内容正文:
专题01 名词
目录
01 锚·课标要求 1
02 理·思维导图 2
03 盘·知识梳理 3
考点一 名词的分类 3
考点二 名词的数 4
考点三 名词所有格 7
考点四 名词构词法 .............................................................................................................................................9
04 测·背诵检验 10
掌握名词的数、名词的格、抽象名词具体化、名词和其他类的固定搭配;
熟练掌握名词构词法:通过名词与形容词、名词与冠词之间的修饰关系以及在句中所作成分,根据名词的构词法,确定名词的恰当形式。
重点考查点:
一、名词分类(词义辨析);
二、名词的数;
三、名词所有格;
四、名词构词法。
名词的定义及句法功能:
名词:表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念或情感等词类,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分
序号
功能
例句
1
作主语
Newspapers are useful. 报纸有用。
2
作宾语
Have you received my letter? 你收到我的信了吗?(作动词的宾语)
The books are on the desk. 书在桌子上。(作介词的宾语)
3
作表语
Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
4
作补足语
We made him manager of the company. 我们选他当公司的经理。
This kind of flower is called carnation. 这种花叫康乃馨。(作主语)
5
作同位语
You students go first. 你们学生先走。
6
作状语
We’ll meet next Sunday. 我们下周日见。
7
作定语
I am an English teacher. 我是一位英语老师。
考点一 名词分类
考向一:名词的分类
分类
说明
例句
普通名词
可数
名词
个体名词
表示人或事物的个体名称
city城市,panda熊猫,chair椅子,hospital医院,nurse护士
集体名词
表示一群人或一些事物的总称
public公众,people人们,class班级,family家庭,police警察
不可数名词
物质名词
表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称
rice大米,snow雪,steel钢铁,cotton棉花,corn玉米,air空气
抽象名词
表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词
courage勇气,determination决心,satisfaction满意,happiness幸福,success成功,love热爱
专有名词
表示人名、地名、国名
London伦敦,Tom汤姆,the Great Wall长城,Asia亚洲
表示书名、电影名、各种标语
Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》
表示机构、组织、团体
UNESCO联合国教科文组织
Beijing University北京大学
表示月份、星期、节日
Monday星期一,National day国庆节
复合名词
两个或两个以上的词构成的意义相对稳定的名词。
①名词+名词 bookshop书 newspaper报纸
②名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出
③名词+v -ing handwriting书法 horse riding骑马
④v-ing+名词 reading room阅览室
⑤动词+名词 bathroom浴室 postcard 明信片
⑥形容词+名词 blackboard黑板 supermarket 超市
⑦副词+动词 outlook观点 income 收入
【易错点】
1. 本质上是复数形式的,例如:cattle(牛群),people(人们),police(警察)。
2. 可以用单数或复数形式表示的,例如:audience(观众),class(班级),club(俱乐部),committee(委员会),company(公司),crew(船员),enemy(敌人),family(家庭),government(政府),group(组),team(队)。当这些词作为主语时,谓语动词的数取决于它们所指的具体含义。如果将它们视为一个整体,则谓语动词使用单数形式;如果指代的是成员个体,则谓语动词使用复数形式。
考点二 名词的数
可数名词有单、复数形式。
1.名词复数形式的规则变化
情况
构成方法
单数变复数例词
一般情况
加 -s
map→maps;mouth→mouths;house→houses
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词
加 -es
watch→watches;glass→glasses;match→matches
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
变y为i再加es
baby→babies;country→countries
以“元音字母+y”结尾
词尾加-s
key→keys;boy→boys; holiday-holiday
以-f或-fe结尾
多数变f或fe
为v后加-es
leaf→leaves;life→lives;shelf→shelves knife→knives;thief→thieves;wife→wives;knife→knives;wolf→wolves
少数词尾加-s
chief→chiefs;roof→roofs;belief→beliefs
以字母-o结尾
词尾加-es
Negro→Negroes;hero→heroes;
potato→potatoes;tomato→tomatoes
词尾加-s
photo→photos;kilo→kilos;piano→pianos;zoo→zoos
【速记口诀】
口诀1:“小偷的妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命藏于后”。当这些名词变为复数时,将f或fe改为-ve,并加上-s。以f或fe结尾的名词,若要变为复数,需将f或fe变为v,再添加-es。这类名词包括:calf(小牛,牛犊),half(一半),knife(小刀),leaf(叶子),life(生活,生命),loaf(长面包),self(自己),shelf(架子),thief(小偷),wife(妻子),wolf(狼)。
口诀2:“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”,这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的名词复数加-s。以o结尾的名词,需加-es的名词有: negro (黑人), hero (英雄), tomato (西红柿), potato (土豆)。
【易错点】
1. 注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。
American→Americans 美国人 Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人 Canadian→Canadians 加拿大人German→Germans 德国人 Greek→Greeks 希腊人 Indian→Indians 印度人Russian→Russians俄罗斯人
2. 有些名词表面为复数形式,实为单数。
math数学,news新闻,physics物理,politics政治,the United Nations 联合国,the United States美国
2.名词复数的不规则变化
变化
示例
单复数同形
deer;fish;sheep;means;series;aircraft;spacecraft;species
Chinese;the United States;Swiss;physics;politics;maths
变内部元音
goose→geese;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;man→men;woman→women;mouse→mice
-on变-a
phenomenon→phenomena现象;criterion→criteria标准;
词尾加-(r)en
child→children孩子;ox→oxen公牛
词尾-un变成-a
datum→data数据;medium→media媒体
【易错点】
1. fish表示鱼的种类时,复数形式为fishes,而fish表示鱼的条数时,复数形式仍为fish。如:
different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼
2. works意为"工厂"时,单复数形式一样,而work意为"著作,作品"时,复数形式是works。如:
a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂
a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品
3.不可数名词
一般情况下,专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义,从而也表现出可数与不可数性。
不可数名词的数
不可数名词没有复数形式,一般不能用a或an修饰。可在名词前加表示数量的词如piece, glass等。通常只用作不可数的名词有:beer, air, homework, weather, news, butter, milk, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
抽象名词具体化
表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时,可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词,可以与a/an连用,常见的这类词有:
success成功-成功的人或事; pleasure乐趣-令人高兴的事;
surprise吃惊-令人惊讶的人或事; beauty美-美丽的人或事;
comfort安慰-令人感到安慰的人或事物; danger危险-危险的人或因素;
delight高兴-令人高兴的事; failure 失败-失败的人或事物;
shock震惊-令人震惊的事情; honour荣誉-一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)
物质名词具体化
rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, drink, ice, sugar, ice等物质名词可以具体化为可数名词,用复数形式表示类别、数量、范围或程度。如:two drinks两杯饮料; two ices两份冰淇淋; sands沙滩;snows多场雪;
具体名词抽象化
school, college, hospital, court, prison, table, church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,当表示与之相关的活动时,表示抽象意义。如:go to school上学;at table在吃饭;in prison坐监狱;go to church去做礼拜;
4.复数形式表示特殊含义的名词
单复数意义不同的词
good好的→goods货物; water→waters水域;
fish鱼肉→fishes(各种)鱼 possession拥有→possessions (财产);
work工作→works (作品,著作); glass玻璃→glasses眼镜;
paper纸--papers报纸,论文; content内容--contents目录;
custom习俗→customs关税; wood木材→woods树林;
arm胳膊→arms武器; time时间→times时代;
green绿色→greens青菜
考点三 名词所有格
名词所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语。它有三种形式:'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
1.'s所有格的构词规则
表示人或其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's或',表示所有关系。
构成规则
示例
单数名词词尾通常加's;复数名词词尾没有s时,也要加's
my sister’s telephone number我姐姐的电话号码;the children's toys那些孩子的玩具
the women’s changing room女更衣室
以s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”
teachers' office 教师们的办公室
以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或's均可
my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划;Engles’/Engles’s works恩格斯的著作
合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加's
her soninlaw's car她女婿的车
表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助's表示所有关系
a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程
作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加's
an hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程
不定代词后接else时,'s加在else之后
somebody else's bag别人的包
易错点:
(1) 表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时,分别在每个名词的词尾加's或';表示两者或多者共有时,在最后一个名词词尾加's或'。
Tom's and Jim's fathers 汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲
Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲
(2) 表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber's 在理发店
at my uncle's 在我叔叔家
2.of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
用法
示例
对于无生命的事物而言,通常用of所有格表示所属关系
the door of the room房间的门
表示主谓关系用of所有格
the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来
表示同位关系用of所有格
the city of Shanghai上海市
表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格
most of the students大多数学生
表示内容用of所有格
the cost of living生活成本;the news of success捷报
当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the+形容词”构成所有格时要借助of
the housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题;the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词's”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”,主要用法如下:
用法
示例
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,可用a,any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词,但不能用the
another house of John's 约翰的另一所房子
被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时,通常带有一定的感情色彩,如赞赏、不满、厌恶等
That dog of Tom's is really clever. 汤姆的那只狗真聪明。
易混点: 名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等);
名词作定语主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。
考点四 名词构词法
1.形容词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-age
short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
-cy
efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利
accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
-dom
free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence
different→difference差异 evident →evidence 证据
-ness
weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 thick→thickness厚度
kind→kindness仁慈,友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th
strong→strength力气;优势 warm→warmth温暖;热情
-y/-ty/-ity
difficult→difficulty困难 disable→disability缺陷;伤残
responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
2.动词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-ion/
-tion/
-sion/
attract→attraction吸引力 celebrate→celebration庆祝
conclude→conclusion结论;结束 discuss→discussion讨论;论述
decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认;准许加入
permit→permission允许,许可 invite→invitation邀请
explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望
-er/
-or
sail→sailor海员,水手 drive→driver司机;驾驶员
gather→gatherer收集者,采集者 teach→teacher老师
announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment
punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就
argue→argument辩论;论据 treat→treatment对待;治疗
equip →equipment装备;设备 govern→government政府
astonish→astonishment惊奇 develop→development发展
-ance/
-ence
appear→appearance出现;外貌 guide→guidance指引;指导
perform→performance表演;表现 exist→existence存在;生存
prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考,查阅
-ure/
-ture
fail→failure失败;倒闭 press→pressure压力
depart→departure离开;出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
-ing
hear→hearing听力,听觉 begin→beginning开始
build→building建筑 warn→warning 警告
-y
recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
【考点链接】
一、单项选择
1.—Now we can’t see so many __________ in the field.
—The environment is better than before.
A.mouse B.mice C.mouses
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——现在我们在田野里看不到那么多老鼠了。——环境比以前更好了。考查名词复数形式。mouse老鼠,单数;mice老鼠,复数; mouses错误复数形式。根据“so many”后需接可数名词的复数形式,且“mouse”的复数形式为不规则变化“mice”。故选B。
2.We did four school __________ about how much sleep we have every day.
A.survey B.surveys C.surveies
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我们做了四个关于我们每天睡多少觉的学校调查。考查名词复数形式。survey调查,单数;surveys调查,复数;surveies错误拼写。根据句中“four”可知,此处需用复数名词。故选B。
3.I’m so thirsty. Please give me ________ to drink.
A.three juice B.three glasses of juice C.three glasses of juices
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我很口渴。请给我三杯果汁喝。考查不可数名词的用法。juice(果汁)是不可数名词,不能直接用数词修饰,必须借助量词(如glass)表示数量,且量词复数化(glasses),但名词juice不加s。故选B。
4.The new high-speed train CR450 can run at a speed of 400 ________ per hour.
A.kilometer B.kilometers C.kilometers’ D.kilometer’s
【答案】B
【详解】句意:这列新的高速列车CR450每小时可以以400公里的速度运行。考查名词复数。此空前有数词“400”修饰,名词kilometer“公里”需变为复数“kilometers”,400 kilometers per hour“每小时400公里”。故选B。
5.The theme park is about __________ ride from the museum.
A.two hour B.two hour’s C.two hours’ D.two hours
【答案】C
【详解】句意:主题公园离博物馆大约有两个小时的车程。考查名词所有格。此处需要填入一个表示“两小时”的所有格形式来修饰“ride”,即“两小时的骑行”,two hours为可数名词复数,其所有格形式为“two hours’”。故选C。
6.—Whose room is this?
—It’s ________.
A.Lucy and Lily B.Lucy’s and Lily’s C.Lucy and Lily’s D.Lucy’s and Lily
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——这是谁的房间?——它是Lucy和Lily的。考查名词所有格。Lucy and Lily露西和莉莉;Lucy’s and Lily’s露西的和莉莉的;Lucy and Lily’s露西和莉莉的;Lucy’s and Lily错误结构。此空表示“Lucy和Lily的房间”,排除A选项。根据it可知,表示两个人共同拥有的,在最后一个人名后加’s,故选C。
7.There are three ________ and four ________ in the room.
A.men, children B.woman, men C.children, man
【答案】A
【详解】句意:房间里有三个男人和四个孩子。考查名词复数。three和four提示后面均需使用名词复数形式。man的复数形式是men;woman的复数形式是women,child的复数为children。故选A。
8.Our English teacher gave us much useful on learning English well.
A.suggestions B.advice C.ways
【答案】B
【详解】句意:关于学好英语,我们的英语老师给了我们许多有用的建议。考查名词辨析。suggestions建议,可数名词;advice建议,不可数名词;ways方法,可数名词。根据“Our English teacher gave us much useful... on learning English well.”可知,此处指老师给学生关于学好英语的建议,much后接不可数名词。故选B。
9.—Mum, you look so tired. What’s wrong?
—I did ________ housework this morning. Maybe I need a rest now.
A.three hour’s B.three hours of C.three-hour of D.three-hours’
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——妈妈,你看起来很累。怎么了? ——今天早上我做了三个小时的家务。也许我现在需要休息一下。考查时间的特殊表达。这里是时间作定语,表示“三个小时的作业”,应使用three hours of或者three hours’。故选B。
10.She is a friend of ________.
A.mine sister B.I sister’s C.my sister’s D.me sister’s
【答案】C
【详解】句意:她是我妹妹的一个朋友。考查双重所有格。mine sister错误表达;I sister’s错误表达;my sister’s我妹妹的;me sister’s错误表达。根据“a friend of”可知,此处用双重所有格“a friend of sb’s”,表示“某人的朋友”。故选C。
11.There are a lot of ________ over there but hardly any ________.
A.sheep; people B.sheeps; people C.sheep; peoples
【答案】A
【详解】句意:那里有很多羊,但几乎没有人。考查名词。sheep羊,可单可复,单复数同形;people人,是集体名词,本身为复数;sheeps无此用法;peoples无此用法。根据“a lot of…”可知,许多羊需用复数形式,而“sheep”是单复数同形的词,则应填sheep;根据“any”一些可知,“people”需用其复数形式,它是集体名词,本身为复数,则应填people。故选A。
12.Look at the picture. They are celebrating ________.
A.Mid-autumn Festival B.The Spring Festival
C.Double Ninth Festival D.Dragon Boat Festival
【答案】D
【详解】句意:看图片。他们在庆祝端午节。考查专有名词和常识。Mid-autumn Festival中秋节;The Spring Festival春节;Double Ninth Festival重阳节;Dragon Boat Festival端午节。根据图片内容可知,人们在划龙舟,是端午节的传统活动。故选D。
13.In language learning, ________ is necessary for mastering difficult grammar rules.
A.influence B.silence C.patience
【答案】C
【详解】句意:在语言学习中,耐心是掌握困难语法规则所必需的。考查名词辨析。influence影响;silence沉默;patience耐心。 根据“mastering difficult grammar rules”可知,此处强调需要耐心,故选C。
14.The cherry blossoms (樱花) in Jiming Temple give people in Nanjing an early ______ of spring.
A.sense B.theme C.result D.chance
【答案】A
【详解】句意:鸡鸣寺的樱花给南京人带来了春天的早期感觉。考查词汇辨析。sense感觉;theme主题;result结果;chance机会。根据“The cherry blossoms (樱花) in Jiming Temple give people in Nanjing an early...of spring.”可知,樱花作为春天的象征,能让人们提前感知到春天的气息,sense符合语境。故选A。
15.The __________ in our school are so interesting.
A.causes B.courses C.courage
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我们学校里的课程非常有趣。考查名词辨析。causes原因;courses课程;courage勇气。根据句子中的“are”可知,主语应为复数名词,可排除C项;根据“in our school”可知,此处应是学校里的“课程”。故选B。
二、单词拼写
1.The young man rushed up and pushed the boy to (safe) with all his strength.
【答案】safety
【详解】句意:年轻人冲上去,用尽全力把男孩推到安全的地方。分析句子,结合所给词可知,safe“安全的”,形容词,此处应填入其名词形式safety,作宾语,指尽全力把男孩推到安全的地方。故填safety。
2.Pan Zhanle is a great and has many fans. (swim)
【答案】swimmer
【详解】句意:潘展乐是一位优秀的游泳运动员,拥有许多粉丝。根据“Pan Zhanle”以及常识可知,潘展乐是一位优秀的游泳运动员,swimmer符合,根据“a”可知,此处用单数形式。故填swimmer。
3.There are three on the table. (box)
【答案】boxes
【详解】句意: 桌上有三个盒子。根据所给单词box是名词“盒子”,此处需要复数形式,three后应接可数名词复数,box的复数形式是boxes。故填boxes。
4.Under the new rules, (factory) will reduce costs by as much as 10%.
【答案】factories
【详解】句意:根据新规定,工厂将降低高达10%的成本。factory“工厂”,应涉及多个工厂,用复数形式。故填factories。
5.Respect for others is the (begin) of wisdom.
【答案】beginning
【详解】句意:尊重他人是智慧的开端。根据“the…of wisdom”可知,此处用“begin”的名词形式“beginning”。故填beginning。
6.The police are trying to find out the (true).
【答案】truth
【详解】句意:警方正在努力查明真相。根据“The police are trying to find out the...”以及所给单词可知,此处表达“警方正在查明真相”,true表示“真实的”,为形容词,其名词形式为truth,表示“真相”,作find out的宾语。故填truth。
7.But surely, people believe their (dream) will come true in the near future.
【答案】dreams
【详解】句意:但可以肯定的是,人们相信他们的梦想会在不久的将来实现。dream“梦想”,空处用复数形式表泛指多个人的梦想。故填dreams。
8.In the history class, we learned that many famous (Germany), like Einstein and Beethoven, have made great contributions to world science and culture.
【答案】Germans
【详解】句意:在历史课上,我们了解到许多著名的德国人,比如爱因斯坦和贝多芬,为世界科学和文化做出了巨大贡献。Germany“德国”,名词;根据“famous”和“like Einstein and Beethoven”可知,此处应用名词,指“德国人”,German“德国人”,可数名词;由many可知此处用复数名词,German复数形式为Germans。故填Germans。
9.At present, our city is working hard to improve many public (serve).
【答案】services
【详解】句意:目前,我市正在努力改善许多公共服务。空处被形容词public修饰,且在句中作宾语,所以应用serve的名词service“服务”,被many修饰用复数形式。故填services。
10.The two (president) wives visited the Paris Opera House together in France.
【答案】presidents’
【详解】句意:两位总统夫人一起参观了法国的巴黎歌剧院。空处修饰名词wives,所以用名词所有格,结合two可知,应用复数名词的所有格presidents’。故填presidents’。
11.June 1st is (child) Day. Charlotte is looking forward to her gifts.
【答案】Children’s
【详解】句意:六月一日是儿童节。Charlotte正在期待她的礼物。根据“June 1st is…Day.”可知此处表示儿童节,应用“child”的复数名词所有格,“child”的复数是“children”,变成所有格为“children’s”,此处表示节日,是专有名词,首字母需大写。故填Children’s。
12.I had to make a difficult (decide) about which school to attend.
【答案】decision
【详解】句意:关于选择哪所学校就读,我必须做一个艰难的决定。空处位于“a difficult”后,填可数名词单数作宾语。decide“决定”,动词,名词为decision“决定”,可数名词。故填decision。
13.Do you often take part in your school (activity)?
【答案】activities
【详解】句意:你经常参加学校的活动吗?根据“Do you often take part in your school...”以及备选词汇可知,此处指参加学校的活动;activity是可数名词,学校活动通常不止一种,应用复数形式activities。故填activities。
14.My sister is a talented ; she loves painting very much. (art)
【答案】artist
【详解】句意:我的姐姐是一位有才华的艺术家;她非常喜欢画画。art意为“艺术”,根据“she loves painting very much.”可知她是一个有天赋的艺术家。artist意为“艺术家”符合题意,故填artist。
15.To everyone’s , the little bird flew out of the cage. (surprise)
【答案】surprise
【详解】句意:令大家惊讶的是,小鸟飞出了笼子。to one’s surprise意为“令某人惊讶的是”。故填surprise。
三、完成句子
1.我感谢我的老师们,因为他们教我如何成为一个更好的人。
I’m thankful for my teachers because they teach me how to become .
【答案】a better person
【详解】对比中英文句子,空格处缺少“一个更好的人”的英文表达。person“人”;better“更好的”,作定语修饰名词person;better以辅音音素开头,表示泛指要用不定冠词a。故填a better person。
2.除了寒假和暑假,我们学校的图书馆全天开放。
Our school library is open all day except winter and .
【答案】summer holidays/summer vacation
【详解】根据中英文提示可知,此处需表达“暑假”,对应的固定短语为“summer holidays/vacation”。“except”后接并列的“winter and summer holidays/vacation”表示“除了寒暑假”,且“holidays”常用复数形式(“vacation”也可单数使用,两者均符合语境)。故填summer holidays/vacation。
3.李莹想在父亲节给爸爸买一份礼物。
Li Ying wanted to buy a gift for her dad .
【答案】on Father’s Day
【详解】父亲节的英语为“Father’s Day”,且为具体某一天,用介词on。故填on Father’s Day。
4.即使我们挑战新事物失败了,但我们也获得了许多宝贵的经验。
Even if we fail to challenge new things, we still gain a lot of .
【答案】valuable experience
【详解】“宝贵的经验”对应的英文是valuable experience,experience表示“经验”时是不可数名词,故填valuable experience。
5.很抱歉,但是这是我的最终决定。
I’m sorry, but that’s my .
【答案】 final decision
【详解】对比所给中英文可知,设空处为“最终决定”, final decision“最终决定”,是固定搭配。故填final;decision。
四、语法选择
阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,从各小题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,使短文连贯完整。
Xu Xiake was a famous Chinese traveler and explorer (探索者) during the Ming Dynasty. He spent over 30 years walking through different parts of China 1 mountains and rivers. His travels took him to Shaanxi Province in northwest China, 2 he left important records there. In Shaanxi, Xu Xiake climbed Mount Hua, one of China’s most dangerous 3 . He carefully described 4 scary roads and strangely shaped rocks in his diary. He also visited Xi’an, the capital city 5 ancient China. There, he learned about local history and studied how people lived near the 6 .
Xu Xiake’s journey through Shaanxi helped people to understand this area 7 than before. He wrote about both natural beauty and 8 stories. His notes about Shaanxi’s geography became valuable information for later studies. Through his hard work and brave spirit, Xu Xiake showed us 9 with curiosity.
Even today, his travel diaries 10 a great difference to learning about China’s geography and history.
1.A.to study B.study C.studying D.studied
2.A.or B.that C.and D.if
3.A.mountain B.mountains C.mountain’s D.mountains’
4.A.it B.its C.they D.their
5.A.at B.on C.of D.for
6.A.Yellow river B.yellow river C.Yellow River D.yellow River
7.A.well B.better C.good D.best
8.A.Culture B.culture’s C.cultures D.cultural
9.A.how he explores the world B.how he explored the world
C.what he explores the world D.what he explored the world
10.A.makes B.made C.have made D.making
【答案】
1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C
【导语】本文介绍了明代旅行家徐霞客的游历经历,重点讲述他在陕西的考察活动,以及其旅行日记对研究中国地理和历史的价值。
1.句意:他花了30多年时间走遍中国各地,研究山川河流。
to study去研究,动词不定式;study研究,动词原形;studying研究,现在分词;studied研究,过去式。根据“He spent over 30 years walking through different parts of China”可知,走遍各地的目的是研究山川,用to do表目的。故选A。
2.句意:他的旅行带他到了中国西北的陕西省,并且在那里留下了重要记录。
or或者;that引导从句;and和,表并列;if如果。“到达陕西”和“留下记录”是并列关系,用and连接,故选C。
3.句意:在陕西,徐霞客攀登了华山,中国最危险的山脉之一。
mountain山脉,单数;mountains山脉,复数;mountain’s山脉的,单数所有格;mountains’山脉的,复数所有格。根据“one of China’s most dangerous”可知,“one of+可数名词复数”表示“……之一”,此处指最危险的山脉之一,用复数,故选B。
4.句意:他在日记中仔细描述了它的险峻道路和奇形怪状的岩石。
it它,主/宾格;its它的,形容词性物主代词;they它们,主格;their它们的,形容词性物主代词。此处修饰scary roads,指“华山的道路”,用形容词性物主代词its,故选B。
5.句意:他还参观了中国古代的都城西安。
at在某地;on在……上;of……的;for为了。the capital city of ancient China表示“中国古代的都城”,用of表所属关系,故选C。
6.句意:他还了解了当地历史,研究了黄河附近人们的生活方式。
Yellow river表述错误;yellow river表述错误;Yellow River黄河,专有名词;yellow River表述错误。“黄河”是专有名词,英文表达为Yellow River,首字母均大写,故选C。
7.句意:徐霞客的陕西之旅帮助人们比以前更了解这个地区。
well好,原级;better更好,比较级;good好的,原级;best最好,最高级。根据“than before”可知,用比较级,故选B。
8.句意:他既写了自然美景,也写了文化故事。
Culture文化,名词;culture’s文化的,所有格;cultures文化,复数;cultural文化的,形容词。此处修饰stories用形容词cultural,表示“文化故事”,故选D。
9.句意:通过他的努力和勇敢精神,徐霞客向我们展示了他如何带着好奇心探索世界。
how he explores the world时态错误;how he explored the world他如何探索世界,过去时;what he explores the world搭配错误;what he explored the world搭配错误。徐霞客的探索是过去发生的事,用一般过去时;how表示“如何”。故选B。
10.句意:即使在今天,他的旅行日记对研究中国的地理和历史也产生了重大影响。
makes产生,一般现在时;made产生,一般过去时;have made产生,现在完成时;making产生,现在分词。even today强调动作对现在的影响,用现在完成时。故选C。
五、短文填空
阅读下面材料,按照句子结构的语法情况和上下文连贯的要求,在空白处填入适当的词或用括号中所给词的正确形式填空。每空不超过两词。
An old saying goes, “Near neighbors are better than relatives far off.” I never had that feeling 1 I got to visit my grandparents in the countryside with my father. It was quite beautiful. I saw planted corn everywhere, and dogs were 2 (lie) in front of the house. My grandfather told me that two families lived here. I saw 3 old neighbor, who is over 90, sitting outside their house. In fact, our real purpose was to visit this old couple. Although their house was wet and dark, it reminded my father 4 his sweet childhood memories. When he was a kid, the neighbors 5 (teach) him to cut paper, climb trees and recognize (辨认) plants. They always gave 6 (he) candies and apples. Now, they were getting 7 (old), and my father wanted to thank them.
When they saw me, they quickly stood up with a smile and greeted me. I gave them a warm smile back and replied to their questions 8 (patient). They handed me a few candies just like they did to my father a long time ago. Later, my grandfather shared the 9 (story) of the past, and the two neighbors laughed happily together. These things made me 10 (think) of the warm relationship between people. We don’t have ties of blood with these neighbors, but they still seem like family. It inspires me 11 (help) and care for others more.
【答案】
1.until 2.lying 3.an 4.of 5.taught 6.him 7.older 8.patiently 9.stories 10.think 11.to help
【导语】本文讲述作者随父探乡下祖父母,体会“远亲不如近邻”,旧邻曾善待父亲,如今获感恩,这让作者领悟要多关爱他人。
1.句意:我从未有过那种感觉,直到我和父亲去乡下看望祖父母。根据“I never had that feeling…I got to visit my grandparents in the countryside with my father.”可知,此处指我从未有过那种感觉,直到我和父亲去乡下看望祖父母,until符合。故填until。
2.句意:我看到到处种着玉米,狗正躺在房子前面。此处指狗正躺在房子前面,时态为过去进行时,lie的现在分词是lying。故填lying。
3.句意:我看到一位90多岁的老邻居坐在他们家外面。此处表示泛指的含义,old以元音音素开头,需用不定冠词an。故填an。
4.句意:虽他们的房子湿暗,却让父亲想起甜蜜童年回忆。 remind sb of sth意为“使某人想起某事”,是固定搭配。故填of。
5.句意:父亲小时候,邻居教他剪纸、爬树并辨认植物。此处指过去的事情,时态是一般过去时,用taught。故填taught。
6.句意:他们总给他糖果和苹果。gave是动词,后接he的宾格him作宾语。故填him。
7.句意:他们日渐衰老,父亲想感谢他们。此处指“更老了”,用old的比较级older。故填older。
8.句意:我回给他们一个温暖的微笑,并耐心地回答了他们的问题。修饰动词replied用patient的副词形式patiently。故填patiently。
9.句意:后来,我爷爷分享了过去的故事,两个邻居一起开心地笑了起来。story是可数名词,此处指多个故事,用复数stories。故填stories。
10.句意:这些事情让我想起了人与人之间的温暖关系。make sb do sth“使某人做某事”,是固定搭配。故填think。
11.句意:这激励我更多帮助、关心他人。inspire sb to do sth“激励某人做某事”,是固定搭配。故填to help。
【真题链接】
一、单词拼写
1.(2025·江苏淮安·中考真题)Many (tree) are planted every year to make our city beautiful.
【答案】trees
【详解】句意:每年都种很多树,让我们的城市变得美丽。“many”后接复数可数名词。故填trees。
2.(2025·江苏无锡·中考真题)He makes a (decide) to fight against enemies to protect his family and home.
【答案】decision
【详解】句意:他决定与敌人战斗以保护他的家人和家园。根据“makes a...”可知,此处需要填入一个名词形式,表示“决定”。decide的名词形式是decision,且前面有不定冠词a,故用单数形式。故填decision。
3.(2025·江苏无锡·中考真题)Ne Zha 2 has been the biggest (win) on the film market this year.
【答案】winner
【详解】句意:《哪吒2》是今年电影市场上最大的赢家。根据“Ne Zha 2 has been the biggest ... on the film market this year.”可知,此处表示《哪吒2》是今年电影市场上最大的赢家,winner“赢家”符合,此处用名词单数。故填winner。
4.(2025·甘肃兰州·中考真题)His cousin keeps on painting in order to become an (art).
【答案】artist
【详解】句意:他的表弟一直坚持画画,为的是成为一名艺术家。根据“in order to become an...(art)”可知,此处指成为一名艺术家,artist“艺术家”,an后接其单数形式。故填artist。
5.(2025·甘肃兰州·中考真题)Today is my (brother) birthday. I want to make a bowl of long noodles for him.
【答案】brother’s
【详解】句意:今天是我弟弟的生日。我想为他做一碗长寿面。根据“Today is my...birthday.”可知,此处表达“我弟弟的生日”,应该使用名词所有格形式来表示所属关系,即在名词“brother”后加“’s”。故填brother’s。
6.(2025·甘肃兰州·中考真题)Doctors say we should drink enough (water) every day.
【答案】water
【详解】句意:医生说我们每天应该喝足够的水。根据“drink enough...”可知,此处表达“喝足够的水”,water“水”,为不可数名词,在这里作drink的宾语。故填water。
7.(2025·黑龙江·中考真题)The key to (happy) is to see all the beauty of the world.
【答案】happiness
【详解】句意:获得幸福的关键在于能够发现世间所有的美好。本句中to是介词,其后用名词happiness,the key to happiness“幸福的关键”。故填happiness。
8.(2025·黑龙江·中考真题)Chinese people use twelve animals to name the year of a (person) birth.
【答案】person’s
【详解】句意:中国人用十二种动物来命名一个人出生的年份。空处作定语修饰名词birth,应用名词所有格形式person’s。故填person’s。
9.(2025·黑龙江·中考真题)Thanks for your (invite). But I have to take care of my younger sister.
【答案】invitation
【详解】句意:感谢您的邀请。但我得去照顾我的妹妹了。此处应使用名词作宾语,invitation“邀请”符合语境,故填invitation。
10.(2025·甘肃白银·中考真题)The Silk Road is becoming a top choice for international (visitor).
【答案】visitors
【详解】句意:丝绸之路正成为国际游客的首选。此处泛指“国际游客”,用名词复数visitors“游客”。故填visitors。
11.(2025·云南·中考真题)Nowadays, thousands of foreign come to China on vacation. (visit)
【答案】visitors
【详解】句意:如今,成千上万的外国游客来中国度假。根据“come to China on vacation”可知是游客来中国度假,visitor“游客”,thousands of后加可数名词复数。故填visitors。
12.(2025·四川达州·中考真题)After having a (discuss), we are in agreement.
【答案】discussion
【详解】句意:经过一番讨论后,我们达成了一致。discuss“讨论”。根据“After having a”可知,空格处应用名词单数,即discussion“讨论”。故填discussion。
二、单项选择
1.(2025·江苏淮安·中考真题)In China, people usually have a dragon boat race to celebrate the ________.
A.Spring Festival B.Lantern Festival
C.Mid-Autumn Festival D.Dragon Boat Festival
【答案】D
【详解】句意:在中国,人们通常会举行龙舟赛来庆祝端午节。
考查专有名词。Spring Festival春节;Lantern Festival元宵节;Mid-Autumn Festival中秋节;Dragon Boat Festival端午节。根据“dragon boat race”以及常识可知,龙舟赛是端午节的标志性活动。故选D。
2.(2025·甘肃白银·中考真题)The Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded on ________ 1, 1921.
A.July B.August C.September D.October
【答案】A
【详解】句意:中国共产党成立于1921年7月1日。考查名词辨析。July七月;August八月;September九月;October十月。根据常识可知,中国共产党成立于1921年7月1日。故选A。
3.(2025·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)They all think my eyes look bigger than ________.
A.my brother B.my brothers C.my brother’s
【答案】C
【详解】句意:他们都认为我的眼睛比我哥哥的大。考查名词所有格。根据“my eyes look bigger than”可知我的眼睛比哥哥的眼睛大,故此处用名词所有格my brother’s,表示“我哥哥的眼睛”。故选C。
4.(2025·四川达州·中考真题)—Who left a notebook in the English club?
—It’s not ________. Maybe it’s ________.
A.me, Jack’s B.mine, Jack’s C.mine, Jack
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——谁把笔记本落在英语俱乐部了?——它不是我的,可能是杰克的。考查代词辨析和名词所有格。me我,人称代词宾格;mine我的,名词性物主代词;Jack’s杰克的;Jack杰克。根据“It’s not”可知,第一空需用名词性物主代词mine作表语,表示“笔记本不是我的”,故排除选项A;根据“Maybe it’s”可知,此处表示“可能是杰克的”,故第二空用“Jack’s”(= Jack’s notebook)表示所属关系。故选B。
5.(2024·黑龙江哈尔滨·中考真题)—What’s your favourite weekday, Frank?
—________, because the next day is Saturday. Then I can have a rest.
A.Monday B.Friday C.Sunday
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——你最喜欢的工作日是哪一天,Frank?——星期五,因为第二天是星期六。然后我可以休息一下。考查名词辨析。Monday星期一;Friday星期五;Sunday星期日。根据“because the next day is Saturday.”可知,Frank最喜欢的工作日是星期五。故选B。
6.(2024·西藏·中考真题)________ father works in the police station.
A.Eric and Helen’s B.Eric and Helen C.Eric’s and Helen D.Eric’s and Helen’s
【答案】A
【详解】句意:Eric和Helen的爸爸在警察局工作。考查名词所有格。此空修饰名词father,应用名词所有格,排除B选项;father是单数,此处表示两个人共同的父亲,在最后一个人名后加’s,故选A。
7.(2024·西藏·中考真题)There are many famous ________ in the Chinese history.
A.woman hero B.women heroes C.women hero D.woman heroes
【答案】B
【详解】句意:中国历史上有许多著名的女英雄。
考查名词复数。含有woman修饰名词时,变为复数时,需要将woman和所修饰词一起变为复数;hero的复数是heroes,因此women heroes符合句意,故选B。
三、短文填空
(2025·浙江·中考真题)阅读下面短文,在空格处填入一个适当的词或填入括号中单词的正确形式。
It felt like a dream come true to Arman from Kazakhstan (哈萨克斯坦). He was the 1 (win) of the Kazakhstan National Chinese Language Contest, and when his sister 2 (return) home from her university study abroad, she was surprised to see his gold medal on the wall. She had always encouraged Arman, but even she didn’t expect such a great achievement.
Rewinding (倒带) to a year ago, Arman became 3 (great) interested in the Chinese culture after watching a thrilling kung fu movie. The beautiful language and rich history fascinated him, so he started learning basic phrases online. Soon, he decided 4 (take) part in the annual Chinese competition at school, hoping to challenge himself. But the path wasn’t easy. At first, he wasn’t chosen for the school team because his pronunciation was weak. 5 , he didn’t give up. He believed in 6 (he) and practiced every day after classes, repeating words until they sounded perfect.
7 the help of his sister, who had studied Chinese herself, he improved rapidly. She spent hours tutoring him, sharing her textbooks, and even cooking dumplings while they reviewed vocabulary. Her support was invaluable. Finally, after months of hard work, he won 8 ten-day free trip to Beijing as the top prize. 9 exciting it is to explore the Great Wall and speak with locals!
As Chinese is becoming 10 (popular) than many other languages globally, his experience shows that perseverance pays off. For any student facing doubts, remember: start small, seek help, and never stop believing. Learning Chinese opened doors to new friendships and opportunities, and it can for you too!
【答案】
1.winner 2.returned 3.greatly 4.to take 5.However 6.himself 7.With 8.a 9.How 10.more popular
【导语】本文主要讲述了Arman逆袭成为全国汉语冠军的励志故事。
1.句意:他是哈萨克斯坦全国汉语比赛的冠军。根据“the…of”可知,此空应填名词,win是动词,名词是winner,根据is可知,此空应填单数形式,故填winner。
2.句意:当他姐姐结束在国外的大学学业回国时,她惊讶地发现墙上挂着他的金牌。根据“was”可知,此句是一般过去时,动词用过去式,故填returned。
3.句意:回到一年前,Arman在看完一部功夫电影后对中国文化产生了极大的兴趣。此空修饰形容词interested,应填副词greatly,故填greatly。
4.句意:不久他就决定参加学校的年度汉语比赛,想要挑战自己。decide to do sth“决定做某事”,此空应填动词不定式,故填to take。
5.句意:然而他没有放弃。“he didn’t give up”与前文是转折关系,此空位于句首,且空格后有逗号隔开,应填副词however表示“然而”,故填However。
6.句意:他相信自己,每天课后坚持练习。宾语与主语为同一人称,宾语用反身代词,此处表示“他相信他自己”,himself“他自己”,故填himself。
7.句意:在学过汉语的姐姐帮助下,他进步飞快。with the help of“在某人的帮助下”,故填With。
8.句意:最终,经过数月的不懈努力,他获得了为期十天的免费北京之旅作为最高奖项。此处表示泛指,且ten是以辅音音素开头的,冠词用a,故填a。
9.句意:能探索长城并与当地人交流是多么令人兴奋啊!此处是感叹句的结构,中心词exciting是形容词,用how引导的感叹句:how+形容词+主谓,故填How。
10.句意:随着汉语在全球范围内比其他许多语言更受欢迎,他的经历表明坚持不懈终会得到回报。become后接形容词作表语,根据“than”可知,此空应填比较级,故填more popular。
1 / 70
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$
专题01 名词
目录
01 锚·课标要求 1
02 理·思维导图 2
03 盘·知识梳理 3
考点一 名词的分类 3
考点二 名词的数 4
考点三 名词所有格 7
考点四 名词构词法 .............................................................................................................................................9
04 测·背诵检验 10
掌握名词的数、名词的格、抽象名词具体化、名词和其他类的固定搭配;
熟练掌握名词构词法:通过名词与形容词、名词与冠词之间的修饰关系以及在句中所作成分,根据名词的构词法,确定名词的恰当形式。
重点考查点:
一、名词分类(词义辨析);
二、名词的数;
三、名词所有格;
四、名词构词法。
名词的定义及句法功能:
名词:表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念或情感等词类,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分
序号
功能
例句
1
作主语
Newspapers are useful. 报纸有用。
2
作宾语
Have you received my letter? 你收到我的信了吗?(作动词的宾语)
The books are on the desk. 书在桌子上。(作介词的宾语)
3
作表语
Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
4
作补足语
We made him manager of the company. 我们选他当公司的经理。
This kind of flower is called carnation. 这种花叫康乃馨。(作主语)
5
作同位语
You students go first. 你们学生先走。
6
作状语
We’ll meet next Sunday. 我们下周日见。
7
作定语
I am an English teacher. 我是一位英语老师。
考点一 名词分类
考向一:名词的分类
分类
说明
例句
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示人或事物的个体名称
city城市,panda熊猫,chair椅子,hospital医院,nurse护士
集体名词
表示一群人或一些事物的总称
public公众,people人们,class班级,family家庭,police警察
不可数名词
物质名词
表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称
rice大米,snow雪,steel钢铁,cotton棉花,corn玉米,air空气
抽象名词
表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词
courage勇气,determination决心,satisfaction满意,happiness幸福,success成功,love热爱
专有名词
表示人名、地名、国名
London伦敦,Tom汤姆,the Great Wall长城,Asia亚洲
表示书名、电影名、各种标语
Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》
表示机构、组织、团体
UNESCO联合国教科文组织
Beijing University北京大学
表示月份、星期、节日
Monday星期一,National day国庆节
复合名词
两个或两个以上的词构成的意义相对稳定的名词。
①名词+名词 bookshop书 newspaper报纸
②名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出
③名词+v -ing handwriting书法 horse riding骑马
④v-ing+名词 reading room阅览室
⑤动词+名词 bathroom浴室 postcard 明信片
⑥形容词+名词 blackboard黑板 supermarket 超市
⑦副词+动词 outlook观点 income 收入
【易错点】
1. 本质上是复数形式的,例如:cattle(牛群),people(人们),police(警察)。
2. 可以用单数或复数形式表示的,例如:audience(观众),class(班级),club(俱乐部),committee(委员会),company(公司),crew(船员),enemy(敌人),family(家庭),government(政府),group(组),team(队)。当这些词作为主语时,谓语动词的数取决于它们所指的具体含义。如果将它们视为一个整体,则谓语动词使用单数形式;如果指代的是成员个体,则谓语动词使用复数形式。
考点二 名词的数
可数名词有单、复数形式。
1.名词复数形式的规则变化
情况
构成方法
单数变复数例词
一般情况
加 -s
map→maps;mouth→mouths;house→houses
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词
加 -es
watch→watches;glass→glasses;match→matches
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
变y为i再加es
baby→babies;country→countries
以“元音字母+y”结尾
词尾加-s
key→keys;boy→boys; holiday-holiday
以-f或-fe结尾
多数变f或fe
为v后加-es
leaf→leaves;life→lives;shelf→shelves knife→knives;thief→thieves;wife→wives;knife→knives;wolf→wolves
少数词尾加-s
chief→chiefs;roof→roofs;belief→beliefs
以字母-o结尾
词尾加-es
Negro→Negroes;hero→heroes;
potato→potatoes;tomato→tomatoes
词尾加-s
photo→photos;kilo→kilos;piano→pianos;zoo→zoos
【速记口诀】
口诀1:“小偷的妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命藏于后”。当这些名词变为复数时,将f或fe改为-ve,并加上-s。以f或fe结尾的名词,若要变为复数,需将f或fe变为v,再添加-es。这类名词包括:calf(小牛,牛犊),half(一半),knife(小刀),leaf(叶子),life(生活,生命),loaf(长面包),self(自己),shelf(架子),thief(小偷),wife(妻子),wolf(狼)。
口诀2:“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”,这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的名词复数加-s。以o结尾的名词,需加-es的名词有: negro (黑人), hero (英雄), tomato (西红柿), potato (土豆)。
【易错点】
1. 注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。
American→Americans 美国人 Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人 Canadian→Canadians 加拿大人German→Germans 德国人 Greek→Greeks 希腊人 Indian→Indians 印度人Russian→Russians俄罗斯人
2. 有些名词表面为复数形式,实为单数。
math数学,news新闻,physics物理,politics政治,the United Nations 联合国,the United States美国
2.名词复数的不规则变化
变化
示例
单复数同形
deer;fish;sheep;means;series;aircraft;spacecraft;species
Chinese;the United States;Swiss;physics;politics;maths
变内部元音
goose→geese;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;man→men;woman→women;mouse→mice
-on变-a
phenomenon→phenomena现象;criterion→criteria标准;
词尾加-(r)en
child→children孩子;ox→oxen公牛
词尾-un变成-a
datum→data数据;medium→media媒体
【易错点】
1. fish表示鱼的种类时,复数形式为fishes,而fish表示鱼的条数时,复数形式仍为fish。如:
different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼
2. works意为"工厂"时,单复数形式一样,而work意为"著作,作品"时,复数形式是works。如:
a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂
a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品
3.不可数名词
一般情况下,专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义,从而也表现出可数与不可数性。
不可数名词的数
不可数名词没有复数形式,一般不能用a或an修饰。可在名词前加表示数量的词如piece, glass等。通常只用作不可数的名词有:beer, air, homework, weather, news, butter, milk, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
抽象名词具体化
表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时,可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词,可以与a/an连用,常见的这类词有:
success成功-成功的人或事; pleasure乐趣-令人高兴的事;
surprise吃惊-令人惊讶的人或事; beauty美-美丽的人或事;
comfort安慰-令人感到安慰的人或事物; danger危险-危险的人或因素;
delight高兴-令人高兴的事; failure 失败-失败的人或事物;
shock震惊-令人震惊的事情; honour荣誉-一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)
物质名词具体化
rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, drink, ice, sugar, ice等物质名词可以具体化为可数名词,用复数形式表示类别、数量、范围或程度。如:two drinks两杯饮料; two ices两份冰淇淋; sands沙滩;snows多场雪;
具体名词抽象化
school, college, hospital, court, prison, table, church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,当表示与之相关的活动时,表示抽象意义。如:go to school上学;at table在吃饭;in prison坐监狱;go to church去做礼拜;
4.复数形式表示特殊含义的名词
单复数意义不同的词
good好的→goods货物; water→waters水域;
fish鱼肉→fishes(各种)鱼 possession拥有→possessions (财产);
work工作→works (作品,著作); glass玻璃→glasses眼镜;
paper纸--papers报纸,论文; content内容--contents目录;
custom习俗→customs关税; wood木材→woods树林;
arm胳膊→arms武器; time时间→times时代;
green绿色→greens青菜
考点三 名词所有格
名词所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语。它有三种形式:'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
1.'s所有格的构词规则
表示人或其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's或',表示所有关系。
构成规则
示例
单数名词词尾通常加's;复数名词词尾没有s时,也要加's
my sister’s telephone number我姐姐的电话号码;the children's toys那些孩子的玩具
the women’s changing room女更衣室
以s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”
teachers' office 教师们的办公室
以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或's均可
my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划;Engles’/Engles’s works恩格斯的著作
合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加's
her soninlaw's car她女婿的车
表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助's表示所有关系
a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程
作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加's
an hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程
不定代词后接else时,'s加在else之后
somebody else's bag别人的包
易错点:
(1) 表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时,分别在每个名词的词尾加's或';表示两者或多者共有时,在最后一个名词词尾加's或'。
Tom's and Jim's fathers 汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲
Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲
(2) 表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber's 在理发店
at my uncle's 在我叔叔家
2.of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
用法
示例
对于无生命的事物而言,通常用of所有格表示所属关系
the door of the room房间的门
表示主谓关系用of所有格
the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来
表示同位关系用of所有格
the city of Shanghai上海市
表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格
most of the students大多数学生
表示内容用of所有格
the cost of living生活成本;the news of success捷报
当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the+形容词”构成所有格时要借助of
the housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题;the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词's”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”,主要用法如下:
用法
示例
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,可用a,any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词,但不能用the
another house of John's 约翰的另一所房子
被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时,通常带有一定的感情色彩,如赞赏、不满、厌恶等
That dog of Tom's is really clever. 汤姆的那只狗真聪明。
易混点: 名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等);
名词作定语主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。
考点四 名词构词法
1.形容词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-age
short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
-cy
efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利
accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
-dom
free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence
different→difference差异 evident →evidence 证据
-ness
weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 thick→thickness厚度
kind→kindness仁慈,友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th
strong→strength力气;优势 warm→warmth温暖;热情
-y/-ty/-ity
difficult→difficulty困难 disable→disability缺陷;伤残
responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
2.动词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-ion/
-tion/
-sion/
attract→attraction吸引力 celebrate→celebration庆祝
conclude→conclusion结论;结束 discuss→discussion讨论;论述
decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认;准许加入
permit→permission允许,许可 invite→invitation邀请
explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望
-er/
-or
sail→sailor海员,水手 drive→driver司机;驾驶员
gather→gatherer收集者,采集者 teach→teacher老师
announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment
punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就
argue→argument辩论;论据 treat→treatment对待;治疗
equip →equipment装备;设备 govern→government政府
astonish→astonishment惊奇 develop→development发展
-ance/
-ence
appear→appearance出现;外貌 guide→guidance指引;指导
perform→performance表演;表现 exist→existence存在;生存
prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考,查阅
-ure/
-ture
fail→failure失败;倒闭 press→pressure压力
depart→departure离开;出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
-ing
hear→hearing听力,听觉 begin→beginning开始
build→building建筑 warn→warning 警告
-y
recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
【考点链接】
一、单项选择
1.—Now we can’t see so many __________ in the field.
—The environment is better than before.
A.mouse B.mice C.mouses
2.We did four school __________ about how much sleep we have every day.
A.survey B.surveys C.surveies
3.I’m so thirsty. Please give me ________ to drink.
A.three juice B.three glasses of juice C.three glasses of juices
4.The new high-speed train CR450 can run at a speed of 400 ________ per hour.
A.kilometer B.kilometers C.kilometers’ D.kilometer’s
5.The theme park is about __________ ride from the museum.
A.two hour B.two hour’s C.two hours’ D.two hours
6.—Whose room is this?
—It’s ________.
A.Lucy and Lily B.Lucy’s and Lily’s C.Lucy and Lily’s D.Lucy’s and Lily
7.There are three ________ and four ________ in the room.
A.men, children B.woman, men C.children, man
8.Our English teacher gave us much useful on learning English well.
A.suggestions B.advice C.ways
9.—Mum, you look so tired. What’s wrong?
—I did ________ housework this morning. Maybe I need a rest now.
A.three hour’s B.three hours of C.three-hour of D.three-hours’
10.She is a friend of ________.
A.mine sister B.I sister’s C.my sister’s D.me sister’s
11.There are a lot of ________ over there but hardly any ________.
A.sheep; people B.sheeps; people C.sheep; peoples
12.Look at the picture. They are celebrating ________.
A.Mid-autumn Festival B.The Spring Festival
C.Double Ninth Festival D.Dragon Boat Festival
13.In language learning, ________ is necessary for mastering difficult grammar rules.
A.influence B.silence C.patience
14.The cherry blossoms (樱花) in Jiming Temple give people in Nanjing an early ______ of spring.
A.sense B.theme C.result D.chance
15.The __________ in our school are so interesting.
A.causes B.courses C.courage
二、单词拼写
1.The young man rushed up and pushed the boy to (safe) with all his strength.
2.Pan Zhanle is a great and has many fans. (swim)
3.There are three on the table. (box)
4.Under the new rules, (factory) will reduce costs by as much as 10%.
5.Respect for others is the (begin) of wisdom.
6.The police are trying to find out the (true).
7.But surely, people believe their (dream) will come true in the near future.
8.In the history class, we learned that many famous (Germany), like Einstein and Beethoven, have made great contributions to world science and culture.
9.At present, our city is working hard to improve many public (serve).
10.The two (president) wives visited the Paris Opera House together in France.
11.June 1st is (child) Day. Charlotte is looking forward to her gifts.
12.I had to make a difficult (decide) about which school to attend.
13.Do you often take part in your school (activity)?
14.My sister is a talented ; she loves painting very much. (art)
15.To everyone’s , the little bird flew out of the cage. (surprise)
三、完成句子
1.我感谢我的老师们,因为他们教我如何成为一个更好的人。
I’m thankful for my teachers because they teach me how to become .
2.除了寒假和暑假,我们学校的图书馆全天开放。
Our school library is open all day except winter and .
3.李莹想在父亲节给爸爸买一份礼物。
Li Ying wanted to buy a gift for her dad .
4.即使我们挑战新事物失败了,但我们也获得了许多宝贵的经验。
Even if we fail to challenge new things, we still gain a lot of .
5.很抱歉,但是这是我的最终决定。
I’m sorry, but that’s my .
四、语法选择
阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,从各小题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,使短文连贯完整。
Xu Xiake was a famous Chinese traveler and explorer (探索者) during the Ming Dynasty. He spent over 30 years walking through different parts of China 1 mountains and rivers. His travels took him to Shaanxi Province in northwest China, 2 he left important records there. In Shaanxi, Xu Xiake climbed Mount Hua, one of China’s most dangerous 3 . He carefully described 4 scary roads and strangely shaped rocks in his diary. He also visited Xi’an, the capital city 5 ancient China. There, he learned about local history and studied how people lived near the 6 .
Xu Xiake’s journey through Shaanxi helped people to understand this area 7 than before. He wrote about both natural beauty and 8 stories. His notes about Shaanxi’s geography became valuable information for later studies. Through his hard work and brave spirit, Xu Xiake showed us 9 with curiosity.
Even today, his travel diaries 10 a great difference to learning about China’s geography and history.
1.A.to study B.study C.studying D.studied
2.A.or B.that C.and D.if
3.A.mountain B.mountains C.mountain’s D.mountains’
4.A.it B.its C.they D.their
5.A.at B.on C.of D.for
6.A.Yellow river B.yellow river C.Yellow River D.yellow River
7.A.well B.better C.good D.best
8.A.Culture B.culture’s C.cultures D.cultural
9.A.how he explores the world B.how he explored the world
C.what he explores the world D.what he explored the world
10.A.makes B.made C.have made D.making
五、短文填空
阅读下面材料,按照句子结构的语法情况和上下文连贯的要求,在空白处填入适当的词或用括号中所给词的正确形式填空。每空不超过两词。
An old saying goes, “Near neighbors are better than relatives far off.” I never had that feeling 1 I got to visit my grandparents in the countryside with my father. It was quite beautiful. I saw planted corn everywhere, and dogs were 2 (lie) in front of the house. My grandfather told me that two families lived here. I saw 3 old neighbor, who is over 90, sitting outside their house. In fact, our real purpose was to visit this old couple. Although their house was wet and dark, it reminded my father 4 his sweet childhood memories. When he was a kid, the neighbors 5 (teach) him to cut paper, climb trees and recognize (辨认) plants. They always gave 6 (he) candies and apples. Now, they were getting 7 (old), and my father wanted to thank them.
When they saw me, they quickly stood up with a smile and greeted me. I gave them a warm smile back and replied to their questions 8 (patient). They handed me a few candies just like they did to my father a long time ago. Later, my grandfather shared the 9 (story) of the past, and the two neighbors laughed happily together. These things made me 10 (think) of the warm relationship between people. We don’t have ties of blood with these neighbors, but they still seem like family. It inspires me 11 (help) and care for others more.
【真题链接】
一、单词拼写
1.(2025·江苏淮安·中考真题)Many (tree) are planted every year to make our city beautiful.
2.(2025·江苏无锡·中考真题)He makes a (decide) to fight against enemies to protect his family and home.
3.(2025·江苏无锡·中考真题)Ne Zha 2 has been the biggest (win) on the film market this year.
4.(2025·甘肃兰州·中考真题)His cousin keeps on painting in order to become an (art).
5.(2025·甘肃兰州·中考真题)Today is my (brother) birthday. I want to make a bowl of long noodles for him.
6.(2025·甘肃兰州·中考真题)Doctors say we should drink enough (water) every day.
7.(2025·黑龙江·中考真题)The key to (happy) is to see all the beauty of the world.
8.(2025·黑龙江·中考真题)Chinese people use twelve animals to name the year of a (person) birth.
9.(2025·黑龙江·中考真题)Thanks for your (invite). But I have to take care of my younger sister.
10.(2025·甘肃白银·中考真题)The Silk Road is becoming a top choice for international (visitor).
11.(2025·云南·中考真题)Nowadays, thousands of foreign come to China on vacation. (visit)
12.(2025·四川达州·中考真题)After having a (discuss), we are in agreement.
二、单项选择
1.(2025·江苏淮安·中考真题)In China, people usually have a dragon boat race to celebrate the ________.
A.Spring Festival B.Lantern Festival
C.Mid-Autumn Festival D.Dragon Boat Festival
2.(2025·甘肃白银·中考真题)The Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded on ________ 1, 1921.
A.July B.August C.September D.October
3.(2025·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)They all think my eyes look bigger than ________.
A.my brother B.my brothers C.my brother’s
4.(2025·四川达州·中考真题)—Who left a notebook in the English club?
—It’s not ________. Maybe it’s ________.
A.me, Jack’s B.mine, Jack’s C.mine, Jack
5.(2024·黑龙江哈尔滨·中考真题)—What’s your favourite weekday, Frank?
—________, because the next day is Saturday. Then I can have a rest.
A.Monday B.Friday C.Sunday
6.(2024·西藏·中考真题)________ father works in the police station.
A.Eric and Helen’s B.Eric and Helen C.Eric’s and Helen D.Eric’s and Helen’s
7.(2024·西藏·中考真题)There are many famous ________ in the Chinese history.
A.woman hero B.women heroes C.women hero D.woman heroes
三、短文填空
(2025·浙江·中考真题)阅读下面短文,在空格处填入一个适当的词或填入括号中单词的正确形式。
It felt like a dream come true to Arman from Kazakhstan (哈萨克斯坦). He was the 1 (win) of the Kazakhstan National Chinese Language Contest, and when his sister 2 (return) home from her university study abroad, she was surprised to see his gold medal on the wall. She had always encouraged Arman, but even she didn’t expect such a great achievement.
Rewinding (倒带) to a year ago, Arman became 3 (great) interested in the Chinese culture after watching a thrilling kung fu movie. The beautiful language and rich history fascinated him, so he started learning basic phrases online. Soon, he decided 4 (take) part in the annual Chinese competition at school, hoping to challenge himself. But the path wasn’t easy. At first, he wasn’t chosen for the school team because his pronunciation was weak. 5 , he didn’t give up. He believed in 6 (he) and practiced every day after classes, repeating words until they sounded perfect.
7 the help of his sister, who had studied Chinese herself, he improved rapidly. She spent hours tutoring him, sharing her textbooks, and even cooking dumplings while they reviewed vocabulary. Her support was invaluable. Finally, after months of hard work, he won 8 ten-day free trip to Beijing as the top prize. 9 exciting it is to explore the Great Wall and speak with locals!
As Chinese is becoming 10 (popular) than many other languages globally, his experience shows that perseverance pays off. For any student facing doubts, remember: start small, seek help, and never stop believing. Learning Chinese opened doors to new friendships and opportunities, and it can for you too!
1 / 70
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$