专题04 必修二 Unit 4 Exploring Literature 重难知识综合复习（寒假复习讲义）高一英语译林版

专题04 必修二 Unit 4 Exploring literature (必修二) （寒假复习讲与练） 考点聚焦: 关注核心考点，学考结合 重点速记: 词汇短语梳理，夯实基础 难点强化: 重点难点突破，能力提升 学以致用: 真题感知再现，助力高考 ----------------------------------------------- •‿• 单元知识回顾 •‿• ---------------------------------------------- 重点单词 appeal，determine，significant，description，sensitive，reflect，awaken，launch，permanence，universal，summary，issue，context，specific，collection，transport，generosity，chapter，destroy，defeat，attempt，straighten 必备短语 devote oneself to，stand the test of time, devote oneself to, in store (for sb), appeal to, in summary, draw on, in particular, clear up, be on the point of doing sth, in a flash, have nothing/something to do with, be well thought of, turn a little on one’s side, pull… over, put all of one’s effort on 疑难长句 1. Behind every book is a man, behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments. （教材p44） 2. In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty, the written record of man's thoughts and feelings, and the history of the human soul.（教材p 45） 3. When Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus asks in the presence of Helen, “Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?” he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism.（教材p45） 阅读微技能 文章中例子的作用 语法与修辞 情态动词 ❖ 重点单词 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 一、根据所给中文意义，写出英文单词。 1. ⅵ. 有吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁. n. 吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁 appeal 2. vt. 确定; 支配; 决心. vi. 决心 determine 3. adj. 有重要意义的, 显著的 significant 4. n. 描述, 形容, 说明 description 5. adj. 感觉敏锐的; 体贴的; 敏感的; 灵敏的 sensitive 6. vt. & vi. 反映, 显示; 映出(影像); 反射(声、光、热等); 沉思 reflect 7. vt. & vi. 唤起, 被唤起; (使)醒来 awaken 8. vt. 使(船)下水; 开始从事, 发动 launch 9. n. 永久, 持久性 permanence 10. adj. 普遍的, 共同的; 普遍存在的 universal 11. n. 总结, 概括, 概要 summary 12. n. 重要议题, 争论的问题; 问题, 担忧; (报刊)一期. vt. 宣布, 公布 issue 13. n. (事情发生的)背景, 环境, 来龙去脉; 上下文, 语境 context 14. adj. 特定的; 明确的, 具体的 specific 15. n. (同类) 收藏品; 作品集; 募捐 collection 16. vt. 运输, 运送. n. 交通运输系统; 交通车辆; 运输 transport 18. n. 慷慨, 大方, 宽宏大量 generosity 19. n. 章节; 篇章 chapter 20. vt. 摧毁, 毁灭, 破坏 destroy 21. vt. 击败, 战胜. n. 失败, 战败; 击败 defeat 22. vt. 挺直; (使)变直, 变正 straighten 二、用以上所复习的单词，完成下列句子。 1. The charity's new campaign aims to ________ to the public's sense of justice and compassion. 【答案】appeal 【详解】句意为“该慈善机构的新活动旨在________公众的正义感和同情心”。根据“to the public's sense of justice and compassion”以及单词的中文释义“呼吁；申诉；有吸引力”，应填入动词appeal。 2. The committee will ________ the final criteria for selection next week. 【答案】determine 【详解】句意为“委员会将于下周________最终的选拔标准”。根据“the final criteria”以及单词释义“确定；决心”，应填入动词determine。 3. There has been a ________ increase in student participation since the new policy was introduced. 【答案】significant 【详解】句意为“自新政策实施以来，学生参与度有了________的提高”。根据“increase”以及单词释义“显著的；有重要意义的”，应填入形容词significant。 4. His detailed ________ of the suspect helped the police identify the person quickly. 【答案】description 【详解】句意为“他对嫌疑人的详细________帮助警方迅速确认了身份”。根据“detailed”和“of the suspect”以及单词释义“描述，形容”，应填入名词description。 5. As a photographer, she has a(n) ________ eye for capturing subtle changes in light. 【答案】sensitive 【详解】句意为“作为一名摄影师，她对捕捉光线的细微变化有着________的眼力”。根据“capturing subtle changes”以及单词释义“敏感的；灵敏的”，应填入形容词sensitive。 6. The calm lake perfectly ________ the surrounding mountains and the clear blue sky. 【答案】reflected 【详解】句意为“平静的湖面完美地________了周围的群山和清澈的蓝天”。根据“the calm lake”和“the surrounding mountains”以及单词释义“映出(影像)；反射”，应填入动词reflect的过去式reflected。 7. The documentary aims to ________ people's awareness of environmental protection. 【答案】awaken 【详解】句意为“这部纪录片旨在________人们的环保意识”。根据“awareness”以及单词释义“唤起；使醒来”，应填入动词awaken。 8. The company plans to ________ a new series of electric vehicles next year. 【答案】launch 【详解】句意为“该公司计划明年________一个新的电动汽车系列”。根据“a new series of electric vehicles”以及单词释义“使(船)下水；发动；开始从事”，应填入动词launch。 9. Unlike digital files, many people believe that printed photographs have a sense of ________. 【答案】permanence 【详解】句意为“与数字文件不同，许多人认为冲印照片有一种________感”。根据“Unlike digital files”和“printed photographs”以及单词释义“永久，持久性”，应填入名词permanence。 10. The desire for happiness and security is a(n) ________ human need. 【答案】universal 【详解】句意为“对幸福和安全的渴望是一种________的人类需求”。根据“human need”以及单词释义“普遍的；共同的”，应填入形容词universal。 11. After the meeting, please send everyone a brief ________ of the key decisions made. 【答案】summary 【详解】句意为“会议结束后，请给大家发一份所做出关键决定的简要________”。根据“brief”和“of the key decisions”以及单词释义“总结，概要”，应填入名词summary。 12. The latest ________ of the magazine features an in-depth report on climate change. 【答案】issue 【详解】句意为“该杂志的最新________刊登了一篇关于气候变化的深度报道”。根据“of the magazine”和“features an in-depth report”以及单词释义“(报刊)一期；议题”，应填入名词issue。 13. To fully understand the novel, one must consider its historical and social ________ . 【答案】context 【详解】句意为“要完全理解这部小说，必须考虑其历史和社会的”。根据“historical and social”以及单词释义“背景，环境；上下文”，应填入名词context。 14. The instructions were not ________ enough, which led to confusion during the experiment. 【答案】specific 【详解】句意为“说明不够________，导致实验过程中出现了混乱”。根据“not...enough”和“led to confusion”以及单词释义“明确的，具体的”，应填入形容词specific。 15. The museum's ________ of modern art is one of the largest in the country. 【答案】collection 【详解】句意为“该博物馆的现代艺术________是全国规模最大的之一”。根据“museum's”和“of modern art”以及单词释义“收藏品；作品集”，应填入名词collection。 16. The city is investing in a new system to ________ goods from the port to the urban centers more efficiently. 【答案】transport 【详解】句意为“该市正在投资一个新系统，以更高效地将货物从港口________到市中心”。根据“goods from the port”以及单词释义“运输，运送”，应填入动词transport。 17. Her ________ was evident when she donated a large portion of her inheritance to charity. 【答案】generosity 【详解】句意为“当她将大部分遗产捐给慈善机构时，她的________显而易见”。根据“donated a large portion”以及单词释义“慷慨，大方”，应填入名词generosity。 18. The final ________ of the book provides a surprising resolution to all the conflicts. 【答案】chapter 【详解】句意为“这本书的最后一个________为所有冲突提供了一个出人意料的解决方式”。根据“final”和“of the book”以及单词释义“章节；篇章”，应填入名词chapter。 19. The enemy threatened to ________ entire coastal communities. 【答案】destroy 【详解】句意为“敌人威胁要________整个沿海社区”。根据“enemy”和“entire coastal communities”以及单词释义“摧毁，毁灭”，应填入动词destroy。 20. Despite a strong performance, the team had to accept the ________ in the championship final. 【答案】defeat 【详解】句意为“尽管表现强劲，该队不得不在冠军决赛中接受________”。根据“accept”和“championship final”以及单词释义“失败，战败”，应填入名词defeat。 21. She tried to ________ her posture by practicing yoga regularly. 【答案】straighten 【详解】句意为“她试图通过定期练习瑜伽来________她的姿势”。根据“posture”和“practicing yoga”以及单词释义“挺直；(使)变正”，应填入动词straighten。 三、通过语境记单词：根据所给短文的中文翻译，用以上单词填空。注意时态语态的变化。 A Story in a Photo I remember one specific photograph in my family's collection. It wasn't particularly grand in its description — just my grandmother as a young woman, her smile reflected in a lake. Yet, it held a universal appeal, a quiet strength that seemed to awaken deep emotions. My father explained its context: it was taken before a significant war that threatened to destroy their village. Her calm posture, he said, helped him straighten his own back during tough times. That image, like a powerful chapter in our history, defeated my earlier sadness about old memories. It made me determine to value such permanence. In summary, the photo’s true power wasn't in its colors, but in the story it launched and the generosity of spirit it transported across generations. This issue of preserving memory is deeply sensitive to me now. 照片里的故事 我记得家里收藏品中有一张特定的照片。它的描述并不宏伟——只是我祖母年轻时的样子，她的笑容映在湖水中。然而，它有一种普遍的吸引力，一种沉静的力量，似乎能唤醒深沉的情感。父亲解释了它的背景：那是在一场可能摧毁他们村子的重大战争前拍的。他说，她平静的姿态曾帮助他在艰难时刻挺直自己的脊梁。那张照片，如同我们历史中强有力的篇章，击败了我先前对旧日回忆的伤感。它让我决心去珍视这种永久。总之，这张照片真正的力量不在于色彩，而在于它所开启的故事以及它所传递的、跨越世代的精神慷慨。如今，保存记忆这个议题对我而言变得十分敏感。 四、词性转化练习 1. appeal vi. & n. 有吸引力；呼吁→ appealing adj. 有吸引力的 2. determine v. 确定；决心→ determination n. 决心→ determined adj. 坚定的 3. significant a. 有重要意义的→ significance n. 意义；重要性→ significantly adv. 显著地 4. description n. 描述→ describe v. 描述→ descriptive adj. 描述性的 5. sensitive a. 感觉敏锐的；体贴的；敏感的→ sensitivity n. 敏感性→ sense n. 感觉；感官 6. reflect v. 反映；思考→ reflection n. 反射；思考 7. capable a. 有能力的→ capability n. 能力→ incapable adj. 无能力的 8. awaken v. 唤起；醒来→ awake adj. 醒着的 / v. 唤醒 9. permanence n. 永久→ permanent adj. 永久的 → permanently adv. 永久地 10. universal a. 普遍的→ universally adv. 普遍地→ universe n. 宇宙 11. summary n. 总结→ summarize v. 总结→ sum n. 总数 12. author n. 作者→ authority n. 权威；当局→ authorize v. 授权 13. novel n.（长篇）小说 / a. 新颖的→ novelty n. 新奇→ novelist n. 小说家 14. specific a. 特定的；明确的→ specifically adv. 特别地→ specify v. 明确说明→ specification n. 规格 15. collection n. 收藏品；收集→ collect v. 收集→ collective adj. 集体的 / n. 集体→ collector n. 收藏家 16. mean a. 吝啬的；刻薄的； v. 意味着；打算→ meaning n. 意义→ meaningful adj. 有意义的→ meaningless adj. 无意义的 五、词性转换巩固练习：用以上所复习的单词及其相关词性，完成以下句子。 1. The novel’s underlying message about social justice has great ___________ , and its influence has grown ___________ over the years. 【答案】significance；significantly 【解析】第一空在形容词“great”之后，需名词作宾语，significance（重要性）符合句意。第二空在动词“has grown”之后，需副词修饰动词，significantly（显著地）表示程度。 2. The ___________ is a recognized ___________ on modern poetry, and the publishing house has ___________ her to edit the new anthology. 【答案】author；authority；authorized 【解析】第一空在定冠词“The”后，需指人的名词，author（作者）符合。第二空在“a recognized”后，需名词，authority（权威）与“on modern poetry”搭配合理。第三空在“has”后，需动词过去分词构成完成时，authorized（授权）与上下文逻辑一致。 3. His vivid ___________ of the landscape helps readers ___________ the scene in their minds, and the ___________ details are particularly striking. 【答案】description；describe；descriptive 【解析】第一空在“His vivid”后，需名词作主语，description（描述）正确。第二空在“helps readers”后，需动词原形，describe（描述）与“the scene”搭配。第三空在名词“details”前，需形容词，descriptive（描述性的）修饰“details”。 4. She has a ___________ nature, which explains her ___________ to criticism, but she also has a strong ___________ of responsibility. 【答案】sensitive；sensitivity；sense 【解析】第一空在“a”和“nature”之间，需形容词，sensitive（敏感的）修饰“nature”。第二空在“her”之后、介词“to”之前，需名词，sensitivity（敏感性）符合。第三空在“a strong”后，需名词，sense（感觉）与“of responsibility”搭配。 5. The ___________ of rare manuscripts was ___________ over decades, representing the ___________ effort of several scholars, and is now cared for by a devoted ___________. 【答案】collection；collected；collective；collector 【解析】第一空在“The”后，需名词作主语，collection（收藏品）合理。第二空在“was”后，需动词过去分词构成被动语态，collected（收集）正确。第三空在“effort”前，需形容词，collective（集体的）修饰“effort”。第四空在“a devoted”后，需指人的名词，collector（收藏家）符合语境。 6. The ___________ at the end of the chapter ___________ the key points, and the ___________ of these ideas forms the core argument. 【答案】summary；summarizes；sum 【解析】第一空在“The”后，需名词作主语，summary（总结）正确。第二空在主语“summary”后，需动词第三人称单数，summarizes（总结）与主语一致。第三空在“the”后，需名词，sum（总数）与“of these ideas”搭配。 7. Her ___________ to succeed is clear; she is a ___________ person who will not give up easily. 【答案】determination；determined 【解析】第一空在“Her”后，需名词作主语，determination（决心）正确。第二空在“a”和“person”之间，需形容词，determined（坚定的）修饰“person”。 8. The ___________ of classical music lies in its depth, and many find it ___________ because it evokes deep emotions. 【答案】appeal；appealing 【解析】第一空在“The”后，需名词作主语，appeal（吸引力）合理。第二空在“find it”后，需形容词作宾语补足语，appealing（有吸引力的）符合。 9. The ___________ of digital records is debatable, but many believe that data stored ___________ on secure servers can be considered ___________. 【答案】permanence；permanently；permanent 【解析】第一空在“The”后，需名词作主语，permanence（永久）正确。第二空在动词“stored”后，需副词修饰，permanently（永久地）表示方式。第三空在“be considered”后，需形容词作主语补足语，permanent（永久的）符合。 10. His ___________ on the incident shows how he ___________ deeply on life’s challenges. 【答案】reflection；reflects 【解析】第一空在“His”后，需名词作主语，reflection（思考）正确。第二空在主语“he”后，需动词，reflects（思考）与“on”搭配，且为第三人称单数。 11. The ___________ themes in the novel are ___________ appreciated, much like how the ___________ fascinates all of humanity. 【答案】universal；universally；universe 【解析】第一空在“The”和“themes”之间，需形容词，universal（普遍的）修饰“themes”。第二空在“are appreciated”之间，需副词修饰动词，universally（普遍地）合理。第三空在“the”后，需名词，universe（宇宙）与上下文形成比喻对照。 12. He is ___________ of handling complex tasks, which demonstrates his ___________, though no one should be called ___________ without fair assessment. 【答案】capable；capability；incapable 【解析】第一空在“is”后，需形容词作表语，capable（有能力的）与“of”搭配。第二空在“his”后，需名词，capability（能力）正确。第三空在“be called”后，需形容词作补足语，incapable（无能力的）符合转折逻辑。 13. The ___________ approach surprised everyone with its ___________, and the ___________ is known for such innovative ideas. 【答案】novel；novelty；novelist 【解析】第一空在“The”和“approach”之间，需形容词，novel（新颖的）修饰“approach”。第二空在“its”后，需名词，novelty（新奇）正确。第三空在“the”后，需指人的名词，novelist（小说家）与文学创作背景一致。 14. Please provide ___________ examples, ___________ focusing on the economic impact, and ___________ the data sources in the ___________ section. 【答案】specific；specifically；specify；specification 【解析】第一空在动词“provide”后、名词“examples”前，需形容词，specific（具体的）修饰“examples”。第二空在句首，需副词修饰整个句子，specifically（特别地）引出细节。第三空在“and”后、主语“you”省略，需动词原形，specify（明确说明）与“data sources”搭配。第四空在“the”和“section”之间，需名词，specification（规格）与“section”构成固定搭配。 15. The ___________ of public interest in art is crucial; we must ___________ people to its value and ensure they remain ___________ to new forms of expression. 【答案】awakening；awaken；awake 【解析】第一空在“The”后、介词“of”前，需名词化形式，awakening（唤醒）作主语。第二空在“must”后，需动词原形，awaken（唤起）与“people to its value”搭配。第三空在“remain”后，需形容词作表语，awake（醒着的）引申为“警觉的”。 16. His ___________ comments lacked any ___________, making the conversation seem ___________, while we struggled to find a ___________ topic. 【答案】mean；meaning；meaningless；meaningful 【解析】第一空在“His”和“comments”之间，需形容词，mean（刻薄的）修饰“comments”。第二空在“any”后，需名词，meaning（意义）作宾语。第三空在“seem”后，需形容词作表语，meaningless（无意义的）符合否定语境。第四空在“a”和“topic”之间，需形容词，meaningful（有意义的）与上文形成对比。 ❖ 重点词组 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 一、根据所给中文意义，写出本单元所学词组。 1. v致力, 专心, 献身 devote oneself to 2. 即将发生(在某人身上), 等待着(某人) in store (for sb) 3. 吸引, 申诉, 呼吁 appeal to 4. 总的来说 in summary 5. 凭借, 利用 draw on 6. 尤其, 特别 in particular 7. (头脑)清醒; 使整洁, 清理 clear up 8. 正要做某事 be on the point of doing sth 9. 一瞬间；转眼间；刹那间 in a flash 10. 与⋯⋯无/有关 have nothing/something to do with 11. 受到好评，值得高度评价 be well thought of 12. 稍微侧身 turn a little on one’s side 13. 把⋯⋯拉过来 pull… over 14. 尽全力 put all of one’s effort on 二、通过语境记词组：根据所给短文的中文翻译，用以上词组填空。注意动词时态、语态等变化。 My Little Brother's Progress My little brother, Alex, has recently devoted himself to improving his grades. What he didn't realize was the challenge in store for him. Math, which never used to appeal to him, became his biggest hurdle. However, this struggle actually has something to do with a valuable lesson. One evening, in a flash of insight, he decided to draw on online resources, in particular some highly recommended video tutorials that are well thought of by many students. I remember once, seeing him on the point of giving up, I pulled a chair over, sat beside him and advised him to clear up his desk and his thoughts. He turned a little on his side, listened, and then decided to put all of his effort on the next practice test. In summary, his perseverance is the real key to his improvement. 我弟弟的进步 我的弟弟亚历克斯最近致力于提高他的成绩。他没有意识到即将等待他的挑战。曾经从不吸引他的数学成了他最大的障碍。然而，这番挣扎其实与宝贵的一课有关。一天晚上，刹那间灵光一闪，他决定利用网络资源，尤其是一些深受好评、被许多学生高度评价的视频教程。我记得有一次，看到他正要放弃，我把一把椅子拉过来，坐在他旁边，建议他清理一下书桌，理清思绪。他稍微侧过身，听了听，然后决定全力以赴准备下一次模拟考试。总的来说，他的毅力才是他进步的关键所在。 ❖ 疑难长句 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Behind every book is a man, behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments. (p 44 ) 【结构分析】 这是一个由 并列连词“and” 连接三个分句组成的并列句，同时，每个分句内部又包含一个由“behind”引导的介词短语作为表语（在系动词“is/are”之后），整体结构平行对称，层层递进。 第一分句： Behind every book is a man. (介词短语作表语 + 系动词 + 主语)。 这是一个完全倒装句，正常语序为：A man is behind every book. 第二分句： (and) behind the man is the race. (结构同上，为完全倒装)。 正常语序：The race is behind the man. 第三分句： (and) behind the race are the natural and social environments. (结构同上，主语为复数，故系动词用“are”)。正常语序：The natural and social environments are behind the race. 【译文】每一本书的背后都站着一个人，这个人的背后是他的种族，而种族的背后则是其自然与社会环境。 【翻译】Behind every invention is a need, behind the need is a human dream, and behind the dream are the countless trials and errors of history. 【答案】每一项发明的背后都存在着一种需求，需求的背后是人类的一个梦想，而梦想的背后则是历史上无数次的尝试与失败。 2. In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty, the written record of man's thoughts and feelings, and the history of the human soul.（教材p 45） 【结构分析】 这是一个使用 “A is B, C, and D” 结构的简单句，其中主语“literature”后接系动词“is”，之后是三个并列的名词短语作表语，共同阐释文学的本质。三个表语由逗号和并列连词“and”连接，结构工整，语义层层递进。 主语literature；系动词is；并列表语the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty，the written record of man’s thoughts and feelings和the history of the human soul。 【译文】总的来说，文学是以真与美的形式对生活的表达，是人类思想与情感的书面记录，也是人类灵魂的历史。 【翻译】In summary, education is the cultivation of potential through wisdom and compassion, the continuous dialogue between generations, and the compass for the journey of civilization. 【答案】总的来说，教育是通过智慧与同情心来培育潜能，是代际之间持续的对话，也是文明之旅的罗盘。 3. When Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus asks in the presence of Helen, “Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?” he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism. （教材p45） 【结构分析】 这是一个包含时间状语从句和定语从句的复合句，主句的主语是“he”（指代浮士德），核心动作为“opens a door”。句子通过丰富的修饰成分，构建了一个由具体文学场景通往抽象精神世界的诗意表达。 “When Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus asks... ‘Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?’”为时间状语从句。主语Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus，谓语asks，直接引语作宾语"Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?" 主句为“he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism.” 主语he (指代Doctor Faustus)，谓语opens，宾语a door。定语从句 “through which our imagination enters a new world” 修饰 “a door”。同位语修饰 “a new world”。“a world of love, beauty and heroism”对“a new world”进行补充说明，界定其内涵。 【译文】 当克里斯托弗·马洛笔下的浮士德博士面对海伦发出“就是这张脸令千帆齐发？”的追问时，他便打开了一扇门，让我们的想象力由此进入一个崭新的世界——一个充满爱、美与英雄气概的世界。 【翻译】When Newton watched the apple fall and pondered the force that draws it to the earth, he opened a window through which human reason glimpsed a new universe, a universe governed by elegant and universal laws. 【答案】当牛顿注视着苹果坠落并思索那将它引向地面的力量时，他便打开了一扇窗，让人类的理性得以窥见一个崭新的宇宙——一个由简洁而普适的法则所统御的宇宙。 ❖ 语法讲与练 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 情态动词 一、动词的分类 动词主要分为四类： 实义动词：有实际词汇意义，能独立作谓语。如：run, eat, think。包括及物动词和不及物动词。 助动词：无独立词汇意义，协助实义动词构成时态、语态、语气、疑问或否定形式。常见的有be, do, have等。 连系动词：主要是be，及非be 类连系词come, go, become, sound, look, smell, taste, turn, remain, stay等。 情态动词：用于表达说话人的态度、情感或推测。用于表达说话人对动作或状态的可能性、必要性、意愿、许可、能力 等态度或看法的助动词。 （注意：后三种不能单独作谓语，必须和实义动词一起构成。） 二、情态动词的特点 1. 不能独立作谓语：必须后接动词原形，共同构成谓语部分。 2. 无人称和数的变化：无论主语是第几人称，单数还是复数，情态动词形式不变。（have to 除外，其第三人称单数为 has to）。 3. 否定式：直接在情态动词后加 not。如：cannot, should not, must not。 疑问式：将情态动词提至主语前。如：Can you...? Must I...? 4. 没有非谓语形式：情态动词没有不定式(to can)、现在分词(canning)、过去分词(canned)等形式。其“时态”意义常通过更换不同情态动词或与完成式/进行式连用来表达。 三、常见情态动词及其基本用法 情态 动词 核心含义与用法 例句 翻译 can 1. 能力（现在） 2. 许可（口语） 3. 可能性（理论可能） 1. She can speak three languages. 2. You can go now. 3. Any number can be divided by one. 1. 她会说三种语言。 2. 你现在可以走了。 3. 任何数都可以被1整除。 could 1. 能力（过去） 2. 委婉请求/建议 3. 可能性（较小） 1. I could run fast when I was young. 2. Could you pass me the salt? 3. It could rain later. 1. 我年轻时跑得很快。 2. 能把盐递给我吗？ 3. 晚点可能会下雨。 may 1. 许可（正式） 2. 可能性（现实可能） 1. You may begin the exam now. 2. He may be in his office. 1. 你现在可以开始考试了。 2. 他可能在办公室。 might 1. 许可（更委婉） 2. 可能性（更小） 1. Might I ask a question? 2. She might not come tonight. 1. 我能问个问题吗？ 2. 她今晚可能不来了。 must 1. 必须（主观责任/命令） 2. 禁止（mustn't） 3. 肯定推测（现在） 1. We must obey the rules. 2. You mustn't smoke here. 3. She must be tired after the long trip. 1. 我们必须遵守规则。 2. 你绝不能在这里吸烟。 3. 长途旅行后她一定累了。 have to 必须（客观需要） I have to wear glasses to read. 我得戴眼镜才能阅读。 should 1. 应该（建议/责任） 2. 推测（按常理） 1. You should apologize to her. 2. The package should arrive tomorrow. 1. 你应该向她道歉。 2. 包裹明天应该能到。 ought to 应该（道德/义务，语气强于should） We ought to protect the environment. 我们应当保护环境。 shall 1. 征求意见（一三人称疑问句） 2. 承诺/规定（二三人称） 1. Shall I open the window? 2. You shall receive a bonus. 1. 要我开窗吗？ 2. 你会得到一笔奖金。 will 1. 意愿/决心 2. 未来（助动词功能） 1. I will help you no matter what. 2. It will rain tomorrow. 1. 无论如何我都会帮你。 2. 明天会下雨。 would 1. 意愿/习惯（过去） 2. 委婉请求 3. 虚拟语气 1. He would always help others. 2. Would you mind waiting? 3. If I were you, I would go. 1. 他过去总是帮助别人。 2. 你介意等一会儿吗？ 3. 如果我是你，我就会去。 四、情态动词表推测的用法 这是情态动词的一个重点和难点，表示对当前或过去情况的猜测。推测的 肯定程度 从高到低为：must > will > would > should > can > could > may > might。 对现在/一般情况的推测：结构：情态动词 + 动词原形（状态动词） / be doing（进行中） 肯定句：must, may, might, could He must be at home. (灯亮着) 他一定在家。 She may/might/could be working. 她可能在工作。 否定句：can’t/couldn’t (不可能), may not/might not (可能不) He can’t be French; he speaks no French. 他不可能是法国人，他一点法语都不会说。 She may not be happy about it. 她可能不高兴。 疑问句：Can/Could...? Can this be true? 这可能是真的吗？ 对过去情况的推测： 结构：情态动词 + have + 过去分词肯定句：must have done, may/might/could have done The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的。昨晚一定下雨了。 He might have missed the train. 他可能错过火车了。 否定句：can’t/couldn’t have done, may not/might not have done She can’t have finished so soon. 她不可能完成得这么快。 He may not have known the truth. 他可能并不知情。 疑问句：Can/Could...have done? Could he have said such a thing? 他可能说过这样的话吗？ ❖ 检测与巩固 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 根据句意，填上恰当的情态动词。 1. You look very pale. You ______ be ill. (很可能) 2. I ______ swim across the river when I was a teenager. (能力) 3. The phone is ringing, but nobody answers. They ______ (go) out. 4. Students ______ use mobile phones during the exam. It‘s strictly forbidden. (禁止) 5. ______ you lend me your pen for a moment? (委婉请求) 6. He left two hours ago. He ______ (arrive) by now. 7. To get a better view, you ______ stand on this chair. (被允许) 8. She ______ (not see) him yesterday because he was abroad. 9. It’s getting late. I ______ leave now, or I’ll miss the last bus. (客观必要) 10. If you want to lose weight, you ______ eat less junk food. (建议) 练习答案与详细解析 1. 答案：must 解析：根据“脸色非常苍白”这一明显迹象，做出肯定性极高的推测，因此用 must，表示“一定、很可能”。 2. 答案：could 解析：描述过去的能力，应用 could。can 表示现在能力，不能用于过去时态。 3. 答案：must have gone 解析：对过去发生的动作进行推测。根据“电话响但没人接”这一现在情况，推测他们“已经出去了”这个过去的动作。肯定性高，用 must have + 过去分词。 4. 答案：must not / cannot 解析：表示“禁止”。must not 语气最强，意为“绝不允许、禁止”；cannot 在此语境下也表示“不可以、不允许”，语气稍弱但同样适用。 5. 答案：Could / Would 解析：表示委婉的请求。Could you...? 和 Would you...? 是表达请求最常用的礼貌句型，比 Can you...? 更委婉。 6. 答案：should have arrived 解析：表示按道理或预期应该已经发生的事情。“两小时前离开的”，按常理推测“现在应该已经到了”。should have done 表示“本应做某事（且预期已发生）”。 7. 答案：may / can 解析：表示“被允许、可以”。为了看得更清楚，“你可以站在这把椅子上”。may 语气更正式，can 更口语化。 8. 答案：couldn’t have seen / can’t have seen 解析：对过去不可能发生的事进行推测。因为“他昨天在国外”，所以“她不可能见到他”。用couldn’t/can’t have + 过去分词。 9. 答案：have to / must 解析：表示“必须、不得不”，强调客观必要性（晚了，不走会错过车）。have to 强调客观，must 强调主观决心，这里两者皆可，但 have to 更突出客观情况所迫。 10. 答案：should / ought to 解析：给出建议或劝告。根据“想减肥”这一目的，提出“应该少吃垃圾食品”的建议。should 和 ought to 在此通用，ought to 语气稍强。 ❖ 高考真题再现 ✎-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. (2024年 全国新高考I卷) One of the major events ... was the Marathon. He promised his mother he ______ (run) the Marathon if his health permitted. 【答案】would run 【解析】 考查 would 表示“过去将来意愿或承诺”的用法。主句谓语动词 promised (过去时) 表明时间基点是过去，宾语从句中“如果健康允许”表示从过去视角看未来的动作。此处 would run 表达他 过去承诺将会去做 的动作，是 will 的过去形式。 2. (2023年 全国甲卷) In ancient China, there ______ (can) be no doubt that the Chinese writing system boosted cultural exchange. 【答案】 could 【解析】 考查 could 表示“过去的一般可能性或能力”的用法。句子描述古代中国的情况，时间背景为过去。“毫无疑问”在过去的语境下，应用 could 来表示 当时存在的可能性。can 主要用于现在时。 3. (2022年 新高考全国I卷) I wish I ______ (visit) the art exhibition with you last week, but I was fully occupied. 【答案】 could have visited 【解析】 考查 could have done 在虚拟语气中表示“过去本能够做却未做”的用法。I wish后接的从句用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。could have visited 意为“本来能够去参观（但没能去）”，表达了遗憾。 4. (2021年 天津卷) If you had asked me earlier, I ______ (arrange) everything for you. 答案】 would/could have arranged 【解析】 考查 would/could have done 在非真实条件句（虚拟语气）中的用法。这是一个与过去事实相反的条件句（事实上你过去没有早问我）。主句表示“我” 本来会/能够为你安排好一切，是过去时间下的虚拟结果，故用 would/could have arranged。 ❖ 阅读微技能 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 文章中例子的作用 请再次仔细阅读课文The wonder of literature，回答以下问题，选出正确答案。 【解读】 这篇《文学的奇妙》是一篇结构清晰、逻辑严密的议论文，运用类比手法层层递进地阐释了文学的本质与价值。其文章结构可分析如下： 一、整体结构：总 — 分 — 总 全文遵循经典的三段式结构：以生动的类比引入总论点，分点论述核心特质，最后进行升华总结。 二、具体结构分析 1. 引言：以类比提出总论点（第1-2段） 开篇叙事（第1段）：通过“孩子与贝壳”的具象故事，建立一个核心类比： 贝壳=文学 被忽略的自然之声 = 未被察觉的生活真谛与美 孩子的惊奇 = 读者在文学中发现新世界的体验 引出论点（第2段）：将类比正式引入文学研究。 明确指出学习文学如同聆听贝壳，能发现“一个充满梦想与魔力的新世界”。 指出享受和理解这个世界需要两个条件：热爱与努力解读。 提出解读的路径：理解“书 → 作者 → 民族 → 环境”的层次关系。 提出全文纲要：“第一步是确定它的一些重要品质”，自然过渡到主体部分。 2. 主体：分述文学的三大特质（第3-5段） 采用并列递进结构，每段阐述一个核心特质，并紧密呼应开篇的类比。 特质一：描绘真与美（第3段） 主题句：直接点明第一特质。 论证： 回扣类比：像贝壳反射声音一样，文学由“敏感的灵魂”揭示被忽视的真与美。 举例对比：用“众人见枯草”与“诗人见昨日花”的对比，具体化文学如何揭示隐藏的美。 效果：论证文学具有洞察与揭示的根本功能。 特质二：唤起情感与想象（第4段） 主题句：直接点明第二特质。 论证： 说理：指出文学的吸引力在于其唤醒能力，而非表面文字。 经典例证：引用《浮士德博士》中对海伦的著名提问，展示文学如何用一句话打开一个广阔的想象世界（爱、美、英雄主义）。 效果：论证文学具有感召与激发的能动力量。 特质三：具有持久性（第5段） 主题句：点明第三特质，并指出其源于前两者（体现逻辑递进）。 论证： 提出双重要素：为实现持久性，需包含“普遍关切”与“个人风格”。 分述要素： 普遍关切：反映人性基本情感（爱恨、悲喜等），使其跨越时代引发共鸣。 个人风格：作家的个人经历与风格赋予作品独特性，是普遍性的载体。 效果：论证文学得以永恒流传的内在原因，是对前两个特质结果的总结。 3. 结论：总结升华（第6段） 用“总而言之”引导，对文学进行精辟的定义式总结，形成排比增强气势： 是真与美形式下的生命表达（呼应特质一）。 是人类思想与情感的书面记录（呼应特质二及普遍性）。 是人类灵魂的历史（呼应特质三及深层价值）。 此总结将前文所有分析提升到一个凝练、深刻的高度。 三、结构特点与修辞手法 主线贯穿：“贝壳的类比”作为一条暗线，在引言和特质一处直接回扣，使文章浑然一体。 逻辑清晰：三大特质安排合理：特质一（内容本质）→ 特质二（作用方式）→ 特质三（最终效果），层层深入。 论证方式多样：综合运用类比论证（贝壳）、对比论证（众人与诗人）、引用论证（诗句、剧词）、说理论证。 语言优美：兼具散文的意象（海滩、花朵、千帆）与议论文的严谨，本身即是文学性的体现。 四、结构图示 引言（类比导入）：贝壳故事 → 引出文学体验 → 提出分析目标 主体（分点论述）： ↓ 特质一：描绘真与美（揭示功能） ↓ 特质二：唤起情与想象（感召功能） ↓ 特质三：具备持久性（普遍性+个人风格） 结论（定义总结）：文学是生命的表达、情感的记录、灵魂的历史。 这种结构使得文章既具感染力又有说服力，让读者在领略文学“奇妙”的同时，也系统性地理解了其核心特质。 五、示例的主要目的： 1. 阐明抽象概念：举例使一般性陈述变得具体易懂，展示事物如何运作或看起来是什么样子（例如，用根、茎、叶的例子来描述植物的生长）。 2. 支持主要观点：它们作为证据，证明和说明作者的观点，将理解从“是什么”推向“为什么”和“如何”。 3. 辅助推理与联系：例子可以触发先前的知识（图式），帮助读者“读懂字里行间的意思”，并将文本与个人经验联系起来，例如从雨伞推断出下雨。 4. 积累词汇：在语境中看到单词的用法有助于读者了解单词的含义和细微差别，从而提高整体理解能力。 5. 增强记忆力：具体的例子比抽象的概念更容易记住，有助于记忆和回忆。 6. 培养批判性思维：通过提供具体实例，例子可以让读者分析、综合并得出结论，从而增强高阶思维能力。 设定阅读目的：识别例子有助于读者识别关键信息并理解作者的意图，从而使读者能够集中精力阅读文本。 1. In the sentence “These sounds seemed to be from another world and the child listened to them with wonder”, the word “them” refers to ______. A. the child’s ears B. the strange, low, musical sounds C. the worlds the child imagined D. the man’s explanations 【答案】 B 【解析】这是一道指代题。代词“them”为复数宾格，其指代对象应在前面出现，且为复数名词。该句前半部分的主语是“These sounds”，这是一个复数名词短语，与“them”在数上完全一致。从逻辑和语法上看，“听（listened to）”的对象最直接、最合理的应是“声音（sounds）”，即孩子带着惊奇聆听的正是这些“奇怪、低沉、悦耳的声音”。整个句子的逻辑是：这些声音（These sounds）似乎来自另一个世界，孩子便惊奇地聆听它们（them）。这里的“它们”自然回指“These sounds”。 干扰项分析：A. the child’s ears：孩子用自己的耳朵听，但“听”的宾语不是“耳朵”本身，耳朵是听的工具。此选项混淆了“听”的宾语与工具，不符合语法及逻辑指代关系。C. the worlds the child imagined：文中“another world”是单数，且是声音“似乎来自”的地方，并非孩子聆听的直接对象。孩子聆听的是声音，声音让他联想或似乎来自另一个世界。此选项利用“world”一词进行干扰，但偏离了正确的指代链。D. the man’s explanations：该解释出现在下一句话中，由“Then”引出，在目标句子之后。从行文顺序看，目标句中的“them”不可能指代后文才出现的内容。此选项违反了代词通常向前指代的原则，且逻辑上，孩子是在听到解释“之前” 2. In Paragraph 1, the words “the old” refer to ______. A. the old man B. the old world C. the old shell D. the unnoticed music 【答案】 B 【解析】 这也是一道指代题，考查学生对上下文代词或名词所指内容的理解。题干指向第一段最后一句：“What amazed the child was not a new world, but the unnoticed music of the old.” 这句话的前文在对比：孩子以为声音来自“another world”，但大人解释说这只是被忽略的现实声音。因此，“the old”与前面的“a new world”形成直接对比，指的就是我们所在的、既存的“旧世界”或“现实世界”。选项A（老人）和C（旧贝壳）是字面干扰项，选项D（未被注意的音乐）是“of”的宾语，不能指代“the old”本身。 3. The author tells the story of a child and a shell at the beginning of the passage in order to ______. A. introduce a scientific fact about how shells work B. criticize (批评) the man for destroying the child’s wonder C. create an analogy (类比) for the experience of discovering literature D. show that children have a better imagination than adults 【答案】C 【解析】 这是一道针对开篇整体举例的目的题。文章第一段讲述孩子听贝壳的故事本身是一个独立的、具象的叙事。第二段首句“Some such experience as this lies in store for us when we begin the study of literature.” 明确揭示了这个故事的功能：它是为后续谈论“开始学习文学时的体验”所设立的一个类比（analogy）。孩子发现贝壳中被忽略的声音，类比读者在文学中发现被忽略的真、美与新世界。选项A是故事中的细节，并非作者的写作意图；选项B是对叙事角色的过度解读；选项D是可能隐含的对比，但并非核心的修辞目的。作者的根本目的是通过这个生动的故事，引出并形象化文学带来的体验。 4. In Paragraph 2, the author suggests that to understand a book fully, we need to know about the author’s race and the environments. Why is this point mentioned here? A. To compare different racial perspectives in writing. B. To show that the author’s personal life is unimportant. C. To argue that literature is only understandable within its original culture. D. To provide an example of the “effort” needed to enter the world of literature. 【答案】 D 【解析】 这是一道针对文中一个具体观点（其本身可视为一个抽象“例子”或“要求”）的目的题。题干指向第二段后半部分。该段在描述了文学带来的奇妙新世界后，提出“To enter and enjoy this new world, we need to... make an effort to explain it.” 紧接着，“Behind every book is a man... we must know all these...” 这一连串的论述，正是对前面“需要付出努力（effort）”这个要求的具体化和举例说明。也就是说，了解作者、种族、环境等背景知识，是“努力解读”文学的一个具体示例（example）。选项A并非此处的讨论重点。选项B与文意相反；选项C中的“only”过于绝对，与文意不符； 5. The author mentions the poet who writes "Yesterday's flowers am I" in Paragraph 3 mainly to ______. A. describe the process of writing a poem B. argue that dead grass can be beautiful C. show how poets are different from ordinary people D. explain how literature reveals (反映)hidden truth and beauty 【答案】 D 【解析】这是一道举例目的题，考查作者使用特定例子的意图。题干指向第三段，该段的核心主题句是“The first quality of literature is its description of truth and beauty”。随后，作者用贝壳的比喻和诗人看田野的例子，都是为了支持这一观点。具体到这个诗句的例子，它前面提到“百人走过田野只看见枯草”，而诗人却能看到并写出“昨日之花”，这恰恰证明了文学（此处是诗歌）能够揭示（reveals）那些被常人忽略的真与美。选项A偏离段落主旨；选项B过于具体和绝对。 选项C是表面差异，不是根本目的； 6. Why does the author quote the line "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?" in Paragraph 4? A. To analyze the historical accuracy of the story of Helen. B. To criticize the style of Christopher Marlowe. C. To illustrate how literature awakens imagination and feelings. D. To compare different writers’ views on beauty. 【答案】C 【解析】这也是一道举例目的题。题干指向第四段，该段的主题句是“The second quality of literature is its appeal to our feelings and imagination.” 作者明确指出，文学的吸引力主要在于它在我们内心所唤醒的东西（what it awakens in us）。紧接着，他引用了《浮士德博士》中的经典问句，并解释道，这句话“打开了一扇门，让我们的想象力进入一个新世界”。因此，引用这个例子就是为了具体阐明（illustrate） 文学是如何唤起读者的情感与想象的。选项A（分析历史准确性）和B（批评风格）文中均未涉及；选项D（比较不同作家）也不是本段目的。 7. In Paragraph 5, the author states that good literature reflects basic human nature such as “love and hate, joy and sadness.” The purpose of listing these emotions is to ______. A. define what “universal interest” means in the context of lasting literature B. prove that all writers experience the same feelings C. suggest that literature should avoid complex emotions D. show the limitations of human experience 【答案】A 【答案】 这是一道针对列举细节的目的题。题干指向第五段对“普遍关切（universal interest）”的论述。原文结构为：“it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. Good literature reflects the most basic of human nature – love and hate, joy and sadness, fear and hope.” 显然，后面列举的这些人类基本情感（love, hate, joy...），就是对前面“universal interest”这个抽象概念的具体阐释和举例。其目的是为了说明“普遍关切”的内涵，即能引起所有人共鸣的、根本的人性情感。选项B（所有作家感受相同）和C（应避免复杂情感）均属过度推断或曲解；选项D（展示局限性）与作者意图相悖，作者意在展示其普遍性。 8. When the author says in Paragraph 5 that “no writer can describe human life without reflecting his own life,” this statement serves to ______. A. downplay (贬低) the importance of creativity in writing B. define the second element, “personal style,” that contributes to literature’s permanence C. argue that all literature is autobiographical D. criticize writers who are too subjective (主观) 【答案】：B 【解析】这是一道针对文中具体陈述的目的题，该陈述本身是一个支撑性论据。题干引文位于第五段后半部分，在提出“personal style”是持久性的要素之一后，作者给出了这个陈述。其逻辑是：论点：个人风格是要素之一。解释/论据：因为没有任何作家能在描写生活时不折射自身经历（即，个人风格必然存在且至关重要）。因此，这句话的功能是进一步解释和支撑“个人风格”这一要素为什么是必要且不可避免的，从而论证其对于文学持久性的贡献。选项A（贬低创造力）和D（批评主观作家）均为负面解读，与原文支持的态度不符；选项C（所有文学都是自传）是过于绝对化的曲解，原文说的是“反映（reflecting）”而非“等于”。 9. What is the main idea of Paragraph 5? A. Literature must be interesting to all people. B. The personal style of a writer is not important. C. Two key elements make literature lasting. D. Human nature is simple and easy to describe. 【答案】 C 【解析】 这是一道段落主旨题，要求概括整个段落的中心思想。第五段的首句是主题句：“The third quality of literature, coming out of the other two, is its permanence.” 即文学的第三个特质是其“持久性”。接着，作者指出要达到这种持久性需要两个要素（two elements）：普遍的关切（universal interest）和个人的风格（personal style），并对这两个要素进行了解释。因此，整个段落的核心就是在讨论是什么使得文学具有持久生命力，即选项C所概括的“两个关键要素使文学持久”。选项A和B都只片面涉及其中一个要素，且表述不准确；选项D是对文中部分细节的曲解。 10. How is the passage organized? A. Presenting a problem and then giving solutions. B. Comparing and contrasting (对比、对照) different views on literature. C. Starting with an analogy and then analyzing key qualities. D. Listing historical examples in chronological (按时间顺序的) order. 【答案】 C 【解析】 这是一道文章结构题，考查学生对全文行文逻辑的把握。文章开篇（第1-2段） 用一个孩子听贝壳的类比（analogy） 引入，说明接触文学就像发现被忽略的奇妙声音。然后，作者在第二段末尾提出，要理解文学，第一步是确定其重要品质。文章主体（第3-5段） 紧接着就逐一分析（analyzing） 了文学的三个核心品质（quality）。这种“从具体类比引入，再转入抽象分析”的结构，与选项C的描述完全吻合。选项A（提出问题-解决方案）、B（比较对比不同观点）和D（按时间顺序列举）均不符合本文的论述方式。 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 必修二 Unit 4 Exploring literature (必修二) （寒假复习讲与练） 考点聚焦: 关注核心考点，学考结合 重点速记: 词汇短语梳理，夯实基础 难点强化: 重点难点突破，能力提升 学以致用: 真题感知再现，助力高考 ----------------------------------------------- •‿• 单元知识回顾 •‿• ---------------------------------------------- 重点单词 appeal，determine，significant，description，sensitive，reflect，awaken，launch，permanence，universal，summary，issue，context，specific，collection，transport，generosity，chapter，destroy，defeat，attempt，straighten 必备短语 devote oneself to，stand the test of time, devote oneself to, in store (for sb), appeal to, in summary, draw on, in particular, clear up, be on the point of doing sth, in a flash, have nothing/something to do with, be well thought of, turn a little on one’s side, pull… over, put all of one’s effort on 疑难长句 1. Behind every book is a man, behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments. （教材p44） 2. In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty, the written record of man's thoughts and feelings, and the history of the human soul.（教材p 45） 3. When Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus asks in the presence of Helen, “Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?” he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism.（教材p45） 阅读微技能 文章中例子的作用 语法与修辞 情态动词 ❖ 重点单词 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 一、根据所给中文意义，写出英文单词。 1. ⅵ. 有吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁. n. 吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁 2. vt. 确定; 支配; 决心. vi. 决心 3. adj. 有重要意义的, 显著的 4. n. 描述, 形容, 说明 5. adj. 感觉敏锐的; 体贴的; 敏感的; 灵敏的 6. vt. & vi. 反映, 显示; 映出(影像); 反射(声、光、热等); 沉思 7. vt. & vi. 唤起, 被唤起; (使)醒来 8. vt. 使(船)下水; 开始从事, 发动 9. n. 永久, 持久性 10. adj. 普遍的, 共同的; 普遍存在的 11. n. 总结, 概括, 概要 12. n. 重要议题, 争论的问题; 问题, 担忧; (报刊)一期. vt. 宣布, 公布 13. n. (事情发生的)背景, 环境, 来龙去脉; 上下文, 语境 context 14. adj. 特定的; 明确的, 具体的 15. n. (同类) 收藏品; 作品集; 募捐 16. vt. 运输, 运送. n. 交通运输系统; 交通车辆; 运输 18. n. 慷慨, 大方, 宽宏大量 19. n. 章节; 篇章 20. vt. 摧毁, 毁灭, 破坏 21. vt. 击败, 战胜. n. 失败, 战败; 击败 22. vt. 挺直; (使)变直, 变正 二、用以上所复习的单词，完成下列句子。 1. The charity's new campaign aims to ________ to the public's sense of justice and compassion. 2. The committee will ________ the final criteria for selection next week. 3. There has been a ________ increase in student participation since the new policy was introduced. 4. His detailed ________ of the suspect helped the police identify the person quickly. 5. As a photographer, she has a(n) ________ eye for capturing subtle changes in light. 6. The calm lake perfectly ________ the surrounding mountains and the clear blue sky. 7. The documentary aims to ________ people's awareness of environmental protection. 8. The company plans to ________ a new series of electric vehicles next year. 9. Unlike digital files, many people believe that printed photographs have a sense of ________. 10. The desire for happiness and security is a(n) ________ human need. 11. After the meeting, please send everyone a brief ________ of the key decisions made. 12. The latest ________ of the magazine features an in-depth report on climate change. 13. To fully understand the novel, one must consider its historical and social ________ . 14. The instructions were not ________ enough, which led to confusion during the experiment. 15. The museum's ________ of modern art is one of the largest in the country. 16. The city is investing in a new system to ________ goods from the port to the urban centers more efficiently. 17. Her ________ was evident when she donated a large portion of her inheritance to charity. 18. The final ________ of the book provides a surprising resolution to all the conflicts. 19. The enemy threatened to ________ entire coastal communities. 20. Despite a strong performance, the team had to accept the ________ in the championship final. 21. She tried to ________ her posture by practicing yoga regularly. 三、通过语境记单词：根据所给短文的中文翻译，用以上单词填空。注意时态语态的变化。 A Story in a Photo I remember one ___________ photograph in my family's ___________. It wasn't particularly grand in its ___________ — just my grandmother as a young woman, her smile ___________ in a lake. Yet, it held a ___________ ___________, a quiet strength that seemed to ___________ deep emotions. My father explained its ___________: it was taken before a ___________ war that threatened to ___________ their village. Her calm posture, he said, helped him ___________ his own back during tough times. That image, like a powerful ___________ in our history, ___________ my earlier sadness about old memories. It made me ___________ to value such ___________. In ___________, the photo’s true power wasn't in its colors, but in the story it ___________ and the ___________ of spirit it ___________ across generations. This ___________ of preserving memory is deeply ___________ to me now. 照片里的故事 我记得家里收藏品中有一张特定的照片。它的描述并不宏伟——只是我祖母年轻时的样子，她的笑容映在湖水中。然而，它有一种普遍的吸引力，一种沉静的力量，似乎能唤醒深沉的情感。父亲解释了它的背景：那是在一场可能摧毁他们村子的重大战争前拍的。他说，她平静的姿态曾帮助他在艰难时刻挺直自己的脊梁。那张照片，如同我们历史中强有力的篇章，击败了我先前对旧日回忆的伤感。它让我决心去珍视这种永久。总之，这张照片真正的力量不在于色彩，而在于它所开启的故事以及它所传递的、跨越世代的精神慷慨。如今，保存记忆这个议题对我而言变得十分敏感。 四、词性转化练习 1. appeal vi. & n. 有吸引力；呼吁→ ___________ adj. 有吸引力的 2. determine v. 确定；决心→ ___________ n. 决心→ ___________ adj. 坚定的 3. significant a. 有重要意义的→ ___________ n. 意义；重要性→ ___________ adv. 显著地 4. description n. 描述→ ___________ v. 描述→ ___________ adj. 描述性的 5. sensitive a. 感觉敏锐的；体贴的；敏感的→ ___________ n. 敏感性→ ___________ n. 感觉；感官 6. reflect v. 反映；思考→ ___________ n. 反射；思考 7. capable a. 有能力的→ ___________ n. 能力→ ___________ adj. 无能力的 8. awaken v. 唤起；醒来→ ___________ adj. 醒着的 / v. 唤醒 9. permanence n. 永久→ ___________ adj. 永久的 → ___________ adv. 永久地 10. universal a. 普遍的→ ___________ adv. 普遍地→___________ n. 宇宙 11. summary n. 总结→ ___________ v. 总结→ ___________ n. 总数 12. author n. 作者→ ___________ n. 权威；当局→ ___________ v. 授权 13. novel n.（长篇）小说 / a. 新颖的→ ___________ n. 新奇→ ___________ n. 小说家 14. specific a. 特定的；明确的→ ___________ adv. 特别地→ ___________ v. 明确说明→ ___________ n. 规格 15. collection n. 收藏品；收集→ ___________ v. 收集→ ___________ adj. 集体的 / n. 集体→ ___________ n. 收藏家 16. mean a. 吝啬的；刻薄的； v. 意味着；打算→ ___________ n. 意义→ ___________ adj. 有意义的→ ___________ adj. 无意义的 五、词性转换巩固练习：用以上所复习的单词及其相关词性，完成以下句子。 1. The novel’s underlying message about social justice has great ___________ , and its influence has grown ___________ over the years. 2. The ___________ is a recognized ___________ on modern poetry, and the publishing house has ___________ her to edit the new anthology. 3. His vivid ___________ of the landscape helps readers ___________ the scene in their minds, and the ___________ details are particularly striking. 4. She has a ___________ nature, which explains her ___________ to criticism, but she also has a strong ___________ of responsibility. 5. The ___________ of rare manuscripts was ___________ over decades, representing the ___________ effort of several scholars, and is now cared for by a devoted ___________. 6. The ___________ at the end of the chapter ___________ the key points, and the ___________ of these ideas forms the core argument. 7. Her ___________ to succeed is clear; she is a ___________ person who will not give up easily. 8. The ___________ of classical music lies in its depth, and many find it ___________ because it evokes deep emotions. 9. The ___________ of digital records is debatable, but many believe that data stored ___________ on secure servers can be considered ___________. 10. His ___________ on the incident shows how he ___________ deeply on life’s challenges. 11. The ___________ themes in the novel are ___________ appreciated, much like how the ___________ fascinates all of humanity. 12. He is ___________ of handling complex tasks, which demonstrates his ___________, though no one should be called ___________ without fair assessment. 13. The ___________ approach surprised everyone with its ___________, and the ___________ is known for such innovative ideas. 14. Please provide ___________ examples, ___________ focusing on the economic impact, and ___________ the data sources in the ___________ section. 15. The ___________ of public interest in art is crucial; we must ___________ people to its value and ensure they remain ___________ to new forms of expression. 16. His ___________ comments lacked any ___________, making the conversation seem ___________, while we struggled to find a ___________ topic. ❖ 重点词组 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 一、根据所给中文意义，写出本单元所学词组。 1. v致力, 专心, 献身 2. 即将发生(在某人身上), 等待着(某人) 3. 吸引, 申诉, 呼吁 4. 总的来说 5. 凭借, 利用 6. 尤其, 特别 7. (头脑)清醒; 使整洁, 清理 8. 正要做某事 9. 一瞬间；转眼间；刹那间 10. 与⋯⋯无/有关 11. 受到好评，值得高度评价 12. 稍微侧身 13. 把⋯⋯拉过来 14. 尽全力 二、通过语境记词组：根据所给短文的中文翻译，用以上词组填空。注意动词时态、语态等变化。 My Little Brother's Progress My little brother, Alex, has recently ____________________ improving his grades. What he didn't realize was the challenge ____________________ him. Math, which never used to ____________________ him, became his biggest hurdle. However, this struggle actually ____________________ a valuable lesson. One evening, _________________ of insight, he decided to _________________ online resources, __________________ some highly recommended video tutorials that ____________________ by many students. I remember once, seeing him ____________________, I ________ a chair __________, sat beside him and advised him to ____________ his desk and his thoughts. He ____________________, listened, and then decided to ____________________ the next practice test. ____________________, his perseverance is the real key to his improvement. 我弟弟的进步 我的弟弟亚历克斯最近致力于提高他的成绩。他没有意识到即将等待他的挑战。曾经从不吸引他的数学成了他最大的障碍。然而，这番挣扎其实与宝贵的一课有关。一天晚上，刹那间灵光一闪，他决定利用网络资源，尤其是一些深受好评、被许多学生高度评价的视频教程。我记得有一次，看到他正要放弃，我把一把椅子拉过来，坐在他旁边，建议他清理一下书桌，理清思绪。他稍微侧过身，听了听，然后决定全力以赴准备下一次模拟考试。总的来说，他的毅力才是他进步的关键所在。 ❖ 疑难长句 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Behind every book is a man, behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments. (p 44 ) 【结构分析】 这是一个由 并列连词“and” 连接三个分句组成的并列句，同时，每个分句内部又包含一个由“behind”引导的介词短语作为表语（在系动词“is/are”之后），整体结构平行对称，层层递进。 第一分句： Behind every book is a man. (介词短语作表语 + 系动词 + 主语)。 这是一个完全倒装句，正常语序为：A man is behind every book. 第二分句： (and) behind the man is the race. (结构同上，为完全倒装)。 正常语序：The race is behind the man. 第三分句： (and) behind the race are the natural and social environments. (结构同上，主语为复数，故系动词用“are”)。正常语序：The natural and social environments are behind the race. 【译文】每一本书的背后都站着一个人，这个人的背后是他的种族，而种族的背后则是其自然与社会环境。 【翻译】Behind every invention is a need, behind the need is a human dream, and behind the dream are the countless trials and errors of history. 2. In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty, the written record of man's thoughts and feelings, and the history of the human soul.（教材p 45） 【结构分析】 这是一个使用 “A is B, C, and D” 结构的简单句，其中主语“literature”后接系动词“is”，之后是三个并列的名词短语作表语，共同阐释文学的本质。三个表语由逗号和并列连词“and”连接，结构工整，语义层层递进。 主语literature；系动词is；并列表语the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty，the written record of man’s thoughts and feelings和the history of the human soul。 【译文】总的来说，文学是以真与美的形式对生活的表达，是人类思想与情感的书面记录，也是人类灵魂的历史。 【翻译】In summary, education is the cultivation of potential through wisdom and compassion, the continuous dialogue between generations, and the compass for the journey of civilization. 3. When Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus asks in the presence of Helen, “Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?” he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism. （教材p45） 【结构分析】 这是一个包含时间状语从句和定语从句的复合句，主句的主语是“he”（指代浮士德），核心动作为“opens a door”。句子通过丰富的修饰成分，构建了一个由具体文学场景通往抽象精神世界的诗意表达。 “When Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus asks... ‘Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?’”为时间状语从句。主语Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus，谓语asks，直接引语作宾语"Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?" 主句为“he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism.” 主语he (指代Doctor Faustus)，谓语opens，宾语a door。定语从句 “through which our imagination enters a new world” 修饰 “a door”。同位语修饰 “a new world”。“a world of love, beauty and heroism”对“a new world”进行补充说明，界定其内涵。 【译文】 当克里斯托弗·马洛笔下的浮士德博士面对海伦发出“就是这张脸令千帆齐发？”的追问时，他便打开了一扇门，让我们的想象力由此进入一个崭新的世界——一个充满爱、美与英雄气概的世界。 【翻译】When Newton watched the apple fall and pondered the force that draws it to the earth, he opened a window through which human reason glimpsed a new universe, a universe governed by elegant and universal laws. ❖ 语法讲与练 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 情态动词 一、动词的分类 动词主要分为四类： 实义动词：有实际词汇意义，能独立作谓语。如：run, eat, think。包括及物动词和不及物动词。 助动词：无独立词汇意义，协助实义动词构成时态、语态、语气、疑问或否定形式。常见的有be, do, have等。 连系动词：主要是be，及非be 类连系词come, go, become, sound, look, smell, taste, turn, remain, stay等。 情态动词：用于表达说话人的态度、情感或推测。用于表达说话人对动作或状态的可能性、必要性、意愿、许可、能力 等态度或看法的助动词。 （注意：后三种不能单独作谓语，必须和实义动词一起构成。） 二、情态动词的特点 1. 不能独立作谓语：必须后接动词原形，共同构成谓语部分。 2. 无人称和数的变化：无论主语是第几人称，单数还是复数，情态动词形式不变。（have to 除外，其第三人称单数为 has to）。 3. 否定式：直接在情态动词后加 not。如：cannot, should not, must not。 疑问式：将情态动词提至主语前。如：Can you...? Must I...? 4. 没有非谓语形式：情态动词没有不定式(to can)、现在分词(canning)、过去分词(canned)等形式。其“时态”意义常通过更换不同情态动词或与完成式/进行式连用来表达。 三、常见情态动词及其基本用法 情态 动词 核心含义与用法 例句 翻译 can 1. 能力（现在） 2. 许可（口语） 3. 可能性（理论可能） 1. She can speak three languages. 2. You can go now. 3. Any number can be divided by one. 1. 她会说三种语言。 2. 你现在可以走了。 3. 任何数都可以被1整除。 could 1. 能力（过去） 2. 委婉请求/建议 3. 可能性（较小） 1. I could run fast when I was young. 2. Could you pass me the salt? 3. It could rain later. 1. 我年轻时跑得很快。 2. 能把盐递给我吗？ 3. 晚点可能会下雨。 may 1. 许可（正式） 2. 可能性（现实可能） 1. You may begin the exam now. 2. He may be in his office. 1. 你现在可以开始考试了。 2. 他可能在办公室。 might 1. 许可（更委婉） 2. 可能性（更小） 1. Might I ask a question? 2. She might not come tonight. 1. 我能问个问题吗？ 2. 她今晚可能不来了。 must 1. 必须（主观责任/命令） 2. 禁止（mustn't） 3. 肯定推测（现在） 1. We must obey the rules. 2. You mustn't smoke here. 3. She must be tired after the long trip. 1. 我们必须遵守规则。 2. 你绝不能在这里吸烟。 3. 长途旅行后她一定累了。 have to 必须（客观需要） I have to wear glasses to read. 我得戴眼镜才能阅读。 should 1. 应该（建议/责任） 2. 推测（按常理） 1. You should apologize to her. 2. The package should arrive tomorrow. 1. 你应该向她道歉。 2. 包裹明天应该能到。 ought to 应该（道德/义务，语气强于should） We ought to protect the environment. 我们应当保护环境。 shall 1. 征求意见（一三人称疑问句） 2. 承诺/规定（二三人称） 1. Shall I open the window? 2. You shall receive a bonus. 1. 要我开窗吗？ 2. 你会得到一笔奖金。 will 1. 意愿/决心 2. 未来（助动词功能） 1. I will help you no matter what. 2. It will rain tomorrow. 1. 无论如何我都会帮你。 2. 明天会下雨。 would 1. 意愿/习惯（过去） 2. 委婉请求 3. 虚拟语气 1. He would always help others. 2. Would you mind waiting? 3. If I were you, I would go. 1. 他过去总是帮助别人。 2. 你介意等一会儿吗？ 3. 如果我是你，我就会去。 四、情态动词表推测的用法 这是情态动词的一个重点和难点，表示对当前或过去情况的猜测。推测的 肯定程度 从高到低为：must > will > would > should > can > could > may > might。 对现在/一般情况的推测：结构：情态动词 + 动词原形（状态动词） / be doing（进行中） 肯定句：must, may, might, could He must be at home. (灯亮着) 他一定在家。 She may/might/could be working. 她可能在工作。 否定句：can’t/couldn’t (不可能), may not/might not (可能不) He can’t be French; he speaks no French. 他不可能是法国人，他一点法语都不会说。 She may not be happy about it. 她可能不高兴。 疑问句：Can/Could...? Can this be true? 这可能是真的吗？ 对过去情况的推测： 结构：情态动词 + have + 过去分词肯定句：must have done, may/might/could have done The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的。昨晚一定下雨了。 He might have missed the train. 他可能错过火车了。 否定句：can’t/couldn’t have done, may not/might not have done She can’t have finished so soon. 她不可能完成得这么快。 He may not have known the truth. 他可能并不知情。 疑问句：Can/Could...have done? Could he have said such a thing? 他可能说过这样的话吗？ ❖ 检测与巩固 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 根据句意，填上恰当的情态动词。 1. You look very pale. You ______ be ill. (很可能) 2. I ______ swim across the river when I was a teenager. (能力) 3. The phone is ringing, but nobody answers. They ______ (go) out. 4. Students ______ use mobile phones during the exam. It‘s strictly forbidden. (禁止) 5. ______ you lend me your pen for a moment? (委婉请求) 6. He left two hours ago. He ______ (arrive) by now. 7. To get a better view, you ______ stand on this chair. (被允许) 8. She ______ (not see) him yesterday because he was abroad. 9. It’s getting late. I ______ leave now, or I’ll miss the last bus. (客观必要) 10. If you want to lose weight, you ______ eat less junk food. (建议) ❖ 高考真题再现 ✎-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. (2024年 全国新高考I卷) One of the major events ... was the Marathon. He promised his mother he ______ (run) the Marathon if his health permitted. 2. (2023年 全国甲卷) In ancient China, there ______ (can) be no doubt that the Chinese writing system boosted cultural exchange. 3. (2022年 新高考全国I卷) I wish I ______ (visit) the art exhibition with you last week, but I was fully occupied. 4. (2021年 天津卷) If you had asked me earlier, I ______ (arrange) everything for you. ❖ 阅读微技能 ✎------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 文章中例子的作用 请再次仔细阅读课文The wonder of literature，回答以下问题，选出正确答案。 1. In the sentence “These sounds seemed to be from another world and the child listened to them with wonder”, the word “them” refers to ______. A. the child’s ears B. the strange, low, musical sounds C. the worlds the child imagined D. the man’s explanations 2. In Paragraph 1, the words “the old” refer to ______. A. the old man B. the old world C. the old shell D. the unnoticed music 3. The author tells the story of a child and a shell at the beginning of the passage in order to ______. A. introduce a scientific fact about how shells work B. criticize (批评) the man for destroying the child’s wonder C. create an analogy (类比) for the experience of discovering literature D. show that children have a better imagination than adults 4. In Paragraph 2, the author suggests that to understand a book fully, we need to know about the author’s race and the environments. Why is this point mentioned here? A. To compare different racial perspectives in writing. B. To show that the author’s personal life is unimportant. C. To argue that literature is only understandable within its original culture. D. To provide an example of the “effort” needed to enter the world of literature. 5. The author mentions the poet who writes “Yesterday's flowers am I” in Paragraph 3 mainly to ______. A. describe the process of writing a poem B. argue that dead grass can be beautiful C. show how poets are different from ordinary people D. explain how literature reveals (反映) hidden truth and beauty 6. Why does the author quote the line “Was this the face that launched a thousand ships?” in Paragraph 4? A. To analyze the historical accuracy of the story of Helen. B. To criticize the style of Christopher Marlowe. C. To illustrate how literature awakens imagination and feelings. D. To compare different writers’ views on beauty. 7. In Paragraph 5, the author states that good literature reflects basic human nature such as “love and hate, joy and sadness.” The purpose of listing these emotions is to ______. A. define what “universal interest” means in the context of lasting literature B. prove that all writers experience the same feelings C. suggest that literature should avoid complex (复杂的) emotions D. show the limitations of human experience 8. When the author says in Paragraph 5 that “no writer can describe human life without reflecting his own life,” this statement serves to ______. A. downplay (贬低) the importance of creativity in writing B. define the second element, “personal style,” that contributes to literature’s permanence C. argue that all literature is autobiographical D. criticize writers who are too subjective (主观) 9. What is the main idea of Paragraph 5? A. Literature must be interesting to all people. B. The personal style of a writer is not important. C. Two key elements make literature lasting. D. Human nature is simple and easy to describe. 10. How is the passage organized? A. Presenting a problem and then giving solutions. B. Comparing and contrasting (对比、对照) different views on literature. C. Starting with an analogy and then analyzing key qualities. D. Listing historical examples in chronological (按时间顺序的) order. 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $