Unit3 Environmental Protection（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第三册
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摘要：
该高中英语Unit3 Environmental Protection知识清单系统整合了环保主题相关的词汇、短语、句型、语法及写作模块，涵盖单词拓展、熟词生义、语法规则、写作框架等核心范畴，搭建了从基础积累到综合应用的递进式学习支架。
清单以“分类呈现+分级练习+情境应用”构建知识体系，如词汇部分标注拓展词形及经典语法填空，语法模块详解直接引语转间接引语的时态转换规则，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。特别设计写作模板及素材库，提供环境报告四段式结构及常用表达，不同基础学生可高效自主学习，教师可据此精准设计教学，提升课堂实效。
内容正文：
Unit3 Environmental Protection
单词
pollute vt. 污染；玷污
environment n. 环境；周围状况
climate n. 气候；风气
emission n. 排放物；散发物
sustainable adj. 可持续的；合理利用的
conservation n. 保护；保存
ecosystem n. 生态系统
recycle vt. 回收利用；再利用
biodiversity n. 生物多样性
deforestation n. 砍伐森林
短语
take measures 采取措施
be harmful to 对……有害
lead to 导致；造成
deal with 处理；应对
focus on 聚焦于；关注
play a role in 在……中起作用
in danger 处于危险中
call for 呼吁；要求
cut down 减少；削减
be friendly to 对……友好
熟词生义
plant vt. 种植；安插 n. 植物；工厂
balance n. 平衡；余额 vt. 使平衡
release vt. 释放；发行 n. 释放；发布
charge n. 责任；电荷；费用 vt. 充电；控告
句型
which 引导非限制性定语从句
介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
Pollution is a serious problem about which governments worldwide are taking action.
现在分词短语作伴随状语
They walked through the polluted river area, collecting samples for testing.
过去分词短语作后置定语
The measures taken by the government have significantly improved air quality.
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who... 强调句型
It is human activities that have caused most environmental problems.
while 引导并列句（表对比）
Some countries focus on industrial development while others prioritize ecological protection.
疑问词+不定式结构
Many people are learning how to reduce their carbon footprint in daily life.
语法
直接引语和间接引语
一、词汇清单
知识点1 pollute vt. 污染；玷污
教材原句
Factories that pollute the river with chemicals should be fined heavily.
用化学物质污染河流的工厂应被重罚。
[拓展]
(1) pollution n. 污染
(2) air/water/noise pollution 空气/水/噪音污染
(3) pollutant n. 污染物
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The government is taking action to reduce air __________ (pollute).
② Industrial __________ (pollutant) have been detected in the groundwater.
③ It is illegal to __________ (pollute) the environment with plastic waste.
答案：① pollution ② pollutants ③ pollute
知识点2 environment n. 环境；周围状况
教材原句
We all have a responsibility to protect the environment for future generations.
我们都有责任为子孙后代保护环境。
[拓展]
(1) environmental adj. 环境的
(2) environmentalist n. 环保主义者
(3) environmentally friendly 环保的
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① __________ (environment) protection is a global issue that requires cooperation.
② Many __________ (environment) are concerned about the loss of biodiversity.
③ We should choose products that are __________ (environment) friendly.
答案：① Environmental ② environmentalists ③ environmentally
知识点3 sustainable adj. 可持续的；合理利用的
教材原句
Developing a sustainable economy is key to long-term prosperity.
发展可持续经济是长期繁荣的关键。
[拓展]
(1) sustainability n. 可持续性
(2) sustain v. 维持；支撑
(3) sustainable development 可持续发展
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The company is committed to __________ (sustainable) practices in its manufacturing.
② We must find ways to __________ (sustainable) our natural resources.
③ The __________ (sustainable) of the fishing industry depends on strict quotas.
答案：① sustainable ② sustain ③ sustainability
知识点4 conservation n. 保护；保存
教材原句
Wildlife conservation efforts have helped save several species from extinction.
野生动物保护努力已经帮助数个物种免于灭绝。
[拓展]
(1) conserve v. 保护；保存
(2) energy/water conservation 节能/节水
(3) conservationist n. 自然资源保护者
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Everyone can play a part in __________ (conserve) energy by turning off lights.
② He works as a __________ (conservation) in a national park.
③ The __________ (conserve) of ancient forests is of great importance.
答案：① conserving ② conservationist ③ conservation
知识点5 emission n. （光、热、气等的）排放；排放物
教材原句
Stricter laws are needed to control carbon emissions from vehicles.
需要更严格的法律来控制车辆的碳排放。
[拓展]
(1) emit v. 排放；散发
(2) carbon/greenhouse gas emissions 碳/温室气体排放
(3) zero emissions 零排放
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The new factory has installed filters to reduce harmful __________ (emit).
② Cars that __________ (emission) excessive smoke should be banned from the roads.
③ The treaty aims to cut __________ (emit) of greenhouse gases by 50%.
答案：① emissions ② emit ③ emissions
二、短语清单
take measures 采取措施
be harmful to 对……有害
lead to 导致；造成
deal with 处理；应对
focus on 聚焦于；关注
play a role in 在……中起作用
in danger 处于危险中
cut down 减少；砍伐
be responsible for 对……负责
make a difference 产生影响
[经典练习]
用所给短语的适当形式填空
1.We must __________ immediately to prevent further damage to the ecosystem. (take measures)
答案： take measures
解析： 句意“我们必须立即采取措施，防止对生态系统造成进一步破坏。”“take measures”意为“采取措施”，情态动词must后接动词原形。
2.The extinction of this species is directly __________ habitat loss caused by deforestation. (lead to)
答案： led to
解析： 句意“该物种的灭绝直接归因于森林砍伐导致的栖息地丧失。”“lead to”意为“导致”，根据句意和结构“is directly...”，此处需用过去分词形式构成被动语态。
3.Everyone can __________ protecting our planet by recycling and saving water. (play a role in)
答案： play a role in
解析： 句意“每个人都能通过回收利用和节约用水在保护我们的星球中发挥作用。”“play a role in”意为“在……中起作用”，情态动词can后接动词原形。
4.Many animals are __________ of extinction due to human activities. (in danger)
答案： in danger
解析： 句意“由于人类活动，许多动物正面临灭绝的危险。”“in danger”意为“处于危险中”，在句中作表语。
三、熟词生义
plant
n. 植物；工厂（常见义）
v. 种植；安插（常见义）
v. 灌输（思想等）（生义）
[经典练习]
用 plant 的适当形式填空。
1.The organization aims to __________ one million trees across the country this year.
答案： plant
解析： 句意“该组织目标今年在全国种植一百万棵树。”此处 plant 作动词，意为“种植”。
2.A new waste treatment __________ will be built to handle the city‘s garbage.
答案： plant
解析： 句意“将新建一个废物处理厂来处理城市的垃圾。”此处 plant 作名词，意为“工厂”。
balance
n. 平衡；余额（常见义）
v. 使平衡；权衡（常见义）
n. （生态）平衡（生义）
[经典练习]
用 balance 的适当形式填空。
1.We must find a __________ between economic development and environmental protection.
答案： balance
解析： 句意“我们必须在经济发展和环境保护之间找到平衡。”此处“balance”作名词，意为“平衡”。
2.The introduction of a foreign species upset the delicate __________ of the local ecosystem.
答案： balance
解析： 句意“外来物种的引入破坏了当地生态系统脆弱的平衡。”此处“balance”是其生义，特指“生态平衡”。
四、句型清单
现在完成时被动语态： 表示环保领域已完成的被动动作。
Many forests have been destroyed to make way for farmland.
“It”作形式主语： 代替不定式、动名词或从句，常用于表达重要性或难度。
It is essential to raise public awareness of environmental issues.
动词不定式作目的状语： 表示采取行动的目的。
Laws are passed to limit industrial pollution.
动名词短语作主语：
Recycling plastic bottles helps reduce waste in landfills.
“not only… but also…” 结构： 连接两个并列成分。
Pollution affects not only the environment but also human health.
定语从句（which引导）： 补充说明环境问题。
Climate change, which is caused by human activities, is a global threat.
[经典练习]
根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。
1.（现在完成时被动语态） Significant efforts __________ to clean up the polluted river in the past decade. (make)
答案： have been made
解析： 句意“在过去的十年里，为清理受污染的河流已经做出了重大努力。”主语“efforts”是动作“make”的承受者，时间状语“in the past decade”表示从过去持续到现在，需用现在完成时的被动语态。
2.（It作形式主语） __________ our duty to leave a healthier planet for our children. (be)
答案： It is
解析： 句意“为我们的子孙留下一个更健康的星球是我们的责任。”真正的主语是后面的不定式“to leave…”，用“It”作形式主语放在句首。
3.（动词不定式作目的状语） International agreements are signed __________ global warming. (combat)
答案： to combat
解析： 句意“签署国际协议是为了对抗全球变暖。”此处动词不定式“to combat”表示签署协议的目的。
4.（动名词短语作主语） __________ renewable energy sources is crucial for reducing carbon emissions. (develop)
答案： Developing
解析： 句意“开发可再生能源对于减少碳排放至关重要。”动名词短语“Developing renewable energy sources”在句中作主语。
5.（not only…but also…结构） We should __________ reuse materials __________ recycle them whenever possible. (not only, but also)
答案： not only, but also
解析： 句意“我们不仅应该重复利用材料，而且在可能的时候也应该回收它们。”连接两个并列的动词“reuse”和“recycle”。
五、语法清单
直接引语和间接引语
【感知·语法规律】
观察以下句子，注意直接引语（引导内的原话）如何转换为间接引语（转述他人的话）：
The scientist said, “Climate change is accelerating.” （科学家说：“气候变化正在加速。”）
The scientist said that climate change was accelerating. （科学家说气候变化正在加速。）
（直接引语为陈述句，转换为间接引语时用 that 引导，时态由一般现在时变为一般过去时。）
The reporter asked, “What measures will the government take?” （记者问：“政府将采取什么措施？”）
The reporter asked what measures the government would take. （记者问政府将采取什么措施。）
（直接引语为特殊疑问句，转换为间接引语时，疑问词（what）保留，语序变为陈述语序，时态由一般将来时变为过去将来时。）
The activist said to us, “Please reduce your plastic use.” （活动家对我们说：“请减少你们的塑料使用。”）
The activist urged us to reduce our plastic use. （活动家敦促我们减少塑料使用。）
（直接引语为祈使句，转换为间接引语时常用 “urge/ask/tell/advise sb. to do sth.” 结构。）
【精讲·语法知识】
直接引语是直接引用别人的原话，放在引号内；间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号。转换时需注意人称、时态、指示代词、时间/地点状语等的变化。
1. 陈述句的转换
用 that 引导（口语中可省略），并遵循以下变化规则：
人称变化： 根据句意逻辑调整。
直接引语： He said, “I am concerned about pollution.”
间接引语： He said that he was concerned about pollution.
时态变化： 若主句谓语动词为过去时（如 said, told, explained），间接引语的时态通常要相应“回溯”。
一般现在时 → 一般过去时
“The river is polluted.” → He said the river was polluted.
现在进行时 → 过去进行时
“We are planting trees.” → They said they were planting trees.
一般将来时 → 过去将来时
“We will ban single-use plastics.” → They announced they would ban single-use plastics.
现在完成时 → 过去完成时
“The air quality has improved.” → She told me the air quality had improved.
一般过去时 → 过去完成时（或不变，若强调客观事实或动作发生时间明确）
“The factory was closed last year.” → He said the factory had been closed the year before.
指示代词、时间/地点状语变化：
this → that
these → those
now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the day before / the previous day
tomorrow → the next/following day
here → there
例句：
“This park here needs protection today.” → He said that park there needed protection that day.
2. 疑问句的转换
一般疑问句： 用 if/whether 引导，语序变为陈述语序。
直接引语： She asked, “Is recycling effective?”
间接引语： She asked if/whether recycling was effective.
特殊疑问句： 保留原疑问词（what, why, where, how等），语序变为陈述语序。
直接引语： They asked, “How can we save energy?”
间接引语： They asked how they could save energy.
3. 祈使句的转换
通常将祈使句转换为动词不定式短语，根据语气使用 ask/tell/order/advise/urge sb. (not) to do sth. 结构。
直接引语： The sign says, “Protect the wildlife.”
间接引语： The sign tells us to protect the wildlife.
直接引语： The official said, “Don‘t dump waste here.”
间接引语： The official ordered people not to dump waste there.
【易错警示】
时态不回溯的情况： 若转述的是客观真理、科学事实、谚语、格言，或主句谓语动词是现在时/将来时，间接引语的时态不变。
直接引语： The teacher said, “Pollution harms ecosystems.”
间接引语： The teacher said that pollution harms ecosystems. （客观事实）
直接引语： She will say, “I have done my part.”
间接引语： She will say that she has done her part. （主句为将来时）
情态动词的变化： 部分情态动词需变化。
can → could
may → might
must → must/had to（表示必须）
例句： “We must act now.” → He said they must/had to act then.
引述动词的选择： 根据原话的语气和意图选择合适的转述动词（如 added, complained, explained, promised, warned 等），使转述更准确。
直接引语： “The situation is critical,” he warned. “And we need immediate funding,” he added.
间接引语： He warned that the situation was critical and added that they needed immediate funding.
【经典练习】
单句语法填空（将括号内的直接引语转换为间接引语，填入空白处）
1.The expert explained, “Deforestation contributes to global warming.”
The expert explained __________ global warming.
答案： that deforestation contributed to
解析： 陈述句转换，用that引导，时态由一般现在时变为一般过去时。
2.The resident complained, “The noise from the construction site is unbearable.”
The resident complained __________ unbearable.
答案： that the noise from the construction site was
解析： 陈述句转换。注意时态变化（is→was），并使用合适的转述动词“complained”。
3.The student asked, “Can renewable energy replace fossil fuels completely?”
The student asked __________ completely.
答案： if/whether renewable energy could replace fossil fuels
解析： 一般疑问句转换，用if/whether引导，语序变为陈述语序，情态动词can变为could。
4.The mayor announced, “We will build three new recycling plants next year.”
The mayor announced __________ the following year.
答案： that they would build three new recycling plants
解析： 陈述句转换。注意人称（we→they），时态（will→would），以及时间状语的变化（next year→the following year）。
5.The guide told the tourists, “Please do not litter in the nature reserve.”
The guide told the tourists __________ in the nature reserve.
答案： not to litter
解析： 祈使句（否定）转换，使用“tell sb. not to do sth.”结构。地点状语“there”在此句中根据语境保留“in the nature reserve”更佳。
6.The report stated, “Sea levels have risen significantly in the past decade.”
The report stated __________ significantly in the past decade.
答案： that sea levels had risen
解析： 陈述句转换。时态由现在完成时变为过去完成时（have risen→had risen）。“in the past decade”为明确的过去时间段，时态需变化。
7.John wondered, “Why is the government delaying the environmental policy?”
John wondered __________.
答案： why the government was delaying the environmental policy
解析： 特殊疑问句转换，保留疑问词why，语序变为陈述语序，时态由现在进行时变为过去进行时。
8.She said to me, “I joined the clean-up campaign last weekend.”
She told me __________.
答案： that she had joined the clean-up campaign the weekend before / the previous weekend
解析： 陈述句转换。注意人称（I→she），时态（一般过去时joined可变为过去完成时had joined，以体现动作先后），以及时间状语的变化（last weekend→the weekend before）。
六、写作清单
A Report on an Environmental Issue
【点拨·写作技巧】
一份关于环境问题的报告旨在客观陈述事实、分析问题并提出建议，具有信息性和行动导向性。其核心是清晰、有条理地传递信息，并推动问题的解决。
明确目的与读者： 报告通常面向特定群体（如学校社团、社区居民、相关部门），目的是告知现状、分析原因并呼吁或建议采取行动。
结构清晰（四段式）：
引言段： 开门见山，明确报告的主题（环境问题），并简要说明其重要性或现状的紧迫性。
现状描述段： 客观描述该环境问题的具体表现、影响范围及已观察到的后果。使用事实、数据或具体现象来支撑。
分析与建议段： 简要分析问题的主要原因，并据此提出具体、可行的改进建议或行动措施。建议应具有针对性。
结论段： 总结问题的严重性，重申采取行动的必要性，并发出呼吁或表达希望。
语言特点： 语言正式、客观、简洁。多使用被动语态和名词化结构以体现客观性（如 "It has been observed that..."，"Measures should be taken..."）。使用一般现在时描述现状，现在完成时说明已发生的影响，情态动词（should, ought to, must）提出建议。
【积累·写作素材】
开头常用语（引言段）
This report aims to present the current situation regarding [e.g., plastic waste pollution in our school] and propose practical solutions.
Following recent observations, it has become necessary to address the growing issue of [e.g., energy waste] in our community.
The purpose of this report is to highlight the problem of [e.g., decreasing green space] and suggest actions for improvement.
描述现状
It has been observed/Found that... (据观察/发现……)
The main issues include... (主要问题包括……)
This has led to/resulted in... (这导致了……)
For instance/According to a survey,... (例如/根据一项调查，……)
提出建议
It is suggested/recommended that... (建议……)
Measures should be taken to... (应采取措施以……)
Immediate action is needed to... (需要立即采取行动以……)
One possible solution would be to... (一个可能的解决方案是……)
结尾常用语
In conclusion, addressing this issue requires our immediate attention and collective effort.
It is hoped that the suggestions above will be considered and implemented for a better environment.
Let us work together to make a positive change.
【示例·分步写作】
主题： A Report on Reducing Plastic Waste in Our School
第一步：审题谋篇
体裁： 报告
对象： 学校师生及管理方
时态： 主要使用一般现在时（描述现状）、现在完成时（说明已造成影响）、含情态动词的现在时（提出建议）
框架：
引言： 阐明报告目的——关注校园塑料废物问题并提出减塑建议。
现状： 描述塑料废物（尤其是水瓶和包装）泛滥的现象及其对环境和校园美观的影响。
建议： 提出具体可操作的建议，如推广可重复使用物品、设置更多回收站、开展环保教育。
结论： 呼吁集体行动，共建绿色校园。
第二步：要点翻译
本报告旨在提出减少校园塑料废物的建议。(aim to, put forward suggestions)
基础句： This report aims to put forward suggestions to reduce plastic waste in our school.
据观察，一次性塑料水瓶和零食包装是主要的废物来源。(It has been observed that...)
基础句： It has been observed that single-use plastic bottles and snack wrappers are the main sources of waste.
这导致了垃圾箱过满，并对环境造成了危害。(lead to, cause harm to)
基础句： This has led to overflowing bins and caused harm to the environment.
建议在校园内推广使用可重复使用的水瓶和饭盒。(It is suggested that...)
基础句： It is suggested that reusable bottles and lunch boxes should be promoted on campus.
还应设置更多标识清晰的回收站。(More...should be set up)
基础句： More recycling bins with clear signs should also be set up.
第三步：词句升级
用 “The purpose of this report is to...” 升级句1，更正式：
升级句： The purpose of this report is to address the issue of plastic waste and propose reduction strategies for our school.
用 “not only...but also...” 整合句2和句3，使逻辑更强：
升级句： Surveys show that disposable plastic items, not only clutter our bins but also pose a threat to the local ecosystem.
用 “Specific measures include...” 引导具体建议，升级句4和句5：
升级句： Specific measures include promoting reusable alternatives and installing clearly marked recycling stations in every building.
第四步：连句成篇
A Report on Reducing Plastic Waste in Our School
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to address the growing issue of plastic waste on campus and propose practical strategies for reduction.
Current Situation
It has been found that single-use plastic bottles and food packaging are widely used, resulting in overflowing garbage bins. This not only affects the campus appearance but also contributes to environmental pollution.
Recommendations
To tackle this problem, several steps are recommended. First, the school should promote the use of reusable water bottles and containers. Second, more recycling bins with clear instructions should be placed in key areas like cafeterias and hallways. Finally, environmental awareness campaigns could be organized to educate students.
Conclusion
Addressing plastic waste requires immediate action from all of us. By implementing these suggestions, we can work together to create a cleaner and more sustainable school environment.
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Unit3 Environmental Protection
单词
pollute vt. 污染；玷污
environment n. 环境；周围状况
climate n. 气候；风气
emission n. 排放物；散发物
sustainable adj. 可持续的；合理利用的
conservation n. 保护；保存
ecosystem n. 生态系统
recycle vt. 回收利用；再利用
biodiversity n. 生物多样性
deforestation n. 砍伐森林
短语
take measures 采取措施
be harmful to 对……有害
lead to 导致；造成
deal with 处理；应对
focus on 聚焦于；关注
play a role in 在……中起作用
in danger 处于危险中
call for 呼吁；要求
cut down 减少；削减
be friendly to 对……友好
熟词生义
plant vt. 种植；安插 n. 植物；工厂
balance n. 平衡；余额 vt. 使平衡
release vt. 释放；发行 n. 释放；发布
charge n. 责任；电荷；费用 vt. 充电；控告
句型
which 引导非限制性定语从句
介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
Pollution is a serious problem about which governments worldwide are taking action.
现在分词短语作伴随状语
They walked through the polluted river area, collecting samples for testing.
过去分词短语作后置定语
The measures taken by the government have significantly improved air quality.
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who... 强调句型
It is human activities that have caused most environmental problems.
while 引导并列句（表对比）
Some countries focus on industrial development while others prioritize ecological protection.
疑问词+不定式结构
Many people are learning how to reduce their carbon footprint in daily life.
语法
直接引语和间接引语
一、词汇清单
知识点1 pollute vt. 污染；玷污
教材原句
Factories that pollute the river with chemicals should be fined heavily.
用化学物质污染河流的工厂应被重罚。
[拓展]
(1) pollution n. 污染
(2) air/water/noise pollution 空气/水/噪音污染
(3) pollutant n. 污染物
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The government is taking action to reduce air __________ (pollute).
② Industrial __________ (pollutant) have been detected in the groundwater.
③ It is illegal to __________ (pollute) the environment with plastic waste.
知识点2 environment n. 环境；周围状况
教材原句
We all have a responsibility to protect the environment for future generations.
我们都有责任为子孙后代保护环境。
[拓展]
(1) environmental adj. 环境的
(2) environmentalist n. 环保主义者
(3) environmentally friendly 环保的
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① __________ (environment) protection is a global issue that requires cooperation.
② Many __________ (environment) are concerned about the loss of biodiversity.
③ We should choose products that are __________ (environment) friendly.
知识点3 sustainable adj. 可持续的；合理利用的
教材原句
Developing a sustainable economy is key to long-term prosperity.
发展可持续经济是长期繁荣的关键。
[拓展]
(1) sustainability n. 可持续性
(2) sustain v. 维持；支撑
(3) sustainable development 可持续发展
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The company is committed to __________ (sustainable) practices in its manufacturing.
② We must find ways to __________ (sustainable) our natural resources.
③ The __________ (sustainable) of the fishing industry depends on strict quotas.
知识点4 conservation n. 保护；保存
教材原句
Wildlife conservation efforts have helped save several species from extinction.
野生动物保护努力已经帮助数个物种免于灭绝。
[拓展]
(1) conserve v. 保护；保存
(2) energy/water conservation 节能/节水
(3) conservationist n. 自然资源保护者
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Everyone can play a part in __________ (conserve) energy by turning off lights.
② He works as a __________ (conservation) in a national park.
③ The __________ (conserve) of ancient forests is of great importance.
知识点5 emission n. （光、热、气等的）排放；排放物
教材原句
Stricter laws are needed to control carbon emissions from vehicles.
需要更严格的法律来控制车辆的碳排放。
[拓展]
(1) emit v. 排放；散发
(2) carbon/greenhouse gas emissions 碳/温室气体排放
(3) zero emissions 零排放
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The new factory has installed filters to reduce harmful __________ (emit).
② Cars that __________ (emission) excessive smoke should be banned from the roads.
③ The treaty aims to cut __________ (emit) of greenhouse gases by 50%.
二、短语清单
take measures 采取措施
be harmful to 对……有害
lead to 导致；造成
deal with 处理；应对
focus on 聚焦于；关注
play a role in 在……中起作用
in danger 处于危险中
cut down 减少；砍伐
be responsible for 对……负责
make a difference 产生影响
[经典练习]
用所给短语的适当形式填空
1.We must __________ immediately to prevent further damage to the ecosystem. (take measures)
2.The extinction of this species is directly __________ habitat loss caused by deforestation. (lead to)
3.Everyone can __________ protecting our planet by recycling and saving water. (play a role in)
4.Many animals are __________ of extinction due to human activities. (in danger)
三、熟词生义
plant
n. 植物；工厂（常见义）
v. 种植；安插（常见义）
v. 灌输（思想等）（生义）
[经典练习]
用 plant 的适当形式填空。
1.The organization aims to __________ one million trees across the country this year.
2.A new waste treatment __________ will be built to handle the city‘s garbage.
balance
n. 平衡；余额（常见义）
v. 使平衡；权衡（常见义）
n. （生态）平衡（生义）
[经典练习]
用 balance 的适当形式填空。
1.We must find a __________ between economic development and environmental protection.
2.The introduction of a foreign species upset the delicate __________ of the local ecosystem.
四、句型清单
现在完成时被动语态： 表示环保领域已完成的被动动作。
Many forests have been destroyed to make way for farmland.
“It”作形式主语： 代替不定式、动名词或从句，常用于表达重要性或难度。
It is essential to raise public awareness of environmental issues.
动词不定式作目的状语： 表示采取行动的目的。
Laws are passed to limit industrial pollution.
动名词短语作主语：
Recycling plastic bottles helps reduce waste in landfills.
“not only… but also…” 结构： 连接两个并列成分。
Pollution affects not only the environment but also human health.
定语从句（which引导）： 补充说明环境问题。
Climate change, which is caused by human activities, is a global threat.
[经典练习]
根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。
1.（现在完成时被动语态） Significant efforts __________ to clean up the polluted river in the past decade. (make)
2.（It作形式主语） __________ our duty to leave a healthier planet for our children. (be)
3.（动词不定式作目的状语） International agreements are signed __________ global warming. (combat)
4.（动名词短语作主语） __________ renewable energy sources is crucial for reducing carbon emissions. (develop)
5.（not only…but also…结构） We should __________ reuse materials __________ recycle them whenever possible. (not only, but also)
五、语法清单
直接引语和间接引语
【感知·语法规律】
观察以下句子，注意直接引语（引导内的原话）如何转换为间接引语（转述他人的话）：
The scientist said, “Climate change is accelerating.” （科学家说：“气候变化正在加速。”）
The scientist said that climate change was accelerating. （科学家说气候变化正在加速。）
（直接引语为陈述句，转换为间接引语时用 that 引导，时态由一般现在时变为一般过去时。）
The reporter asked, “What measures will the government take?” （记者问：“政府将采取什么措施？”）
The reporter asked what measures the government would take. （记者问政府将采取什么措施。）
（直接引语为特殊疑问句，转换为间接引语时，疑问词（what）保留，语序变为陈述语序，时态由一般将来时变为过去将来时。）
The activist said to us, “Please reduce your plastic use.” （活动家对我们说：“请减少你们的塑料使用。”）
The activist urged us to reduce our plastic use. （活动家敦促我们减少塑料使用。）
（直接引语为祈使句，转换为间接引语时常用 “urge/ask/tell/advise sb. to do sth.” 结构。）
【精讲·语法知识】
直接引语是直接引用别人的原话，放在引号内；间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号。转换时需注意人称、时态、指示代词、时间/地点状语等的变化。
1. 陈述句的转换
用 that 引导（口语中可省略），并遵循以下变化规则：
人称变化： 根据句意逻辑调整。
直接引语： He said, “I am concerned about pollution.”
间接引语： He said that he was concerned about pollution.
时态变化： 若主句谓语动词为过去时（如 said, told, explained），间接引语的时态通常要相应“回溯”。
一般现在时 → 一般过去时
“The river is polluted.” → He said the river was polluted.
现在进行时 → 过去进行时
“We are planting trees.” → They said they were planting trees.
一般将来时 → 过去将来时
“We will ban single-use plastics.” → They announced they would ban single-use plastics.
现在完成时 → 过去完成时
“The air quality has improved.” → She told me the air quality had improved.
一般过去时 → 过去完成时（或不变，若强调客观事实或动作发生时间明确）
“The factory was closed last year.” → He said the factory had been closed the year before.
指示代词、时间/地点状语变化：
this → that
these → those
now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the day before / the previous day
tomorrow → the next/following day
here → there
例句：
“This park here needs protection today.” → He said that park there needed protection that day.
2. 疑问句的转换
一般疑问句： 用 if/whether 引导，语序变为陈述语序。
直接引语： She asked, “Is recycling effective?”
间接引语： She asked if/whether recycling was effective.
特殊疑问句： 保留原疑问词（what, why, where, how等），语序变为陈述语序。
直接引语： They asked, “How can we save energy?”
间接引语： They asked how they could save energy.
3. 祈使句的转换
通常将祈使句转换为动词不定式短语，根据语气使用 ask/tell/order/advise/urge sb. (not) to do sth. 结构。
直接引语： The sign says, “Protect the wildlife.”
间接引语： The sign tells us to protect the wildlife.
直接引语： The official said, “Don‘t dump waste here.”
间接引语： The official ordered people not to dump waste there.
【易错警示】
时态不回溯的情况： 若转述的是客观真理、科学事实、谚语、格言，或主句谓语动词是现在时/将来时，间接引语的时态不变。
直接引语： The teacher said, “Pollution harms ecosystems.”
间接引语： The teacher said that pollution harms ecosystems. （客观事实）
直接引语： She will say, “I have done my part.”
间接引语： She will say that she has done her part. （主句为将来时）
情态动词的变化： 部分情态动词需变化。
can → could
may → might
must → must/had to（表示必须）
例句： “We must act now.” → He said they must/had to act then.
引述动词的选择： 根据原话的语气和意图选择合适的转述动词（如 added, complained, explained, promised, warned 等），使转述更准确。
直接引语： “The situation is critical,” he warned. “And we need immediate funding,” he added.
间接引语： He warned that the situation was critical and added that they needed immediate funding.
【经典练习】
单句语法填空（将括号内的直接引语转换为间接引语，填入空白处）
1.The expert explained, “Deforestation contributes to global warming.”
The expert explained __________ global warming.
2.The resident complained, “The noise from the construction site is unbearable.”
The resident complained __________ unbearable.
3.The student asked, “Can renewable energy replace fossil fuels completely?”
The student asked __________ completely.
4.The mayor announced, “We will build three new recycling plants next year.”
The mayor announced __________ the following year.
5.The guide told the tourists, “Please do not litter in the nature reserve.”
The guide told the tourists __________ in the nature reserve.
6.The report stated, “Sea levels have risen significantly in the past decade.”
The report stated __________ significantly in the past decade.
7.John wondered, “Why is the government delaying the environmental policy?”
John wondered __________.
8.She said to me, “I joined the clean-up campaign last weekend.”
She told me __________.
六、写作清单
A Report on an Environmental Issue
【点拨·写作技巧】
一份关于环境问题的报告旨在客观陈述事实、分析问题并提出建议，具有信息性和行动导向性。其核心是清晰、有条理地传递信息，并推动问题的解决。
明确目的与读者： 报告通常面向特定群体（如学校社团、社区居民、相关部门），目的是告知现状、分析原因并呼吁或建议采取行动。
结构清晰（四段式）：
引言段： 开门见山，明确报告的主题（环境问题），并简要说明其重要性或现状的紧迫性。
现状描述段： 客观描述该环境问题的具体表现、影响范围及已观察到的后果。使用事实、数据或具体现象来支撑。
分析与建议段： 简要分析问题的主要原因，并据此提出具体、可行的改进建议或行动措施。建议应具有针对性。
结论段： 总结问题的严重性，重申采取行动的必要性，并发出呼吁或表达希望。
语言特点： 语言正式、客观、简洁。多使用被动语态和名词化结构以体现客观性（如 "It has been observed that..."，"Measures should be taken..."）。使用一般现在时描述现状，现在完成时说明已发生的影响，情态动词（should, ought to, must）提出建议。
【积累·写作素材】
开头常用语（引言段）
This report aims to present the current situation regarding [e.g., plastic waste pollution in our school] and propose practical solutions.
Following recent observations, it has become necessary to address the growing issue of [e.g., energy waste] in our community.
The purpose of this report is to highlight the problem of [e.g., decreasing green space] and suggest actions for improvement.
描述现状
It has been observed/Found that... (据观察/发现……)
The main issues include... (主要问题包括……)
This has led to/resulted in... (这导致了……)
For instance/According to a survey,... (例如/根据一项调查，……)
提出建议
It is suggested/recommended that... (建议……)
Measures should be taken to... (应采取措施以……)
Immediate action is needed to... (需要立即采取行动以……)
One possible solution would be to... (一个可能的解决方案是……)
结尾常用语
In conclusion, addressing this issue requires our immediate attention and collective effort.
It is hoped that the suggestions above will be considered and implemented for a better environment.
Let us work together to make a positive change.
【示例·分步写作】
主题： A Report on Reducing Plastic Waste in Our School
第一步：审题谋篇
体裁： 报告
对象： 学校师生及管理方
时态： 主要使用一般现在时（描述现状）、现在完成时（说明已造成影响）、含情态动词的现在时（提出建议）
框架：
引言： 阐明报告目的——关注校园塑料废物问题并提出减塑建议。
现状： 描述塑料废物（尤其是水瓶和包装）泛滥的现象及其对环境和校园美观的影响。
建议： 提出具体可操作的建议，如推广可重复使用物品、设置更多回收站、开展环保教育。
结论： 呼吁集体行动，共建绿色校园。
第二步：要点翻译
本报告旨在提出减少校园塑料废物的建议。(aim to, put forward suggestions)
基础句： This report aims to put forward suggestions to reduce plastic waste in our school.
据观察，一次性塑料水瓶和零食包装是主要的废物来源。(It has been observed that...)
基础句： It has been observed that single-use plastic bottles and snack wrappers are the main sources of waste.
这导致了垃圾箱过满，并对环境造成了危害。(lead to, cause harm to)
基础句： This has led to overflowing bins and caused harm to the environment.
建议在校园内推广使用可重复使用的水瓶和饭盒。(It is suggested that...)
基础句： It is suggested that reusable bottles and lunch boxes should be promoted on campus.
还应设置更多标识清晰的回收站。(More...should be set up)
基础句： More recycling bins with clear signs should also be set up.
第三步：词句升级
用 “The purpose of this report is to...” 升级句1，更正式：
升级句： The purpose of this report is to address the issue of plastic waste and propose reduction strategies for our school.
用 “not only...but also...” 整合句2和句3，使逻辑更强：
升级句： Surveys show that disposable plastic items, not only clutter our bins but also pose a threat to the local ecosystem.
用 “Specific measures include...” 引导具体建议，升级句4和句5：
升级句： Specific measures include promoting reusable alternatives and installing clearly marked recycling stations in every building.
第四步：连句成篇
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