Unit4 Adversity and Courage（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第三册
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摘要：
该高中英语知识清单聚焦“Adversity and Courage”主题，涵盖词汇（单词、短语、熟词生义）、句型、语法（现在完成进行时）及写作（应对挑战演讲）四大范畴，搭建从基础语言要素到综合应用的递进式学习支架。
清单通过“基础梳理+拓展应用”构建知识体系，如“adversity”配教材原句与“in times of adversity”拓展用法，现在完成进行时分“感知规律-精讲知识-易错警示”模块对比现在完成时，培养语言能力与思维品质。设计“句型实例解析”和“写作分步指导”，如虚拟语气例句及演讲四段式结构，助力学生高效掌握，教师可精准设计教学活动提升课堂实效。
内容正文：
Unit4 Adversity and Courage
单词
adversity n. 逆境；不幸
courage n. 勇气；胆量
perseverance n. 坚持不懈；毅力
resist vt. 抵抗；抗拒；忍住
overcome vt. 克服；战胜
misfortune n. 不幸；灾祸
dilemma n. 困境；进退两难
strive vi. 努力；奋斗
tough adj. 艰难的；顽强的；粗糙的
endure vt. 忍受；承受 vi. 持续
短语
face up to 勇敢面对
keep up 坚持；维持；继续
give in 屈服；让步
hold on 坚持住；等一等
pull through 渡过难关；康复
rise to the challenge 迎接挑战
in the face of 面对（困难、危险等）
never give up 永不放弃
stick to 坚持；固守
cheer sb. up 使某人振奋；使某人高兴
熟词生义
bear vt. 忍受；承受；承担 n. 熊
break n. 休息；中断；破裂 vt. 打破；违反；弄坏
spirit n. 精神；心灵；勇气 n. 酒精；烈酒
force n. 力量；武力；军队 vt. 强迫；迫使
句型
as 引导定语从句（指代整个主句内容）
She managed to overcome all difficulties, as surprised everyone around her.
虚拟语气（表示与过去事实相反）
If she had given in to the adversity, she would not have achieved such great success.
不定式作目的状语
He worked day and night to support his family during the tough period.
so...that... 结果状语从句
The situation was so difficult that many people lost confidence.
though/although 引导让步状语从句（可倒装）
Tough as the journey was, they never thought of giving up.
It is/was + 形容词 + for/of sb. + to do sth. 句型
It is admirable for her to stick to her dream in the face of adversity.
what 引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句等）
What matters most in overcoming adversity is perseverance.
疑问词+不定式结构
Many people are learning how to reduce their carbon footprint in daily life.
语法
现在完成进行时态
一、词汇清单
知识点1 adversity n. 逆境；不幸；苦难
教材原句
Facing adversity with courage builds character and resilience.
以勇气面对逆境能塑造品格和韧性。
[拓展]
(1) in times of adversity 在逆境中
(2) overcome adversity 克服逆境
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She showed remarkable strength in the face of __________ (adverse).
② They managed to __________ ( overcome) all the hardships and succeeded.
答案：① adversity ② overcome
知识点2 courage n. 勇气；胆量
教材原句
It takes great courage to stand up for what is right.
捍卫正义需要巨大的勇气。
[拓展]
(1) courageous adj. 勇敢的
(2) summon up/gather courage 鼓起勇气
(3) moral courage 道德勇气
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① He acted __________ (courage) in saving the child from the fire.
② She __________courage to speak in front of the large audience.（在观众面前鼓起勇气讲话）
答案：① courageously ② summoned up/gathered
知识点3 perseverance n. 毅力；坚持不懈
教材原句
Success is often the result of hard work and perseverance.
成功常常是努力和坚持不懈的结果。
[拓展]
(1) persevere v. 坚持；不屈不挠
(2) with perseverance 坚持不懈地
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Despite many failures, he __________ (perseverance) in his research.
② __________ (persevere) is a key quality for achieving long-term goals.
答案：① persevered ② Perseverance
知识点4 resilience n. 恢复力；适应力；韧性
教材原句
The resilience of the human spirit can overcome great difficulties.
人类精神的韧性可以克服巨大的困难。
[拓展]
(1) resilient adj. 有适应力的；有弹性的
(2) show resilience 展现出韧性
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Children are often surprisingly __________ (resilience) in dealing with change.
② Her __________ (resilient) helped her recover quickly from the setback.
答案：① resilient ② resilience
知识点5 hardship n. 困苦；艰难
教材原句
Many pioneers endured great hardship while settling in new lands.
许多拓荒者在定居新土地时忍受了巨大的艰难困苦。
[拓展]
(1) economic hardship 经济困难
(2) suffer hardship 遭受困苦
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The family went through considerable __________ (hardship) during the war.
② They __________ hardship but never lost hope.（suffer）
答案：① hardship ② suffered
知识点6 determination n. 决心；决定
教材原句
With fierce determination, she completed the challenging task.
凭着强烈的决心，她完成了这项具有挑战性的任务。
[拓展]
(1) determine v. 决定；决心
(2) determined adj. 坚决的；有决心的
(3) a sense of determination 决心
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① He was __________ (determination) to prove his innocence.
② Her __________ (determine) to succeed inspired everyone around her.
答案：① determined ② determination
知识点7 overcome v. 克服；战胜
教材原句
We must overcome our fears to achieve personal growth.
我们必须克服恐惧才能实现个人成长。
[拓展]
(1) overcome difficulties/obstacles 克服困难/障碍
(2) be overcome with emotion 情绪失控
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She managed to __________ (overcome) her shyness and deliver an excellent speech.
② __________ (overcome) by grief, he could hardly speak.
答案：① overcome ② Overcome
知识点8 endurance n. 忍耐力；持久力
教材原句
The marathon tests both physical and mental endurance.
马拉松考验身体和精神两方面的耐力。
[拓展]
(1) endure v. 忍受；忍耐
(2) beyond endurance 无法忍受
(3) endurance test 耐力测试
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The soldiers showed incredible __________ (endure) during the long march.
② He could no longer __________ (endurance) the constant pain.
答案：① endurance ② endure
知识点9 triumph n. 胜利；成功 v. 战胜
教材原句
The team’s triumph against all odds was truly inspiring.
这支队伍克服万难取得的胜利真正鼓舞人心。
[拓展]
(1) triumphant adj. 胜利的；成功的
(2) triumph over 战胜
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① In the end, good will __________ (triumph) over evil.
② They celebrated their __________ (triumph) victory with great joy.
答案：① triumph ② triumphant
知识点10 setback n. 挫折；阻碍
教材原句
We should view each setback as an opportunity to learn and grow.
我们应该把每次挫折视为学习和成长的机会。
[拓展]
(1) suffer/experience a setback 遭受/经历挫折
(2) temporary setback 暂时的挫折
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The project suffered a major __________ (setback) when funding was cut.
② Despite several __________ (setback), they continued with their plan.
答案：① setback ② setbacks
二、短语清单
face up to 勇敢面对
give up 放弃
keep going 坚持下去
stand firm 坚定不移
in the face of 面对；在……面前
pull through 渡过难关；恢复健康
hold on to 坚持；不放弃
break through 突破；克服
rise above 超越；克服
never say die 永不放弃
[经典练习]
用所给短语的适当形式填空
1.We must __________ our fears and confront the challenges ahead. (face up to)
答案：face up to
解析：句意“我们必须勇敢面对恐惧，迎接前方的挑战。”“face up to”意为“勇敢面对”，情态动词must后接动词原形。
2.Despite the criticism, she __________ and continued to express her opinions. (stand firm)
答案：stood firm
解析：句意“尽管受到批评，她依然坚定不移，继续表达自己的观点。”“stand firm”意为“坚定不移”，根据句意和结构，此处需用过去时态。
3.With proper treatment, most patients __________ the illness. (pull through)
答案：pull through
解析：句意“通过适当的治疗，大多数患者都能从疾病中恢复。”“pull through”意为“渡过难关；恢复健康”，情态动词can后省略，但此处为一般事实陈述，用动词原形。
4.He __________ his dream of becoming a doctor despite financial difficulties. (hold on to)
答案：held on to
解析：句意“尽管经济困难，他仍然坚持自己成为医生的梦想。”“hold on to”意为“坚持；不放弃”，根据句意，此处需用过去时态。
三、熟词生义
spirit
n. 精神；灵魂（常见义）
n. 情绪；心情（常见义）
n. 勇气；意志（生义）
[经典练习]
用 spirit 的适当形式填空。
1.The team showed great fighting __________ throughout the competition.
答案：spirit
解析：句意“这支队伍在整个比赛中展现了极大的斗志。”此处“spirit”是其生义，特指“勇气；斗志”。
2.She was in high __________ after receiving the good news.
答案：spirits
解析：句意“收到好消息后，她心情很好。”此处“spirits”是常见义，意为“情绪；心情”。
will
n. 将；将会（常见义，表将来）
n. 意志；决心（常见义）
n. 遗嘱（生义）
[经典练习]
用 will 的适当形式填空。
1.Her strong __________ to live helped her survive the terrible accident.
答案：will
解析：句意“她强烈的求生意志帮助她在可怕的事故中幸存下来。”此处“will”是常见义，意为“意志；决心”。
2.The old man left his entire estate to charity in his __________.
答案：will
解析：句意“老人在遗嘱中将全部财产留给了慈善机构。”此处“will”是其生义，意为“遗嘱”。
四、句型清单
虚拟语气（与过去事实相反）：表示与过去事实相反的假设。
If he had given up then, he would never have achieved his dream.
倒装句（否定词开头）：以否定词或短语开头的句子需部分倒装。
Never before had she faced such a difficult challenge.
“It”作形式主语 + 形容词 + that从句**：表达对某事的看法或评价。
It was courageous that he spoke out against the injustice.
现在分词短语作状语：表示主语正在进行的另一动作或状态。
Facing immense pressure, she remained calm and focused.
not...until...句型：表示“直到……才……”。
He did not realize his own strength until he faced this adversity.
定语从句（who引导）：修饰表示人的先行词。
Those who persevere in the face of adversity often achieve the greatest success.
[经典练习]
根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。
1.（虚拟语气）If you __________ me about the problem earlier, I could have helped you. (tell)
答案：had told
解析：句意“如果你早点告诉我这个问题，我本可以帮你的。”表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句用had done形式。
2.（倒装句）__________ have I seen such determination in a young person. (seldom)
答案：Seldom
解析：句意“我很少在年轻人身上看到这样的决心。”否定词“Seldom”置于句首，句子需部分倒装，故将助动词have提前。
3.（It作形式主语）__________ important that we never lose hope during difficult times. (be)
答案：It is
解析：句意“在困难时期永不失去希望是很重要的。”真正的主语是that从句，用“It”作形式主语放在句首。
4.（现在分词短语作状语）__________ the difficult situation, they decided to work even harder. (face)
答案：Facing
解析：句意“面对困难局面，他们决定更加努力地工作。”现在分词短语“Facing the difficult situation”在句中作状语，表示时间或原因。
5.（not...until...句型）She __________ her own courage until she stood up to the bully. (recognize)
答案：did not recognize
解析：句意“直到她勇敢地面对欺凌者，才认识到自己的勇气。”“not...until...”结构意为“直到……才……”。
五、语法清单
现在完成进行时态
【感知·语法规律】
观察以下句子，注意现在完成进行时的构成和意义：
They have been fighting against poverty for many years.
（他们多年来一直在与贫困作斗争。）
（强调动作从过去开始，持续到现在，并可能继续。）
She has been training hard for the marathon since January.
（她从一月份起就一直为马拉松刻苦训练。）
（强调动作的持续性及其对现在的可能影响——她现在体能更好了。）
He has been overcoming obstacles since his childhood.
（他从小就一直克服各种障碍。）
（强调长期、反复进行的动作。）
【精讲·语法知识】
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或者刚刚停止，或者可能还要继续下去。它强调动作的持续性和过程性，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。
1. 基本结构： have/has been + 动词现在分词 (V-ing)
人称 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I/You/We/They have been doing have not (haven't) been doing Have ... been doing?
He/She/It has been doing has not (hasn’t) been doing Has ... been doing?
2. 主要用法：
表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作（可能刚停止，也可能继续）
时间状语：for + 时间段，since + 时间点，all day/week，recently，lately
He has been studying English for three hours. （他已经学了三个小时英语了。）
She has been working on this project since last month. （她从上月起就一直在做这个项目。）
表示动作的重复性（在一段时间内反复发生的动作）
I have been calling him all morning, but he doesn't answer.
（我一早上都在给他打电话，但他不接。）
强调动作的持续过程及其对现在的影响或结果
He’s tired because he has been running. （他很累，因为他一直在跑步。）
Her eyes are red. She has been crying. （她眼睛红红的，她一直在哭。）
3. 与现在完成时的区别：
现在完成时 动作的完成或结果 already, yet, ever, never, just I have finished my homework.（我已做完作业。）
现在完成进行时 动作的持续和过程 for, since, how long, all morning I have been doing my homework for two hours.（我做了两小时作业了。）
注意：有些动词（如 know, like, love, hate, believe, understand 等表示状态或心理活动的动词）通常不用于进行时态，包括现在完成进行时。
（正确）I have known him for years.（我认识他多年了。）
（错误）I have been knowing him for years.
【易错警示】
与现在完成时的混淆
现在完成时强调动作已经完成及其对现在的影响或结果。
I have read that book. （我读过那本书了。→ 我知道内容）
现在完成进行时强调动作的持续过程，可能刚结束，也可能继续。
I have been reading that book. （我一直在读那本书。→ 可能还没读完）
非延续性动词误用
非延续性动词（如 die, come, go, leave, buy, start 等）表示瞬间动作，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
（错误）He has been coming here for three years.
（正确）He has been coming here regularly for three years. （加上 regularly 等词使动作可重复）
时间状语缺失或不当
现在完成进行时常需与表示一段时间的状语连用，否则可能语义不清。
（模糊）She has been studying.（她一直在学习？从何时起？）
（清晰）She has been studying since 8 o‘clock.（她从8点起就一直在学习。）
忽视动词的延续性
某些动词本身意义决定其不宜用于长时间持续。
（不自然）I have been buying a car for weeks.
（更自然）I have been trying to buy a car for weeks.（我几周来一直想买辆车。）
【经典练习】
单句语法填空
1.He __________ (struggle) with this illness for several months, but he remains hopeful.
答案： has been struggling
解析： 句意“他与疾病抗争了好几个月，但仍充满希望。”强调从过去持续至今的动作，用has been struggling。
2.I __________ (try) to contact the support team all morning, but the line is always busy.
答案： have been trying
解析： 句意“我一上午都在试图联系支持团队，但线路总是忙。”表示从过去到现在反复尝试的动作，用have been trying。
3.She __________ (work) on her resilience since she attended the workshop last year.
答案： has been working
解析： 句意“自从去年参加了研讨会，她一直在培养自己的韧性。”since引导时间点，强调持续过程，用has been working。
4.How long __________ you __________ (prepare) for this important speech?
答案： have, been preparing
解析： 句意“你为这个重要演讲准备多久了？”how long询问持续时间，强调准备过程，用现在完成进行时疑问形式。
5.They __________ (face) many challenges recently, but they are determined to overcome them.
答案： have been facing
解析： 句意“他们最近一直面临许多挑战，但他们决心克服。”recently常与现在完成进行时连用，强调持续面对挑战的状态。
句子改写（将下列句子改为现在完成进行时，保持句意基本不变）
1.He started learning to cope with stress five years ago and is still learning.
答案： He has been learning to cope with stress for five years.
解析： 原句强调从五年前开始持续到现在的学习过程，适合改为现在完成进行时。
2.She began her research on overcoming adversity in 2020 and continues it now.
答案： She has been researching on overcoming adversity since 2020.
解析： since 2020表示起始点，强调研究从那时持续至今。
3.It started raining two hours ago, and it is still raining.
答案： It has been raining for two hours.
解析： 强调雨从两小时前下到现在并可能继续，用现在完成进行时。
4.They started building their courage when they joined the team and are still building it.
答案： They have been building their courage since they joined the team.
解析： since引导时间状语从句，强调从加入团队起持续至今的动作。
5.Look at her tired face. She probably didn't sleep well recently.
答案： She has probably not been sleeping well recently.
解析： 原句暗示“最近睡眠不好”是持续状态，且导致现在“疲惫的脸”，适合用现在完成进行时表示持续到现在的动作及其影响。
六、写作清单
A Speech on how to handle challenges
【点拨·写作技巧】
一篇关于应对挑战的演讲旨在激励听众，分享观点并提供行动指导，具有鼓动性和启发性。其核心是建立情感共鸣、传递积极信念并号召具体行动。
明确目的与听众： 演讲通常面向同龄人或处于相似境遇的群体，目的是分享对逆境的看法、提供心理支持或实用建议，并鼓舞大家采取积极行动。
结构清晰（四段式）：
开头段： 以问候开场，点明演讲主题（应对挑战），并迅速建立与听众的共鸣。
主体段： 阐述对挑战的正面认识（如成长机会），并结合实例或普遍感受说明积极应对的重要性。
建议段： 提出具体、可操作的心理或行动建议（如调整心态、寻求支持、从小事做起）。
结尾段： 发出强有力的号召，重申信念，鼓舞人心。
语言特点： 语言简洁、有力、富有感染力。多使用第一人称复数（we, us）和祈使句以增强共鸣和号召力。运用排比、反问等修辞手法。时态以一般现在时为主。
【积累·写作素材】
开头常用语
Friends/Everyone, have you ever felt overwhelmed by challenges?
Today, I want to talk about a power we all possess: resilience in the face of adversity.
Let‘s discuss how we can turn difficulties into stepping stones for growth.
阐述与建议
Challenges are not roadblocks but opportunities to strengthen our character.
When faced with hardships, we can choose our attitude.
First, acknowledge your feelings but don’t let them define you. Second, break big problems into manageable steps. Third, remember you are not alone—seek support.
Every small step forward is a victory.
结尾常用语
Let's embrace challenges with courage and grow stronger together.
Remember, it’s not the adversity itself, but how we respond to it that shapes our future.
Start today, believe in yourself, and never give up.
【示例·分步写作】
主题： How to Build Resilience When Facing Challenges
第一步：审题谋篇
体裁： 励志演讲
对象： 同学/同龄人
时态： 主要使用一般现在时
框架：
开头： 问候，点明挑战无处不在，但我们可以培养韧性。
主体： 简述挑战的积极意义，提出核心态度。
建议： 给出两至三条具体、可操作的心理或行动建议。
结尾： 发出鼓励性号召，强调行动和信念。
第二步：连句成篇
Friends, we all face challenges. But within us lies the power to overcome—our resilience.
Adversity is not an end, but a chance to grow stronger. The key is our attitude: see difficulties as tasks to solve, not threats.
How can we build this strength? First, accept your emotions, then focus on what you can control. Second, break big problems into small, achievable steps. Third, don‘t hesitate to seek help from friends or mentors. Every step forward counts.
So, let's choose courage. Start today, believe in your ability to endure and adapt. Together, we can turn every challenge into a victory for our growth.
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Unit4 Adversity and Courage
单词
adversity n. 逆境；不幸
courage n. 勇气；胆量
perseverance n. 坚持不懈；毅力
resist vt. 抵抗；抗拒；忍住
overcome vt. 克服；战胜
misfortune n. 不幸；灾祸
dilemma n. 困境；进退两难
strive vi. 努力；奋斗
tough adj. 艰难的；顽强的；粗糙的
endure vt. 忍受；承受 vi. 持续
短语
face up to 勇敢面对
keep up 坚持；维持；继续
give in 屈服；让步
hold on 坚持住；等一等
pull through 渡过难关；康复
rise to the challenge 迎接挑战
in the face of 面对（困难、危险等）
never give up 永不放弃
stick to 坚持；固守
cheer sb. up 使某人振奋；使某人高兴
熟词生义
bear vt. 忍受；承受；承担 n. 熊
break n. 休息；中断；破裂 vt. 打破；违反；弄坏
spirit n. 精神；心灵；勇气 n. 酒精；烈酒
force n. 力量；武力；军队 vt. 强迫；迫使
句型
as 引导定语从句（指代整个主句内容）
She managed to overcome all difficulties, as surprised everyone around her.
虚拟语气（表示与过去事实相反）
If she had given in to the adversity, she would not have achieved such great success.
不定式作目的状语
He worked day and night to support his family during the tough period.
so...that... 结果状语从句
The situation was so difficult that many people lost confidence.
though/although 引导让步状语从句（可倒装）
Tough as the journey was, they never thought of giving up.
It is/was + 形容词 + for/of sb. + to do sth. 句型
It is admirable for her to stick to her dream in the face of adversity.
what 引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句等）
What matters most in overcoming adversity is perseverance.
疑问词+不定式结构
Many people are learning how to reduce their carbon footprint in daily life.
语法
现在完成进行时态
一、词汇清单
知识点1 adversity n. 逆境；不幸；苦难
教材原句
Facing adversity with courage builds character and resilience.
以勇气面对逆境能塑造品格和韧性。
[拓展]
(1) in times of adversity 在逆境中
(2) overcome adversity 克服逆境
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She showed remarkable strength in the face of __________ (adverse).
② They managed to __________ (overcome) all the hardships and succeeded.
知识点2 courage n. 勇气；胆量
教材原句
It takes great courage to stand up for what is right.
捍卫正义需要巨大的勇气。
[拓展]
(1) courageous adj. 勇敢的
(2) summon up/gather courage 鼓起勇气
(3) moral courage 道德勇气
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① He acted __________ (courage) in saving the child from the fire.
② She __________courage to speak in front of the large audience.（在观众面前鼓起勇气讲话）
知识点3 perseverance n. 毅力；坚持不懈
教材原句
Success is often the result of hard work and perseverance.
成功常常是努力和坚持不懈的结果。
[拓展]
(1) persevere v. 坚持；不屈不挠
(2) with perseverance 坚持不懈地
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Despite many failures, he __________ (perseverance) in his research.
② __________ (persevere) is a key quality for achieving long-term goals.
知识点4 resilience n. 恢复力；适应力；韧性
教材原句
The resilience of the human spirit can overcome great difficulties.
人类精神的韧性可以克服巨大的困难。
[拓展]
(1) resilient adj. 有适应力的；有弹性的
(2) show resilience 展现出韧性
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Children are often surprisingly __________ (resilience) in dealing with change.
② Her __________ (resilient) helped her recover quickly from the setback.
知识点5 hardship n. 困苦；艰难
教材原句
Many pioneers endured great hardship while settling in new lands.
许多拓荒者在定居新土地时忍受了巨大的艰难困苦。
[拓展]
(1) economic hardship 经济困难
(2) suffer hardship 遭受困苦
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The family went through considerable __________ (hardship) during the war.
② They __________ hardship but never lost hope.（suffer）
知识点6 determination n. 决心；决定
教材原句
With fierce determination, she completed the challenging task.
凭着强烈的决心，她完成了这项具有挑战性的任务。
[拓展]
(1) determine v. 决定；决心
(2) determined adj. 坚决的；有决心的
(3) a sense of determination 决心
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① He was __________ (determination) to prove his innocence.
② Her __________ (determine) to succeed inspired everyone around her.
知识点7 overcome v. 克服；战胜
教材原句
We must overcome our fears to achieve personal growth.
我们必须克服恐惧才能实现个人成长。
[拓展]
(1) overcome difficulties/obstacles 克服困难/障碍
(2) be overcome with emotion 情绪失控
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She managed to __________ (overcome) her shyness and deliver an excellent speech.
② __________ (overcome) by grief, he could hardly speak.
知识点8 endurance n. 忍耐力；持久力
教材原句
The marathon tests both physical and mental endurance.
马拉松考验身体和精神两方面的耐力。
[拓展]
(1) endure v. 忍受；忍耐
(2) beyond endurance 无法忍受
(3) endurance test 耐力测试
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The soldiers showed incredible __________ (endure) during the long march.
② He could no longer __________ (endurance) the constant pain.
知识点9 triumph n. 胜利；成功 v. 战胜
教材原句
The team’s triumph against all odds was truly inspiring.
这支队伍克服万难取得的胜利真正鼓舞人心。
[拓展]
(1) triumphant adj. 胜利的；成功的
(2) triumph over 战胜
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① In the end, good will __________ (triumph) over evil.
② They celebrated their __________ (triumph) victory with great joy.
知识点10 setback n. 挫折；阻碍
教材原句
We should view each setback as an opportunity to learn and grow.
我们应该把每次挫折视为学习和成长的机会。
[拓展]
(1) suffer/experience a setback 遭受/经历挫折
(2) temporary setback 暂时的挫折
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The project suffered a major __________ (setback) when funding was cut.
② Despite several __________ (setback), they continued with their plan.
二、短语清单
face up to 勇敢面对
give up 放弃
keep going 坚持下去
stand firm 坚定不移
in the face of 面对；在……面前
pull through 渡过难关；恢复健康
hold on to 坚持；不放弃
break through 突破；克服
rise above 超越；克服
never say die 永不放弃
[经典练习]
用所给短语的适当形式填空
1.We must __________ our fears and confront the challenges ahead. (face up to)
2.Despite the criticism, she __________ and continued to express her opinions. (stand firm)
3.With proper treatment, most patients __________ the illness. (pull through)
4.He __________ his dream of becoming a doctor despite financial difficulties. (hold on to)
三、熟词生义
spirit
n. 精神；灵魂（常见义）
n. 情绪；心情（常见义）
n. 勇气；意志（生义）
[经典练习]
用 spirit 的适当形式填空。
1.The team showed great fighting __________ throughout the competition.
2.She was in high __________ after receiving the good news.
will
n. 将；将会（常见义，表将来）
n. 意志；决心（常见义）
n. 遗嘱（生义）
[经典练习]
用 will 的适当形式填空。
1.Her strong __________ to live helped her survive the terrible accident.
2.The old man left his entire estate to charity in his __________.
四、句型清单
虚拟语气（与过去事实相反）：表示与过去事实相反的假设。
If he had given up then, he would never have achieved his dream.
倒装句（否定词开头）：以否定词或短语开头的句子需部分倒装。
Never before had she faced such a difficult challenge.
“It”作形式主语 + 形容词 + that从句**：表达对某事的看法或评价。
It was courageous that he spoke out against the injustice.
现在分词短语作状语：表示主语正在进行的另一动作或状态。
Facing immense pressure, she remained calm and focused.
not...until...句型：表示“直到……才……”。
He did not realize his own strength until he faced this adversity.
定语从句（who引导）：修饰表示人的先行词。
Those who persevere in the face of adversity often achieve the greatest success.
[经典练习]
根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。
1.（虚拟语气）If you __________ me about the problem earlier, I could have helped you. (tell)
2.（倒装句）__________ have I seen such determination in a young person. (seldom)
3.（It作形式主语）__________ important that we never lose hope during difficult times. (be)
4.（现在分词短语作状语）__________ the difficult situation, they decided to work even harder. (face)
5.（not...until...句型）She __________ her own courage until she stood up to the bully. (recognize)
五、语法清单
现在完成进行时态
【感知·语法规律】
观察以下句子，注意现在完成进行时的构成和意义：
They have been fighting against poverty for many years.
（他们多年来一直在与贫困作斗争。）
（强调动作从过去开始，持续到现在，并可能继续。）
She has been training hard for the marathon since January.
（她从一月份起就一直为马拉松刻苦训练。）
（强调动作的持续性及其对现在的可能影响——她现在体能更好了。）
He has been overcoming obstacles since his childhood.
（他从小就一直克服各种障碍。）
（强调长期、反复进行的动作。）
【精讲·语法知识】
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或者刚刚停止，或者可能还要继续下去。它强调动作的持续性和过程性，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。
1. 基本结构： have/has been + 动词现在分词 (V-ing)
人称 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I/You/We/They have been doing have not (haven't) been doing Have ... been doing?
He/She/It has been doing has not (hasn’t) been doing Has ... been doing?
2. 主要用法：
表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作（可能刚停止，也可能继续）
时间状语：for + 时间段，since + 时间点，all day/week，recently，lately
He has been studying English for three hours. （他已经学了三个小时英语了。）
She has been working on this project since last month. （她从上月起就一直在做这个项目。）
表示动作的重复性（在一段时间内反复发生的动作）
I have been calling him all morning, but he doesn't answer.
（我一早上都在给他打电话，但他不接。）
强调动作的持续过程及其对现在的影响或结果
He’s tired because he has been running. （他很累，因为他一直在跑步。）
Her eyes are red. She has been crying. （她眼睛红红的，她一直在哭。）
3. 与现在完成时的区别：
现在完成时 动作的完成或结果 already, yet, ever, never, just I have finished my homework.（我已做完作业。）
现在完成进行时 动作的持续和过程 for, since, how long, all morning I have been doing my homework for two hours.（我做了两小时作业了。）
注意：有些动词（如 know, like, love, hate, believe, understand 等表示状态或心理活动的动词）通常不用于进行时态，包括现在完成进行时。
（正确）I have known him for years.（我认识他多年了。）
（错误）I have been knowing him for years.
【易错警示】
与现在完成时的混淆
现在完成时强调动作已经完成及其对现在的影响或结果。
I have read that book. （我读过那本书了。→ 我知道内容）
现在完成进行时强调动作的持续过程，可能刚结束，也可能继续。
I have been reading that book. （我一直在读那本书。→ 可能还没读完）
非延续性动词误用
非延续性动词（如 die, come, go, leave, buy, start 等）表示瞬间动作，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
（错误）He has been coming here for three years.
（正确）He has been coming here regularly for three years. （加上 regularly 等词使动作可重复）
时间状语缺失或不当
现在完成进行时常需与表示一段时间的状语连用，否则可能语义不清。
（模糊）She has been studying.（她一直在学习？从何时起？）
（清晰）She has been studying since 8 o‘clock.（她从8点起就一直在学习。）
忽视动词的延续性
某些动词本身意义决定其不宜用于长时间持续。
（不自然）I have been buying a car for weeks.
（更自然）I have been trying to buy a car for weeks.（我几周来一直想买辆车。）
【经典练习】
单句语法填空
1.He __________ (struggle) with this illness for several months, but he remains hopeful.
2.I __________ (try) to contact the support team all morning, but the line is always busy.
3.She __________ (work) on her resilience since she attended the workshop last year.
4.How long __________ you __________ (prepare) for this important speech?
5.They __________ (face) many challenges recently, but they are determined to overcome them.
句子改写（将下列句子改为现在完成进行时，保持句意基本不变）
1.He started learning to cope with stress five years ago and is still learning.
2.She began her research on overcoming adversity in 2020 and continues it now.
3.It started raining two hours ago, and it is still raining.
4.They started building their courage when they joined the team and are still building it.
5.Look at her tired face. She probably didn't sleep well recently.
六、写作清单
A Speech on how to handle challenges
【点拨·写作技巧】
一篇关于应对挑战的演讲旨在激励听众，分享观点并提供行动指导，具有鼓动性和启发性。其核心是建立情感共鸣、传递积极信念并号召具体行动。
明确目的与听众： 演讲通常面向同龄人或处于相似境遇的群体，目的是分享对逆境的看法、提供心理支持或实用建议，并鼓舞大家采取积极行动。
结构清晰（四段式）：
开头段： 以问候开场，点明演讲主题（应对挑战），并迅速建立与听众的共鸣。
主体段： 阐述对挑战的正面认识（如成长机会），并结合实例或普遍感受说明积极应对的重要性。
建议段： 提出具体、可操作的心理或行动建议（如调整心态、寻求支持、从小事做起）。
结尾段： 发出强有力的号召，重申信念，鼓舞人心。
语言特点： 语言简洁、有力、富有感染力。多使用第一人称复数（we, us）和祈使句以增强共鸣和号召力。运用排比、反问等修辞手法。时态以一般现在时为主。
【积累·写作素材】
开头常用语
Friends/Everyone, have you ever felt overwhelmed by challenges?
Today, I want to talk about a power we all possess: resilience in the face of adversity.
Let‘s discuss how we can turn difficulties into stepping stones for growth.
阐述与建议
Challenges are not roadblocks but opportunities to strengthen our character.
When faced with hardships, we can choose our attitude.
First, acknowledge your feelings but don’t let them define you. Second, break big problems into manageable steps. Third, remember you are not alone—seek support.
Every small step forward is a victory.
结尾常用语
Let's embrace challenges with courage and grow stronger together.
Remember, it’s not the adversity itself, but how we respond to it that shapes our future.
Start today, believe in yourself, and never give up.
【示例·分步写作】
主题： How to Build Resilience When Facing Challenges
第一步：审题谋篇
体裁： 励志演讲
对象： 同学/同龄人
时态： 主要使用一般现在时
框架：
开头： 问候，点明挑战无处不在，但我们可以培养韧性。
主体： 简述挑战的积极意义，提出核心态度。
建议： 给出两至三条具体、可操作的心理或行动建议。
结尾： 发出鼓励性号召，强调行动和信念。
第二步：连句成篇
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