内容正文:
第06讲 时态语态复习:回顾不同时态和语态的构成及其应用
一、精讲类型、使用和常见考点:
考点一 动词时态
1. 动词的一般时态
1.一般现在时
(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。 常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always,every time,now and then,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually, every day/night等连用。
(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时。只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等动词。
(3)用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中, 用一般现在时表示将来。
Around two o’clock every night,Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.
每天晚上两点左右,苏就 说梦话。这使我们有点烦心。
If it doesn’t rain,we’ll go on a picnic as planned.
如果不下雨,我们将按计划去野餐。
Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.
无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。
The flight takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.
飞机每周三、周五2:30起飞。
2.一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态,与现在没有关系或表示过去一段时间内反复发生的动作, 常 与 every day,often,sometimes等时间状语连用。
—Haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been?
——好长时间没见你了!你去哪里了?
—I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year,teaching as a volunteer.
——我去了宁夏,在那里待了一年,作为一名志愿者教学。
3.一般将来时
(1)“shall/will+动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动 作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示①现在打算或计划将 来 要做的事情;②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。
(3)“be to+动词原形”表示①预先安排好的计划或约定;②表示说话人的意志、意图、指责、义务、命令等;③表示 注定要发生的事情。
(4)“be about to+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事, 该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
—What time is it?
——几点了?
—I have no idea.But just a minute,I will check it for you.
——我不知道。但是等一会儿,我给你查一下。
—Mr.Li was ill in hospital.
——李老师生病住院了。
—Oh,I didn’t know.I’ll go to see him tonight.
——哦,我还不知道呢。我今晚去看他。
I am to meet Mr.Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.
我要在今天上午11点见布朗先生。
I was about to go out when it began to rain.
我正要外出,这时开始下雨了。
2. 动词的进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常限于go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,work,sleep,stay,have, wear等表示移动、方向的动词。
(3)表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等(常与always,constantly,continually等副词连用)。
2.过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time,at that moment,at this time yesterday,at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
She was phoning someone,so I nodded to her and went away.
她正在跟别人打电话,因此我朝她点了点头就走开了。
3.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要从将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。
Daniel’s family will be enjoying their
holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
丹尼尔一家人下星期这个时候将在黄山度假。
3. 动词的完成时态
1.现在完成时
(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作,常用的时间 状语:already,just,yet,never,before,lately,recently,in the last(past) few years,up to now,so far等。
(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态,常与for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用。
(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
(4)This/It is the first/second...time+that从句,that从句 中 谓语要用现在完成时。
(5)It(This)is the best(worst,most interesting等)+名词+定语从句,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
—Have you heard about the recent election?
——你听说过近期的选举吗?
—Sure,it has been the only thing on the news for the last three days.
——当然了,它是近来三天新闻中唯一的事情了。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I
came to this school.这是我自从到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema
together as a family.
这是第一次我们一家人去电影院看电影。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
除非我亲眼看到,否则我不会相信你的。
2.过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间 状 语:by then,by that time,by the end of,by the time+句子等。
(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope,want,expect,
think,mean,suppose,plan,intend)用于过去完成时表示
过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
(4)在“hardly(scarcely)...when...”,“no sooner...than...” 句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意为“一……就……”。
Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she had seen most of the guests before.
索菲娅环视了所有面庞,她有印象——绝大多数的客人以前她都见过。
He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all,he had had it for a very long time.
他把自己的吉他卖掉时并不高兴。毕竟,他拥有这把吉他已经很长时间了。
I had intended to call on you,but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算去看你,但是来了一位不速之客。
By the time Jack returned home from England,his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下了。
3.将来完成时
表示在将来某个时间之前完成的动作,并且往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常用时间状语为“by+将来某个时间”。
By the time Mr.Smith arrives at the supermarket,we will have stayed there for one hour.
等到史密斯先生到达超市时,我们将已经在那里待了一个小时了。
4. 动词的其他时态
1.过去将来时
表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用于宾语从句中。
He hoped that he would be given a more suitable job in 2016.
他希望在2016年能得到更合适的工作。
2.现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续 到现在,并有可能继续下去,常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。
Since the time humankind started gardening,we have been trying to make our environment more beautiful.
自从人类开始园艺技术的时候起,我们就一直在努力让我们 的环境变得更加美丽。
The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
自从上午9点经理就一直在告诉工人如何改善这一方案。
3.过去完成进行时(had been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到过去某一时刻,这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years. xk/w
她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.
她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)
考点二 动词语态
核心考点二 动词的语态
动词的语态
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.
1.被动语态的构成为“be+过去分词”,只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态,除be外被动语态的构 成 形式还有:get/become+过去分词。
2.只要及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语:
last,cost,spread,happen(to),take place,belong to, break out,go out,run out,work out。
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
4. 表示“据说”或“相信” 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如:
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It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
5. 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如:
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如:
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
6. 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如:
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3)在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如:
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如:
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。
7. 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如:
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
8.need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
考点三 主谓一致
主谓一致的三个原则
一. 语法一致原则,即主语语法形式上的单复数形式与谓语的单复数形式要一致。
1.单数名词、代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句做主语时,谓语动词一般采用单数形式。
注意:一个主语从句做主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式。但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数形式。
2.当主语是and, both…and 连接的并列结构时,如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,谓语动词用复数。
注意:两个单数名词用and连接,表示同一人,同一物、同一概念,或不可分割的整体时,谓语动词仍用单数。这时and 后面的名词没有冠词。
3.由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each、every 、no、many a修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
Each boy and each girl has an apple.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。
Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film.许多老师和学生都看过这部电影。
注意:each作主语或其修饰的名词作主语:
each作主语或其修饰的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Each student has an MP3, which gives them more ways to enjoy their spare time.
每个学生都有一个MP3,这给他们在课余时间享受生活提供了更多的方式。
Each of the class has been given a bike.
这个班里的每一个学生都得到了一辆自行车。
注意:each位于复数主语后或句尾,不影响谓语动词的数。
They each have built a happy family. (=They have built a happy family each.)
他们每个人都组建了幸福的家庭。
4某些不定代词,如 either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等做主语,谓语动词用单数。
Each of the students has a book.每个学生都有一本书。
5主语是由“many a +名词”或“more than one+名词”构成,其意义虽属多数,但是随后的谓语动词仍然用单数。
Many a student is here.很多学生在这里。
More than one student goes to the park.很多学生去了公园。
注意:“many+复数名词+than one”结构之后, 谓语动词一般多用复数形式。
More employees than one are against your suggestion. 反对你的提议的雇员不止一个。
二. 意义一致原则,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
1.时间、距离、金钱、重量等复数名词做主语时,其谓语动词用单数。
时间:Three weeks is a long time to wait for an answer.
距离:One hundred kilometers is not a long distance.
金钱:20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.
重量:Two hundred tons of water was used in that factory last month.
2.一个算式时,表示数目的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词用单数形式。
Twenty-five plus five is equal to thirty.
Forty-three minus twenty-five makes eighteen.
3.–s 结尾的学科名称,如:mathematics, physics, politics, economics,mechanics, athletics, linguistics 等;
Mathematics seems to be difficult to me.
注意:专有名词,如国名、人名、书名、戏剧名、组织机构及形式复数意义单数的名词news和以-s结尾的疾病的名词,如measles,arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, mumps等,他们形式上是复数,但意义上是单数。用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
No news is good news.
The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.
The United States is a powerful country in the world.
4.山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等以-s 结尾的专有名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
The Olympic Games are held once every four years.
5一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。常用的这类词有:
a. Goods(货物);arms(武器); wages(工资);contents(内容); remains(尸体); fireworks(烟火);clothes(衣服);stairs(楼梯)等;
b.凡是由-ings 结尾的名词,如surroundings(环境); savings(储蓄存款);clippings (剪下来的东西), diggings(挖出来的东西),earnings(收入),filings(銼屑),lodgings ( 租住的房间),sweepings (扫拢的垃圾)等;
c. glasses; shorts(短裤); trousers; shoes; scissors(剪刀); scales(天平); gloves(手套); compasses(圆规); spectacles(眼镜). 但是若其前面有pair 等表示单位的名词时,那么谓语动词的单复数由这些表示单位的词的单复数决定。
One pair of shoes is missing.。
Two pairs of trousers are missing.
6单复数同形的名词作主语,应根据其意义来决定谓语动词的形式。常见的名词可分为一下几类:
某些动物名词:deer; fish; sheep; grouse (松鸡); salmon(鲑); bison(野牛); swine(猪)等.
以-ese 或-ss 结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词:
Chinese; Japanese; Portuguese(葡萄牙人); Swiss(瑞士人); Vietnamese(越南人)等。
某些以-s 结尾的名词:
mans(方式,方法); species (种类); series (系列); works (工厂;著作); crossroads(十字路口); headquarters(司令部); barracks (营房); crops (部队); links(高尔夫球场);等.
某些表示计量单位的名词:
Horsepower(马力); hertz(赫兹); kilohertz(千赫)
其它一些名词:
Aircraft; craft(船;航空器;航天器); dice(骰子); offspring(子孙)等.
There are five sheep on the farm, but there are only three goats.
This glass works (factory) was set up in 1990.
These glass works are near the railway station.
Every possible means has been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker.
All possible means have been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker.
为了去拯救这个严重受伤的工人,我们已经尝试了所有可能的方法。
7 clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage,等无生命的集体名词做主语,谓语动词用单数。
Clothing is badly needed in the flooded area.
8 people, police, cattle 等有生命的集体名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
The police are looking for the thief.
9 集合名词class,family, team, club, population, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, public, government, majority, minority, staff, class, company, union, gang, committee, council,nation等做主语,如果作为一个整体看待,其谓语动词要用单数形式;如果就其中一个个成员而言,则谓语动词用复数。
My family is a large one
My family are watching TV.
10疑问代词who, what, which; 不定代词 all(指代的是“人”时, 谓语动词用复数;指代的是“物”时,谓语动词用单数), none, some, any;half/ most/enough/the rest/ the last/ lots/plenty/part/分数/百分数+of+名词做主语,谓语动词的单复数要由它们所接名词的单复数而定。根据其指代的内容而定。
All is going on very well.
All are present besides the professor.
A lot of students are coming to the meeting.
11 “a number of +复数可数名词”表示“一些,许多”,谓语动词要用复数。
“the number of +复数可数名词”表示“…的数目,数量”,谓语动词要用单数。
The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.有50个人被邀请,但是很多人因为各种各样的原因缺席了。
12 a quantity of /an amount of+名词做主语,谓语动词用单数。
Quantities of / amounts of +名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
A(this) kind/sort/type of+名词做主语,谓语动词用单数。
These (those) kinds/sorts/types of +名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
A large quantity of books is here.
Large quantities of books are here.
A large amount of money is wasted.
Large amounts of money are wasted.
13. “one and a half+可数名词复数”,“one in (out of )+可数名词复数”作主语,谓语动词一般用单数。
One and a half days is all the manager can spare. 经理只能抽出一天半的时间。
One in three students can speak English in this school. 在这所学校的每三个学生中就有一个会说英语的。
注意:one or two, a…or two修饰的名词作主语:
One or two后接复数名词作主语,谓语动词要用复数。但在“a/an+单数名词+or two”结构之后,位于却常用单数。
14关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中做主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Those who want to go to the park, please stand up.
Some of the energy that is used by man nowadays comes from the atom.
“one of +复数名词+定语从句”,定语从句的谓语动词用复数。
“the only/the very/the first/the last + one of +复数名词+定语从句”, 定语从句的谓语动词用单数。
15 “the +形容词/分词”做主语,如果指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数。
The rich are not always happy
三. 就(靠)近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
1.由 or; either…or; neither…nor; whether…or; not only…but also,not…but等连接的并列主语,谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。
Neither you nor I am fit for the work.
Not only Tom but also Mary and Jane are tired of doing the same thing every day.
注意:“with /along with/ together with/ combined with/ as well as/ like/unlike/ rather than/ but/ except /besides/ in addition to/ including/ more than/ no less than/accompanied by +名词”置于主语后,他们都充当插入语,谓语动词一般仍与前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。
He, like you and Jim, is clever.
The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible.
Mary, as well as her sisters, studies Chinese in China.
Nobody except Bill and Jonny has entered the second round of the interview.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
时态语态主谓一致精练题
一、语法填空
1.Over the years, Dongjiao Minxiang (transform) into a dynamic area, home to both high-end restaurants and common shops... (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】has been transformed/has transformed
【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意:多年来,东交民巷已经变成了一个充满活力的地区,既有高档餐厅,也有普通商店…… 。根据时间状语“ Over the years ”可知,空处谓语动词需用现在完成时态,表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,transform与主语Dongjiao Minxiang之间为被动关系,所以此处使用现在完成时的被动语态,且主语为第三人称单数,所以谓语动词为has been transformed;主语 Dongjiao Minxiang 虽为地点,但在语境中可视为“转变”这一动作的逻辑执行者(体现区域自身的发展变化),此时可用主动语态。故填 has been transformed/has transformed。
2.Early arrival at the airport (recommend) due to increased security checks. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】is recommended
【详解】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:由于安检措施加强,建议提前到达机场。根据语意可知,此处描述的是基于安检加强这一情况的常规建议,为客观事实,应用一般现在时;主语“Early arrival”与动词“recommend”之间是被动关系,即“提前到达被建议”,应用被动语态;主语“Early arrival”为单数,be动词用“is”。故填is recommended。
3.The Great Wall, which (date) back to the Qin Dynasty, is a world-famous cultural heritage. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】dates
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:长城始建于秦朝,是世界闻名的文化遗产。句子描述客观事实,时态用一般现在时,which引导的先行词The Great Wall是专有名词,因此空格处用第三人称单数,故填dates。
4.A cultural heritage protection activity (hold) in our city last week. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was held
【详解】考查动词的时态和语态。句意:上周我市举办了一场文化遗产保护活动。分析句子结构可知,空处在句子中作谓语。根据“last week”可知,此处应用一般过去时;句子主语A cultural heritage protection activity与动词hold之间是被动关系,需用被动语态,其结构为“was/were + 过去分词”;主语为单数名词,be动词用was,hold的过去分词为held。故填was held。
5.Many people (lose) their homes because of the flood in the south last month. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】lost
【详解】考查动词的时态。句意:上个月南方发洪水,很多人失去了家园。分析句子结构可知,空处在句子中作谓语。根据时间状语“last month”可知,此处应用一般过去时;lose的过去式为lost。故填lost。
6.A number of students (be) going for a picnic this weekend. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】are
【详解】考查主谓一致和时态。句意:许多学生这周末要去野餐。分析句子可知,主语a number of students为复数概念,谓语动词应用复数形式;根据时间状语this weekend可知,句子表示的是将要发生的动作,谓语动词用现在进行时表将来,其结构为“be 动词+现在分词”。故填are。
7.He is the only one of the boys in our class who (have) chosen to study Japanese. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】has
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意:他是我们班里唯一一个选择学习日语的男生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词the only one of the boys,特指“唯一一个”,在从句作主语,谓语用单数,结合后文chosen可知为现在完成时,助动词用单数。故填has。
8.During the famine, many people almost (starve) to death. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】starved
【详解】考查动词时态。句意:在饥荒期间,许多人几乎饿死。题干中“During the famine”(在饥荒期间)是表示过去的时间状语,描述过去发生的动作,需用一般过去时。所给词“starve”为动词原形,其过去式为规则变化“starved”。故填starved。
9.Snow skin mooncakes (gain) popularity for their refreshing texture and vibrant colors in recent years. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】have gained
【详解】考查现在完成时。句意:近年来雪皮月饼因其清新的口感和鲜艳的色泽广受喜爱。根据时间状语in recent years(近年来)可知,此处需用现在完成时;主语snow skin mooncakes为复数,助动词用have。故填have gained。
10.The two-day event (feature) five Chinese films making their Italian debut. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】featured
【详解】考查一般过去时。句意:这场为期两天的活动展映了五部首次在意大利上映的中国影片。根据语境,活动发生在过去,需用一般过去时。故填featured。
11.After working for the company for 30 years, she is (entitle) to a full pension. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】entitled
【详解】考查被动语态。句意:在这家公司工作了 30 年后,她有权享受全额养老金。本句主语she与谓语动词entitle之间为被动关系,使用被动语态,根据空白处前面的助动词is可知本句使用了一般现在时的被动语态,空白处应用所给单词的过去分词形式 entitled,故填entitled。
12.As far as I’m (concern), joining the golf club is a good way to reduce your stress. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】concerned
【详解】考查动词语态。句意:就我而言,参加高尔夫俱乐部是一种减轻压力的好方法。空处和am构成谓语,concern“牵涉,涉及”和主语I之间是被动关系,需用被动语态,as far as I’m concerned意为“就我而言”。故填concerned。
13.The results of the college entrance examination (announce) on the official website every year in June. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】are announced
【详解】考查谓语动词的时态、语态与主谓一致。句意:高考成绩每年 6 月都会在官方网站上公布。此处为谓语动词,主语 the results 与 announce 为被动关系,需用被动语态,“every year” 为一般现在时的标志,表经常性、习惯性动作,主语 results 为复数,故填 are announced。
14.The annual Silk Road Week has attracted millions of participants worldwide across hundreds of institutions in dozens of countries since it (hold) in 2020. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was held
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:自2020年举办以来,一年一度的“丝绸之路周”吸引了全球数百万参与者,覆盖了数十个国家的数百家机构。本空为 since 引导的时间状语从句的谓语,从句描述过去发生的事情,时态用一般过去时,主语 it 和动词 hold “举办” 之间是被动关系,应用一般过去时的被动语态,主语 it 是第三人称单数,be 动词用 was。故填 was held。
15.The China Pavilion (list) on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2024, attracting visitors interested in eco-cultural tourism. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was listed
【详解】考查动词语态与主谓一致。句意:这个中国亭子于2024年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录,吸引了对生态文化旅游感兴趣的游客。句子主语The China Pavilion与谓语动词list之间是被动关系,即中国亭是被列入世界遗产名录的,所以此处要用被动语态,由in 2024可知,句子陈述过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时,主语是单数,be动词用was。故填was listed。
16.It was the first time that the patient (inform) about the risks of the surgery so clearly. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】had been informed
【详解】考查时态语态。句意:这是病人第一次如此清楚地被告知手术的风险。It was the first time that...是固定句型,从句谓语使用过去完成时,the patient和inform为被动关系,需用被动语态。故填had been informed。
17.A certain product that (sell) below its cost to attract customers to the store. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】is sold
【详解】考查一般现在时被动语态与主谓一致。句意:某种产品以低于成本的价格出售,以吸引顾客进店。描述客观现象用一般现在时;主语“a certain product”与“sell”之间为被动关系,主语为单数形式,be动词用is。故填is sold。
18.Born in 1954 in a town in Hungary, Krasznahorkai achieved his literary breakthrough with his first novel “Sátántangó” that (publish) in 1985, making him an instant literary figure in Hungary. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was published
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:1954年出生于匈牙利的一个小镇,1985年出版的第一部小说《Sátántangó》使他在文学上取得了突破,使他成为匈牙利的文学人物。空处为定语从句的谓语动词,主语that指代novel,与publish为被动关系,用被动语态;时间状语in 1985提示使用一般过去时,主语为单数,be动词用was。故填was published。
19.The delicate and rare style of Chinese porcelain (瓷), distinguished by its duck-egg blue surface, (prize) by collectors but remained relatively unknown to the wider public until recent years. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was prized
【详解】考查动词时态和语态及主谓一致。句意:这种细腻稀有的中国瓷器风格以鸭蛋青釉面为特色,一直受到收藏家的珍视,但直到近年来才为更广泛的公众所熟知。根据“but”后连接的为一般过去时的并列谓语动词“remained”可知,此处描述的是过去的状态,应用一般过去时;根据语意可知,主语“Chinese porcelain”与动词“prize”之间是被动关系,即“瓷器被收藏家珍视”,应用被动语态,且主语“style”为单数,be动词应用“was”。故填 was prized。
20.In the past few decades, great strides (make) in the field of artificial intelligence. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】have been made
【详解】考查动词语态和主谓一致。句意:在过去的几十年里,在人工智能领域取得了巨大的进步。时间状语In the past few decades(在过去的几十年里)是贯穿至今的一段时间,需用现在完成时。主语great strides(巨大的进步)与动词make构成被动关系(进步“被”取得),且主语是复数,应用现在完成时的被动语态have been made。故填have been made。
21.Playing basketball (help) me make more friends and keep healthy. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】helps
【详解】考查动名词。句意:打篮球帮助我交到更多朋友,还能保持身体健康。陈述客观事实,用一般现在时,动名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。故填helps。
22.In some countries, the number of women who smoke (be) no less than that of men. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】is
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意:在一些国家,女性吸烟者的数量并不低于男性吸烟者的数量。陈述事实用一般现在时,主语为 the number of women,谓语用单数。故填is。
23.The writer, along with all the editors, (work) from home on Fridays according to the new policy. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】works
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:按照新政策,作者和所有编辑在星期五都在家工作。根据“on Fridays”可知,这是一个习惯性、规律性的动作,故用一般现在时,主语部分有along with连接,遵循就远原则,谓语与the writer保持一致,是第三人称单数。故填works。
24.Large quantities of information, as well as timely help, (offer) since the organization was set up. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】have been offered
【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:自该组织成立以来,大量信息以及及时的援助均已被提供。空处为句子谓语动词,此处强调动作从过去持续到现在,应用现在完成时,as well as连接并列成分作主语时,适用就远原则,且Large quantities of information为复数意义,且与offer为被动关系,因此用现在完成时的被动语态,复数形式。故填have been offered。
25.Many a college student (send) to the poor area to help the children there last month. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was sent
【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:上个月,很多大学生被送到贫困地区去帮助那里的孩子。此处在句中作谓语动词,主语为Many a college student,与send之间为被动关系,且根据时间状语last month可知,此处应用一般过去时,“many a+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词应用单数,故填was sent。
二、完成句子
1.A terrible earthquake hit your city last week. . (我非常担心你和你家人的安全). (根据汉语提示完成句子)
【答案】I’m very concerned about the safety of you and your family
【详解】考查时态和短语。句意:上周,一场剧烈的地震袭击了你的城市。我非常担心你和你家人的安全。“我”用人称代词I作主语,“担忧”用短语be concerned about表示,描述目前的情绪状态,用一般现在时,“非常”用very作状语,“安全”用名词the safety作宾语,“你和你家人”用you and your family表示,“……的”用of表示所属关系。故填I’m very concerned about the safety of you and your family。
2.我第一次读你的诗时,就被你那鼓舞人心的诗句深深打动,连续读了三遍。(The first time 引导时间状语从句)
, I was deeply impressed by the inspirational lines and I read it three times in a row.
【答案】The first time I read your poem
【详解】考查时间状语从句。根据题干要求,此处用the first time引导时间状语从句,表示“第一次……时”;从句主语为I;表示“读你的诗”应用动词短语read your poem,结合后文was impressed可知为一般过去时,动词使用过去式形式read。句首单词首字母大写。故填The first time I read your poem。
3.他们对讲座的内容表现出极大的兴趣,因此他们非常喜欢。(so that 引导结果状语从句)
They showed great interest in the content of the lecture .
【答案】so that they liked it very much
【详解】考查结果状语从句和时态。根据句意以及句子要求提示可知,此处为so that 引导结果状语从句:此处用来连接“对讲座内容表现出极大兴趣”和“非常喜欢”这一结果,从句需使用陈述语气。“非常喜欢”译为like it very much,用it指代前文的 the content of the lecture,避免重复。根据前文“showed”可知,本句为一般过去时。故填so that they liked it very much。
4.谢谢你的问候!我非常愿意和你分享我毕业后的兼职工作计划,做一名助理园丁。(be willing to do sth. 短语)
Thank you for your greeting! I after graduation to serve as an assistant gardener.
【答案】am very willing to share my part-time work plan with you
【详解】考查固定短语、不定式及时态。根据中英文句子可知,空处缺少“非常愿意和你分享我的兼职工作计划”的英文表达。根据语境可知,句子描述当下的意愿,应用一般现在时。表示“愿意做某事”用所给固定短语be willing to do sth.,用程度副词very修饰形容词willing来加强表示“非常愿意”,主语为I,对应的be动词用am;表示“和某人分享某物”用固定搭配share sth. with sb.,跟在不定式后,share用原形,“我的兼职工作计划”译为my part-time work plan,其中part-time为复合形容词,意为“兼职的”,作定语修饰后面的名词短语work plan,“和你”译为with you。故填am very willing to share my part-time work plan with you。
5.我们筹集的所有资金将用作助学金,捐给那些住在边远山区的学生,帮助他们完成学业。(who引导定语从句)
All the money we raised will be used as grant funds and go to the students , helping them complete their education.
【答案】who live in remote mountainous areas
【详解】考查定语从句和时态。中英文对比可知缺少“那些住在边远山区的”,空处前的the students为先行词,指人,定语从句的关系代词应用who;“住在”为定语从句中的谓语,译为live in,这里描述的是一种客观的、长期存在的情况,应用一般现在时,关系词指代的先行词为复数,动词用原形;“山区”译为mountainous areas,其中mountainous为形容词,意为“多山的”,作定语修饰areas,area为可数名词,这里表泛指,应用复数形式。“边远”为形容词remote,作定语修饰mountainous areas,故“边远山区”译为remote mountainous areas。故填who live in remote mountainous areas。
6.对我来说,坚强的意志力是克服任何困难所需要的。(what引导表语从句)
To me, strong willpower .
【答案】is what is needed to overcome any difficulty
【详解】考查表语从句。主句为主系表结构,主语为willpower,陈述客观事实,用一般现在时,因此be动词用is,“完成任何困难所需要的”处理为表语从句,从句中用what作引导词,且充当主语,表示“需要”用need,和主语what(指代意志力)之间为被动关系,应用一般现在时的被动语态is needed,“克服任何困难”用overcome any difficulty,用其不定式形式,作目的状语。故填is what is needed to overcome any difficulty。
7.虽然我很累,但看到他们满意的眼神,我感到很有成就感。(as引导倒装句)
, I felt a sense of achievement after seeing satisfaction in their eyes.
【答案】Tired as I was
【详解】考查让步状语从句、部分倒装和形容词以及时态。对比中英文可知,空处表示“虽然我很累”,可用as“虽然”引导让步状语从句,结合“felt”可知,从句时态应用一般过去时,描述过去发生的事,主语“我”用代词I,“很累”可用系动词was和形容词tired,构成系表结构,as引导让步状语从句时,从句需用部分倒装,tired需置于句首,句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Tired as I was。
8.做一个更好的自己不仅仅意味着学习优秀,而是要做一个全面的人。(动名词作主语)
more than being excellent in study but being an all-round person.
【答案】Being a better self means
【详解】考查动名词作主语。“做一个更好的自己”用动名词短语Being a better self作主语,表示抽象的行为 。“意味着”是mean;句子陈述一般事实,用一般现在时,主语是动名词短语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式 。故填Being a better self means。
9.这种风俗追溯到唐朝,并在当时的北方很受欢迎。
This custom the Tang Dynasty and was very popular in the north of China then.
【答案】 dates back to
【详解】考查固定短语及时态。根据句意,此处表示“追溯到”,为固定短语date back to;句子描述的是风俗的历史渊源,用一般现在时,主语this custom为单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式dates。故填①dates;②back;③to。
10.A balanced diet (由……组成) proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and healthy fats. (根据汉语提示完成句子)
【答案】 consists of
【详解】考查短语和时态。句意:均衡的饮食由蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素和健康脂肪组成。表示“由……组成”用短语consist of(主动形式表达被动含义),句子陈述客观事实,用一般现在时,主语diet为第三人称单数,谓语动词用单数形式。故填consists;of。
11.在活动期间,我们学生被鼓励参加许多文化活动,包括唱中国民歌,参加中国书法课程。(encourage sb. to do sth. )
During the campaign, we students , including singing Chinese folk songs, attending Chinese calligraphy classes.
【答案】were encouraged to participate in many cultural activities
【详解】考查固定短语,时态和语态。根据句意可知,本句描述的是过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,鼓励某人做某事为encourage sb. to do sth.,主语“we students”和动词“encourage”之间是被动关系,应用被动语态,并且主语是复数,be动词用were,“参加许多文化活动”表示为participate in many cultural activities,故填were encouraged to participate in many cultural activities。
12. the streets of New York.
有人看到David在纽约街头游荡。
【答案】 David was found wandering
【详解】考查动词短语和非谓语动词。对比中英文可知,空处表示“有人看到David游荡”,可理解为“David被看到游荡”,主语为David,“被看到做某事”可用动词短语find sb. doing的被动式be found doing,描述被发现时在做的事,“游荡”可用动词wander,时态宜用一般过去时,描述过去发生的事,be动词用was。故填David was found wandering。
13.这个养老院的服务很好,老人们在这里被照顾得很好。(care)
The service in this nursing home is excellent. The elderly .
【答案】are taken good care of/are well cared for
【详解】考查动词短语的被动语态。根据句意及提示词“care”,此处需表达“被照顾得很好”,相关的动词短语可以为 take good care of 和 care for;句子主语the elderly指“老人”,为复数概念,和“照顾”这个动作是被动关系,时态用一般现在时的被动语态,结构为“am/is/are +过去分词”,take的过去分词为taken,care的过去分词为cared,修饰动词cared使用副词well表示“很好”。故填are taken good care of/are well cared for。
14.我在想你的新书什么时候能出版。我实在是迫不及待地想读它。
I am wondering when your new book . I really cannot wait to read it. (publish)
【答案】can be published
【详解】考查含有情态动词的被动语态。“能”使用情态动词can,“出版”表达为publish ,book与publish是被动关系,即书被出版,情态动词can的被动语态为can be published。故填can be published。
15.This app used several times I downloaded it.
自从我下载这个应用程序以来,它已经被使用了好几次。
【答案】 has been since
【详解】考查动词时态和连词。根据句意,第二空表示“自从”为since,引导时间状语从句,从句中为一般过去时,主句为现在完成时,且与主语之间为被动关系,结构为“have/has been + 过去分词”,主语this app为单数,因此用has been。故填①has;②been;③since。
16.Too water being wasted because we are using old ways of watering our plants.
由于我们还在用传统方式灌溉农作物,所以大量的水一直在被浪费。
【答案】 much is
【详解】考查不定代词、主谓一致和被动语态。第一空,表示“大量的”应用too much,修饰不可数名词water,第一空填much。句子主语是water,为不可数名词,谓语动词需用单数形式;同时water和waste是被动关系,表示“水被浪费”,根据后文being wasted可知为现在进行时的被动语态,结构是“be+being+过去分词”,因此第二空需填be动词的单数形式is。第二空填is。故填①much;②is。
17.作为一个历史文化中心,北京不仅可以让我们体验到独特的中国文化,还可以品尝到独特的美食。(allow sb. to do sth. 句式)
As a cultural center heavy with history, Beijing can but to taste distinctive cuisines.
【答案】not only allow us to experience the unique Chinese culture
【详解】考查固定句型和动词短语。根据句意以及句子提示要求可知,题目要求使用 allow sb. to do sth.(允许某人做某事)结构,且后半句给出了 but to taste...,由此判断需要搭配 not only...but (also)...(不仅……而且……)的并列结构,其中also可省略。“体验独特的中国文化”应为动词短语 experience the unique Chinese culture,unique准确对应“独特的”,符合语境。主语 Beijing 是第三人称单数,但前面有情态动词 can,因此动词allow用原形。故填not only allow us to experience the unique Chinese culture。
18.The number of homeless people a telling comment on the state of society.
无家可归者的数量是社会状况的生动写照。
【答案】is
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。根据英汉意思对比可知,空处应填“是”,应为be动词作谓语,句子陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时,且主语为The number of homeless people,表示“无家可归者的数量”,谓语动词应用单数,be动词应用is。故填is。
19.Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150, 000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and .
地震后不久,部队派了15万名战士到唐山,将受困的人们挖出来,将死者掩埋。
【答案】to bury the dead
【详解】考查非谓语动词和固定表达。根据句意,此处需表达“掩埋了死者”,and连接两个并列的不定式结构,与前面的to dig out对应,不定式符号to可以省略,但此处为了保持结构一致,保留to;“掩埋”译为bury,“死者”用the dead表示一类人。故填to bury the dead
20.定期参加团队运动能使青少年增强合作意识。
Participating in team sports regularly teenagers their sense of cooperation.
【答案】 enables/allows to strengthen
【详解】考查固定搭配和时态。本句描述一般事实,用一般现在时,“Participating in team sports regularly”是句子的主语,动名词作主语,谓语用第三人称单数;“enable/allow sb. to do sth.”是固定搭配,表示“使某人能够做某事”或“允许某人做某事”。表示“增强”用动词strengthen,接在to后应用动词原形。故填enables/allows;to;strengthen。
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第06讲 时态语态复习:回顾不同时态和语态的构成及其应用
一、精讲类型、使用和常见考点:
考点一 动词时态
1. 动词的一般时态
1.一般现在时
(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。 常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always,every time,now and then,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually, every day/night等连用。
(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时。只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等动词。
(3)用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中, 用一般现在时表示将来。
Around two o’clock every night,Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.
每天晚上两点左右,苏就 说梦话。这使我们有点烦心。
If it doesn’t rain,we’ll go on a picnic as planned.
如果不下雨,我们将按计划去野餐。
Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.
无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。
The flight takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.
飞机每周三、周五2:30起飞。
2.一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态,与现在没有关系或表示过去一段时间内反复发生的动作, 常 与 every day,often,sometimes等时间状语连用。
—Haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been?
——好长时间没见你了!你去哪里了?
—I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year,teaching as a volunteer.
——我去了宁夏,在那里待了一年,作为一名志愿者教学。
3.一般将来时
(1)“shall/will+动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动 作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示①现在打算或计划将 来 要做的事情;②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。
(3)“be to+动词原形”表示①预先安排好的计划或约定;②表示说话人的意志、意图、指责、义务、命令等;③表示 注定要发生的事情。
(4)“be about to+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事, 该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
—What time is it?
——几点了?
—I have no idea.But just a minute,I will check it for you.
——我不知道。但是等一会儿,我给你查一下。
—Mr.Li was ill in hospital.
——李老师生病住院了。
—Oh,I didn’t know.I’ll go to see him tonight.
——哦,我还不知道呢。我今晚去看他。
I am to meet Mr.Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.
我要在今天上午11点见布朗先生。
I was about to go out when it began to rain.
我正要外出,这时开始下雨了。
2. 动词的进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常限于go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,work,sleep,stay,have, wear等表示移动、方向的动词。
(3)表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等(常与always,constantly,continually等副词连用)。
2.过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time,at that moment,at this time yesterday,at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
She was phoning someone,so I nodded to her and went away.
她正在跟别人打电话,因此我朝她点了点头就走开了。
3.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要从将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。
Daniel’s family will be enjoying their
holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
丹尼尔一家人下星期这个时候将在黄山度假。
3. 动词的完成时态
1.现在完成时
(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作,常用的时间 状语:already,just,yet,never,before,lately,recently,in the last(past) few years,up to now,so far等。
(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态,常与for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用。
(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
(4)This/It is the first/second...time+that从句,that从句 中 谓语要用现在完成时。
(5)It(This)is the best(worst,most interesting等)+名词+定语从句,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
—Have you heard about the recent election?
——你听说过近期的选举吗?
—Sure,it has been the only thing on the news for the last three days.
——当然了,它是近来三天新闻中唯一的事情了。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I
came to this school.这是我自从到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema
together as a family.
这是第一次我们一家人去电影院看电影。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
除非我亲眼看到,否则我不会相信你的。
2.过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间 状 语:by then,by that time,by the end of,by the time+句子等。
(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope,want,expect,
think,mean,suppose,plan,intend)用于过去完成时表示
过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
(4)在“hardly(scarcely)...when...”,“no sooner...than...” 句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意为“一……就……”。
Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she had seen most of the guests before.
索菲娅环视了所有面庞,她有印象——绝大多数的客人以前她都见过。
He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all,he had had it for a very long time.
他把自己的吉他卖掉时并不高兴。毕竟,他拥有这把吉他已经很长时间了。
I had intended to call on you,but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算去看你,但是来了一位不速之客。
By the time Jack returned home from England,his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下了。
3.将来完成时
表示在将来某个时间之前完成的动作,并且往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常用时间状语为“by+将来某个时间”。
By the time Mr.Smith arrives at the supermarket,we will have stayed there for one hour.
等到史密斯先生到达超市时,我们将已经在那里待了一个小时了。
4. 动词的其他时态
1.过去将来时
表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用于宾语从句中。
He hoped that he would be given a more suitable job in 2016.
他希望在2016年能得到更合适的工作。
2.现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续 到现在,并有可能继续下去,常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。
Since the time humankind started gardening,we have been trying to make our environment more beautiful.
自从人类开始园艺技术的时候起,我们就一直在努力让我们 的环境变得更加美丽。
The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
自从上午9点经理就一直在告诉工人如何改善这一方案。
3.过去完成进行时(had been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到过去某一时刻,这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years. xk/w
她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.
她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)
考点二 动词语态
核心考点二 动词的语态
动词的语态
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.
1.被动语态的构成为“be+过去分词”,只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态,除be外被动语态的构 成 形式还有:get/become+过去分词。
2.只要及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语:
last,cost,spread,happen(to),take place,belong to, break out,go out,run out,work out。
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
4. 表示“据说”或“相信” 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如:
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It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
5. 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如:
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如:
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
6. 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如:
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3)在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如:
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如:
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。
7. 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如:
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
8.need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
考点三 主谓一致
主谓一致的三个原则
一. 语法一致原则,即主语语法形式上的单复数形式与谓语的单复数形式要一致。
1.单数名词、代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句做主语时,谓语动词一般采用单数形式。
注意:一个主语从句做主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式。但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数形式。
2.当主语是and, both…and 连接的并列结构时,如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,谓语动词用复数。
注意:两个单数名词用and连接,表示同一人,同一物、同一概念,或不可分割的整体时,谓语动词仍用单数。这时and 后面的名词没有冠词。
3.由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each、every 、no、many a修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
Each boy and each girl has an apple.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。
Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film.许多老师和学生都看过这部电影。
注意:each作主语或其修饰的名词作主语:
each作主语或其修饰的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Each student has an MP3, which gives them more ways to enjoy their spare time.
每个学生都有一个MP3,这给他们在课余时间享受生活提供了更多的方式。
Each of the class has been given a bike.
这个班里的每一个学生都得到了一辆自行车。
注意:each位于复数主语后或句尾,不影响谓语动词的数。
They each have built a happy family. (=They have built a happy family each.)
他们每个人都组建了幸福的家庭。
4某些不定代词,如 either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等做主语,谓语动词用单数。
Each of the students has a book.每个学生都有一本书。
5主语是由“many a +名词”或“more than one+名词”构成,其意义虽属多数,但是随后的谓语动词仍然用单数。
Many a student is here.很多学生在这里。
More than one student goes to the park.很多学生去了公园。
注意:“many+复数名词+than one”结构之后, 谓语动词一般多用复数形式。
More employees than one are against your suggestion. 反对你的提议的雇员不止一个。
二. 意义一致原则,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
1.时间、距离、金钱、重量等复数名词做主语时,其谓语动词用单数。
时间:Three weeks is a long time to wait for an answer.
距离:One hundred kilometers is not a long distance.
金钱:20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.
重量:Two hundred tons of water was used in that factory last month.
2.一个算式时,表示数目的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词用单数形式。
Twenty-five plus five is equal to thirty.
Forty-three minus twenty-five makes eighteen.
3.–s 结尾的学科名称,如:mathematics, physics, politics, economics,mechanics, athletics, linguistics 等;
Mathematics seems to be difficult to me.
注意:专有名词,如国名、人名、书名、戏剧名、组织机构及形式复数意义单数的名词news和以-s结尾的疾病的名词,如measles,arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, mumps等,他们形式上是复数,但意义上是单数。用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
No news is good news.
The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.
The United States is a powerful country in the world.
4.山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等以-s 结尾的专有名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
The Olympic Games are held once every four years.
5一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。常用的这类词有:
a. Goods(货物);arms(武器); wages(工资);contents(内容); remains(尸体); fireworks(烟火);clothes(衣服);stairs(楼梯)等;
b.凡是由-ings 结尾的名词,如surroundings(环境); savings(储蓄存款);clippings (剪下来的东西), diggings(挖出来的东西),earnings(收入),filings(銼屑),lodgings ( 租住的房间),sweepings (扫拢的垃圾)等;
c. glasses; shorts(短裤); trousers; shoes; scissors(剪刀); scales(天平); gloves(手套); compasses(圆规); spectacles(眼镜). 但是若其前面有pair 等表示单位的名词时,那么谓语动词的单复数由这些表示单位的词的单复数决定。
One pair of shoes is missing.。
Two pairs of trousers are missing.
6单复数同形的名词作主语,应根据其意义来决定谓语动词的形式。常见的名词可分为一下几类:
某些动物名词:deer; fish; sheep; grouse (松鸡); salmon(鲑); bison(野牛); swine(猪)等.
以-ese 或-ss 结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词:
Chinese; Japanese; Portuguese(葡萄牙人); Swiss(瑞士人); Vietnamese(越南人)等。
某些以-s 结尾的名词:
mans(方式,方法); species (种类); series (系列); works (工厂;著作); crossroads(十字路口); headquarters(司令部); barracks (营房); crops (部队); links(高尔夫球场);等.
某些表示计量单位的名词:
Horsepower(马力); hertz(赫兹); kilohertz(千赫)
其它一些名词:
Aircraft; craft(船;航空器;航天器); dice(骰子); offspring(子孙)等.
There are five sheep on the farm, but there are only three goats.
This glass works (factory) was set up in 1990.
These glass works are near the railway station.
Every possible means has been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker.
All possible means have been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker.
为了去拯救这个严重受伤的工人,我们已经尝试了所有可能的方法。
7 clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage,等无生命的集体名词做主语,谓语动词用单数。
Clothing is badly needed in the flooded area.
8 people, police, cattle 等有生命的集体名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
The police are looking for the thief.
9 集合名词class,family, team, club, population, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, public, government, majority, minority, staff, class, company, union, gang, committee, council,nation等做主语,如果作为一个整体看待,其谓语动词要用单数形式;如果就其中一个个成员而言,则谓语动词用复数。
My family is a large one
My family are watching TV.
10疑问代词who, what, which; 不定代词 all(指代的是“人”时, 谓语动词用复数;指代的是“物”时,谓语动词用单数), none, some, any;half/ most/enough/the rest/ the last/ lots/plenty/part/分数/百分数+of+名词做主语,谓语动词的单复数要由它们所接名词的单复数而定。根据其指代的内容而定。
All is going on very well.
All are present besides the professor.
A lot of students are coming to the meeting.
11 “a number of +复数可数名词”表示“一些,许多”,谓语动词要用复数。
“the number of +复数可数名词”表示“…的数目,数量”,谓语动词要用单数。
The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.有50个人被邀请,但是很多人因为各种各样的原因缺席了。
12 a quantity of /an amount of+名词做主语,谓语动词用单数。
Quantities of / amounts of +名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
A(this) kind/sort/type of+名词做主语,谓语动词用单数。
These (those) kinds/sorts/types of +名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。
A large quantity of books is here.
Large quantities of books are here.
A large amount of money is wasted.
Large amounts of money are wasted.
13. “one and a half+可数名词复数”,“one in (out of )+可数名词复数”作主语,谓语动词一般用单数。
One and a half days is all the manager can spare. 经理只能抽出一天半的时间。
One in three students can speak English in this school. 在这所学校的每三个学生中就有一个会说英语的。
注意:one or two, a…or two修饰的名词作主语:
One or two后接复数名词作主语,谓语动词要用复数。但在“a/an+单数名词+or two”结构之后,位于却常用单数。
14关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中做主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Those who want to go to the park, please stand up.
Some of the energy that is used by man nowadays comes from the atom.
“one of +复数名词+定语从句”,定语从句的谓语动词用复数。
“the only/the very/the first/the last + one of +复数名词+定语从句”, 定语从句的谓语动词用单数。
15 “the +形容词/分词”做主语,如果指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数。
The rich are not always happy
三. 就(靠)近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
1.由 or; either…or; neither…nor; whether…or; not only…but also,not…but等连接的并列主语,谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。
Neither you nor I am fit for the work.
Not only Tom but also Mary and Jane are tired of doing the same thing every day.
注意:“with /along with/ together with/ combined with/ as well as/ like/unlike/ rather than/ but/ except /besides/ in addition to/ including/ more than/ no less than/accompanied by +名词”置于主语后,他们都充当插入语,谓语动词一般仍与前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。
He, like you and Jim, is clever.
The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible.
Mary, as well as her sisters, studies Chinese in China.
Nobody except Bill and Jonny has entered the second round of the interview.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
时态语态主谓一致精练题
一、语法填空
1.Over the years, Dongjiao Minxiang (transform) into a dynamic area, home to both high-end restaurants and common shops... (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】has been transformed/has transformed
【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意:多年来,东交民巷已经变成了一个充满活力的地区,既有高档餐厅,也有普通商店…… 。根据时间状语“ Over the years ”可知,空处谓语动词需用现在完成时态,表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,transform与主语Dongjiao Minxiang之间为被动关系,所以此处使用现在完成时的被动语态,且主语为第三人称单数,所以谓语动词为has been transformed;主语 Dongjiao Minxiang 虽为地点,但在语境中可视为“转变”这一动作的逻辑执行者(体现区域自身的发展变化),此时可用主动语态。故填 has been transformed/has transformed。
2.Early arrival at the airport (recommend) due to increased security checks. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】is recommended
【详解】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:由于安检措施加强,建议提前到达机场。根据语意可知,此处描述的是基于安检加强这一情况的常规建议,为客观事实,应用一般现在时;主语“Early arrival”与动词“recommend”之间是被动关系,即“提前到达被建议”,应用被动语态;主语“Early arrival”为单数,be动词用“is”。故填is recommended。
3.The Great Wall, which (date) back to the Qin Dynasty, is a world-famous cultural heritage. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】dates
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:长城始建于秦朝,是世界闻名的文化遗产。句子描述客观事实,时态用一般现在时,which引导的先行词The Great Wall是专有名词,因此空格处用第三人称单数,故填dates。
4.A cultural heritage protection activity (hold) in our city last week. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was held
【详解】考查动词的时态和语态。句意:上周我市举办了一场文化遗产保护活动。分析句子结构可知,空处在句子中作谓语。根据“last week”可知,此处应用一般过去时;句子主语A cultural heritage protection activity与动词hold之间是被动关系,需用被动语态,其结构为“was/were + 过去分词”;主语为单数名词,be动词用was,hold的过去分词为held。故填was held。
5.Many people (lose) their homes because of the flood in the south last month. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】lost
【详解】考查动词的时态。句意:上个月南方发洪水,很多人失去了家园。分析句子结构可知,空处在句子中作谓语。根据时间状语“last month”可知,此处应用一般过去时;lose的过去式为lost。故填lost。
6.A number of students (be) going for a picnic this weekend. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】are
【详解】考查主谓一致和时态。句意:许多学生这周末要去野餐。分析句子可知,主语a number of students为复数概念,谓语动词应用复数形式;根据时间状语this weekend可知,句子表示的是将要发生的动作,谓语动词用现在进行时表将来,其结构为“be 动词+现在分词”。故填are。
7.He is the only one of the boys in our class who (have) chosen to study Japanese. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】has
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意:他是我们班里唯一一个选择学习日语的男生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词the only one of the boys,特指“唯一一个”,在从句作主语,谓语用单数,结合后文chosen可知为现在完成时,助动词用单数。故填has。
8.During the famine, many people almost (starve) to death. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】starved
【详解】考查动词时态。句意:在饥荒期间,许多人几乎饿死。题干中“During the famine”(在饥荒期间)是表示过去的时间状语,描述过去发生的动作,需用一般过去时。所给词“starve”为动词原形,其过去式为规则变化“starved”。故填starved。
9.Snow skin mooncakes (gain) popularity for their refreshing texture and vibrant colors in recent years. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】have gained
【详解】考查现在完成时。句意:近年来雪皮月饼因其清新的口感和鲜艳的色泽广受喜爱。根据时间状语in recent years(近年来)可知,此处需用现在完成时;主语snow skin mooncakes为复数,助动词用have。故填have gained。
10.The two-day event (feature) five Chinese films making their Italian debut. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】featured
【详解】考查一般过去时。句意:这场为期两天的活动展映了五部首次在意大利上映的中国影片。根据语境,活动发生在过去,需用一般过去时。故填featured。
11.After working for the company for 30 years, she is (entitle) to a full pension. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】entitled
【详解】考查被动语态。句意:在这家公司工作了 30 年后,她有权享受全额养老金。本句主语she与谓语动词entitle之间为被动关系,使用被动语态,根据空白处前面的助动词is可知本句使用了一般现在时的被动语态,空白处应用所给单词的过去分词形式 entitled,故填entitled。
12.As far as I’m (concern), joining the golf club is a good way to reduce your stress. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】concerned
【详解】考查动词语态。句意:就我而言,参加高尔夫俱乐部是一种减轻压力的好方法。空处和am构成谓语,concern“牵涉,涉及”和主语I之间是被动关系,需用被动语态,as far as I’m concerned意为“就我而言”。故填concerned。
13.The results of the college entrance examination (announce) on the official website every year in June. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】are announced
【详解】考查谓语动词的时态、语态与主谓一致。句意:高考成绩每年 6 月都会在官方网站上公布。此处为谓语动词,主语 the results 与 announce 为被动关系,需用被动语态,“every year” 为一般现在时的标志,表经常性、习惯性动作,主语 results 为复数,故填 are announced。
14.The annual Silk Road Week has attracted millions of participants worldwide across hundreds of institutions in dozens of countries since it (hold) in 2020. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was held
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:自2020年举办以来,一年一度的“丝绸之路周”吸引了全球数百万参与者,覆盖了数十个国家的数百家机构。本空为 since 引导的时间状语从句的谓语,从句描述过去发生的事情,时态用一般过去时,主语 it 和动词 hold “举办” 之间是被动关系,应用一般过去时的被动语态,主语 it 是第三人称单数,be 动词用 was。故填 was held。
15.The China Pavilion (list) on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2024, attracting visitors interested in eco-cultural tourism. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was listed
【详解】考查动词语态与主谓一致。句意:这个中国亭子于2024年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录,吸引了对生态文化旅游感兴趣的游客。句子主语The China Pavilion与谓语动词list之间是被动关系,即中国亭是被列入世界遗产名录的,所以此处要用被动语态,由in 2024可知,句子陈述过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时,主语是单数,be动词用was。故填was listed。
16.It was the first time that the patient (inform) about the risks of the surgery so clearly. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】had been informed
【详解】考查时态语态。句意:这是病人第一次如此清楚地被告知手术的风险。It was the first time that...是固定句型,从句谓语使用过去完成时,the patient和inform为被动关系,需用被动语态。故填had been informed。
17.A certain product that (sell) below its cost to attract customers to the store. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】is sold
【详解】考查一般现在时被动语态与主谓一致。句意:某种产品以低于成本的价格出售,以吸引顾客进店。描述客观现象用一般现在时;主语“a certain product”与“sell”之间为被动关系,主语为单数形式,be动词用is。故填is sold。
18.Born in 1954 in a town in Hungary, Krasznahorkai achieved his literary breakthrough with his first novel “Sátántangó” that (publish) in 1985, making him an instant literary figure in Hungary. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was published
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:1954年出生于匈牙利的一个小镇,1985年出版的第一部小说《Sátántangó》使他在文学上取得了突破,使他成为匈牙利的文学人物。空处为定语从句的谓语动词,主语that指代novel,与publish为被动关系,用被动语态;时间状语in 1985提示使用一般过去时,主语为单数,be动词用was。故填was published。
19.The delicate and rare style of Chinese porcelain (瓷), distinguished by its duck-egg blue surface, (prize) by collectors but remained relatively unknown to the wider public until recent years. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was prized
【详解】考查动词时态和语态及主谓一致。句意:这种细腻稀有的中国瓷器风格以鸭蛋青釉面为特色,一直受到收藏家的珍视,但直到近年来才为更广泛的公众所熟知。根据“but”后连接的为一般过去时的并列谓语动词“remained”可知,此处描述的是过去的状态,应用一般过去时;根据语意可知,主语“Chinese porcelain”与动词“prize”之间是被动关系,即“瓷器被收藏家珍视”,应用被动语态,且主语“style”为单数,be动词应用“was”。故填 was prized。
20.In the past few decades, great strides (make) in the field of artificial intelligence. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】have been made
【详解】考查动词语态和主谓一致。句意:在过去的几十年里,在人工智能领域取得了巨大的进步。时间状语In the past few decades(在过去的几十年里)是贯穿至今的一段时间,需用现在完成时。主语great strides(巨大的进步)与动词make构成被动关系(进步“被”取得),且主语是复数,应用现在完成时的被动语态have been made。故填have been made。
21.Playing basketball (help) me make more friends and keep healthy. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】helps
【详解】考查动名词。句意:打篮球帮助我交到更多朋友,还能保持身体健康。陈述客观事实,用一般现在时,动名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。故填helps。
22.In some countries, the number of women who smoke (be) no less than that of men. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】is
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意:在一些国家,女性吸烟者的数量并不低于男性吸烟者的数量。陈述事实用一般现在时,主语为 the number of women,谓语用单数。故填is。
23.The writer, along with all the editors, (work) from home on Fridays according to the new policy. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】works
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:按照新政策,作者和所有编辑在星期五都在家工作。根据“on Fridays”可知,这是一个习惯性、规律性的动作,故用一般现在时,主语部分有along with连接,遵循就远原则,谓语与the writer保持一致,是第三人称单数。故填works。
24.Large quantities of information, as well as timely help, (offer) since the organization was set up. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】have been offered
【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:自该组织成立以来,大量信息以及及时的援助均已被提供。空处为句子谓语动词,此处强调动作从过去持续到现在,应用现在完成时,as well as连接并列成分作主语时,适用就远原则,且Large quantities of information为复数意义,且与offer为被动关系,因此用现在完成时的被动语态,复数形式。故填have been offered。
25.Many a college student (send) to the poor area to help the children there last month. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】was sent
【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:上个月,很多大学生被送到贫困地区去帮助那里的孩子。此处在句中作谓语动词,主语为Many a college student,与send之间为被动关系,且根据时间状语last month可知,此处应用一般过去时,“many a+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词应用单数,故填was sent。
二、完成句子
1.A terrible earthquake hit your city last week. . (我非常担心你和你家人的安全). (根据汉语提示完成句子)
【答案】I’m very concerned about the safety of you and your family
【详解】考查时态和短语。句意:上周,一场剧烈的地震袭击了你的城市。我非常担心你和你家人的安全。“我”用人称代词I作主语,“担忧”用短语be concerned about表示,描述目前的情绪状态,用一般现在时,“非常”用very作状语,“安全”用名词the safety作宾语,“你和你家人”用you and your family表示,“……的”用of表示所属关系。故填I’m very concerned about the safety of you and your family。
2.我第一次读你的诗时,就被你那鼓舞人心的诗句深深打动,连续读了三遍。(The first time 引导时间状语从句)
, I was deeply impressed by the inspirational lines and I read it three times in a row.
【答案】The first time I read your poem
【详解】考查时间状语从句。根据题干要求,此处用the first time引导时间状语从句,表示“第一次……时”;从句主语为I;表示“读你的诗”应用动词短语read your poem,结合后文was impressed可知为一般过去时,动词使用过去式形式read。句首单词首字母大写。故填The first time I read your poem。
3.他们对讲座的内容表现出极大的兴趣,因此他们非常喜欢。(so that 引导结果状语从句)
They showed great interest in the content of the lecture .
【答案】so that they liked it very much
【详解】考查结果状语从句和时态。根据句意以及句子要求提示可知,此处为so that 引导结果状语从句:此处用来连接“对讲座内容表现出极大兴趣”和“非常喜欢”这一结果,从句需使用陈述语气。“非常喜欢”译为like it very much,用it指代前文的 the content of the lecture,避免重复。根据前文“showed”可知,本句为一般过去时。故填so that they liked it very much。
4.谢谢你的问候!我非常愿意和你分享我毕业后的兼职工作计划,做一名助理园丁。(be willing to do sth. 短语)
Thank you for your greeting! I after graduation to serve as an assistant gardener.
【答案】am very willing to share my part-time work plan with you
【详解】考查固定短语、不定式及时态。根据中英文句子可知,空处缺少“非常愿意和你分享我的兼职工作计划”的英文表达。根据语境可知,句子描述当下的意愿,应用一般现在时。表示“愿意做某事”用所给固定短语be willing to do sth.,用程度副词very修饰形容词willing来加强表示“非常愿意”,主语为I,对应的be动词用am;表示“和某人分享某物”用固定搭配share sth. with sb.,跟在不定式后,share用原形,“我的兼职工作计划”译为my part-time work plan,其中part-time为复合形容词,意为“兼职的”,作定语修饰后面的名词短语work plan,“和你”译为with you。故填am very willing to share my part-time work plan with you。
5.我们筹集的所有资金将用作助学金,捐给那些住在边远山区的学生,帮助他们完成学业。(who引导定语从句)
All the money we raised will be used as grant funds and go to the students , helping them complete their education.
【答案】who live in remote mountainous areas
【详解】考查定语从句和时态。中英文对比可知缺少“那些住在边远山区的”,空处前的the students为先行词,指人,定语从句的关系代词应用who;“住在”为定语从句中的谓语,译为live in,这里描述的是一种客观的、长期存在的情况,应用一般现在时,关系词指代的先行词为复数,动词用原形;“山区”译为mountainous areas,其中mountainous为形容词,意为“多山的”,作定语修饰areas,area为可数名词,这里表泛指,应用复数形式。“边远”为形容词remote,作定语修饰mountainous areas,故“边远山区”译为remote mountainous areas。故填who live in remote mountainous areas。
6.对我来说,坚强的意志力是克服任何困难所需要的。(what引导表语从句)
To me, strong willpower .
【答案】is what is needed to overcome any difficulty
【详解】考查表语从句。主句为主系表结构,主语为willpower,陈述客观事实,用一般现在时,因此be动词用is,“完成任何困难所需要的”处理为表语从句,从句中用what作引导词,且充当主语,表示“需要”用need,和主语what(指代意志力)之间为被动关系,应用一般现在时的被动语态is needed,“克服任何困难”用overcome any difficulty,用其不定式形式,作目的状语。故填is what is needed to overcome any difficulty。
7.虽然我很累,但看到他们满意的眼神,我感到很有成就感。(as引导倒装句)
, I felt a sense of achievement after seeing satisfaction in their eyes.
【答案】Tired as I was
【详解】考查让步状语从句、部分倒装和形容词以及时态。对比中英文可知,空处表示“虽然我很累”,可用as“虽然”引导让步状语从句,结合“felt”可知,从句时态应用一般过去时,描述过去发生的事,主语“我”用代词I,“很累”可用系动词was和形容词tired,构成系表结构,as引导让步状语从句时,从句需用部分倒装,tired需置于句首,句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Tired as I was。
8.做一个更好的自己不仅仅意味着学习优秀,而是要做一个全面的人。(动名词作主语)
more than being excellent in study but being an all-round person.
【答案】Being a better self means
【详解】考查动名词作主语。“做一个更好的自己”用动名词短语Being a better self作主语,表示抽象的行为 。“意味着”是mean;句子陈述一般事实,用一般现在时,主语是动名词短语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式 。故填Being a better self means。
9.这种风俗追溯到唐朝,并在当时的北方很受欢迎。
This custom the Tang Dynasty and was very popular in the north of China then.
【答案】 dates back to
【详解】考查固定短语及时态。根据句意,此处表示“追溯到”,为固定短语date back to;句子描述的是风俗的历史渊源,用一般现在时,主语this custom为单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式dates。故填①dates;②back;③to。
10.A balanced diet (由……组成) proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and healthy fats. (根据汉语提示完成句子)
【答案】 consists of
【详解】考查短语和时态。句意:均衡的饮食由蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素和健康脂肪组成。表示“由……组成”用短语consist of(主动形式表达被动含义),句子陈述客观事实,用一般现在时,主语diet为第三人称单数,谓语动词用单数形式。故填consists;of。
11.在活动期间,我们学生被鼓励参加许多文化活动,包括唱中国民歌,参加中国书法课程。(encourage sb. to do sth. )
During the campaign, we students , including singing Chinese folk songs, attending Chinese calligraphy classes.
【答案】were encouraged to participate in many cultural activities
【详解】考查固定短语,时态和语态。根据句意可知,本句描述的是过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,鼓励某人做某事为encourage sb. to do sth.,主语“we students”和动词“encourage”之间是被动关系,应用被动语态,并且主语是复数,be动词用were,“参加许多文化活动”表示为participate in many cultural activities,故填were encouraged to participate in many cultural activities。
12. the streets of New York.
有人看到David在纽约街头游荡。
【答案】 David was found wandering
【详解】考查动词短语和非谓语动词。对比中英文可知,空处表示“有人看到David游荡”,可理解为“David被看到游荡”,主语为David,“被看到做某事”可用动词短语find sb. doing的被动式be found doing,描述被发现时在做的事,“游荡”可用动词wander,时态宜用一般过去时,描述过去发生的事,be动词用was。故填David was found wandering。
13.这个养老院的服务很好,老人们在这里被照顾得很好。(care)
The service in this nursing home is excellent. The elderly .
【答案】are taken good care of/are well cared for
【详解】考查动词短语的被动语态。根据句意及提示词“care”,此处需表达“被照顾得很好”,相关的动词短语可以为 take good care of 和 care for;句子主语the elderly指“老人”,为复数概念,和“照顾”这个动作是被动关系,时态用一般现在时的被动语态,结构为“am/is/are +过去分词”,take的过去分词为taken,care的过去分词为cared,修饰动词cared使用副词well表示“很好”。故填are taken good care of/are well cared for。
14.我在想你的新书什么时候能出版。我实在是迫不及待地想读它。
I am wondering when your new book . I really cannot wait to read it. (publish)
【答案】can be published
【详解】考查含有情态动词的被动语态。“能”使用情态动词can,“出版”表达为publish ,book与publish是被动关系,即书被出版,情态动词can的被动语态为can be published。故填can be published。
15.This app used several times I downloaded it.
自从我下载这个应用程序以来,它已经被使用了好几次。
【答案】 has been since
【详解】考查动词时态和连词。根据句意,第二空表示“自从”为since,引导时间状语从句,从句中为一般过去时,主句为现在完成时,且与主语之间为被动关系,结构为“have/has been + 过去分词”,主语this app为单数,因此用has been。故填①has;②been;③since。
16.Too water being wasted because we are using old ways of watering our plants.
由于我们还在用传统方式灌溉农作物,所以大量的水一直在被浪费。
【答案】 much is
【详解】考查不定代词、主谓一致和被动语态。第一空,表示“大量的”应用too much,修饰不可数名词water,第一空填much。句子主语是water,为不可数名词,谓语动词需用单数形式;同时water和waste是被动关系,表示“水被浪费”,根据后文being wasted可知为现在进行时的被动语态,结构是“be+being+过去分词”,因此第二空需填be动词的单数形式is。第二空填is。故填①much;②is。
17.作为一个历史文化中心,北京不仅可以让我们体验到独特的中国文化,还可以品尝到独特的美食。(allow sb. to do sth. 句式)
As a cultural center heavy with history, Beijing can but to taste distinctive cuisines.
【答案】not only allow us to experience the unique Chinese culture
【详解】考查固定句型和动词短语。根据句意以及句子提示要求可知,题目要求使用 allow sb. to do sth.(允许某人做某事)结构,且后半句给出了 but to taste...,由此判断需要搭配 not only...but (also)...(不仅……而且……)的并列结构,其中also可省略。“体验独特的中国文化”应为动词短语 experience the unique Chinese culture,unique准确对应“独特的”,符合语境。主语 Beijing 是第三人称单数,但前面有情态动词 can,因此动词allow用原形。故填not only allow us to experience the unique Chinese culture。
18.The number of homeless people a telling comment on the state of society.
无家可归者的数量是社会状况的生动写照。
【答案】is
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。根据英汉意思对比可知,空处应填“是”,应为be动词作谓语,句子陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时,且主语为The number of homeless people,表示“无家可归者的数量”,谓语动词应用单数,be动词应用is。故填is。
19.Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150, 000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and .
地震后不久,部队派了15万名战士到唐山,将受困的人们挖出来,将死者掩埋。
【答案】to bury the dead
【详解】考查非谓语动词和固定表达。根据句意,此处需表达“掩埋了死者”,and连接两个并列的不定式结构,与前面的to dig out对应,不定式符号to可以省略,但此处为了保持结构一致,保留to;“掩埋”译为bury,“死者”用the dead表示一类人。故填to bury the dead
20.定期参加团队运动能使青少年增强合作意识。
Participating in team sports regularly teenagers their sense of cooperation.
【答案】 enables/allows to strengthen
【详解】考查固定搭配和时态。本句描述一般事实,用一般现在时,“Participating in team sports regularly”是句子的主语,动名词作主语,谓语用第三人称单数;“enable/allow sb. to do sth.”是固定搭配,表示“使某人能够做某事”或“允许某人做某事”。表示“增强”用动词strengthen,接在to后应用动词原形。故填enables/allows;to;strengthen。
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