Unit 5单词详解表 -2025-2026学年外研版英语八年级上册

该初中英语单元知识清单系统梳理了外研版八年级上册Unit 5词汇内容，涵盖介词、名词、动词、形容词及固定短语等核心语言要素，通过“单词-搭配-考点-例句”四维架构，为学生搭建从基础记忆到语境应用的递进式学习支架。 清单以分类呈现和关联解析构建知识体系，如按词性梳理词汇并标注多词性转换（如sign作名词“标牌”和动词“签名”），通过对比提示（personal强调“个人的”、private侧重“私密的”）培养学生思维品质。特别设计“考点提示”和“经典例句”模块，如明确cheese需用“a piece of”表数量，reduce...to...的固定搭配，助力学生精准掌握语言知识，提升语言能力，既方便学生自主复习，也为教师教学设计提供清晰依据。

外研版八年级上册Unit 5 单词详解表 单词 常见搭配 考点提示 经典例句 opposite /ˈɒpəzɪt/ (prep. 在……的对面) opposite the park（在公园对面）；sit opposite sb.（坐在某人对面）；the opposite side（对面） 介词，后接地点名词；也可作形容词表“相反的”（opposite direction）、名词表“对立面” The bank is opposite the supermarket.She sat opposite me at the dinner table. packet /ˈpækɪt/ (n. 小包，小盒，小袋) a packet of biscuits（一包饼干）；a packet of tea（一袋茶叶）；a packet of cigarettes（一包烟） 可数名词，复数为packets；美式英语中常用package I bought a packet of sweets for my sister.There is a packet of milk in the fridge. picnic /ˈpɪknɪk/ (n. 野餐) have a picnic（去野餐）；go on a picnic（去野餐）；a picnic basket（野餐篮） 可数名词，复数为picnics；也可作动词表“野餐”（picnic by the lake），现在分词为picnicking We are going to have a picnic in the park this Sunday.They picnicked on the grass near the river. smelly /ˈsmeli/ (adj. 有臭味的) smelly socks（臭袜子）；a smelly bin（发臭的垃圾桶） 形容词，可作定语或表语；比较级为smellier，最高级为smelliest；动词形式为smell（闻；有气味） The smelly fish made me feel sick.Your shoes are smelly—please take them off. cheese /tʃiːz/ (n. 干酪，奶酪) a piece of cheese（一块奶酪）；cheese cake（芝士蛋糕）；cream cheese（奶油奶酪） 不可数名词，表“一块奶酪”需用a piece of cheese；复数形式cheeses可表“多种奶酪” I like to eat bread with cheese for breakfast.She bought a box of different cheeses from the shop. noise /nɔɪz/ (n. 噪声；嘈杂声) make a noise（制造噪音）；loud noise（巨大的噪音）；noise pollution（噪音污染） 可数/不可数名词，表“具体的噪音”时可数，表“噪音总称”时不可数；动词形式为noisy（形容词，吵闹的） The noise from the street kept me awake all night.Don’t make so much noise in the library. reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ (v. 减少；缩小；降低) reduce pollution（减少污染）；reduce the price（降价）；reduce stress（减轻压力） 及物动词；名词形式为reduction（减少；降价）；reduce...to...表“把……减少到……” We should try to reduce the use of plastic bags.The company reduced the number of employees by 10%. kick /kɪk/ (v. 踢) kick a ball（踢球）；kick the door（踢门）；kick sb./sth. away（把……踢开） 及物/不及物动词；名词形式为kick（踢；一脚） He kicked the football into the goal.The little boy kicked the stone angrily. seat /siːt/ (n. 座，座位) take a seat（就座）；a window seat（靠窗座位）；book a seat（预订座位） 可数名词，复数为seats；动词形式为seat（使就座），常用be seated表“就座” There are no empty seats on the bus.Please be seated, and the meeting will begin soon. passenger /ˈpæsɪndʒə/ (n. 乘客，旅客) a bus passenger（公交车乘客）；train passengers（火车乘客）；a passenger plane（客机） 可数名词，复数为passengers；形容词形式为passenger（乘客的），如passenger seat The driver asked the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.All passengers must show their tickets before boarding. anything /ˈeniθɪŋ/ (pron. 任何事物都（没有）) anything else（还有别的吗）；not anything（没有任何东西）；do anything（做任何事） 不定代词，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中，相当于something（用于肯定句）；后接形容词需后置 Is there anything important in the newspaper today?I don’t want anything to eat. fool /fuːl/ (n. 蠢人，傻子，笨蛋) a fool（一个傻瓜）；make a fool of sb.（愚弄某人）；don’t be a fool（别傻了） 可数名词；也可作动词表“愚弄；欺骗”（fool sb.） He felt like a fool when he realized his mistake.Don’t fool me—I know the truth. sign /saɪn/ (n. 标记；指示牌，标牌) a road sign（道路指示牌）；a warning sign（警告牌）；put up a sign（张贴标牌） 可数名词，复数为signs；也可作动词表“签名；示意”（sign one’s name；sign to sb.） There is a “No Smoking” sign on the wall.She signed her name on the paper. throat /θrəʊt/ (n. 喉咙，咽喉) have a sore throat（喉咙痛）；clear your throat（清嗓子）；cut one’s throat（自毁前程） 可数/不可数名词，常用单数形式；相关短语a frog in one’s throat表“嗓子沙哑” I have a bad throat and can’t speak loudly.He cleared his throat before starting the speech. clear your throat (尤指说话前或为引人注目而)清清嗓子 clear your throat before speaking（说话前清嗓子） 固定短语，clear为动词，throat为名词 He cleared his throat to get the audience’s attention. responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/ (n. 责任) take responsibility for（对……负责）；a sense of responsibility（责任感）；social responsibility（社会责任） 可数/不可数名词，表“责任范畴”时可数，表“责任心”时不可数；形容词形式为responsible（负责的） Everyone should take responsibility for their actions.She has a strong sense of responsibility. cause /kɔːz/ (n. 原因，起因) the cause of the accident（事故的原因）；a good cause（崇高的事业）；cause and effect（因果） 可数名词；也可作动词表“引起；导致”（cause sth./sb. to do sth.） What was the cause of the fire?The heavy rain caused the river to rise. belt /belt/ (n. 腰带，皮带) a leather belt（皮带）；a seat belt（安全带）；fasten one’s belt（系上腰带/安全带） 可数名词，复数为belts；相关短语belt up表“系好安全带；闭嘴” He wore a new belt with his jeans.You must fasten your seat belt when driving. seat belt (安全带) fasten the seat belt（系安全带）；wear a seat belt（戴安全带） 固定短语，为复合名词 It’s dangerous to drive without wearing a seat belt. station /ˈsteɪʃn/ (n. 车站) a train station（火车站）；a bus station（公交车站）；a police station（警察局） 可数名词，复数为stations；与stop区分，station指大型车站，stop指小型站点 I’ll meet you at the train station tomorrow morning.The bus station is next to the supermarket. flowerpot /ˈflaʊəpɒt/ (n. 花盆) a clay flowerpot（陶制花盆）；a plastic flowerpot（塑料花盆）；break a flowerpot（打碎花盆） 可数名词，复数为flowerpots；由flower和pot构成的复合名词 She put the rose in a beautiful flowerpot.The flowerpot fell off the windowsill and broke. pick up (捡起) pick up a pen（捡起钢笔）；pick up the phone（接电话）；pick up sb.（接某人） 动副短语，宾语为代词时放中间，为名词时可放中间或后面 She picked up the book from the floor.Can you pick me up at the airport? mess /mes/ (n. 脏乱；凌乱) make a mess（弄得一团糟）；in a mess（乱糟糟的）；clear up the mess（收拾残局） 不可数名词；动词形式为mess（弄乱），mess up表“弄糟” The children made a mess in the kitchen.My room is in a mess—I need to clean it. honesty /ˈɒnəsti/ (n. 诚实，正直；坦诚) honesty is the best policy（诚实为上策）；show honesty（表现出诚实）；a man of honesty（诚实的人） 不可数名词；形容词形式为honest（诚实的），be honest with sb.表“对某人坦诚” Honesty is very important in friendship.She is a girl of great honesty. spread /spred/ (v. 传播) spread news（传播消息）；spread a disease（传播疾病）；spread out（展开；分散） 不规则动词，过去式/过去分词为spread；也可作名词表“传播；蔓延” The news spread quickly around the school.Washing hands can stop the spread of germs. law /lɔː/ (n. 法则，法令) break the law（违法）；obey the law（守法）；the law of gravity（万有引力定律） 可数/不可数名词，表“法律条文”时可数，表“法律体系”时不可数；相关短语by law表“依法” Everyone must obey the law.New laws are made to protect the environment. lawyer /ˈlɔːjə/ (n. 律师) a criminal lawyer（刑事律师）；a family lawyer（家庭律师）；hire a lawyer（聘请律师） 可数名词，复数为lawyers；动词形式为law（从事法律工作） She wants to be a lawyer when she grows up.We hired a lawyer to help with the case. urgent /ˈɜːdʒənt/ (adj. 紧急的，急迫的) an urgent matter（紧急事件）；urgent news（紧急消息）；be urgent for sb. to do sth.（某人急需做某事） 形容词，可作定语或表语；副词形式为urgently；名词形式为urgency（紧急） It’s an urgent call—you need to answer it at once.It is urgent that we leave now. citizen /ˈsɪtɪzn/ (n. 公民；市民，城镇居民) a citizen of China（中国公民）；a good citizen（好公民）；citizen rights（公民权利） 可数名词，复数为citizens；形容词形式为citizen（公民的） Every citizen has the right to vote.He is a citizen of New York City. click /klɪk/ (n. 点击（鼠标）) a mouse click（鼠标点击）；one click（一次点击）；make a click（点击一下） 可数名词，复数为clicks；也可作动词表“点击；发出咔嗒声”（click the mouse；the door clicked shut） Just one click, and you can buy the product online.She clicked the icon to open the app. basic /ˈbeɪsɪk/ (adj. 基础的，基本的，根本的) basic knowledge（基础知识）；basic skills（基本技能）；basic needs（基本需求） 形容词，可作定语或表语；副词形式为basically；名词形式为basis（基础） You need to learn the basic rules of grammar first.Food and water are our basic needs. personal /ˈpɜːsənl/ (adj. 个人的，私人的) personal information（个人信息）；personal computer（个人电脑）；personal opinion（个人观点） 形容词，可作定语或表语；副词形式为personally；名词形式为person（人） Please don’t ask about my personal life.This is my personal phone, not the company’s. private /ˈpraɪvət/ (adj. 个人的，秘密的) private conversation（私人谈话）；private school（私立学校）；in private（私下地） 形容词，可作定语或表语；副词形式为privately；与personal区分，private更强调“私密的”，personal强调“个人的” They had a private talk in the office.He sent me a private message on WeChat. avoid /əˈvɔɪd/ (v. 避免) avoid doing sth.（避免做某事）；avoid sb./sth.（避开某人/某物）；avoid mistakes（避免错误） 及物动词，后接动名词作宾语，不接不定式 You should avoid eating too much sugar.She crossed the street to avoid meeting him. address /əˈdres/ (n. 地址) home address（家庭地址）；email address（电子邮箱地址）；write down the address（写下地址） 可数名词，复数为addresses；也可作动词表“演讲；称呼”（address a crowd；address sb. as...） Please tell me your full address.He addressed the audience at the meeting. passport /ˈpɑːspɔːt/ (n. 护照) a passport photo（护照照片）；a valid passport（有效护照）；renew a passport（续签护照） 可数名词，复数为passports；相关短语passport control表“护照检查” You need a passport to travel abroad.She lost her passport while traveling in Europe. limit /ˈlɪmɪt/ (v. 限制，限定) limit sth. to sth.（把……限制在……）；limit the time（限制时间）；set a limit（设定限制） 及物动词；也可作名词表“限制；界限”（a time limit；within limits） We should limit our screen time every day.There is no limit to what you can achieve. careless /ˈkeələs/ (adj. 不小心的，粗心的，疏忽的) a careless mistake（粗心的错误）；be careless with sth.（对某物粗心） 形容词，可作定语或表语；反义词为careful（细心的）；副词形式为carelessly He made a careless mistake in the exam.Don’t be careless with your keys—you might lose them. aware /əˈweə/ (adj. 注意到的，察觉到的) be aware of sth.（意识到某事）；be aware that...（意识到……）；make sb. aware of（使某人意识到） 形容词，仅作表语；名词形式为awareness（意识） I was not aware of the danger until he told me.We should make people aware of the importance of protecting animals. cheat /tʃiːt/ (v. 欺诈，欺骗) cheat in the exam（考试作弊）；cheat sb. out of sth.（骗取某人某物）；cheat at cards（打牌作弊） 及物/不及物动词；也可作名词表“骗子；作弊者” He was caught cheating in the math exam.Don’t cheat me—I know you have the money. trust /trʌst/ (v. 信任，信赖，相信) trust sb.（信任某人）；trust in sb./sth.（信赖某人/某物）；break one’s trust（辜负某人的信任） 及物/不及物动词；也可作名词表“信任；信赖”（gain sb.’s trust） I trust you completely—you won’t let me down.She has lost all trust in her friend. enemy /ˈenəmi/ (n. 敌人) a public enemy（公敌）；make an enemy of sb.（与某人为敌）；defeat the enemy（打败敌人） 可数名词，复数为enemies；反义词为friend（朋友） He saw his enemy across the street.Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. behave /bɪˈheɪv/ (v. 表现) behave well/badly（表现好/差）；behave oneself（守规矩）；behave properly（举止得体） 不及物动词，后接宾语需加介词towards；名词形式为behaviour（行为） The children behaved very well at the party.Please behave yourself when you visit your grandparents. cyberbullying /ˌsaɪbəˈbʊliɪŋ/ (n. 网络霸凌（欺凌）) stop cyberbullying（制止网络霸凌）；victim of cyberbullying（网络霸凌受害者） 不可数名词；由cyber（网络的）和bullying（霸凌）构成的复合名词 Schools should teach students how to deal with cyberbullying.Cyberbullying can cause serious mental harm to teenagers. 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