专题05 阅读理解之说明文（复习讲义）（天津专用）2026年中考英语一轮复习讲练测

该初中英语中考复习讲义聚焦“阅读理解之说明文”专题，紧扣中考细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等核心考点，按“考情分析-考点突破-真题训练”架构知识体系，通过考点梳理（近三年考情+命题预测）、方法指导（解题技巧+干扰选项规律）、真题训练（8篇不同主题阅读）三阶教学，帮助学生系统突破说明文阅读难点。 亮点在于以新课标核心素养为导向，如通过“三步定位法”解细节题、“上下文线索法”猜词义等策略训练思维品质，真题覆盖科技、环保等预测主题并分层设计。特设限时阅读和错题诊断，助力学生提升语言能力与应试效率，教师可依此精准把控复习节奏，实现高效备考。

专题05 阅读理解之说明文 目 录 2 3 3 考点一 题型破解 3 考点二 解题要点 4 考点三 解题技巧 5 10 题型 考查形式 2025年 2024年 2023年 阅读理解之说明文 ☑选择题 □非选择题 天津卷B篇：灯笼鱼介绍（细节理解2，词义猜测1，推理判断1） 天津卷B篇：盐的来源（细节理解3，顺序理解1） 天津卷B篇：维生素D（细节理解2，推理判断2） 考情分析 一、命题特点分析 说明文是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像记叙文那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，说明文是中考英语阅读理解题中的重点，难点之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。 二、命题思路总结 说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） 命题预测 一、主题预测 科技与工程：人工智能应用、新能源汽车、天津智慧港口、航天科技。 生态与环保：垃圾分类与处理、湿地保护、碳达峰与碳中和、天津“绿色屏障”。 健康与生活：青少年心理健康、科学健身、营养膳食、公共卫生知识。 文化与传承：非物质文化遗产、传统技艺、博物馆与科技馆功能。 社会与人文：新型职业介绍、志愿服务、城市发展与规划。 二、题型预测 细节理解题仍将占据最大比例，侧重对事物特征、数据、过程、原因等具体信息的考查。 推理判断题可能增加，侧重对“写作目的”、“事物影响”或“隐含信息”的推断。 词义猜测题稳定出现，常考查科技术语、熟词生义或结合构词法。 结构顺序题需关注，可能考查信息匹配、步骤排序或段落大意。 主旨大意题通常以选择最佳标题或概括主要内容的形式出现。 考点一 题型破解 一、说明文阅读理解的特征 一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who → what → when → where → how → why。 1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 二、选项规律 干扰项特征 真题示例 应对策略 信息错位 将A事物的特征描述为B事物的特征。 精准定位，仔细比对主语与描述内容。 张冠李戴 将甲做的事情说成是乙做的。 关注动作发出者。 偷换概念 将文中的“可能”(may)偷换成“一定”(must)。 注意程度副词、情态动词的细微差别。 无中生有 选项内容看似合理，但原文未提及。 坚决以原文为依据，勿凭常识或想象答题。 以偏概全 将某个细节或特例当作整体特征或普遍结论。 关注表示范围的词汇，综观全文。 因果倒置 混淆因果关系。 理清“因”与“果”的逻辑链。 过度推断 基于原文进行了超出合理范围的引申。 推断必须紧扣文本信息，一步为限。 考点二 解题要点 阅读说明类文章重在把握被说明事物各因素之间的联系，如因果、条件、从属、并列等；以及说明方法，如定义、例释、类比等。考生应加强此类文章的阅读训练，不断提高判断、归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注意实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。 一、解题技巧 技巧一 快速读题，正确理解题干，定位关键词，带着问题读文章。 技巧二 运用正确的阅读策略，变速阅读文章，学会处理文中的冗余信息。 技巧三 注意特殊语言现象，在含有关键词的句子处标上题号。 技巧四 注意正确项和干扰项的特征，回到文中确定答案。 技巧五 合理猜测，推敲生词的含义。 技巧六 符合题目要求，对信息进行必要的加工处理。 二、解题方法 先读懂文章，然后按顺序答题。此方法适合内容较易于理解和记忆的文章。 先读试题再读文章，这样我们可以带着问题有的放矢地阅读文章，迅速选出答案。 先阅读一篇文章，把握中心大意，然后开始答题，对暂时确定不了的答案，可回读文章的有关内容并对其进行分析、推敲后再确定。 对拿不准的答案，可先逐项排除自己有把握的错误选项，再将剩下的答案进行比较、筛选，直到确定最佳答案。 三、注意事项 1. 限时阅读：严格控制做题时间，具体到每一篇文章，通过有意识的训练，达到时间分配上的合理性。 2. 带着问题读：先快速浏览一遍题目，再开始阅读文章，有针对性的阅读会提升速度。 3. 找对应词句：中考阅读理解的答案都会聚焦到文章的词或句子上，在做题时找到相应的原文，并进行勾勒、标注，重点理解，有助于排除疑虑，且方便检查。 4. 重点注意首段、尾段、首句、尾句：中考阅读理解的材料都是有鲜明的中心句的，把握好中心句有助于全篇的理解。中心句通常位于首段、尾段、首句或尾句，需要特别注意。 5. 理解作者意图：切勿将自己的意图强加到文章中，特别是在做主旨大意题时。 考点三 解题技巧 （1） 细节理解题 命题规律： 细节理解题一般根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问，命题人往往通过对文章细节加以改写来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。细节理解题在高考阅读理解中占有相当大的比例，几乎占据了阅读理解总题量的“半壁江山”。这类题考点可以源自段内的单句信息理解，也可以来自段落内综合信息的理解。考查内容涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、方式以及在议论文中可以涉及例证的细节和定义类的细节。 命题方式 ： 1.特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what.which，who，how much/many等疑问词开头引出问题。 2.填空题形式。通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。 题型和考查角度： 1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。 2.中频考点：数字计算题； 3.低频考点：细节排序题；正误判断题。 解题原则 ：注意句子的逻辑关系，依附原文，杜绝主观臆断。 解题技巧 ： 第一步：审读题干，提取关键信息； 第二步：速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换； 第三步：逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。 解题原则：对原文中能直接排除的进行筛选，不能直接找到的多处相关信息进行整合转换。 （2） 推理判断题 推理判断题是中考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括推理和判断两个方面，是考生失分率较高的题型。考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。分析今年高考题可知，推断题呈不断上升的趋势，且由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义词及长难句来考查考生对语言的理解能力，难度比之前有所增加。 题型和考查角度： 1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。 2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。 错误原因： 1. 主观臆断 2. 缺乏逻辑 3. 过度推理 4. 缺乏常识 隐含推断类题型 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词infer（推断），suggest（表明，暗示），conclude（得出结论）, indicate（暗示，象征）, imply（暗示）, assume(假定，设想)迅速确定题型 解题指导： (1) 浏览选项，首先排除对原文信息简单重复的错误选项 (2) 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断； (3) 整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须立足原文，避免主观臆断。 观点态度类题型 锁定关键词： 根据题干中表达情感的形容词、副词、动词或介词短语等，如attitude（态度），outstanding（ 优秀的，突出的），disagree（不同意），hopefully（有希望的）,against（反对）, in favor of（赞成）, 迅速确定题型。 解题指导： (1) 认真审题，明确“谁对谁”的态度，明确答题方向 (2) 关注段落首尾句，推断文章和段落主题，确定观点 (3) 注意作者或文中人物的措辞 (4) 分析修饰语和字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点； (5) 牢记观点态度的常见词语 写作意图类题型 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了）迅速确定题型。 解题指导： (1) 根据文章或段落主旨推断作者写作意图； (2) 根据文体推断写作意图 说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句（to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...） （3） 词义猜测题 命题规律： 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解试题中的必考题型, 可以是对一个单词意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的推断，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，可以考查替代词的内容。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语大多超出考纲的范围，需要根据语境进行推测其含义。 平时的训练中应当注意生词和短语的积累，还要掌握构词法，和一定的解题技巧。 题型和考查角度： 1.猜测生词或熟词生义。 2.猜测短语的意义。 3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。 4.猜测句意。 命题方式： The phrase“...” in the sentence could be replaced by“ ”. The word “...”in the paragraph refer to“ ”. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the.. paragraph? Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase“...”? The word“...” most nearly means“ ”. The underlined sentence in the... paragraph implies that . 解题技巧 ： 1.定位文中画线处上下文。 2.理解上下文，查找提示点，根据背景、上下文等线索推测生词词义。 选项特征 ： 正确选项特征 1. 将选项代入原文，上下文逻辑通顺。 2. 含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。 干扰项特征 1. 与划线部分词形相似 2. 考查熟词生义时，含有常规词义的往往不正确 3.选项中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。 1. 根据定义推测词义： 有时作者会通过给词汇下定义来帮助读者理解该词的基本含义，如线索词that is, or, namely, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put it another way, which is等。 2. 根据举例推测词义： 有时，划线部分后会根由一些具体的例子，这些例子可以帮助考试理解该词的词义。线索词such as, such...as, for example, for instance, like , including, especially等。 3. 根据对比关系或转折关系推测词义： 表达对比或转折关系的词需注意but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead, similarly, on the contrary, in contrast to等。 4. 根据同义词或并列结构推测词义： 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调和重复，会使用意思相同或相近的词，此时，只要知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另一个词的意思。 5. 根据构词法推测词义： 英语中的很多词汇，尤其是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的，因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。 6. 根据因果关系推测词义： 因果关系时一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。根据线索词as, since, because, for , so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so...that, such...that等可知上下句存在因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。 （4） 主旨大意题 命题规律： 主旨大意题即考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。 题型和考查角度： 1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意) 2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。 要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。 选项特征： 正确选项特征 3. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 4. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 5. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩 6. 语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。 干扰项特征 1. 过于笼统 范围太大，超出文章内容。 2. 以偏概全 只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。 3. 主观臆断 与文章内容无关，只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。 命题方式： What is the text mainly about? What is the best title for the text? What can be a suitable title for the text? What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about? What's the main idea discussed in the first/second/.. paragraph? 不解题技巧： 1. 说明文：明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。 段落大意题 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意 1. 根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式 2. 通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。 A What is going to happen in the future? Will robots control (控制) our world? Will computers become smarter than us? Maybe it’s not true. But here are some new things that will happen in 10-30 years. Bionic (仿生) Eyes They’re no longer something only in a movie. Now we have them in real life. People who are blind would be able to see things clearly by wearing bionic eyes. A blind eye can’t see things, but a bionic eye can use a machine to “see” the environment and send information to brain. Digital (数字) Money Now we can use Wechat Pay (微信支付) or Alipay (支付宝) to shop. That means we are using digital money. When people go out, they can only take phone with them. Using these ways is much easier than looking for money in our pockets. However, some people don’t like using it. They think it is not safe (安全) enough. In fact, it is not true at all. Digital money is even safer. Self-Driving (自动驾驶) Cars There are some machines on the car. They can make the car follow the traffic rules (交通规则) and keep a safe space from other cars. This would make the road safer. You can take a short rest when the car drives itself. In the future, self-driving cars will be used by many people. 1．Bionic eyes send information to ________. A． brain B． camera C．computer D． heart 2．The underlined word “blind” in paragraph 2 means ________. A．瞎的 B．聋的 C．瘸的 D．胖的 3．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Bionic eyes can only appear in a film. B．Self-driving cars don't follow the traffic rules. C．Everybody in the world likes using digital money. D．We can have a short rest when using self-driving cars. 4．The underlined word “it” in paragraph four refers to (指的是) ________. A．we are using digital money B．WeChat Pay and Alipay are digital money C．digital money is not safe enough D．some people don’t like using digital money 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．How to help the blind people. B．Some new things in the future. C．Self-driving cars in the future. D．We should use digital money. B The summer vacation is coming. During the vacation, you can do what you like and prepare yourself well for the future. You’ll enjoy your summer vacation if you follow the suggestions (建议). ▲Take exercise. After studying hard for months, you may be bored and tired. Taking exercise is the best way to relax yourself. Swimming and walking are great choices (选择) for you. All kinds of exercise are good for your health. ▲Master (掌握) some life skills (技能). You will live a life by yourself one day. So you should learn some necessary and useful life skills such as washing clothes and cooking. At the same time, you should help your parents with housework. ▲Go travelling. The world is a book. You should go out to read the book. Travelling is so interesting. Did you make your own plan? If not, do it now. When you are travelling, you will also make a lot of  friends. ▲Enjoy the time with family members. Family members play an important role in your life. They give you love, care and support all the time. Don’t forget to spend some time together with them. You will find it great to stay with them, talking about dreams, hobbies or anything you like. All in all, if you follow the suggestions, you will have a wonderful vacation. 1．How many suggestions are mentioned (被提到) in the passage? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 2．Which is the best way to relax yourself according to the passage? A．Swimming. B．Walking. C．Taking exercise. D．Running. 3．Why should we learn life skills according to the article? A．Because we can get much money. B．Because doing housework is difficult for us. C．Because we will live a life by ourselves one day. D．Because we like to do housework with our family. 4．How does the writer think of travelling? A．He thinks it’s funny. B．He thinks it’s interesting. C．He thinks it’s terrible. D．He thinks it’s boring. 5．The article mainly tells us ________. A．the suggestions about summer vacation B．the suggestions about taking exercise C．the suggestions about life skills D．the suggestions about travelling C For about one quarter of the world’s population, chopsticks are the eating utensils (餐具) of choice for every meal. Just as Western children learn to use knives and forks, Asian children learn to use chopsticks, and they quickly become good at using them. To Asian people, forks are an odd utensil. Chopsticks can be made of wood, bamboo, plastic, bone, fine china (陶瓷) or metal. In China, they are called kuaizi, which means “quick little bamboo fellows (同伴)”. China is the birthplace of chopsticks and they are used in all Asian countries. Chopsticks have been in use for over 5,000 years. However, forks were not used in England until 1611. How their use was introduced to other countries is not known. February 6th is National Chopsticks Day. Take part in National Chopsticks Day, and use chopsticks for all of your meals. You will eat Chinese or other Asian food with chopsticks. But you can eat any food with chopsticks on the day. To make the day really special, use chopsticks on a homemade Chinese dish. Have fun with chopsticks on the day. Make a game out of picking up peanuts or jelly beans with them. 1．What does the underlined word “odd” probably mean? A．Strange. B．Usual. C．Expensive. D．Cheap. 2．Who invented chopsticks? A．The English. B．The French. C．The Chinese. D．The Japanese. 3．How long have forks been in use in England? A．For over 5,000 years. B．For over 300 years. C．For less than 5,000 years. D．Since 1611. 4．When is National Chopsticks Day? A．On March 12th. B．On February 6th. C．On February 12th. D．On April 6th. D Bear Details International Polar Bear Day is Feb. 27. Climate change harms polar bears because they live on sea ice to hunt, breed (繁殖) and travel. Over two thirds of the world’s polar bears are found in Canada. Polar bears can walk more than 3,000 km each month. An adult male (雄性) can weigh over 600 kg. Every ten years, the arctic sea ice has declined (减少) at a rate of 13%. How can we help polar bears? Reduce your carbon footprint. It helps to reduce climate change’s effect on polar bears. Support action groups that protect polar bears. Learn more about the difficult situation of polar bears. Support eco-friendly tourism to polar regions (极地) to see polar bears. · Of the 19 subpopulations (亚群), 4 are in decline. · Sources: WWF. Polar Bears International. 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．When is the International Polar Bear Day? A．March 3rd. B．March 2nd. C．February 13th. D．February 27th. 2．How many ways of protection are mentioned in the passage? A．19. B．2. C．4. D．13. 3．What is the main reason for the decline of the polar bears? A．Hunting. B．Breeding. C．Travelling. D．Climate change. 4．According to the passage, what can we do to help save polar bears? ①Reduce CO₂. ②Raise money. ③Do research. ④Support groups. ⑤Develop eco-friendly tourism. A．①④⑤ B．①②⑤ C．②③④ D．③④⑤ 5．What can we know about polar bears from the passage? A．The baby male bear can weigh over 600 kg. B．People can hardly see polar bears in Canada. C．Polar bears can walk more than 3,000 km each day. D．You can learn more from WWF. Polar Bears International. E Puffins (海鹦) are cute. Puffins live near the cold North Atlantic Ocean and nearby seas. Some people think that puffins are flying penguins (企鹅), but that isn’t true. They are both good swimmers and like cold water. But puffins live in the North, penguins live in the South. Puffins grow together in large groups (群). They spend most of their time in the water. Sometimes they show up on the rocky coastline. They like wind because it helps them fly. Puffins build nests on grassy lands or under stones (石头). In August of each year, thousands of baby puffins leave their homes and try to fly. They usually fly at night when hunters are sleeping, so that they can stay safe. But many of the puffins fly to the city instead of the sea. In the city there are many dangers. The puffins might be run over by cars or run after by dogs. Although some of them can stay away from these dangers, they will surely get hungry. The people in the city search all over the city for puffins and then take them to the beach. In this way, people save thousands of puffins each year. 1．Where can people see puffins according to the passage? A．Near the warm European places. B．In the south of the Middle East. C．Near the big rivers and lakes. D．Near the cold North Atlantic Ocean. 2．What is the biggest difference between puffins and penguins? A．They eat different food. B．They live in different places. C．They have different colours. D．They build different houses. 3．What does the underlined word “hunters” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．伙伴 B．海员 C．捕食者 D．农夫 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Thousands of puffins are born each year. B．Most of the puffins fly to the city to build houses. C．There are not enough places for the puffins to live. D．The situation of the puffins is very difficult in the city. 5．What is the theme (主题) of the passage? A．Animals. B．Health. C．Sports. D．Travel. F In China, many young people are doing amazing things. Four of them are very confident and they know what they want to do. They know that if they keep trying, they can achieve anything. They hope young people will follow their lead, making significant contributions to technology and culture. Name: Liang WenfengGraduated from: Peking University Company: DeepSeek He made great contributions to the development of artificial intelligence with DeepSeek’s advanced AI technologies. People love him because his work brings innovation and convenience to our daily life. Name: Jiaozi (Yang Yu) Graduated from: Sichuan University Company: Chengdu Kekedou Animation Film and Television His movie Ne Zha 2 is a box-office hit. It is popular for its unique visual (视觉) effects and touching stories. His movies inspire the development of the domestic animation industry. Name: Wang XingxingGraduated from: Zhejiang University Company: Unitree Robotics His company has developed advanced 4-legged robot products, which have made great contributions to the development of the quadruped (四足动物) robot industry. Name: Feng JiGraduated from: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Company: Game Science His work Black Myth: Wukong has drawn wide attention. It is very popular because he combines traditional Chinese culture with modern animation techniques. 1．What is the name of Liang Wenfeng’s company? A．DeepSeek. B．Ne Zha 2. C．Unitree Robotics. D．Game Science. 2．What do we know about Yang Yu? A．He graduated from Peking University. B．He created a popular video game. C．He is a famous movie director. D．He made contributions to the development of robot industry. 3．What is special about Feng Ji’s creation, Black Myth: Wukong? A．It is a popular quadruped robot. B．It mixes traditional culture with modern techniques. C．It is a box-office hit movie. D．It focuses on artificial intelligence. 4．What do Liang Wenfeng, Jiaozi, Wang Xingxing, and Feng Ji have in common? A．They all founded companies. B．They are all famous for their work in technology. C．They all graduated from the same university. D．They are all young people who are confident and work hard to achieve their dreams. G Meet three inventors who have had useful ideas from a young age! The 14-year-old Remya Jose from India found that it took much time to wash clothes by hand. So Remya studied how a normal washing machine worked. Then she took some recycled bicycle parts and used them to build her own machine. Remya’s washing machine is easy to use. The invention saves lots of time and helps people to stay fit, too. It’s useful in areas with little or no electricity. At the age of 15, Ann Makosinski from Canada heard her friend in the Philippines was having problems doing her homework because she didn’t have reliable (可靠的) electricity at home in the evening. She wanted to help her friend, so she invented a flashlight to help her. The flashlight works from the heat of your hands when you hold it, so it doesn’t need expensive batteries (电池) or electricity. As a young teenager, Kelvin Doe began to teach himself engineering. There were often serious problems with the electricity supply (供给) in his city, and this made daily life difficult for his family and friends. At 13, Kelvin started to invent and build special batteries. He made the batteries from acid (酸), soda (碱), and recycled metal parts that he found in recycling bins. The energy from these produced electricity for the homes in his community. Kelvin believes that if you pay attention to doing one thing, you can do an invention perfectly. 1．What are the advantages of Remya’s washing machine? ①It’s easy to use.        ②It saves much time. ③It helps people keep fit.    ④It saves much water. A．①③④ B．②③④ C．①②③ D．①②④ 2．What does the underlined word “this” refer to (指的是)? A．The energy of the batteries. B．The material of the batteries. C．The electricity supply problem. D．The experience of learning engineering. 3．What did the three inventions have in common? A．They were made to produce light. B．They were made from recycled rubbish. C．They made the price of electricity lower. D．They were useful in places without reliable electricity. 4．In which part of a newspaper can we see the text? A．Technology. B．Culture. C．Study. D．Sports. H ①When you’re trying to make friends, you’ll probably meet someone who just doesn’t like you, though you’ve never done anything to him or her. Well, what should you do? Here’s some advice. ②Gossip (流言蜚语) can make meeting new people difficult, especially when people hear something bad about you. It can prevent someone from getting to know you at all. When you’re in a situation like this, it feels bad. Instead of trying to win them over (说服), however, just be yourself. As time goes by, they will see that the gossip about you is wrong. Or they may choose to believe it. Don’t worry about it and move on by being friendly to the kind people. ③You’d think that your friend’s friends would also become your friends. But it doesn’t work that way. Sometimes people are happy with the friendships they have, and they aren’t interested in adding any more. If someone chooses not to be friends with you just because you’re new to the group, it’s fine. There’s nothing wrong with you or them. ④An even more difficult situation is when someone has met you and just doesn’t like you. Every joke you make is taken the wrong way. Every time you try to do something nice, they find fault (找茬儿). As much as it hurts, accept that not everyone is going to be your friend. Don’t take it personally. These things could happen to everyone. There are just some people you won’t like. ⑤In a word, if someone doesn’t want to be your friend, that’s okay. Don’t get angry with them because it’s their choice (选择). Instead, give your time and attention to the people who are interested in being with you. 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．What should you do if people choose to believe the gossip about you? A．Try to win them over. B．Let them know the truth. C．Forget about it and move on. D．Find out where the gossip comes from. 2．Why don’t people want to make new friends sometimes? A．Because they are afraid of making new friends. B．Because they are satisfied with the friends they have now. C．Because they think it’s a waste of time making new friends. D．Because they worry that a new friend will influence (影响) their old friendship. 3．What does the underlined sentence “Don’t take it personally” in paragraph 4 mean? A．You shouldn’t share it with others. B．You shouldn’t stop it by yourself. C．You shouldn’t take it to heart. D．You shouldn’t accept it in person. 4．Which is the best way to divide (分割) the passage? A．①/②③④/⑤ B．①/②③/④⑤ C．①/②③④⑤ D．①②/③④/⑤ 5．What does the passage mainly want to tell us? A．How to make new friends. B．How to have a talk with others. C．How to be popular among friends. D．What to do when you’re not liked by others. 1 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文 目 录 2 3 3 考点一 题型破解 3 考点二 解题要点 4 考点三 解题技巧 5 10 题型 考查形式 2025年 2024年 2023年 阅读理解之说明文 ☑选择题 □非选择题 天津卷B篇：灯笼鱼介绍（细节理解2，词义猜测1，推理判断1） 天津卷B篇：盐的来源（细节理解3，顺序理解1） 天津卷B篇：维生素D（细节理解2，推理判断2） 考情分析 一、命题特点分析 说明文是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像记叙文那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，说明文是中考英语阅读理解题中的重点，难点之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。 二、命题思路总结 说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） 命题预测 一、主题预测 科技与工程：人工智能应用、新能源汽车、天津智慧港口、航天科技。 生态与环保：垃圾分类与处理、湿地保护、碳达峰与碳中和、天津“绿色屏障”。 健康与生活：青少年心理健康、科学健身、营养膳食、公共卫生知识。 文化与传承：非物质文化遗产、传统技艺、博物馆与科技馆功能。 社会与人文：新型职业介绍、志愿服务、城市发展与规划。 二、题型预测 细节理解题仍将占据最大比例，侧重对事物特征、数据、过程、原因等具体信息的考查。 推理判断题可能增加，侧重对“写作目的”、“事物影响”或“隐含信息”的推断。 词义猜测题稳定出现，常考查科技术语、熟词生义或结合构词法。 结构顺序题需关注，可能考查信息匹配、步骤排序或段落大意。 主旨大意题通常以选择最佳标题或概括主要内容的形式出现。 考点一 题型破解 一、说明文阅读理解的特征 一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who → what → when → where → how → why。 1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 二、选项规律 干扰项特征 真题示例 应对策略 信息错位 将A事物的特征描述为B事物的特征。 精准定位，仔细比对主语与描述内容。 张冠李戴 将甲做的事情说成是乙做的。 关注动作发出者。 偷换概念 将文中的“可能”(may)偷换成“一定”(must)。 注意程度副词、情态动词的细微差别。 无中生有 选项内容看似合理，但原文未提及。 坚决以原文为依据，勿凭常识或想象答题。 以偏概全 将某个细节或特例当作整体特征或普遍结论。 关注表示范围的词汇，综观全文。 因果倒置 混淆因果关系。 理清“因”与“果”的逻辑链。 过度推断 基于原文进行了超出合理范围的引申。 推断必须紧扣文本信息，一步为限。 考点二 解题要点 阅读说明类文章重在把握被说明事物各因素之间的联系，如因果、条件、从属、并列等；以及说明方法，如定义、例释、类比等。考生应加强此类文章的阅读训练，不断提高判断、归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注意实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。 一、解题技巧 技巧一 快速读题，正确理解题干，定位关键词，带着问题读文章。 技巧二 运用正确的阅读策略，变速阅读文章，学会处理文中的冗余信息。 技巧三 注意特殊语言现象，在含有关键词的句子处标上题号。 技巧四 注意正确项和干扰项的特征，回到文中确定答案。 技巧五 合理猜测，推敲生词的含义。 技巧六 符合题目要求，对信息进行必要的加工处理。 二、解题方法 先读懂文章，然后按顺序答题。此方法适合内容较易于理解和记忆的文章。 先读试题再读文章，这样我们可以带着问题有的放矢地阅读文章，迅速选出答案。 先阅读一篇文章，把握中心大意，然后开始答题，对暂时确定不了的答案，可回读文章的有关内容并对其进行分析、推敲后再确定。 对拿不准的答案，可先逐项排除自己有把握的错误选项，再将剩下的答案进行比较、筛选，直到确定最佳答案。 三、注意事项 1. 限时阅读：严格控制做题时间，具体到每一篇文章，通过有意识的训练，达到时间分配上的合理性。 2. 带着问题读：先快速浏览一遍题目，再开始阅读文章，有针对性的阅读会提升速度。 3. 找对应词句：中考阅读理解的答案都会聚焦到文章的词或句子上，在做题时找到相应的原文，并进行勾勒、标注，重点理解，有助于排除疑虑，且方便检查。 4. 重点注意首段、尾段、首句、尾句：中考阅读理解的材料都是有鲜明的中心句的，把握好中心句有助于全篇的理解。中心句通常位于首段、尾段、首句或尾句，需要特别注意。 5. 理解作者意图：切勿将自己的意图强加到文章中，特别是在做主旨大意题时。 考点三 解题技巧 （1） 细节理解题 命题规律： 细节理解题一般根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问，命题人往往通过对文章细节加以改写来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。细节理解题在高考阅读理解中占有相当大的比例，几乎占据了阅读理解总题量的“半壁江山”。这类题考点可以源自段内的单句信息理解，也可以来自段落内综合信息的理解。考查内容涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、方式以及在议论文中可以涉及例证的细节和定义类的细节。 命题方式 ： 1.特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what.which，who，how much/many等疑问词开头引出问题。 2.填空题形式。通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。 题型和考查角度： 1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。 2.中频考点：数字计算题； 3.低频考点：细节排序题；正误判断题。 解题原则 ：注意句子的逻辑关系，依附原文，杜绝主观臆断。 解题技巧 ： 第一步：审读题干，提取关键信息； 第二步：速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换； 第三步：逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。 解题原则：对原文中能直接排除的进行筛选，不能直接找到的多处相关信息进行整合转换。 （2） 推理判断题 推理判断题是中考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括推理和判断两个方面，是考生失分率较高的题型。考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。分析今年高考题可知，推断题呈不断上升的趋势，且由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义词及长难句来考查考生对语言的理解能力，难度比之前有所增加。 题型和考查角度： 1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。 2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。 错误原因： 1. 主观臆断 2. 缺乏逻辑 3. 过度推理 4. 缺乏常识 隐含推断类题型 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词infer（推断），suggest（表明，暗示），conclude（得出结论）, indicate（暗示，象征）, imply（暗示）, assume(假定，设想)迅速确定题型 解题指导： (1) 浏览选项，首先排除对原文信息简单重复的错误选项 (2) 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断； (3) 整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须立足原文，避免主观臆断。 观点态度类题型 锁定关键词： 根据题干中表达情感的形容词、副词、动词或介词短语等，如attitude（态度），outstanding（ 优秀的，突出的），disagree（不同意），hopefully（有希望的）,against（反对）, in favor of（赞成）, 迅速确定题型。 解题指导： (1) 认真审题，明确“谁对谁”的态度，明确答题方向 (2) 关注段落首尾句，推断文章和段落主题，确定观点 (3) 注意作者或文中人物的措辞 (4) 分析修饰语和字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点； (5) 牢记观点态度的常见词语 写作意图类题型 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了）迅速确定题型。 解题指导： (1) 根据文章或段落主旨推断作者写作意图； (2) 根据文体推断写作意图 说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句（to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...） （3） 词义猜测题 命题规律： 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解试题中的必考题型, 可以是对一个单词意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的推断，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，可以考查替代词的内容。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语大多超出考纲的范围，需要根据语境进行推测其含义。 平时的训练中应当注意生词和短语的积累，还要掌握构词法，和一定的解题技巧。 题型和考查角度： 1.猜测生词或熟词生义。 2.猜测短语的意义。 3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。 4.猜测句意。 命题方式： The phrase“...” in the sentence could be replaced by“ ”. The word “...”in the paragraph refer to“ ”. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the.. paragraph? Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase“...”? The word“...” most nearly means“ ”. The underlined sentence in the... paragraph implies that . 解题技巧 ： 1.定位文中画线处上下文。 2.理解上下文，查找提示点，根据背景、上下文等线索推测生词词义。 选项特征 ： 正确选项特征 1. 将选项代入原文，上下文逻辑通顺。 2. 含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。 干扰项特征 1. 与划线部分词形相似 2. 考查熟词生义时，含有常规词义的往往不正确 3.选项中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。 1. 根据定义推测词义： 有时作者会通过给词汇下定义来帮助读者理解该词的基本含义，如线索词that is, or, namely, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put it another way, which is等。 2. 根据举例推测词义： 有时，划线部分后会根由一些具体的例子，这些例子可以帮助考试理解该词的词义。线索词such as, such...as, for example, for instance, like , including, especially等。 3. 根据对比关系或转折关系推测词义： 表达对比或转折关系的词需注意but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead, similarly, on the contrary, in contrast to等。 4. 根据同义词或并列结构推测词义： 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调和重复，会使用意思相同或相近的词，此时，只要知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另一个词的意思。 5. 根据构词法推测词义： 英语中的很多词汇，尤其是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的，因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。 6. 根据因果关系推测词义： 因果关系时一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。根据线索词as, since, because, for , so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so...that, such...that等可知上下句存在因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。 （4） 主旨大意题 命题规律： 主旨大意题即考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。 题型和考查角度： 1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意) 2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。 要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。 选项特征： 正确选项特征 3. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 4. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 5. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩 6. 语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。 干扰项特征 1. 过于笼统 范围太大，超出文章内容。 2. 以偏概全 只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。 3. 主观臆断 与文章内容无关，只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。 命题方式： What is the text mainly about? What is the best title for the text? What can be a suitable title for the text? What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about? What's the main idea discussed in the first/second/.. paragraph? 不解题技巧： 1. 说明文：明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。 段落大意题 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意 1. 根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式 2. 通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。 A What is going to happen in the future? Will robots control (控制) our world? Will computers become smarter than us? Maybe it’s not true. But here are some new things that will happen in 10-30 years. Bionic (仿生) Eyes They’re no longer something only in a movie. Now we have them in real life. People who are blind would be able to see things clearly by wearing bionic eyes. A blind eye can’t see things, but a bionic eye can use a machine to “see” the environment and send information to brain. Digital (数字) Money Now we can use Wechat Pay (微信支付) or Alipay (支付宝) to shop. That means we are using digital money. When people go out, they can only take phone with them. Using these ways is much easier than looking for money in our pockets. However, some people don’t like using it. They think it is not safe (安全) enough. In fact, it is not true at all. Digital money is even safer. Self-Driving (自动驾驶) Cars There are some machines on the car. They can make the car follow the traffic rules (交通规则) and keep a safe space from other cars. This would make the road safer. You can take a short rest when the car drives itself. In the future, self-driving cars will be used by many people. 1．Bionic eyes send information to ________. A． brain B． camera C．computer D． heart 2．The underlined word “blind” in paragraph 2 means ________. A．瞎的 B．聋的 C．瘸的 D．胖的 3．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Bionic eyes can only appear in a film. B．Self-driving cars don't follow the traffic rules. C．Everybody in the world likes using digital money. D．We can have a short rest when using self-driving cars. 4．The underlined word “it” in paragraph four refers to (指的是) ________. A．we are using digital money B．WeChat Pay and Alipay are digital money C．digital money is not safe enough D．some people don’t like using digital money 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．How to help the blind people. B．Some new things in the future. C．Self-driving cars in the future. D．We should use digital money. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．B 【来源】四川省泸州市泸县2024-2025学年八年级上学期1月期末考试英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了未来10-30年将会出现的一些新事物，包括仿生眼睛、数字货币和自动驾驶汽车，并分别阐述了它们的特点和优势。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“a bionic eye can use a machine to ‘see’ the environment and send information to the mind”可知，仿生眼睛将信息发送到大脑，故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“People who are blind would be able to see things clearly by wearing bionic eyes”以及“A blind eye can’t see things”可知，盲人的眼睛看不见东西，所以“blind”意思是“瞎的”，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“You can take a short rest when the car drives itself”可知，使用自动驾驶汽车时我们可以短暂休息，D选项正确。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“They think it is not safe (安全) enough. In fact, it is not true at all. Digital money is even safer”可知，一些人认为数字货币不够安全，但事实上数字货币更安全，所以“it”指代的是“Digital money is not safe enough”，故选C。 5．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“But here are some new things that will happen in 10-30 years”以及后文对仿生眼睛、数字货币和自动驾驶汽车的介绍可知，本文主要讲的是未来的一些新事物，故选B。 B The summer vacation is coming. During the vacation, you can do what you like and prepare yourself well for the future. You’ll enjoy your summer vacation if you follow the suggestions (建议). ▲Take exercise. After studying hard for months, you may be bored and tired. Taking exercise is the best way to relax yourself. Swimming and walking are great choices (选择) for you. All kinds of exercise are good for your health. ▲Master (掌握) some life skills (技能). You will live a life by yourself one day. So you should learn some necessary and useful life skills such as washing clothes and cooking. At the same time, you should help your parents with housework. ▲Go travelling. The world is a book. You should go out to read the book. Travelling is so interesting. Did you make your own plan? If not, do it now. When you are travelling, you will also make a lot of  friends. ▲Enjoy the time with family members. Family members play an important role in your life. They give you love, care and support all the time. Don’t forget to spend some time together with them. You will find it great to stay with them, talking about dreams, hobbies or anything you like. All in all, if you follow the suggestions, you will have a wonderful vacation. 1．How many suggestions are mentioned (被提到) in the passage? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 2．Which is the best way to relax yourself according to the passage? A．Swimming. B．Walking. C．Taking exercise. D．Running. 3．Why should we learn life skills according to the article? A．Because we can get much money. B．Because doing housework is difficult for us. C．Because we will live a life by ourselves one day. D．Because we like to do housework with our family. 4．How does the writer think of travelling? A．He thinks it’s funny. B．He thinks it’s interesting. C．He thinks it’s terrible. D．He thinks it’s boring. 5．The article mainly tells us ________. A．the suggestions about summer vacation B．the suggestions about taking exercise C．the suggestions about life skills D．the suggestions about travelling 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 5．A 【来源】四川省泸州市泸县2024-2025学年八年级上学期1月期末考试英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要围绕暑假如何度过给出了四条建议，包括进行锻炼、掌握生活技能、去旅行以及和家人共度时光，遵循这些建议能让暑假过得精彩。 1．细节理解题。根据文中“▲Take exercise.”，“▲Master (掌握) some life skills (技能).”，“▲Go travelling.”，“▲Enjoy the time with family members.”可知，文章共提到了四条建议。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“Taking exercise is the best way to relax yourself.”可知，进行锻炼是放松自己的最好方式。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“You will live a life by yourself one day. So you should learn some necessary and useful life skills such as washing clothes and cooking.”可知，有一天我们会独自生活，所以要学习一些生活技能，C选项“因为有一天我们会独自生活”符合文意。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“Travelling is so interesting.”可知，作者认为旅行很有趣。故选B。 5．主旨大意题。根据“The summer vacation is coming. During the vacation, you can do what you like and prepare yourself well for the future. You’ll enjoy your summer vacation if you follow the suggestions (建议).”以及后文给出的四条建议可知，文章主要告诉我们关于暑假的建议。故选A。 C For about one quarter of the world’s population, chopsticks are the eating utensils (餐具) of choice for every meal. Just as Western children learn to use knives and forks, Asian children learn to use chopsticks, and they quickly become good at using them. To Asian people, forks are an odd utensil. Chopsticks can be made of wood, bamboo, plastic, bone, fine china (陶瓷) or metal. In China, they are called kuaizi, which means “quick little bamboo fellows (同伴)”. China is the birthplace of chopsticks and they are used in all Asian countries. Chopsticks have been in use for over 5,000 years. However, forks were not used in England until 1611. How their use was introduced to other countries is not known. February 6th is National Chopsticks Day. Take part in National Chopsticks Day, and use chopsticks for all of your meals. You will eat Chinese or other Asian food with chopsticks. But you can eat any food with chopsticks on the day. To make the day really special, use chopsticks on a homemade Chinese dish. Have fun with chopsticks on the day. Make a game out of picking up peanuts or jelly beans with them. 1．What does the underlined word “odd” probably mean? A．Strange. B．Usual. C．Expensive. D．Cheap. 2．Who invented chopsticks? A．The English. B．The French. C．The Chinese. D．The Japanese. 3．How long have forks been in use in England? A．For over 5,000 years. B．For over 300 years. C．For less than 5,000 years. D．Since 1611. 4．When is National Chopsticks Day? A．On March 12th. B．On February 6th. C．On February 12th. D．On April 6th. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【来源】安徽省滁州市全椒县2024-2025学年九年级上学期1月期末英语试题 【导语】本文主要介绍了筷子作为亚洲人常用的餐具的相关信息，包括其历史、材质、文化意义以及国家筷子日的庆祝方式。 1．词句猜测题。根据“To Asian people, forks are an odd utensil.”可知，对亚洲人来说，叉子是一种奇怪的器具，所以划线部分的含义是“奇怪的”，与strange意思相同。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“China is the birthplace of chopsticks and they are used in all Asian countries.”可知，中国是筷子的发源地。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“However, forks were not used in England until 1611.”可知，直到1611年，叉子才在英国使用。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“February 6th is National Chopsticks Day.”可知，2月6日是全国筷子日。故选B。 D Bear Details International Polar Bear Day is Feb. 27. Climate change harms polar bears because they live on sea ice to hunt, breed (繁殖) and travel. Over two thirds of the world’s polar bears are found in Canada. Polar bears can walk more than 3,000 km each month. An adult male (雄性) can weigh over 600 kg. Every ten years, the arctic sea ice has declined (减少) at a rate of 13%. How can we help polar bears? Reduce your carbon footprint. It helps to reduce climate change’s effect on polar bears. Support action groups that protect polar bears. Learn more about the difficult situation of polar bears. Support eco-friendly tourism to polar regions (极地) to see polar bears. · Of the 19 subpopulations (亚群), 4 are in decline. · Sources: WWF. Polar Bears International. 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．When is the International Polar Bear Day? A．March 3rd. B．March 2nd. C．February 13th. D．February 27th. 2．How many ways of protection are mentioned in the passage? A．19. B．2. C．4. D．13. 3．What is the main reason for the decline of the polar bears? A．Hunting. B．Breeding. C．Travelling. D．Climate change. 4．According to the passage, what can we do to help save polar bears? ①Reduce CO₂. ②Raise money. ③Do research. ④Support groups. ⑤Develop eco-friendly tourism. A．①④⑤ B．①②⑤ C．②③④ D．③④⑤ 5．What can we know about polar bears from the passage? A．The baby male bear can weigh over 600 kg. B．People can hardly see polar bears in Canada. C．Polar bears can walk more than 3,000 km each day. D．You can learn more from WWF. Polar Bears International. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．D 【来源】追梦期末达标测试卷-【追梦之旅�铺路卷】2025-2026学年新教材八年级上册英语（译林版） 【导语】本文主要介绍了北极熊的有关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据“International Polar Bear Day is Feb. 27.”可知，国际北极熊日是2月27日。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Reduce your carbon footprint. It helps to reduce climate change’s effect on polar bears. Support action groups that protect polar bears. Learn more about the difficult situation of polar bears. Support eco-friendly tourism to polar regions (极地) to see polar bears. ”可知，文中提到了四种保护方法。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Climate change harms polar bears because they live on sea ice to hunt, breed (繁殖) and travel. ”可知，北极熊数量减少的主要原因是气候变化。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“Reduce your carbon footprint. It helps to reduce climate change’s effect on polar bears. Support action groups that protect polar bears. Learn more about the difficult situation of polar bears. Support eco-friendly tourism to polar regions to see polar bears. ”可知，①④⑤符合。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据“Sources: WWF. Polar Bears International”可知，你可以从WWF北极熊国际组织了解更多信息。故选D。 E Puffins (海鹦) are cute. Puffins live near the cold North Atlantic Ocean and nearby seas. Some people think that puffins are flying penguins (企鹅), but that isn’t true. They are both good swimmers and like cold water. But puffins live in the North, penguins live in the South. Puffins grow together in large groups (群). They spend most of their time in the water. Sometimes they show up on the rocky coastline. They like wind because it helps them fly. Puffins build nests on grassy lands or under stones (石头). In August of each year, thousands of baby puffins leave their homes and try to fly. They usually fly at night when hunters are sleeping, so that they can stay safe. But many of the puffins fly to the city instead of the sea. In the city there are many dangers. The puffins might be run over by cars or run after by dogs. Although some of them can stay away from these dangers, they will surely get hungry. The people in the city search all over the city for puffins and then take them to the beach. In this way, people save thousands of puffins each year. 1．Where can people see puffins according to the passage? A．Near the warm European places. B．In the south of the Middle East. C．Near the big rivers and lakes. D．Near the cold North Atlantic Ocean. 2．What is the biggest difference between puffins and penguins? A．They eat different food. B．They live in different places. C．They have different colours. D．They build different houses. 3．What does the underlined word “hunters” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．伙伴 B．海员 C．捕食者 D．农夫 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Thousands of puffins are born each year. B．Most of the puffins fly to the city to build houses. C．There are not enough places for the puffins to live. D．The situation of the puffins is very difficult in the city. 5．What is the theme (主题) of the passage? A．Animals. B．Health. C．Sports. D．Travel. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 【来源】四川省广安市邻水县2024-2025学年八年级上学期1月期末考试英语试题 【导语】本文介绍了海鹦的生活环境、与企鹅的区别、生活习性，以及部分海鹦误入城市后的生存困境与人类的救助行为。 1．细节理解题。根据 “Puffins live near the cold North Atlantic Ocean and nearby seas.” 可知，人们可以在寒冷的北大西洋及附近海域看到海鹦。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据 “But puffins live in the North, penguins live in the South.” 可知，海鹦和企鹅最大的区别是生活的地点不同。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据 “They usually fly at night when hunters are sleeping, so that they can stay safe.” 可知，海鹦选择在夜晚飞行是为了躲避会威胁它们安全的对象，“hunters” 在这里指 “捕食者”。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据 “In the city there are many dangers. The puffins might be run over by cars or run after by dogs...” 可知，海鹦在城市里面临很多危险，处境艰难。故选D。 5．推理判断题。本文围绕 “海鹦” 这一动物展开介绍，主题属于 “动物” 类别。故选A。 F In China, many young people are doing amazing things. Four of them are very confident and they know what they want to do. They know that if they keep trying, they can achieve anything. They hope young people will follow their lead, making significant contributions to technology and culture. Name: Liang WenfengGraduated from: Peking University Company: DeepSeek He made great contributions to the development of artificial intelligence with DeepSeek’s advanced AI technologies. People love him because his work brings innovation and convenience to our daily life. Name: Jiaozi (Yang Yu) Graduated from: Sichuan University Company: Chengdu Kekedou Animation Film and Television His movie Ne Zha 2 is a box-office hit. It is popular for its unique visual (视觉) effects and touching stories. His movies inspire the development of the domestic animation industry. Name: Wang XingxingGraduated from: Zhejiang University Company: Unitree Robotics His company has developed advanced 4-legged robot products, which have made great contributions to the development of the quadruped (四足动物) robot industry. Name: Feng JiGraduated from: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Company: Game Science His work Black Myth: Wukong has drawn wide attention. It is very popular because he combines traditional Chinese culture with modern animation techniques. 1．What is the name of Liang Wenfeng’s company? A．DeepSeek. B．Ne Zha 2. C．Unitree Robotics. D．Game Science. 2．What do we know about Yang Yu? A．He graduated from Peking University. B．He created a popular video game. C．He is a famous movie director. D．He made contributions to the development of robot industry. 3．What is special about Feng Ji’s creation, Black Myth: Wukong? A．It is a popular quadruped robot. B．It mixes traditional culture with modern techniques. C．It is a box-office hit movie. D．It focuses on artificial intelligence. 4．What do Liang Wenfeng, Jiaozi, Wang Xingxing, and Feng Ji have in common? A．They all founded companies. B．They are all famous for their work in technology. C．They all graduated from the same university. D．They are all young people who are confident and work hard to achieve their dreams. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【来源】期末过关检测卷（1）-【勤径学升】2025-2026学年新教材八年级上册英语全程时习测试卷（外研版） 【导语】本文主要介绍了中国四位杰出的年轻人。他们分别毕业于不同的知名大学，并在各自领域取得显著成就。 1．细节理解题。根据“Name: Liang Wenfeng Company: DeepSeek”可知，梁文锋的公司是DeepSeek。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据“His movie Ne Zha 2 is a box-office hit.”可知，他的电影《哪吒2》票房大卖。根据“His movies inspire the development of the domestic animation industry.”可知，他的电影推动了国内动画行业的发展。由此可知，杨宇是一位著名的电影导演。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“His work Black Myth: Wukong has drawn wide attention. It is very popular because he combines traditional Chinese culture with modern animation techniques.”可知，他的作品《黑神话：悟空》广受关注，其成功在于将中国传统文化与现代动画技术巧妙融合。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“Four of them are very confident and they know what they want to do. They know that if they keep trying, they can achieve anything.”可知，梁文锋、饺子、王兴兴和冯骥的共同点是他们都很自信，并且努力工作以实现自己的梦想。故选D。 G Meet three inventors who have had useful ideas from a young age! The 14-year-old Remya Jose from India found that it took much time to wash clothes by hand. So Remya studied how a normal washing machine worked. Then she took some recycled bicycle parts and used them to build her own machine. Remya’s washing machine is easy to use. The invention saves lots of time and helps people to stay fit, too. It’s useful in areas with little or no electricity. At the age of 15, Ann Makosinski from Canada heard her friend in the Philippines was having problems doing her homework because she didn’t have reliable (可靠的) electricity at home in the evening. She wanted to help her friend, so she invented a flashlight to help her. The flashlight works from the heat of your hands when you hold it, so it doesn’t need expensive batteries (电池) or electricity. As a young teenager, Kelvin Doe began to teach himself engineering. There were often serious problems with the electricity supply (供给) in his city, and this made daily life difficult for his family and friends. At 13, Kelvin started to invent and build special batteries. He made the batteries from acid (酸), soda (碱), and recycled metal parts that he found in recycling bins. The energy from these produced electricity for the homes in his community. Kelvin believes that if you pay attention to doing one thing, you can do an invention perfectly. 1．What are the advantages of Remya’s washing machine? ①It’s easy to use.        ②It saves much time. ③It helps people keep fit.    ④It saves much water. A．①③④ B．②③④ C．①②③ D．①②④ 2．What does the underlined word “this” refer to (指的是)? A．The energy of the batteries. B．The material of the batteries. C．The electricity supply problem. D．The experience of learning engineering. 3．What did the three inventions have in common? A．They were made to produce light. B．They were made from recycled rubbish. C．They made the price of electricity lower. D．They were useful in places without reliable electricity. 4．In which part of a newspaper can we see the text? A．Technology. B．Culture. C．Study. D．Sports. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【来源】安徽省滁州市全椒县2024-2025学年九年级上学期1月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了三位年轻发明家及其发明，这些发明在电力不可靠或缺乏的地区非常有用。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Remya’s washing machine is easy to use. The invention saves lots of time and helps people to stay fit, too.”可知，Remya的洗衣机易于使用，节省时间，还能帮助人们保持健康。文中并未提及该洗衣机能节省大量水，因此排除包含④的选项。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“There were often serious problems with the electricity supply in his city, and this made daily life difficult for his family and friends.”可知，他所在城市的电力供应经常出现问题，这给他的家人和朋友的生活带来了困难。由此可以推断，“this”指的是前文提到的电力供应问题。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“It’s useful in areas with little or no electricity.”、第三段“The flashlight works from the heat of your hands when you hold it, so it doesn’t need expensive batteries or electricity.”以及第四段“The energy from these produced electricity for the homes in his community.”可知，这三位发明家的发明在电力不可靠或缺乏的地区都非常有用。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章内容，本文主要介绍了三位年轻发明家及其发明，这些发明都与科技相关。因此，我们可以在报纸的科技部分看到这篇文章。故选A。 H ①When you’re trying to make friends, you’ll probably meet someone who just doesn’t like you, though you’ve never done anything to him or her. Well, what should you do? Here’s some advice. ②Gossip (流言蜚语) can make meeting new people difficult, especially when people hear something bad about you. It can prevent someone from getting to know you at all. When you’re in a situation like this, it feels bad. Instead of trying to win them over (说服), however, just be yourself. As time goes by, they will see that the gossip about you is wrong. Or they may choose to believe it. Don’t worry about it and move on by being friendly to the kind people. ③You’d think that your friend’s friends would also become your friends. But it doesn’t work that way. Sometimes people are happy with the friendships they have, and they aren’t interested in adding any more. If someone chooses not to be friends with you just because you’re new to the group, it’s fine. There’s nothing wrong with you or them. ④An even more difficult situation is when someone has met you and just doesn’t like you. Every joke you make is taken the wrong way. Every time you try to do something nice, they find fault (找茬儿). As much as it hurts, accept that not everyone is going to be your friend. Don’t take it personally. These things could happen to everyone. There are just some people you won’t like. ⑤In a word, if someone doesn’t want to be your friend, that’s okay. Don’t get angry with them because it’s their choice (选择). Instead, give your time and attention to the people who are interested in being with you. 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．What should you do if people choose to believe the gossip about you? A．Try to win them over. B．Let them know the truth. C．Forget about it and move on. D．Find out where the gossip comes from. 2．Why don’t people want to make new friends sometimes? A．Because they are afraid of making new friends. B．Because they are satisfied with the friends they have now. C．Because they think it’s a waste of time making new friends. D．Because they worry that a new friend will influence (影响) their old friendship. 3．What does the underlined sentence “Don’t take it personally” in paragraph 4 mean? A．You shouldn’t share it with others. B．You shouldn’t stop it by yourself. C．You shouldn’t take it to heart. D．You shouldn’t accept it in person. 4．Which is the best way to divide (分割) the passage? A．①/②③④/⑤ B．①/②③/④⑤ C．①/②③④⑤ D．①②/③④/⑤ 5．What does the passage mainly want to tell us? A．How to make new friends. B．How to have a talk with others. C．How to be popular among friends. D．What to do when you’re not liked by others. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．D 【来源】追梦期末达标测试卷-【追梦之旅�铺路卷】2025-2026学年新教材八年级上册英语（译林版） 【导语】本文主要讲述了在交朋友过程中，当你遇到不被喜欢的情况时应该怎么做，给出了不同场景下的应对建议，包括面对关于自己的流言蜚语、朋友的朋友不想和自己交朋友、有人见过自己却不喜欢自己等情况，最后总结要尊重他人选择，把时间花在愿意和自己相处的人身上。 1．细节理解题。根据“Or they may choose to believe it. Don’t worry about it and move on by being friendly to the kind people.”可知，如果人们选择相信关于你的流言蜚语，不要担心，继续友好地对待善良的人，也就是忘掉它继续前行。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Sometimes people are happy with the friendships they have, and they aren’t interested in adding any more.”可知，人们有时不想交新朋友是因为他们对自己现有的朋友感到满意。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据“As much as it hurts, accept that not everyone is going to be your friend. Don’t take it personally. These things could happen to everyone.”可知，尽管很受伤，但要接受不是每个人都会成为你的朋友这一事实，这些事可能发生在每个人身上，所以“Don’t take it personally”意思是不要把它放在心上。故选C。 4．篇章结构题。文章第①段引出问题，即当你试图交朋友时可能会遇到不喜欢你的人，以及提出下文要给出建议；第②③④段分别从面对关于自己的流言蜚语、朋友的朋友不想和自己交朋友、有人见过自己却不喜欢自己这三个不同场景给出应对建议；第⑤段总结全文，即如果有人不想和你做朋友，没关系，尊重他们的选择，把时间花在愿意和自己相处的人身上。所以文章结构为①/②③④/⑤。故选A。 5．主旨大意题。文章主要围绕当你不被别人喜欢时应该怎么做展开，给出了不同情况下的应对建议。故选D。 1 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $