Unit 5 Section Ⅱ Understanding ideas-【新课程能力培养】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册学习手册（外研版）

N 高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版） SectionⅡ Understanding ideas 1. 通过精读，了解玛雅文明的辉煌成就，找出导致玛雅文明没落直至消失的可能原因。 学习目标 2.感知说明文的语言特点，把握课文的结构和脉络，学习并掌握与话题相关的词汇和 表达。 单词 peak strengthen scholar statue religious peak 必备 知识 cover an area of... in detail vary from...to...bring...to life thanks to date from 短语 to name just a few get a better view 关键能力 读 习作好铺垫。通过阅读，找出玛雅文明从鼎 文脉梳理 盛到衰落直至最终消失的可能原因。读后通 本板块呈现了一篇反映单元主题的课 :过段落主题句填写、课文结构分析、玛雅文 文，语篇类型为说明文。课文围绕玛雅文明：明和中国古代文明对比、开放性问答等活 的辉煌成就以及玛雅文明消失的可能原因展：动，进一步思考玛雅文明消失的可能原因， 开。读前看图片，了解三个古代文明的相关：培养逻辑思维能力、求真精神和保护现代文 信息，谈论它们走向灭亡的原因，为课文学：明的意识。 Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the Para. 19th century But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of Para. their great cities. Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars,it shows how powerful c Para. the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. W Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the Para. decline of the Maya. Meanwhile,the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking e Para. about our own past,present and future. Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have Para. played a part in their downfall. 66)学 Unit 5 Into the unknown 品鉴语言 真正的文字系统).It contained more than8O0 characters with some signs representing ani- 在完成汉译英的过程中，体验和感悟文 mals,people and objects and others represent- 章中语言表达的准确、生动与细腻。 ing syllables.It was a writing system so com- Intrigued by Maya civilisation from a plicated that,so far,no one has been able to very young age,15-year-old Canadian William interpret it completely. Gadoury thought he 1. (有了惊人 The fact that Maya society was 9. 的发现)from his study of ancient star (科技水平十分原始)makes its achievements charts.2. _(通过比较)，he found:all the more incredible and mysterious..But the that the locations of the 117 known Maya greatest mystery of all is what caused the cities correspond to the positions of the stars.Maya to abandon most of their great cities 3. (据此)，he believed he had spot-.: Yet,10. (仅仅在几代之内)，itbe ted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the gan to mysteriously decline.The cities were jungle.Although his theory has been dismissed left to be taken back by the jungle.When Eu- by scholars,it shows how powerful the secrets ropeans arrived in Central America in the early of Ancient Maya civilisation are among peo-: 16th century to claim its riches,the remaining ple. Maya people were living in 11. (小 It isn't difficult to see why.Extending 型聚居区) south from parts of 4. （从现今)as Why Maya civilisation collapsed 12. Mexico into Central America,Maya civilisa- (一直是一个谜团).Was it a natural tion has been surrounded by mystery since its disaster?13. (致死疾病)？Con rediscovery in the 19th century.The Maya flicts between cities?Or was it a combination built impressive palaces and temples,includ-of several different factors?Some research ing their representative step pyramids.5. seems to indicate that the Maya people them- (这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处)s: selves may have played a part in their down- how they were built without the use of wheels,:fall.They 14. (将湿地变成了种植 metal tools or even animal power..The Maya's庄稼的田地)，andl5. (开凿了巨 understanding of mathematics and astronomy 大的运河系统).As their population expand-. was also quite amazing.They 6. ed,yet more land was needed for agriculture (将这一认识应用到了)the Maya calendar,,;and more trees for construction.By changing which 7. (每年误差不超过30秒).：the landscape in this way,.it is possible that On top of all this was an achievement unique the Maya people 16. (不知不觉中 in the Americas at that time:8. (一个：减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力). 学 67 高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版） Research also suggests that those natural 健康/名誉前途 disasters may have led to the decline of the 国牛刀小试 Maya.Some recent studies have found that ①洪水过后，大批的建筑被毁掉了。 there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD.This is ②自从地震以来，这座寺庙一直是一片废墟。 likely to have led to 17. （一系列旱 灾)，each lasting for a couple of years,includ- ③这个小错误毁掉了他得到这份工作的机会。 inga“megadrought”around900AD.Many scientists believe that these droughts were ④吸烟过量可能会毁掉你自己，因此你应该 18. (…的主要原因)Maya 尽快戒烟。 civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.These droughts would have 2.abandon led to 19. (食物短缺)，conflicts (I)abandon oneself to..沉湎于 and,ultimately,20. (城市的衰败) As a student,you shouldn't abandon your- 21. (无论原因如何)，Maya self to Internet games. civilisation largely disappeared within the deep 作为学生，你不应该沉迷于网络游戏。 jungle.Its once-great cities 22. (沦 (2)abandoned adj.废弃的，被丢弃的；被 为废墟)，leaving various mysteries for later 抛弃的，被遗弃的 people to solve.Meanwhile,the rise and fall an abandoned house废弃的房子 of this civilisation must also leave us thinking an abandoned child弃儿 about our own past,present and future. 国牛刀小试 ①我决定不在约翰走投无路的时候抛弃他。 重点知识 1.ruin ②研究表明，老人十分害怕被丢给陌生人 (1)ruin n.残垣断壁；废墟 照管。 lie/be in ruins成为废墟 fall into ruin毁灭；灭亡；崩溃 参考译文 be reduced to ruins沦为废墟 (2)ruin vt.破坏；毁坏 玛雅之谜 ruin sth.sb.l/oneself毁坏某物/毁掉某人/ 15岁的加拿大少年威廉·加杜里自幼便 自己 对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老 be ruined by..被…毁坏/破坏 星象图有了惊人的发现。通过比较，他发现 ruin one's health/fame/future毁了某人的：II7座已知玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是 68 学 Unit 5 Into the unknown 对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏：中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住 于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。尽管学：在小型聚居区里。 者们对他的理论不予考虑，但是这表明古玛 玛雅文明衰落的原因一直是一个谜团。 雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是如此举足轻重。：究竞是因为自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的 这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范：冲突，抑或是几个不同因素叠加所致？某些 围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美：研究似乎暗示，玛雅人自己也许就是导致其 洲。自从19世纪玛雅文明再现，层层迷雾：文明衰落的掘墓人。他们将湿地变成了种植 便一直围绕着它。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿：庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随 和庙宇，其中包括代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。：着人口增长，人们儒要更多土地以发展农 这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有：业，需要更多树木以修建建筑物。通过这样 使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛：改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了 雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天：自己应对自然灾害的能力。 文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这一认 研究也表明，那些自然灾害可能导致了 识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极：玛雅文明的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元 高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还：700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量 有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文：远远少于平常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾， 字系统。这种文字系统包含800多个字符，：每一次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元 有些符号代表动物、人和物，其他符号代表：900年的一场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学 音节。这种文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前：家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以 为止还没有人可以将其完全解读。 :不同速度衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事：食物短缺、冲突发生，最后导致城市的 实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、：衰败。 神秘莫测。但最大的谜团是为何玛雅人抛弃 无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了 了绝大部分的大城市。到公元700年时，玛：丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下 雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，各种谜团等待后人解开。同时，玛雅文明的 玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭：崛起与衰落也必定让我们思考自己的过去、 丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到：现在与将来。 学(69高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版） by the start-up bug 12.the growing economy creates more opportunities 13.The majority meet with rejection 14.with many challenges along the way 15.like any entrepreneur who was just starting out 16.which was to- tally outside my experience 17.pay all my fellow workers a decent bonus 18.Zhang has mixed feelings 19.rush- ing into things 20.What really matters 重点知识 1.Dachieve/fulfill/realise their potential 2He has the potential to become a champion. 2.1The party ended up with a beautiful song. ②你如果继续这样，早晚得进监狱。 3he brought the interview to an end 3.DThe distribution of resources is unbalanced be- tween rural and urban schools. 2They arrived at the distribution center on Thursday to spend the day serving food. Section lll Using language 重点语法 ①that/which②why③where④who⑤whose ⑥which⑦that⑧with which⑨when 10that/省 略/in which 话题词块 1.budgets 2.make ends meet 3.stay afloat 4.Building credit 5.annual fees 6.interest 7.inter- fere with 8.tax 9.agreed credit limit 10.go into debt 重点知识 l.①is technically superior to②be superior to③a superior doctor Unit 5 Into Section I Starting out 精听练习 1.underneath 2.phenomena 3.In ancient times 4.supernatural 5.back 6.beliefs 7.bang 8.blocking 9.Europe 10.forces 11.sign 12.charge 13.thirsty 14.breath 15.layers 16.bend 重点知识 1.Now he could not bury himself in these thoughts 2.We should strive to make our actions correspond with our words to win others'trust. Section ll Understanding ideas 文脉梳理 a.2b.3c.1d.5e.6f.4 96 2.①make ends meet②made a big difference ③make up for 精听练习 1.fantastic 2.special 3.deposit 4.credit 5.2014 6.bills 7.delay 8.accumulate 9.benefits 10.money 11.reliable 12.convenient 13.lower 14.renting 15.loans 16.fault 17.behave 18.high- speed 19.encouragement 20.effective Section IV Developing ideas 文脉梳理 1.meets people's increasing demand 2.allows people to make or save 3.helps people make connections 4.make new friends 5.favours the environment 6.existing regulations or ongoing supervision 7.abuse of trust 8.almost every part of our lives 9.not yet secure 10.sharing economy 重点知识 l.①frustrating②frustrated 2.①taken of②off③over④in Section V Presenting ideas 例文鉴赏 Para.1:Definition of non-cash payments Para.2:Benefits Para.3:Problems Para.4:Conclusion he unknown 品鉴语言 1.had made an incredible discovery 2.Through comparison 3.Based on this 4.what we now know 5.What is most extraordinary about these complex struc- tures 6.applied this understanding to 7.was accurate to within 30 seconds per year 8.a true writing system 9.technologically primitive 10.within a couple of gener- ations 11.small settlements 12.remains a mystery 13.A deadly disease 14.had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains 15.had dug huge canal systems 16.unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters 17.a series of droughts 18.the main reason why 19.food shortages 20.the downfall of the cities 21.Whatever the reasons 22.fell into ruin 重点知识 1.1A large number of buildings fell/came into ruin after the big flood. 2Ever since the earthquake,this temple has been in ruins. 3The little mistake ruined his chance of getting the job. 4Heavy smoking may ruin yourself,so you should give it up as soon as possible 2.1I decided not to abandon John when he was in such a desperate position. 2The study showed a deep fear among the elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers. Section lll Using language 重点语法 ①think it important that②that he was ill③How we understand things 4Whoever breaks the window ⑤What I want to express⑥It's a pity that⑦whether they believe in me or not 8What he intended to show us ⑨that you can pass the exam⑩What matters most DIt remains a question when 12It is acknowledged that 3Who will be the first person to arrive here (14It turns out that (15When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China whether you'll agree to our plan or not 话题词块 1.making a quick getaway 2.natural response 3.be tempted to 4.steer clear of the unfamiliar 5.subdue their fears 6.for instance 7.one of the most hostile en- vironments 8.uncharted territory 9.blindly throwing ourselves into the unknown 10.think twice before taking action 重点知识 ①She is still under investigation.(②警察已完成对 这次事故的调查。③Scientists are investigating the ef. fects of diet on fighting cancer. Unit 6 Spac Section I Starting out 精听练习 1.birthplaces 2.four 3.dust 4.material 5.plan- ets 6.heats 7.nuclear 8.distinct 9.distances 10.elements 11.minerals 12.rocky 13.gas 14.enor- mous 15.nearest 16.region 17.warmth 18.ice 19.edge 20.closer Section ll Understanding ideas 文脉梳理 1.ordinary 2.civilian 3.orbit 4.controls 5.gravity 6.objectives 7.suspended 8.investigated 9.redesigned 10.Discovery 参考答案。 精听练习 1.rest and do maintenance 2.makes lots of poi- sonous chemicals 3.remove these chemicals 4.New connections are formed between parts 5.use them to form new memories 6.remain active 7.enough data 8.the most important reason 9.sleep is necessary to this func- tion 10.Why do people dream in color and others don't Section IV Developing ideas 文脉梳理 1.deep sea 2.Archaeological 3.shallow waters 4.vast depths 5.The ruins of Neapolis 6.Bio- logical 7.the planets'fish 8.the capacity for life on our planet 9.Bone-white coral 10.The barrel-eye 11.Life to be found even around the deep-sea volcanic openings 12.the sea bed 13.deep sea drilling 14.Fire ice 15.China's underwater vessels 重点知识 ①At any rate②as one of their worst defeats Section V Presenting ideas 例文鉴赏 1.The 30th parallel north is mysterious because it is where numerous sites of ancient civilisations and impres- sive natural features lie. 2.Some believe that the 30th parallel north is a line of great natural energy,with frequent earthquakes and vol- canic eruptions,and others even claim that its amazing nat- ural features were caused by supernatural powers. 3.Possible scientific explanations for the 30th parallel north include the generally warm and wet climate that made it a good place for civilisations to develop,and the fact that it is where major tectonic plates meet. and beyond 品鉴语言 1.set foot on 2.become accustomed to 3.their hearts in their mouths 4.made it safely back to Earth 5.rapidly became unexceptional to the public 6.seemed to have lost its wonder at 7.tuned in to witness the take- off on TV 8.become the first civilian in space 9.com- municate a sense of excitement 10.went into shock 11.no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane 12.turned into terror and failure 13.cast a shadow on people's hearts 14.followed by a cloud of white smoke 15.there was never any doubt that 16.with the successful launch of 17.were cut tragically short 18.inspiring us to join them in 19.reach for 20.no matter how distant they might seem 97