时;主句→would/could/might/should + do 与过去事实相反:if 从句→过去完成时;主句→would/could/might/should + have done 陷阱 9:“it’s the first time that...” 句型时态错误 易错表现:从句用一般过去时或现在进行时。 错误例句:it’s the first time that i visited beijing. 正确例句:it’s the first time that i have visited beijing. 规避方法: 固定规则:“it’s the first/second/third...time that...” 从句必须用现在完成时。 若主句为过去时(it was the first time),从句用过去完成时:it was the first time that i had visited beijing. 陷阱 10:“hardly...when...”“no sooner...than...” 句型时态错误 易错表现:hardly/no sooner 后用一般过去时,when/than 后用过去完成时。 错误例句:hardly i arrived home when it began to rain. 正确例句:hardly had i arrived home when it began to rain.(hardly/no sooner 后用过去完成时,且需部分倒装;when/than 后用一般过去时) 规避方法: 固定结构:hardly had sb. done...when sb. did...;no sooner had sb. done...than sb. did... 记忆口诀:“hardly/no sooner 先完成,when/than 后过去,倒装提前 had”。 陷阱 11:现在进行时表将来与一般将来时混淆 易错表现:临时决定的动作用人称代词的现在进行时。 错误例句:— i’m thirsty. — i am getting you some water.(临时决定,需用 will do) 正确例句:— i’m thirsty. — i will get you some water. 规避方法: 现在进行时表将来:用于 “计划、安排好的动作”,主语常为表示地点、事件的名词或人称代词(表计划),如 “the train is leaving at 3 o’clock”(计划)、“i’m going to the cinema tonight”(计划)。 will do 表将来:用于 “临时决定、预测、意愿”,如 “— it’s cold. — i will close the window”(临时决定)。 陷阱 12:一般现在时表客观真理的例外错误 易错表现:描述 “习惯性动作” 用现在进行时,描述 “当前动作” 用一般现在时。 错误例句:he is often late for school.(习惯性动作,需用一般现在时) 错误例句:look! he reads a book.(当前动作,需用现在进行时) 正确例句:he is often late for school. /look! he is reading a book. 规避方法: 一般现在时:习惯性动作(often/usually/always)、客观真理、真理、说明文字。 现在进行时:当前正在进行的动作(now/look/listen)、当前阶段持续的动作、计划好的将来动作。 陷阱 1:不及物动词误用被动语态 易错表现:happen/occur/appear/disappear/come/go/arrive 等不及物动词用被动。 错误例句:a car accident was happened yesterday. 正确例句:a car accident happened yesterday. 规避方法: 牢记 “不及物动词无被动”:动词后无宾语,无法构成 “承受者”,因此无被动语态。 常见不及物动词清单:happen, occur, appear, disappear, come, go, arrive, leave, die, sleep, walk, run 等。 陷阱 2:系动词误用被动语态 易错表现:look/sound/feel/taste/smell/seem/become 等系动词用被动。 错误例句:the flower is smelled sweet. 正确例句:the flower smells sweet. 规避方法: 系动词的功能是 “连接主语和表语,说明主语状态”,无动作 “执行者”,因此无被动语态。 固定结构:主语 + 系动词 + 形容词 / 名词(主动形式表被动含义)。 陷阱 3:主动形式表被动含义的动词误用被动 易错表现:sell/wash/clean/cook/cut/wear 等动词 + well/easily 时用被动。 错误例句:this kind of shirt is washed well. 正确例句:this kind of shirt washes well. 规避方法: 当这些动词表示 “某物的特性(耐洗、好卖、易切)” 时,用主动形式表被动含义,无需加 be 动词。 常见搭配:sell well(畅销)、wash well(耐洗)、cut easily(易切)、wear long(耐穿)。 陷阱 4:使役动词被动语态漏加 to 易错表现:make/let/have 用于被动时,后面的不定式漏加 to。 错误例句:he was made stand for 2 hours. 正确例句:he was made to stand for 2 hours. 规避方法: 使役动词主动结构:make/let/have sb. do sth.(省略 to)。 被动结构:sb. be made/let/had to do sth.(必须加 to),注意 have 的被动不常用,常用 be asked to do 替代。 陷阱 5:感官动词被动语态漏加 to 易错表现:see/hear/watch/notice/feel 等感官动词被动时,后面的不定式漏加 to。 错误例句:she was seen enter the building. 正确例句:she was seen to enter the building. 规避方法: 感官动词主动结构:see sb. do sth.(省略 to,强调动作全过程)/see sb. doing sth.(强调正在进行)。 被动结构:sb. be seen to do sth.(必须加 to)/sb. be seen doing sth.(无 to,保留 doing)。 陷阱 6:双宾语动词被动语态介词遗漏 易错表现:将直接宾语作主语时,漏加 to/for。 错误例句:a book was given me by my father. 正确例句:a book was given to me by my father. /i was given a book by my father. 规避方法: 双宾语动词(give/send/show/bring/buy/make 等)被动时: 间接宾语作主语:sb. be given sth.(无需介词)。 直接宾语作主语:sth. be given to/for sb.(必须加介词,give 搭配 to,buy 搭配 for)。 常见介词搭配:give sth. to sb.→sth. be given to sb.;buy sth. for sb.→sth. be bought for sb. 陷阱 7:情态动词被动语态结构错误 易错表现:情态动词后加 been + 过去分词,或漏加 be。 错误例句:the work must finished today.(漏加 be) 错误例句:the work must been finished today.(情态动词后需加 be) 正确例句:the work must be finished today. 规避方法: 情态动词被动语态固定结构:情态动词(can/may/must/should/will 等)+ be + 过去分词。 否定式:情态动词 + not + be + 过去分词,如 “the work shouldn’t be finished so early”。 陷阱 8:现在完成时被动语态与一般过去时被动语态混淆 易错表现:有具体过去时间词时用现在完成时被动,或强调 “持续到现在” 时用一般过去时被动。 错误例句:the bridge has been built in 1998.(具体过去时间,需用一般过去时被动) 错误例句:the bridge was built for 3 years.(持续 3 年,需用现在完成时被动) 正确例句:the bridge was built in 1998. /the bridge has been built for 3 years. 规避方法: 一般过去时被动:与具体过去时间词连用(yesterday/in 1998/last week),仅说明 “过去被做”,不强调现在。 现在完成时被动:与 for/since/so far 等连用,强调 “动作从过去持续到现在” 或 “对现在的影响”。 陷阱 9:“get + 宾语 + 过去分词” 与 “be + 过去分词” 混淆 易错表现:get 被动结构中漏加宾语,或误用为 “get + 过去分词” 表主动。 错误例句:he got injured in the accident.(正确,get + 过去分词表被动,无宾语时直接用) 错误例句:the work got done by him.(正确,get + 宾语 + 过去分词) 错误例句:i get my homework do.(需用过去分词 done) 正确例句:i get my homework done every day. 规避方法: get 被动结构有两种: 主语是承受者:sb./sth. get + 过去分词(= sb./sth. be + 过去分词),如 “the window got broken”(窗户被打破了)。 主语是执行者:sb. get + 宾语 + 过去分词(= sb. have + 宾语 + 过去分词),表 “让别人做某事”,如 “i get my hair cut”(我让别人剪了头发)。 注意:get 被动结构更口语化,正式场合常用 be 被动。 陷阱 10:固定搭配的被动语态错误 易错表现:固定短语的被动语态中遗漏介词。 错误例句:he was looked down by everyone.(look down on 是固定短语,被动时需保留 on) 正确例句:he was looked down on by everyone. 规避方法: 含有介词的固定短语(look forward to, take care of, pay attention to, depend on 等)被动时,必须保留介词,不可省略。 记忆技巧:将固定短语视为一个整体,被动时 “介词跟着短语走”,如 “we look forward to the meeting”→“the meeting is looked forward to”。 陷阱 1:干扰成分导致主语判断错误 易错表现:将 with/along with/together with/as well as 等连接的成分视为主语。 错误例句:tom, together with his parents, are going to the zoo.(真正主语是 tom,单数) 正确例句:tom, together with his parents, is going to the zoo. 规避方法: 核心规则:主语 + 介词短语(with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/except/besides/including)+ 其他成分,真正主语是前面的核心名词,介词短语仅为附加信息,不影响主谓一致。 快速判断:去掉介词短语,剩余部分即为真正主语,再匹配谓语单复数。 陷阱 2:and 连接并列主语的单复数错误 易错表现:and 连接的两个名词均视为复数,忽略 “同一人 / 物 / 概念” 的情况。 错误例句:the writer and the teacher are coming.(不同的人,复数,正确) 错误例句:the writer and teacher are coming.(同一人,单数,错误) 正确例句:the writer and teacher is coming. 规避方法: and 连接两个名词,若表示 “同一人 / 物 / 概念”(第二个名词前无冠词),谓语用单数;若表示 “不同的人 / 物”(第二个名词前有冠词),谓语用复数。 常见固定搭配(视为单数):bread and butter(面包抹黄油)、fish and chips(炸鱼薯条)、a knife and fork(一副刀叉)。 陷阱 3:集合名词的单复数判断错误 易错表现:集合名词(family/team/group/class)无论表示 “整体” 还是 “成员”,均用单数或复数。 错误例句:our family are a big one.(表示 “整体”,需用单数) 错误例句:our family is watching tv.(表示 “成员”,需用复数) 正确例句:our family is a big one. /our family are watching tv. 规避方法: 集合名词表 “整体”(视为一个单位)→ 谓语单数;表 “成员”(强调个体)→ 谓语复数。 判断技巧:看后面的表语或语境,如 “a big one”(整体)、“watching tv”(成员个体动作)。 陷阱 4:“the + 形容词” 作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:“the + 形容词”(the poor/the rich/the old)作主语时用单数。 错误例句:the old is taken good care of in our country. 正确例句:the old are taken good care of in our country. 规避方法: 固定规则:“the + 形容词” 表示 “一类具有某种特征的人”,视为复数,谓语用复数形式。 例外:若 “the + 形容词” 表示 “某一抽象概念”,则视为单数,如 “the beautiful is always admired”(美总是被赞赏)。 陷阱 5:“a number of vs the number of” 混淆 易错表现:“a number of + 复数名词” 用单数谓语,“the number of + 复数名词” 用复数谓语。 错误例句:a number of students is absent today. 错误例句:the number of students are 50. 正确例句:a number of students are absent today.(许多学生,复数)/the number of students is 50.(学生数量,单数) 规避方法: 口诀记忆:“a number of 表许多,谓语复数跟着来;the number of 表数量,谓语单数记心怀”。 本质区别:a number of = many(修饰复数名词),the number of = the count(表单数概念)。 陷阱 6:就近原则与语法一致原则混淆 易错表现:非就近原则的连词(and/both...and...)用就近原则,或就近原则的连词(or/either...or...)用语法一致。 错误例句:either you or he are wrong.(就近原则,靠近 he,单数) 错误例句:both you and he is wrong.(语法一致,复数主语,复数谓语) 正确例句:either you or he is wrong. /both you and he are wrong. 规避方法: 需用就近原则的连词:or, nor, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., there be/here be。 需用语法一致的连词:and, both...and..., as well as(非连词,属干扰成分)。 陷阱 7:分数 / 百分数作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词作主语时,谓语单复数由分数 / 百分数决定,而非 of 后的名词。 错误例句:two thirds of the land are covered with water.(land 不可数,单数) 错误例句:70% of the students is boys.(students 复数,复数) 正确例句:two thirds of the land is covered with water. / 70% of the students are boys. 规避方法: 核心规则:分数 / 百分数 + of + 名词作主语,谓语单复数由 of 后的名词决定(名词单数 / 不可数→谓语单数;名词复数→谓语复数)。 特殊情况:of 后为集合名词时,按集合名词的单复数规则判断,如 “60% of the team are young players”(强调成员,复数)。 陷阱 8:动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语时用复数谓语。 错误例句:reading and writing are my hobbies.(两个动名词作主语,表不同动作,复数,正确) 错误例句:reading books are my hobby.(一个动名词短语作主语,单数,错误) 正确例句:reading books is my hobby. 规避方法: 单个动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语→ 谓语单数;两个及以上并列作主语,若表示 “同一动作 / 概念”→ 谓语单数,若表示 “不同动作 / 概念”→ 谓语复数。 例句对比: 同一概念:early to bed and early to rise is a good habit.(早睡早起是一个习惯,单数) 不同概念:swimming and running are my favorite sports.(游泳和跑步是两种运动,复数) 陷阱 9:“one of + 可数名词复数” 后定语从句的主谓一致错误 易错表现:定语从句的谓语用单数,忽略先行词是复数名词。 错误例句:she is one of the girls who is good at math.(先行词是 girls,复数) 正确例句:she is one of the girls who are good at math. 规避方法: 核心规则:“one of + 可数名词复数” 后接定语从句时,定语从句的先行词是复数名词(girls),而非 one,因此从句谓语用复数。 例外:若有 the only/the very 修饰 one,先行词变为 one(单数),从句谓语用单数,如 “she is the only one of the girls who is good at math”。 陷阱 10:表示时间 / 金钱 / 距离 / 重量的复数名词作主语的单复数错误 易错表现:此类复数名词作主语时用复数谓语。 错误例句:ten years are a long time. 错误例句:five hundred yuan are enough. 正确例句:ten years is a long time. /five hundred yuan is enough. 规避方法: 固定规则:表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度等的复数名词作主语时,视为一个整体,谓语用单数形式。 强调个体时例外:“the ten years were full of challenges”(这十年充满了挑战,强调每一年的经历,可用复数),但这种情况极少,优先用单数。 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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专题01 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致(方法技巧篇)(全国通用)2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测
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专题01 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致(方法技巧篇)(全国通用)2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测
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专题01 动词的时态和语态及主谓一致(方法技巧篇)(全国通用)2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测
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