精品解析：陕西省西安市未央区2024-2025学年八年级上学期1月期末英语试题

试卷类型：A 2024~2025学年度第一学期期末学生学业水平质量监测 八年级英语科目（人教版） 考生注意：本试卷共8页，满分120分，时间120分钟。 第一部分（听力 共30分） Ⅰ. 听选答案（共15小题，计20分） 第一节：听下面10段对话，每段对话后有一个问题，读两遍。请根据每段对话的内容和后面的问题，从所给的三个选项中选出问题的正确答案。（共10小题，计10分） 1. A. English. B. Music. C. Science. 2. A. To a hospital. B. To a hotel. C. To a restaurant. 3. A. Go shopping. B. Play sports. C. Watch a movie. 4. A. Next Friday. B. Tomorrow. C. This Saturday. 5. A. Her grandma. B. Her mother. C. Her aunt. 6. A. He’s shy. B. He’s funny. C. He’s hard-working. 7. A. By bike. B. On foot. C. By bus. 8. A. A doctor. B. A scientist. C. A teacher. 9. A. In Xiamen. B. In Guizhou. C. In Yunnan. 10. A. Enjoy the sunset. B. Play on the beach. C. Eat delicious seafood. 第二节：听下面两段材料，包括一篇独白和一段对话。每段材料后有几道小题。请根据材料的内容，从题目所给的三个选项中选出问题的正确答案。每段材料读两遍。（共5小题，计10分） 听第1段材料，回答第11、12小题。 11. What docs Jack often do in the park? A. He takes a walk. B. He goes fishing. C. He goes swimming. 12. What’s Jack’s favourite food in the restaurant? A. Chicken. B. Noodles. C. Soup. 听第2段材料，回答第13至15小题。 13. What does the boy want to buy for his sister? A. A coat. B. A dress. C. A sweater. 14. How much does the boy need to pay? A. $50. B. $60. C. $70. 15. Where are the two speakers? A. In a zoo. · B. In a classroom. C. In a clothes shop. Ⅱ. 听填信息（共5小题，计10分） 本题你将听到一段独白，读两遍。请根据独白内容，用所听到的信息完成下列各题。（每空不超过三个单词。） 16. When John was young, he liked ______________________________. 17. Then Jolin went to work ______________________________. 18. John thought he needed to exercise because he wanted to ______________________________. 19. At last John decided to learn ______________________________. 20. ______________________________, John fell in love with this sport. 第二部分（笔试 共90分） Ⅲ. 完形填空（共20小题，计20分） 第一节：阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，从各小题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文连贯完整。（共10小题，计10分） When I was young, I had interest in food, both eating and cooking it. However, my mother never wanted me ____1____ in the kitchen. “You may break a plate or get into trouble.” It was ____2____ early morning. My mother went shopping. “Time to start!” I told ____3____. I didn’t have breakfast, ____4____ I decided to make an omelette (煎蛋饼) . I took out an egg, some ____5____ and onions. Then I washed and cut up the vegetables. Unluckily, something bad happened. I ____6____ so careless that I cut one finger. The small accident didn’t stop me and I went on cooking. I tried three times to break the egg into a bowl. Next, I _____7_____ all the things in the bowl, and mixed them together. Then I put them in the big frying pan (煎锅). Everything went ____8____ until I found that I didn’t get a tool to turn over the omelette in the pan. I hurried to look ____9____ the spatula (铲子) . Then, I found one. My first cooking was successful. How excited I was! When my mom came back, she said my omelette was ____10____ than hers. 1. A. to stay B. stay C. to bring D. bring 2. A. a B. an C. the D. / 3. A. I B. my C. myself D. mine 4. A. unless B. so C. or D. if 5. A. magazine B. magazines C. tomato D. tomatoes 6. A. are B. were C. is D. was 7. A. put B. puts C. is putting D. will put 8. A. badly B. bad C. well D. good 9. A. on B. at C. in D. for 10. A. delicious B. more delicious C. terrible D. more terrible 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. B 【解析】 【导语】本文主要讲述了作者回忆童年首次下厨经历：趁母亲外出时尝试做煎蛋饼，虽切伤手指仍坚持完成，最终获得母亲称赞。故事展现了烹饪的乐趣与成长的喜悦。 【1题详解】 句意：然而，我的母亲从不想让我待在厨房里。 to stay待在，不定式形式；stay待在，动词原形；to bring带来，不定式形式；bring带来，动词原形。根据“You may break a plate or get into trouble.”及语境可知，作者的母亲认为作者进厨房会打碎盘子或者陷入麻烦，可推测作者的妈妈应是不想让作者“待在”厨房，stay“待在”符合，且该句考查“want sb. to do sth.”，意为“要某人做某事”，为动词短语，应用其不定式形式作宾语补足语。故选A。 【2题详解】 句意：那是一天清晨。 a一个，不定冠词，修饰发音以辅音素开头的单词；an一个，不定冠词，修饰发音以元音音素开头的单词；the这，那，定冠词；/零冠词。根据语境及“It was…early morning”可知，此处泛指“一个”清晨，且early发音是以元音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词an表泛指。故选B。 【3题详解】 句意：“该开始了！”我对自己说。 I我，代词主格；my我的，形容词性物主代词；myself我自己，反身代词；mine我的(东西)，名词性物主代词。根据“My mother went shopping.”及“Time to start”可知，作者应趁他的母亲外出购物时准备开始在厨房开动，应用反身代词myself表示“自言自语”，“tell myself”意为“告诉自己”。故选C。 【4题详解】 句意：我没吃早饭，所以我决定做一份煎蛋卷。 unless除非；so所以；or或者，否则；if如果。根据前后句“I didn’t have breakfast”及“I decided to make an omelette”可知，前半句作者没有吃早饭，后半句作者决定做一个煎蛋饼，前后句为因果关系，应用so引导因果关系的并列句。故选B。 【5题详解】 句意：我拿出了一个鸡蛋、一些西红柿和一些洋葱。 magazine杂志，名词单数形式；magazines杂志，名词复数形式；tomato番茄，名词单数形式；tomatoes番茄，名词复数形式。根据“I took out, an egg, some…and onions. Then I washed and cut up the vegetables.”及常识可知，and连接相同的语法成分，且在厨房做菜应与食材有关，可数名词tomato“番茄”符合，且some后应用其复数形式表泛指。故选D。 【6题详解】 句意：我当时太粗心了，结果弄伤了手指。 are是，修饰第一、三人称及第二人称，用于一般现在时；were是，修饰第一、三人称及第二人称，用于一般过去时；is是，修饰第三人称单数形式，用于一般现在时；was是，修饰第一、三人称单数形式，用于一般过去时。根据全文时态及“I…careless”可知，全文时态为一般过去时，且主语I为第一人称单数形式，be动词应用was。故选D。 【7题详解】 句意：接下来，我把所有东西都放进碗里，然后把它们搅拌在一起。 put放，动词原形、过去式或过去分词形式；puts放，动词三单形式；is putting正在放，用于现在进行时；will put将会放，用于一般将来时。根据前句“I tried three times to break the egg into a bowl.”及语境可知，全文时态为一般过去时，应用其动词过去式put作谓语。故选A。 【8题详解】 句意：一切都进展得还算顺利，直到我发现我没有准备用来翻炒煎蛋饼的锅铲。 badly严重地，恶劣地；bad坏的，不好的；well顺利地，令人满意地；good好的，优良的。根据语境及“until I found that I didn’t get a tool to turn over the omelette in the pan.”可知，此处应指作者在发现没有准备锅铲之前一切进展都很顺利，“everything goes well”表示“进展顺利”。故选C。 【9题详解】 句意：我急忙去找那把铲子。 on在……上；at在(表示存在或出现的地点、场所、位置、空间)；in在……里；for为了(表示目的、用途)。根据语境及“until I found that I didn’t get a tool to turn over the omelette in the pan.”可知，作者应在“寻找”铲子，应用介词for与之构成动词短语，“look for”意为“寻找”。故选D。 【10题详解】 句意：当我妈妈回来时，她说我的煎蛋卷比她做的还要美味。 delicious美味的；more delicious更美味的；terrible糟糕的；more terrible更糟糕的。根据“My first cooking was successful”及“…than hers”可知，作者做的煎蛋饼很成功，应是“美味的”，形容词delicious“美味的”符合，且than前应用其对应的形容词比较级more delicious。故选B。 第二节：阅读下面短文，理解大意，然后从各小题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文连贯完整。（共10小题，计10分） Friends are very important in our life. Everyone needs friends, and we all like to feel close to someone. Jack is my ____11____ friend. We met in a chess club three years ago. We ____12____ like playing chess and we usually play chess together after school. We also like reading books about ____13____, so we often talk about Chinese history. We also ____14____ going to the movies. We go to the movie theater once a week, on Friday evening or Sunday afternoon. Though we have many things in common, there are some ____15____ between us. I like all kinds of ball games and I’m on the school basketball team. But Jack has little interest in sports. He is ____16____ in music. He plays the piano very well. And he ____17____ lots of prizes in the competitions. As for schoolwork, he is more hard-working than me. He is better at English and always ____18____ me with my English. And sometimes I help ____19____ improve his math. What should good friends be like? As far as I know, good friends should ____20____ each other, just like an umbrella in the rain and a warm coat in the snow. 11. A. biggest B. smallest C. best D. worst 12. A. neither B. none C. all D. both 13. A. history B. music C. health D. art 14. A. mind B. enjoy C. finish D. stop 15. A. grades B. roles C. hobbies D. differences 16. A. rich B. strict C. poor D. talented 17. A. won B. lost C. sent D. stood 18. A. refuses B. waits C. helps D. forgets 19. A. her B. him C. you D. them 20. A. take out B. make up C. care about D. laugh at 【答案】11. C 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了“我”和最好的朋友Jack的相处日常。 【11题详解】 句意：Jack是我最好的朋友。 biggest最大的；smallest最小的；best最好的；worst最坏的。根据后文对两人相处的描述，可知Jack是“最好的”朋友，故选C。 【12题详解】 句意：我们都喜欢下棋，放学后通常一起下棋。 neither两者都不；none三者及以上都不；all三者及以上都；both两者都。此处指“我”和Jack两人，用“both”表示“都”，故选D。 【13题详解】 句意：我们也喜欢读关于历史的书，所以经常聊中国历史。 history历史；music音乐；health健康；art艺术。根据“so we often talk about Chinese history”可知，读的是“历史”相关的书，故选A。 【14题详解】 句意：我们也喜欢看电影。 mind介意；enjoy喜欢；finish完成；stop停止。根据“We go to the movie theater once a week”可知，是“喜欢”看电影，故选B。 【15题详解】 句意：虽然我们有很多共同点，但也有一些不同之处。 grades成绩；roles角色；hobbies爱好；differences不同之处。根据“Though we have many things in common”，可知此处指“不同之处”，故选D。 【16题详解】 句意：他在音乐方面很有天赋。 rich富有的；strict严格的；poor贫穷的；talented有天赋的。根据“He plays the piano very well”可知，他在音乐上“有天赋”，故选D。 【17题详解】 句意：而且他在比赛中赢得了很多奖项。 won赢得；lost丢失；sent发送；stood站立。根据“lots of prizes in the competitions”可知，是“赢得”奖项，故选A。 【18题详解】 句意：他英语更好，总是帮我学英语。 refuses拒绝；waits等待；helps帮助；forgets忘记。固定搭配“help sb. with sth.”表示“帮助某人做某事”，符合语境，故选C。 【19题详解】 句意：有时我帮他提高数学。 her她；him他；you你；them他们。此处指代Jack，用“him”，故选B。 【20题详解】 句意：好朋友应该彼此关心，就像雨中的伞、雪中的暖衣。 take out取出；make up编造；care about关心；laugh at嘲笑。根据“just like an umbrella in the rain and a warm coat in the snow”可知，好朋友应“关心”彼此，故选C。 Ⅳ. 阅读理解（共15小题，计20分） 第一节：阅读下面A、B、C三篇材料，从所给的四个选项中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的一个最佳答案。（共10小题，计15分） A Welcome to Our New House! We moved into our new house on December 20th. It’s at 36 Bridge Road. Come to a dinner party on January 12th and celebrate with us! Drinks and fruit will be available from 4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. Dinner will begin at 6:00 p.m. After dinner we can sing and dance or watch interesting TV shows. Please let us know before January 5th if you’ll come. We’re looking forward to seeing you! Tel: 029-33221100 E-mail: ins@email.com.tu Mike and Shirley Harris 21. What time will the dinner start? A. At 4:00 p.m. B. At 5:00 p.m. C. At 6:00 p.m. D. At 7:00 p.m. 22. If you can come to the party, when should you tell Mike and Shirley? A. Before December 20th. B. Before December 5th. C. Before January 20th. D. Before January 5th. 23. What do Mike and Shirley NOT tell us? A. The place of the party. B. The date of the party. C. The dishes for dinner. D. The activities after dinner. 【答案】21. C 22. D 23. C 【解析】 【导语】本文主要是一封由Mike和Shirley发出的新居乔迁晚宴邀请函，写明了新居地址、晚宴时间、活动安排，以及需要宾客回复能否参加的截止时间和联系方式，表达了期待宾客到来的心情。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Dinner will begin at 6:00 p.m.”可知，晚餐时间是下午六点。故选C。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Please let us know before January 5th if you’ll come.”可知，如果确定要去，需要在1月5日前告知Mike和Shirley。故选D。 【23题详解】 细节理解题。根据“It’s at 36 Bridge Road. Come to a dinner party on January 12th and celebrate with us...After dinner we can sing and dance or watch interesting TV shows.”可知，派对地点为36 Bridge Road，时间为1月12日；晚宴后可以唱歌、跳舞或者观看有趣的电视节目，未提及晚宴的菜品。故选C。 B Dear someone, I’m sorry. I have no idea why your week is bad. I don’t know if you try to tell anyone else. But I know that I’m sorry that you’re hurt, or bored, or lonely or lost. There is something to make you feel better: go outside, look at the trees or look at a baby photo of yourself. When you are unhappy, you hope that someone says, “Yeah, that sounds really hard.” But in fact, other people often tell you that you should smile and keep your sadness in your heart. That’s very bad. I want you to know you can spend your bad day all over the place and tell someone about your sadness. I want you to know that you are still pretty when you are angry or in bad feelings. I hope your bad days will turn around, and that even if it doesn’t, you can still find a few moments of beauty or happiness. Sincerely, Clara Wagner 24. This letter is for the people ________. A. in good health B. in happiness C. in danger D. in bad feelings 25. What can make people feel better according to the writer? ①go outside ②look at a baby photo of yourself ③look at the trees. ④smile at others A. ①②③ B. ②③④ C. ①②④ D. ①③④ 26. The passage is about how to ________. A. work hard B. be yourself C. deal with bad feelings D. find the meaning of life 【答案】24. D 25. A 26. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一封信，这封信主要是安慰情绪低落的人，建议通过接触自然(如外出、看树)、回忆美好(如婴儿照)缓解痛苦，并鼓励表达真实情感，而非强颜欢笑，强调在困境中仍可发现微小幸福。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Dear someone…I’m sorry. I have no idea why your week is bad.”可知，这封信是写给那些心情不佳的人们的。故选D。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据“There is something to make you feel better: go outside, look at the trees or look at a baby photo of yourself.”可知，作者建议人们出去走走，看看树，或者看看自己小时候的照片让人们感觉更好，①②③符合。故选A。 【26题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，本文是一封信，这封信主要是安慰情绪低落的人并提出了一些建议，则这篇文章是关于如何应对不良情绪的。故选C。 C Welcome to life in 2045! You get up in the morning and look into the mirror. You look only 20 years old. Because scientists find good ways to keep people young and healthy—many people of your age could live to be 120. Look, at 60, you are not old at all. When you get dressed, you say to your shirt, “Turn red.” It becomes red. In 2045, “smart” clothes carry small computer-like things. You can use them to pick out the colors of your clothes. On the way to the kitchen, you want to call a friend. Your phone is by the window because it gets its energy from the sun. But you don’t need to pick up the phone. You can just touch your jacket to make the call. It’s breakfast time. You reach for the milk, but your fridge says, “Don’t drink that!” It knows the milk is old, and tells the supermarket to send you a new bottle. Ten minutes later, a drone (无人机) sent it to you. When you leave for work, lights turn off by themselves. Your home goes into “sleep” to save energy. In 2045, there will be driverless cars around the world. So you just tell your driverless car where to go. Will all this come true? Maybe the future is much closer than we think. 27. How will you make a call in 2045 in this passage? A. You need to pick up the phone. B. You can touch your jacket to make the call. C. You need to buy a computer. D. You need to stay in the kitchen. 28. In Paragraph 4, what does the underlined word “It” refer to (指代) ? A. The milk. B. The fridge. C. The drone. D. The supermarket. 29. Which of the following is TRUE about the life in 2045? A. Things at home are much smarter. B. People need to drive cars by themselves. C. People don’t need to drink anything. D. Phones don’t use any energy. 30. What’s the best title for the passage? A. How Will We Live in 2045 B. A “Smart” Kitchen C. The Future May Be Busier D. Make Your Dream Come True 【答案】27. B 28. B 29. A 30. A 【解析】 【导语】本文以2045年的智能生活为主题，通过描述智能衣物、太阳能手机、智能冰箱、无人驾驶汽车等场景，展现了科技给未来生活带来的便捷与智能，引发读者对未来生活的想象。 【27题详解】 细节理解题。根据“You can just touch your jacket to make the call.”可知，触摸夹克可以打电话。故选B。 【28题详解】 词句猜测题。根据“You reach for the milk, but your fridge says, ‘Don’t drink that!’ It knows the milk is old, and tells the supermarket to send you a new bottle.”可知，你伸手去拿牛奶，可你的冰箱却提醒道：“别喝那瓶！” 因此此处It指代前文提到的冰箱。故选B。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据“In 2045, ‘smart’ clothes carry small computer-like things...You can just touch your jacket to make the call...You reach for the milk, but your fridge says, ‘Don’t drink that!’ It knows the milk is old, and tells the supermarket to send you a new bottle...In 2045, there will be driverless cars around the world.”可知，先后介绍的智能衣服、太阳能手机、智能冰箱、无人驾驶汽车等均体现智能家居特点。故选A。 【30题详解】 最佳标题题。根据文章可知，文章围绕2045年生活展开，涵盖智能穿戴、通信、家居、交通等多方面场景，因此最佳标题为How Will We Live in 2045。故选A。 第二节：根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。（共5小题，计5分） Being outgoing is good for your life. Outgoing people like to meet lots of people and they have more fun in life. Some people are naturally (天生地) outgoing, but other people have to practice to become outgoing. In fact, being outgoing is not as hard as you think. Even shy people can be outgoing. ____31____ You can start becoming outgoing with your best friend or a group of friends. But the real problem comes when you meet strange people or new friends. ____32____ And usually they will smile back at you. In this way, you may have some talks. ____33____ Just a simple greeting. Like “Hello!” or “How is it going?” is a good start. If you want to make interesting talks, you should read news in newspapers and prepare your views; or surf the Internet for new information and then keep that in mind. ____34____ This is also the most important step. Go to a park, beach, club, party or any place that you think can be fun and you may make new friends there. Are you a shy person? Do you want to become outgoing and make more friends? ____35____ But you can follow the advice above and try to be an outgoing person! A. How can you make friends with a quiet person? B. Start a talk. C. Here is some advice. D. Usually, it’s not easy for a shy person to make friends. E The easiest way to become more outgoing is to go out. F. It is a good way to smile more at other people. G. They can give you a warm smile. 【答案】31. C 32. F 33. B 34. E 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文阐述外向性格的益处，提供实践建议：从微笑、主动交谈开始，通过阅读积累话题，多参与社交活动。强调害羞者也可通过练习变得外向，并鼓励表达真实情感。 【31题详解】 根据上文“In fact, being outgoing is not as hard as you think. Even shy people can be outgoing.”及下文“You can start becoming outgoing with your best friend or a group of friends.”可知，上文在指出其实变得外向没有想象中那么难，下文给出了一些变得外向的建议，则空处应在引出如何变得外向并提出意见，起承上启下的作用，选项C“这里有一些建议”符合语境。故选C。 【32题详解】 根据下文“And usually they will smile back at you.”及结合备选项可知，下文描述了这样做的结果是别人也会对你微笑，则空处应建议对其他人“微笑”，选项F“对别人多微笑是一个好方法”符合语境。故选F。 【33题详解】 根据下文“Just a simple greeting. Like ‘Hello!’ or ‘How is it going?’ is a good start.”及结合备选项可知，该段提出了一些与“简单问候”相关的建议，则空处在提出主动开启话题的具体行动，应与“交谈”有关，选项B“开始谈话”符合语境。故选B。 【34题详解】 根据下文“Go to a park, beach, club, party or any place…”及结合备选项可知，此处与外出交友有关，选项E“要变得更外向，最简单的方法就是走出去”符合语境。故选E。 【35题详解】 根据上文“Are you a shy person? Do you want to become outgoing and make more friends?”及结合备选项可知，此处与害羞的人交朋友有关，选项D“通常，害羞的人交朋友并不容易”符合语境。故选D。 V. 完成句子：根据所给汉语意思，用单词或短语完成下列英文句子。（共5小题，计10分） 36. 雨后的空气很清新。 The air is very ________ after the rain. 【答案】fresh 【解析】 【详解】根据中英文对照可知，空格处意为“清新的”，对应的英文是形容词“fresh”。故填fresh。 37. 我看不清黑板上的字。 I can’t see the words on the blackboard ________. 【答案】clearly 【解析】 【详解】根据中英文对照可知，此处缺少“清楚地”。clearly“清楚地”，副词，can’t see...clearly“看不清”。故填clearly。 38. 我们应该从错误中吸取教训。 We should learn from our ________. 【答案】mistakes 【解析】 【详解】根据中英文对照可知，此处缺少“错误”，mistake“错误”，名词，根据“We should learn from our...”可知，此处应用名词复数，表示泛指错误。故填mistakes。 39. 你长大后想做什么？ What do you want to be when you ______ ______? 【答案】 ①. grow ②. up 【解析】 【详解】短语grow up表示“长大”；when引导的时间状语从句遵循“主将从现”原则，从句用一般现在时，主语是you，动词用原形。故填grow；up。 40. 我想让Jenny来我的生日聚会，她接受了我的邀请。 I wanted Jenny to come to my birthday party and she ________ my invitation. 【答案】accepted 【解析】 【详解】根据中英文对照可知，此处缺少“接受”，accept an invitation为固定搭配，意为“接受邀请”，符合句意；根据“I wanted Jenny to come to my birthday party”可知，时态为一般过去时，空处也需用过去式，accept的过去式为accepted。故填accepted。 Ⅵ. 短文填空：（每个单词限用一次，每空限填一个单词。）（共10小题，计10分） 用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使短文完整正确。 artist walk be have buy interest we delicious one try Jingdezhen, the “Porcelain Capital (陶瓷之都) of the World”, is a beautiful city in Jiangxi, China. It ____41____ a long history of over 2,000 years. Last summer holiday, my parents and I went to Jingdezhen. When we got there, it ____42____ sunny and hot. In the morning, we started ____43____ trip to Jingdezhen Porcelain Museum by bus. We saw many different kinds of porcelains there. The blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen is famous all over the world. Do you know why porcelain is called “china” in English? Because it was ____44____ made in China, and it’s so special in the world. For lunch, we went to an old restaurant to ____45____ some good Jiangxi dishes, such as oily fish and special bean noodles. The food here was very ____46____and cheap. In the afternoon, we ____47____ along the Porcelain Street and Taoxichuan Block. Here, you can see many ____48____ making different porcelains. It’s a wonderful place to shop and buy some great gifts. We ____49____ some cups and bowls in different colours. If you are ____50____ in Chinese art and history, Jingdezhen is a must-visit place. If you go there, I’m sure you will love it. 【答案】41. has 42. was 43. our 44. first 45. try 46. delicious 47. walked 48. artists 49. bought 50. interested 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者一家去年暑假去景德镇的旅行经历，介绍了景德镇的陶瓷历史、博物馆、美食、街区以及购物体验。 【41题详解】 句意：它有2000多年的悠久历史。根据“It...a long history of over 2,000 years.”可知，此处表示景德镇拥有2000多年的悠久历史。动词have意为“拥有”，此处表示客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语It表示单数，所以空处应填have的第三人称单数形式has。故填has。 【42题详解】 句意：当我们到达那里时，天气晴朗而炎热。根据“When we got there, it...sunny and hot”可知，此处是说天气是晴朗炎热的，描述到达时过去的天气状态，需用一般过去时。主语“it”指天气，系动词用“was”。故填was。 【43题详解】 句意：早上，我们乘公共汽车开始了我们的景德镇陶瓷博物馆之旅。根据“In the morning, we started...trip”可知，trip是名词，前面需用形容词性物主代词修饰，指“我们的旅行”，用our。故填our。 【44题详解】 句意：因为它最早是中国制造的，并且它在世界上是如此的特别。句中的“it”指陶瓷，根据“it was...made in China”和常识可知，陶瓷最初在中国制造，结合提示词one可知，空处应填副词first“最初”。故填first。 【45题详解】 句意：午餐时，我们去了一家老餐馆品尝一些好的江西菜，如油浸鱼和特色豆面。根据“some good Jiangxi dishes, such as oily fish and special bean noodles”可知，是尝试江西菜，根据句型“go to...to do sth.”可知，此处动词不定式表目的，所给动词try意为“尝试、品尝”。故填try。 【46题详解】 句意：这里的食物非常美味和便宜。系动词“was”后需用形容词作表语，根据“The food here was very”可知是描述食物的特征，所给词“delicious”意为“美味的”，符合句意。故填delicious。 【47题详解】 句意：下午，我们沿着陶瓷街和陶溪川街区散步。根据“we...along the Porcelain Street and Taoxichuan Block.”可知，是沿着大街走，描述过去发生的动作，需用一般过去时。所给动词“walk”的过去式为“walked”。故填walked。 【48题详解】 句意：在这里，你可以看到许多艺术家制作不同的陶瓷。根据“Here, you can see many...making different porcelains.”可知，是艺术家制作的这些陶瓷，many后接可数名词复数，所给词“artist”意为“艺术家”，复数形式为“artists”。故填artists。 【49题详解】 句意：我们买了一些不同颜色的杯子和碗。根据“It’s a wonderful place to shop and buy some great gifts”可知，是买一些东西，描述过去购物的动作，需用一般过去时。所给动词“buy”的过去式为“bought”。故填bought。 【50题详解】 句意：对于任何对中国艺术和历史感兴趣的人来说，景德镇是一个必去的地方！根据“If you are...in Chinese art and history”和提示词可知是对中国艺术和历史感兴趣，本题考查短语be interested in“对……感兴趣”。故填interested。 Ⅶ. 任务型阅读：（共5小题，计10分） 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，完成下列各题。 What kind of TV programs and films do you like? Everyone has their own answer. Here are examples of some important TV programs and films. Xinwen Lianbo Xinwen Lianbo is a very famous news program in China. Every day at 7:00 p.m., many Chinese people watch it on time. People can learn about important things happening these days. Dingjun Mountain Dingjun Mountain is a Chinese film in 1905. The famous actor Tan Xinpei played the main character Huang Zhong in the film. Although the film is only 30 minutes long and doesn’t have sound, it plays an important role in the history of China’s film industry (行业). It is the first Chinese film and is a symbol of the beginning of the industry. The Spring Festival Gala Watching the Spring Festival Gala on Chinese New Year’s Eve (除夕夜) is an important activity for Chinese people. On the show, we can see comedy acts, songs, dances and so on. The tradition of watching the Spring Festival Gala started in 1983. More than 40 years later, the show still makes Chinese people happy. 51. Why do so many people watch Xinwen Lianbo? Because people can ______________________________________________________ happening these days. 52. Who played Huang Zhong in Dingjun Mountain? ______________________________________________________ played this character. 53. What programs can we see at the Spring Festival Gala? We can see ______________________________________________________ and so on. 54. When did the Spring Festival Gala first appear on TV? It first appeared on TV ______________________________________________________. 55. Which English word in the passage means “象征; 标志”? It’s “______________________________________________________”. 【答案】51. learn about important things 52. Tan Xinpei##The famous actor Tan Xinpei 53. comedy acts, songs, dances 54. in 1983 55. symbol 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了《新闻联播》、《定军山》和春晚三种重要的电视节目与电影，分别说明了它们的特点、地位和影响。 【51题详解】 根据“People can learn about important things happening these days”可知，人们能通过《新闻联播》了解近期重要事件，故填learn about important things。 【52题详解】 根据“The famous actor Tan Xinpei played the main character Huang Zhong in the film”可知，著名演员谭鑫培饰演黄忠，故填Tan Xinpei/The famous actor Tan Xinpei。 【53题详解】 根据“On the show, we can see comedy acts, songs, dances and so on”可知，春晚有喜剧、歌曲、舞蹈等节目，故填comedy acts, songs, dances。 【54题详解】 根据“The tradition of watching the Spring Festival Gala started in 1983”可知，春晚首次出现于1983年，故填in 1983。 【55题详解】 根据“It is the first Chinese film and is a symbol of the beginning of the industry”可知，“symbol”意为“象征；标志”，故填symbol。 Ⅷ. 补全对话：（共5小题，计5分） 根据下面对话中的情境，在每个空白处填入一个适当的语句，使对话恢复完整。 A: Excuse me, I am a reporter from CCTV. May I ask you some questions? B: _______56_______. A: The Chinese Dream has become the hottest topic these years. _______57_______? B: My dream is to be an astronaut like Liu Yang, China’s first female (女性的) astronaut. A: Sounds great! _______58_______? B: Because I want to find the secrets of space. A: Wow! But I don’t think it’s easy to be an astronaut. _______59_______? B: I’m going to study hard and do some exercise every day. A: Wonderful! Everyone’s dream can help our Chinese Dream! I hope your dream can come true. B: _______60_______! 【答案】56. Sure, please/Of course 57. What’s your dream 58. Why (do you want to be an astronaut) 59. How are you going to do that 60. Thank you 【解析】 【导语】本文是一段记者与受访者之间的采访对话。记者询问受访者的梦想、梦想原因以及实现计划，受访者则表达了自己想成为宇航员的梦想及其原因和实现方式。 【56题详解】 根据上文“May I ask you some questions?”可知，这是请求许可的句子，此处应给予肯定答复。故填Sure, please/Of course。 【57题详解】 根据下文“My dream is to be an astronaut...”可知，此处应该询问对方的梦想是什么。故填What’s your dream。 【58题详解】 根据下文“Because I want to find the secrets of space.”可知，这是对原因的陈述，此处应该是记者在询问原因。故填Why (do you want to be an astronaut)。 【59题详解】 根据下文“I’m going to study hard and do some exercise every day.”可知，这是具体的行动计划，此处应该是询问实现梦想的计划或方式。故填How are you going to do that。 【60题详解】 根据上文“I hope your dream can come true.”可知，这是祝福或希望的话语，此处应表示感谢。故填Thank you。 IX. 书面表达（共1题，计15分） 61. 假设你是李华，刚刚收到笔友Joe的求助信。请你根据来信内容给他提供一些帮助和建议。 Dear Li Hua, I have just entered a new school and I’m having some problems. Can you help me? I don’t have any friends and I’m afraid to talk to others. When I have difficulty with my homework, I don’t know who I can ask for help. What should I do? Yours, Joe 要求：1. 参考提示内容，可适当发挥； 2. 语句通顺，意思连贯，书写工整； 3. 文中不得出现你的任何真实信息（姓名、校名和地名等）； 4. 词数：不少于70词（开头已给出，但不计入总词数）。 Dear Joe, I know about your problems. Now let me give you some advice. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】 例文 Dear Joe, I know about your problems. Now let me give you some advice. First, don’t be afraid to talk to others. You can start with a simple greeting or a smile. It’s a good way to make friends. Second, join some clubs or activities in your new school. You’ll meet people who share the same interests as you, and it’ll be easier to make friends. Third, when you have difficulty with your homework, you can ask your teachers or classmates for help. They’ll be glad to help you. I hope my advice can help you. Don’t worry too much and enjoy your new school life! Yours Li Hua 【解析】 【详解】[总体分析] ①题材：本文是一篇应用文，为书信作文； ②时态：时态为“一般现在时”； ③提示：写作要点已给出，包括交友、参与活动、寻求作业帮助等方面的建议。考生应注意不要遗漏这些要点，并适当添加细节，使建议更加具体和可行。 [写作步骤] 第一步，表明写作意图。通过“I know about your problems. Now let me give you some advice.”直接引出下文要给出的建议，清晰明了； 第二步，具体阐述写作内容。从“交友（don’t be afraid to talk to others, start with a simple greeting or a smile）、参与活动（join some clubs or activities）、寻求作业帮助（ask your teachers or classmates for help）”三个方面给出了具体建议，每个方面都提供了详细的实施方法和预期效果； 第三步，书写结语。通过“I hope my advice can help you. Don’t worry too much and enjoy your new school life!”表达了希望建议能对Joe有所帮助，并鼓励他享受新学校生活的愿望。 [亮点词汇] ①be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事 ②start with以……开始 ③share the same interests有相同的兴趣 ④ask sb. for help向某人寻求帮助 [高分句型] ①You’ll meet people who share the same interests as you, and it’ll be easier to make friends.（定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 试卷类型：A 2024~2025学年度第一学期期末学生学业水平质量监测 八年级英语科目（人教版） 考生注意：本试卷共8页，满分120分，时间120分钟。 第一部分（听力 共30分） Ⅰ. 听选答案（共15小题，计20分） 第一节：听下面10段对话，每段对话后有一个问题，读两遍。请根据每段对话的内容和后面的问题，从所给的三个选项中选出问题的正确答案。（共10小题，计10分） 1. A. English. B. Music. C. Science. 2. A. To a hospital. B. To a hotel. C. To a restaurant. 3. A. Go shopping. B. Play sports. C. Watch a movie. 4. A. Next Friday. B. Tomorrow. C. This Saturday. 5. A. Her grandma. B. Her mother. C. Her aunt. 6. A. He’s shy. B. He’s funny. C. He’s hard-working. 7. A. By bike. B. On foot. C. By bus. 8. A. A doctor. B. A scientist. C. A teacher. 9. A. In Xiamen. B. In Guizhou. C. In Yunnan. 10. A. Enjoy the sunset. B. Play on the beach. C. Eat delicious seafood. 第二节：听下面两段材料，包括一篇独白和一段对话。每段材料后有几道小题。请根据材料的内容，从题目所给的三个选项中选出问题的正确答案。每段材料读两遍。（共5小题，计10分） 听第1段材料，回答第11、12小题。 11. What docs Jack often do in the park? A. He takes a walk. B. He goes fishing. C. He goes swimming. 12. What’s Jack’s favourite food in the restaurant? A. Chicken. B. Noodles. C. Soup. 听第2段材料，回答第13至15小题。 13. What does the boy want to buy for his sister? A. A coat. B. A dress. C. A sweater. 14. How much does the boy need to pay? A. $50. B. $60. C. $70. 15. Where are the two speakers? A. In a zoo. · B. In a classroom. C. In a clothes shop. Ⅱ. 听填信息（共5小题，计10分） 本题你将听到一段独白，读两遍。请根据独白内容，用所听到的信息完成下列各题。（每空不超过三个单词。） 16. When John was young, he liked ______________________________. 17. Then Jolin went to work ______________________________. 18. John thought he needed to exercise because he wanted to ______________________________. 19. At last, John decided to learn ______________________________. 20. ______________________________, John fell in love with this sport. 第二部分（笔试 共90分） Ⅲ. 完形填空（共20小题，计20分） 第一节：阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，从各小题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文连贯完整。（共10小题，计10分） When I was young, I had interest in food, both eating and cooking it. However, my mother never wanted me ____1____ in the kitchen. “You may break a plate or get into trouble.” It was ____2____ early morning. My mother went shopping. “Time to start!” I told ____3____. I didn’t have breakfast, ____4____ I decided to make an omelette (煎蛋饼) . I took out an egg, some ____5____ and onions. Then I washed and cut up the vegetables. Unluckily, something bad happened. I ____6____ so careless that I cut one finger. The small accident didn’t stop me and I went on cooking. I tried three times to break the egg into a bowl. Next, I _____7_____ all the things in the bowl, and mixed them together. Then I put them in the big frying pan (煎锅). Everything went ____8____ until I found that I didn’t get a tool to turn over the omelette in the pan. I hurried to look ____9____ the spatula (铲子) . Then, I found one. My first cooking was successful. How excited I was! When my mom came back, she said my omelette was ____10____ than hers. 1. A. to stay B. stay C. to bring D. bring 2. A. a B. an C. the D. / 3. A. I B. my C. myself D. mine 4. A. unless B. so C. or D. if 5. A. magazine B. magazines C. tomato D. tomatoes 6. A. are B. were C. is D. was 7. A. put B. puts C. is putting D. will put 8. A. badly B. bad C. well D. good 9 A. on B. at C. in D. for 10. A. delicious B. more delicious C. terrible D. more terrible 第二节：阅读下面短文，理解大意，然后从各小题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文连贯完整。（共10小题，计10分） Friends are very important in our life. Everyone needs friends, and we all like to feel close to someone. Jack is my ____11____ friend. We met in a chess club three years ago. We ____12____ like playing chess and we usually play chess together after school. We also like reading books about ____13____, so we often talk about Chinese history. We also ____14____ going to the movies. We go to the movie theater once a week, on Friday evening or Sunday afternoon. Though we have many things in common, there are some ____15____ between us. I like all kinds of ball games and I’m on the school basketball team. But Jack has little interest in sports. He is ____16____ in music. He plays the piano very well. And he ____17____ lots of prizes in the competitions. As for schoolwork, he is more hard-working than me. He is better at English and always ____18____ me with my English. And sometimes I help ____19____ improve his math. What should good friends be like? As far as I know, good friends should ____20____ each other, just like an umbrella in the rain and a warm coat in the snow. 11. A. biggest B. smallest C. best D. worst 12. A. neither B. none C. all D. both 13. A. history B. music C. health D. art 14. A. mind B. enjoy C. finish D. stop 15. A. grades B. roles C. hobbies D. differences 16. A. rich B. strict C. poor D. talented 17. A. won B. lost C. sent D. stood 18. A. refuses B. waits C. helps D. forgets 19. A. her B. him C. you D. them 20. A. take out B. make up C. care about D. laugh at Ⅳ. 阅读理解（共15小题，计20分） 第一节：阅读下面A、B、C三篇材料，从所给的四个选项中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的一个最佳答案。（共10小题，计15分） A Welcome to Our New House! We moved into our new house on December 20th. It’s at 36 Bridge Road. Come to a dinner party on January 12th and celebrate with us! Drinks and fruit will be available from 4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. Dinner will begin at 6:00 p.m. After dinner we can sing and dance or watch interesting TV shows. Please let us know before January 5th if you’ll come. We’re looking forward to seeing you! Tel: 029-33221100 E-mail: ins@email.com.tu Mike and Shirley Harris 21. What time will the dinner start? A. At 4:00 p.m. B. At 5:00 p.m. C. At 6:00 p.m. D. At 7:00 p.m. 22. If you can come to the party, when should you tell Mike and Shirley? A. Before December 20th. B. Before December 5th. C. Before January 20th. D. Before January 5th. 23. What do Mike and Shirley NOT tell us? A. The place of the party. B. The date of the party. C. The dishes for dinner. D. The activities after dinner. B Dear someone, I’m sorry. I have no idea why your week is bad. I don’t know if you try to tell anyone else. But I know that I’m sorry that you’re hurt, or bored, or lonely or lost. There is something to make you feel better: go outside, look at the trees or look at a baby photo of yourself. When you are unhappy, you hope that someone says, “Yeah, that sounds really hard.” But in fact, other people often tell you that you should smile and keep your sadness in your heart. That’s very bad. I want you to know you can spend your bad day all over the place and tell someone about your sadness. I want you to know that you are still pretty when you are angry or in bad feelings. I hope your bad days will turn around, and that even if it doesn’t, you can still find a few moments of beauty or happiness. Sincerely, Clara Wagner 24 This letter is for the people ________. A. in good health B. in happiness C. in danger D. in bad feelings 25. What can make people feel better according to the writer? ①go outside ②look at a baby photo of yourself ③look at the trees. ④smile at others A. ①②③ B. ②③④ C. ①②④ D. ①③④ 26. The passage is about how to ________. A work hard B. be yourself C. deal with bad feelings D. find the meaning of life C Welcome to life in 2045! You get up in the morning and look into the mirror. You look only 20 years old. Because scientists find good ways to keep people young and healthy—many people of your age could live to be 120. Look, at 60, you are not old at all. When you get dressed, you say to your shirt, “Turn red.” It becomes red. In 2045, “smart” clothes carry small computer-like things. You can use them to pick out the colors of your clothes. On the way to the kitchen, you want to call a friend. Your phone is by the window because it gets its energy from the sun. But you don’t need to pick up the phone. You can just touch your jacket to make the call. It’s breakfast time. You reach for the milk, but your fridge says, “Don’t drink that!” It knows the milk is old, and tells the supermarket to send you a new bottle. Ten minutes later, a drone (无人机) sent it to you. When you leave for work, lights turn off by themselves. Your home goes into “sleep” to save energy. In 2045, there will be driverless cars around the world. So you just tell your driverless car where to go. Will all this come true? Maybe the future is much closer than we think. 27. How will you make a call in 2045 in this passage? A. You need to pick up the phone. B. You can touch your jacket to make the call. C. You need to buy a computer. D. You need to stay in the kitchen. 28. In Paragraph 4, what does the underlined word “It” refer to (指代) ? A. The milk. B. The fridge. C. The drone. D. The supermarket. 29. Which of the following is TRUE about the life in 2045? A. Things at home are much smarter. B. People need to drive cars by themselves. C. People don’t need to drink anything. D. Phones don’t use any energy. 30. What’s the best title for the passage? A. How Will We Live in 2045 B. A “Smart” Kitchen C. The Future May Be Busier D. Make Your Dream Come True 第二节：根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。（共5小题，计5分） Being outgoing is good for your life. Outgoing people like to meet lots of people and they have more fun in life. Some people are naturally (天生地) outgoing, but other people have to practice to become outgoing. In fact, being outgoing is not as hard as you think. Even shy people can be outgoing. ____31____ You can start becoming outgoing with your best friend or a group of friends. But the real problem comes when you meet strange people or new friends. ____32____ And usually they will smile back at you. In this way, you may have some talks. ____33____ Just a simple greeting. Like “Hello!” or “How is it going?” is a good start. If you want to make interesting talks, you should read news in newspapers and prepare your views; or surf the Internet for new information and then keep that in mind. ____34____ This is also the most important step. Go to a park, beach, club, party or any place that you think can be fun and you may make new friends there. Are you a shy person? Do you want to become outgoing and make more friends? ____35____ But you can follow the advice above and try to be an outgoing person! A. How can you make friends with a quiet person? B. Start a talk. C. Here is some advice. D. Usually, it’s not easy for a shy person to make friends. E. The easiest way to become more outgoing is to go out. F. It is a good way to smile more at other people. G. They can give you a warm smile. V. 完成句子：根据所给汉语意思，用单词或短语完成下列英文句子。（共5小题，计10分） 36. 雨后的空气很清新。 The air is very ________ after the rain. 37. 我看不清黑板上的字。 I can’t see the words on the blackboard ________. 38. 我们应该从错误中吸取教训。 We should learn from our ________. 39. 你长大后想做什么？ What do you want to be when you ______ ______? 40. 我想让Jenny来我的生日聚会，她接受了我的邀请。 I wanted Jenny to come to my birthday party and she ________ my invitation. Ⅵ. 短文填空：（每个单词限用一次，每空限填一个单词。）（共10小题，计10分） 用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使短文完整正确。 artist walk be have buy interest we delicious one try Jingdezhen, the “Porcelain Capital (陶瓷之都) of the World”, is a beautiful city in Jiangxi, China. It ____41____ a long history of over 2,000 years. Last summer holiday, my parents and I went to Jingdezhen. When we got there, it ____42____ sunny and hot. In the morning, we started ____43____ trip to Jingdezhen Porcelain Museum by bus. We saw many different kinds of porcelains there. The blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen is famous all over the world. Do you know why porcelain is called “china” in English? Because it was ____44____ made in China, and it’s so special in the world. For lunch we went to an old restaurant to ____45____ some good Jiangxi dishes, such as oily fish and special bean noodles. The food here was very ____46____and cheap. In the afternoon, we ____47____ along the Porcelain Street and Taoxichuan Block. Here, you can see many ____48____ making different porcelains. It’s a wonderful place to shop and buy some great gifts. We ____49____ some cups and bowls in different colours. If you are ____50____ in Chinese art and history, Jingdezhen is a must-visit place. If you go there, I’m sure you will love it. Ⅶ. 任务型阅读：（共5小题，计10分） 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，完成下列各题。 What kind of TV programs and films do you like? Everyone has their own answer. Here are examples of some important TV programs and films. Xinwen Lianbo Xinwen Lianbo is a very famous news program in China. Every day at 7:00 p.m., many Chinese people watch it on time. People can learn about important things happening these days. Dingjun Mountain Dingjun Mountain is a Chinese film in 1905. The famous actor Tan Xinpei played the main character Huang Zhong in the film. Although the film is only 30 minutes long and doesn’t have sound, it plays an important role in the history of China’s film industry (行业). It is the first Chinese film and is a symbol of the beginning of the industry. The Spring Festival Gala Watching the Spring Festival Gala on Chinese New Year’s Eve (除夕夜) is an important activity for Chinese people. On the show, we can see comedy acts, songs, dances and so on. The tradition of watching the Spring Festival Gala started in 1983. More than 40 years later, the show still makes Chinese people happy. 51. Why do so many people watch Xinwen Lianbo? Because people can ______________________________________________________ happening these days. 52. Who played Huang Zhong in Dingjun Mountain? ______________________________________________________ played this character. 53. What programs can we see at the Spring Festival Gala? We can see ______________________________________________________ and so on. 54. When did the Spring Festival Gala first appear on TV? It first appeared on TV ______________________________________________________. 55. Which English word in the passage means “象征; 标志”? It’s “______________________________________________________”. Ⅷ. 补全对话：（共5小题，计5分） 根据下面对话中的情境，在每个空白处填入一个适当的语句，使对话恢复完整。 A: Excuse me I am a reporter from CCTV. May I ask you some questions? B: _______56_______. A: The Chinese Dream has become the hottest topic these years. _______57_______? B: My dream is to be an astronaut like Liu Yang, China’s first female (女性的) astronaut. A: Sounds great! _______58_______? B: Because I want to find the secrets of space. A: Wow! But I don’t think it’s easy to be an astronaut. _______59_______? B: I’m going to study hard and do some exercise every day. A: Wonderful! Everyone’s dream can help our Chinese Dream! I hope your dream can come true. B: _______60_______! IX. 书面表达（共1题，计15分） 61. 假设你是李华，刚刚收到笔友Joe的求助信。请你根据来信内容给他提供一些帮助和建议。 Dear Li Hua, I have just entered a new school and I’m having some problems. Can you help me? I don’t have any friends and I’m afraid to talk to others. When I have difficulty with my homework, I don’t know who I can ask for help. What should I do? Yours, Joe 要求：1. 参考提示内容，可适当发挥； 2. 语句通顺，意思连贯，书写工整； 3. 文中不得出现你的任何真实信息（姓名、校名和地名等）； 4. 词数：不少于70词（开头已给出，但不计入总词数）。 Dear Joe, I know about your problems. Now let me give you some advice. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $