Unit2 Morals and Virtues（知识清单）英语人教版必修第三册
|
2份
|
33页
|
1963人阅读
|
23人下载
精品
摘要：
该高中英语Unit2“Morals and Virtues”知识清单全面梳理了道德美德主题的语言知识，涵盖词汇、短语、熟词生义、句型、语法及写作六大核心范畴，搭建了从基础词汇积累到语法规则运用再到写作实践输出的阶梯式学习架构。
清单采用分类整合（如词汇分基础与拓展词，短语按功能归类）、分级训练（单句语法填空到写作分步指导）及知识关联（词汇与短语结合，语法与句型融合）的方式呈现体系，突出“经典练习”设计（如V-ing作宾补/状语专项训练）和“写作素材积累”（寓言故事分析模板），培养学生的语言能力和思维品质。不同层次练习满足多样化需求，教师可直接用于教学设计，学生能自主巩固提升，高效掌握单元要点。
内容正文：
Unit2 Morals and Virtues
单词
moral adj. 道德的；道义上的 n. 道德；品行
virtue n. 美德；德行；长处
principle n. 道德原则；法则；原理
honest adj. 诚实的；正直的
brave adj. 勇敢的
generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的
reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的
selfless adj. 无私的；忘我的
devote vt. 致力于；奉献；投入
donate vt. & vi. 捐赠；捐献
respect vt. & n. 尊重；尊敬
forgive vt. & vi. 原谅；宽恕
grateful adj. 感激的；感谢的
modest adj. 谦虚的；谦逊的
merciful adj. 仁慈的；宽容的
justice n. 正义；公正；司法
integrity n. 正直；诚实；完整
compromise n. & vi. 妥协；让步
uphold vt. 维护；维持；支持
sacrifice n. & vt. 牺牲；献出
corrupt adj. 腐败的；堕落的 vt. 使腐败；使堕落
hypocritical adj. 虚伪的；伪善的
conscience n. 良心；良知
tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的
humble adj. 谦逊的；谦卑的
diligent adj. 勤奋的；勤勉的
responsible adj. 负责任的；有责任心的
sympathetic adj. 同情的；有同情心的
virtuous adj. 有道德的；品行端正的
短语
stick to 坚持；固守
stand up for 支持；维护；为…… 挺身而出
in spite of 尽管；不管
put others first 先人后己
be devoted to 致力于；献身于
in return 作为回报；反过来
take responsibility for 对…… 负责
have a clear conscience 问心无愧
compromise with 与…… 妥协
uphold justice 维护正义
sacrifice for 为…… 牺牲
be grateful to sb. for sth. 因某事感激某人
show respect for 尊重……
forgive sb. for sth. 原谅某人某事
be tolerant of 对…… 宽容
act on one's conscience 凭良心行事
熟词生义
course n. 行为方式；做法 (常义：课程；过程)
mean adj. 吝啬的；刻薄的 (常义：意思是；意味着)
plain adj. 朴素的；简单的 (常义：清楚的；平原)
figure v. 认为；认定 (常义：数字；人物；身材)
句型
定语从句（where/in which 引导）
There are many situations where we need to make moral choices.
It is + adj. + to do... 句型
It is important to uphold moral principles in daily life.
not only... but also... 引导并列句
A virtuous person not only cares about himself but also thinks of others.
让步状语从句（though/although 引导）
Though the task was difficult, she stuck to her principles and succeeded.
不定式短语作目的状语
He worked day and night to help the poor children go to school.
语法
现在分词作宾补和状语
一、词汇清单
知识点 1 moral adj. 道德的；道义上的 n. 道德；品行
教材原句
We should follow moral principles and do what is right.
我们应该遵循道德原则，做正确的事。
拓展
(1) morality n. 道德；道德准则
(2) moral values 道德价值观
(3) moral duty 道德责任
(4) a moral lesson 道德教训
写作佳句
It is our moral duty to help those in need.
帮助有需要的人是我们的道德责任。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① We should teach children (morality) values from an early age.
答案：moral
解析：此处修饰名词 values，需用形容词形式 moral，意为 “道德的”。
② The story tells us a valuable (moral) about honesty.
答案：moral
解析：根据前面的不定冠词 a 可知，此处需用名词形式 moral，意为 “道德教训；寓意”。
③ His behavior is against (moral) standards in society.
答案：moral
解析：修饰名词 standards，用形容词 moral，“道德标准”。
④ She has a strong sense of (moral) and never does anything wrong.
答案：morality
解析：a sense of 后接名词，morality 意为 “道德；道德观念”，符合语境。
⑤ It is (moral) to respect the elderly and care for the young.
答案：moral
解析：此处为 It is + adj. + to do... 句型，需用形容词 moral，意为 “道德上正确的”。
知识点 2 virtue n. 美德；德行；长处
教材原句
Kindness and honesty are important virtues that everyone should have.
善良和诚实是每个人都应具备的重要美德。
拓展
(1) virtuous adj. 有道德的；品行端正的
(2) have the virtue of 具有…… 的美德 / 优点
(3) traditional virtues 传统美德
(4) by virtue of 凭借；由于
写作佳句
By virtue of her kindness and diligence, she won the respect of everyone around her.
凭借善良和勤奋的美德，她赢得了周围所有人的尊重。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① Honesty is a (virtuous) that is highly valued in all cultures.
答案：virtue
解析：不定冠词 a 后接名词，virtue 意为 “美德”，符合句意。
② She is a (virtue) woman who always helps others selflessly.
答案：virtuous
解析：修饰名词 woman，需用形容词形式 virtuous，意为 “有道德的；品行端正的”。
③ The team succeeded by (virtue) of their hard work and unity.
答案：virtue
解析：by virtue of 为固定短语，意为 “凭借；由于”。
④ Patience is one of the most important (virtue) in daily life.
答案：virtues
解析：one of 后接可数名词复数形式，virtue 的复数为 virtues。
⑤ This method has the (virtue) of being simple and effective.
答案：virtue
解析：have the virtue of 为固定搭配，意为 “具有…… 的优点”，此处用单数形式。
知识点 3 honest adj. 诚实的；正直的
教材原句
An honest person always tells the truth and never lies.
诚实的人总是说实话，从不撒谎。
拓展
(1) honesty n. 诚实；正直
(2) be honest with sb. 对某人诚实
(3) to be honest 老实说；说实话
(4) dishonest adj. 不诚实的
写作佳句
To be honest, being honest with others helps build trust and friendship.
老实说，对他人诚实有助于建立信任和友谊。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① We should encourage children to be (honesty) and brave.
答案：honest
解析：be 动词后接形容词作表语，honest 意为 “诚实的”。
② His (honest) won him the trust of his colleagues and friends.
答案：honesty
解析：形容词性物主代词 his 后接名词，honesty 意为 “诚实”。
③ To be (honest), I don't agree with your decision.
答案：honest
解析：to be honest 为固定短语，意为 “老实说”。
④ It is (honest) to cheat in exams or tell lies.
答案：dishonest
解析：根据句意 “考试作弊或撒谎是不诚实的”，此处需用否定形式 dishonest。
⑤ You should be (honest) with your parents about your study and life.
答案：honest
解析：be honest with sb. 为固定搭配，意为 “对某人诚实”。
知识点 4 devote vt. 致力于；奉献；投入
教材原句
Many scientists devote their lives to researching new technologies for human development.
许多科学家毕生致力于研究新技术，以促进人类发展。
拓展
(1) devotion n. 奉献；忠诚；热爱
(2) devote oneself to (doing) sth. 致力于；献身于
(3) be devoted to (doing) sth. 致力于；专注于
(4) devoted adj. 忠诚的；献身的
写作佳句
She devoted all her time and energy to helping the homeless children.
她把所有的时间和精力都投入到帮助无家可归的孩子身上。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① He devoted his whole life to (protect) the environment.
答案：protecting
解析：devote oneself to 中 to 为介词，后接动名词形式，故填 protecting。
② Her (devote) to her work is admired by everyone in the company.
答案：devotion
解析：形容词性物主代词 her 后接名词，devotion 意为 “奉献”。
③ She is a (devote) teacher who cares about every student.
答案：devoted
解析：修饰名词 teacher，用形容词 devoted，意为 “忠诚的；献身的”。
④ They are (devote) to helping the poor and improving their living conditions.
答案：devoted
解析：be devoted to 为固定短语，意为 “致力于”，to 为介词。
⑤ He decided to devote (he) to scientific research after graduation.
答案：himself
解析：devote oneself to 为固定搭配，主语为 he，故填反身代词 himself。
知识点 5 respect vt. & n. 尊重；尊敬
教材原句
We should respect our parents, teachers and all people around us.
我们应该尊重父母、老师和身边所有的人。
拓展
(1) respectful adj. 恭敬的；尊重他人的
(2) respectable adj. 值得尊敬的；体面的
(3) show respect for 尊重……
(4) have respect for 尊敬……
(5) with respect to 关于；至于
写作佳句
Everyone should show respect for the elderly and care for the young.
每个人都应该尊敬老人、关爱年轻人。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① We should show (respectful) for different cultures and customs.
答案：respect
解析：show respect for 为固定短语，意为 “尊重……”，此处用名词形式。
② The young man is always (respect) to his elders.
答案：respectful
解析：be respectful to sb. 为固定搭配，意为 “对某人恭敬的”。
③ He is a (respect) doctor who has saved many lives.
答案：respectable
解析：修饰名词 doctor，用形容词 respectable，意为 “值得尊敬的”。
④ With (respect) to your request, we will give you a reply as soon as possible.
答案：respect
解析：with respect to 为固定短语，意为 “关于；至于”。
⑤ All students have great (respect) for their head teacher because of his fairness.
答案：respect
解析：have respect for 为固定搭配，意为 “尊敬……”，此处用名词形式。
二、短语清单
stick to 坚持；固守
stand up for 支持；维护；为…… 挺身而出
be devoted to 致力于；献身于
take responsibility for 对…… 负责
show respect for 尊重……
in spite of 尽管；不管
put others first 先人后己
have a clear conscience 问心无愧
forgive sb. for sth. 原谅某人某事
by virtue of 凭借；由于
经典练习
单项选择题
1.No matter what difficulties we face, we should ______ our principles and never give up.
A. stick to B. stand up for C. take responsibility for D. be devoted to
答案：A
解析：句意 “无论我们面临什么困难，都应该坚持自己的原则，永不放弃”，stick to 表示 “坚持”，符合语境。
2.We should ______ the weak and help them when they are in trouble.
A. put others first B. stand up for C. have a clear conscience D. in spite of
答案：B
解析：句意 “我们应该为弱者挺身而出，在他们遇到困难时帮助他们”，stand up for 表示 “支持；维护；为…… 挺身而出”，符合语境。
3.She ______ helping the poor for many years and has made great contributions.
A. take responsibility for B. show respect for C. has been devoted to D. by virtue of
答案：C
解析：句意 “多年来她一直致力于帮助穷人，做出了巨大贡献”，be devoted to 表示 “致力于”，根据 for many years 可知用现在完成时。
4.Everyone must ______ their own actions, whether they are right or wrong.
A. take responsibility for B. put others first C. have a clear conscience D. forgive sb. for sth.
答案：A
解析：句意 “每个人都必须对自己的行为负责，无论对错”，take responsibility for 表示 “对…… 负责”，符合语境。
5.______ his shortcomings, he is still a person worth making friends with because of his honesty.
A. In spite of B. By virtue of C. Stick to D. Stand up for
答案：A
解析：句意 “尽管他有缺点，但由于他的诚实，他仍然是一个值得交朋友的人”，in spite of 表示 “尽管；不管”，后接名词短语，符合语境。
用所给短语的适当形式填空
1.He always ______ his promises and never breaks his word. (stick to)
答案：sticks to
解析：句意 “他总是信守承诺，从不食言”，stick to 表示 “坚持”，主语 he 为第三人称单数，用一般现在时，故填 sticks to。
2.We should ______ our parents and teachers who have given us so much help. (show respect for)
答案：show respect for
解析：句意 “我们应该尊重给予我们这么多帮助的父母和老师”，show respect for 表示 “尊重……”，should 后接动词原形。
3.______ the bad weather, they still went on with their outdoor activity as planned. (in spite of)
答案：In spite of
解析：句意 “尽管天气恶劣，他们仍然按计划继续户外活动”，in spite of 表示 “尽管”，置于句首首字母大写。
4.The kind-hearted teacher ______ educating students and has won the love of all her students. (be devoted to)
答案：is devoted to
解析：句意 “这位善良的老师致力于教育学生，赢得了所有学生的喜爱”，be devoted to 表示 “致力于”，主语为单数，用一般现在时，故填 is devoted to。
5.As an adult, you must ______ what you do and can't blame others for your mistakes. (take responsibility for)
答案：take responsibility for
解析：句意 “作为成年人，你必须对自己的所作所为负责，不能把错误归咎于他人”，take responsibility for 表示 “对…… 负责”，must 后接动词原形。
三、熟词生义
course
n. 课程；过程（常见义）
n. 行为方式；做法（生义）
经典练习
用 course 适当形式填空
After thinking carefully, he decided on a different ______ for his future development.
答案：course
解析：此处 course 为名词，意为 “发展方向；做法”，修饰名词 future development，用单数形式。
英译汉
In the course of studying English, he developed a good habit of reading aloud every morning.
翻译：在学习英语的过程中，他养成了每天早上大声朗读的好习惯。
解析：此处 course 为常见义，意为 “过程”，in the course of 表示 “在…… 过程中”。
mean
adj. 吝啬的；刻薄的（生义）
v. 意思是；意味着（常见义）
经典练习
It is mean of him to refuse to help his old friend in trouble.
A. 吝啬的 B. 意味着 C. 平均的
答案：A
解析：本句中 mean 为形容词，意为 “吝啬的；小气的”，It is mean of sb. to do sth. 表示 “某人做某事很吝啬”。
用 mean 适当形式填空
She didn't mean ______ (hurt) your feelings; it was just a misunderstanding.
答案：to hurt
解析：此处 mean 为动词，意为 “打算；有意”，mean to do sth. 表示 “打算做某事”。
英译汉
He is a mean person who never shares his things with others, but he doesn't mean to be unfriendly.
翻译：他是一个吝啬的人，从不和别人分享东西，但他并不是有意不友好的。
解析：第一个 mean 为形容词，意为 “吝啬的”；第二个 mean 为动词，意为 “打算；有意”。
四、句型清单
It is + adj. + to do...（做某事是…… 的）
It is necessary to uphold moral principles in daily life.
not only... but also...（不仅…… 而且……）
She is not only kind but also honest and reliable.
though/although 引导让步状语从句（尽管……）
Though he is poor, he never gives up his moral principles.
where/in which 引导定语从句（…… 的场合 / 情况）
There are many situations where we need to make difficult moral choices.
不定式短语作目的状语（为了……）
They volunteered their time to help the disabled and the elderly.
经典练习
用 “It is + adj. + to do...” 句型翻译句子
坚守道德底线是每个人的责任。
答案：It is everyone's responsibility to stick to the moral bottom line.
用 “not only... but also...” 翻译句子
他不仅勤奋工作，而且乐于助人。
答案：He not only works hard but also is willing to help others. / He is not only hard-working but also helpful.
用 though/although 引导让步状语从句翻译句子
他面临很多压力。他仍然坚持做正确的事。
答案：Though he is facing a lot of pressure, he still insists on doing what is right.
用 where/in which 引导定语从句翻译句子
生活中有很多我们需要展现勇气和善良的时刻。
答案：There are many moments in life where/in which we need to show courage and kindness.
用不定式短语作目的状语完成句子
他们成立了一个志愿者组织，______（为了帮助那些处于困境中的人）。
答案：to help those who are in trouble
五、语法清单
V-ing作宾补和状语
感知·语法规律
I saw the children playing football on the playground.（我看见孩子们正在操场上踢足球。）
We heard her singing an English song in the next room.（我们听见她正在隔壁房间唱英文歌。）The teacher kept the students reading aloud for 20 minutes.（老师让学生们大声朗读了20分钟。）I found the machine running all night.（我发现机器整夜都在运转。）
Walking along the street, I met an old friend.（沿着街道走的时候，我遇到了一位老朋友。）He sat at the desk, writing a letter.（他坐在书桌前，写着一封信。）
Being ill, she didn't go to school today.（因为生病了，她今天没去上学。）
They came into the classroom, laughing and talking.（他们说说笑笑地走进了教室。）
精讲・语法知识
通过上述感知，我们已对V-ing作宾补和状语有了初步认识。接下来将系统拆解两者的核心用法、结构特点、注意事项及易混点，帮助精准掌握。
（一）V-ing形式作宾语补足语
定义：V-ing形式位于宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作、状态或身份，使宾语的含义更完整。此时，宾语与V-ing形式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系（宾语是V-ing动作的执行者）。
常用搭配的动词
并非所有动词都能接V-ing作宾补，常见的可分为三类：
1.
感官动词：see（看见）、hear（听见）、watch（观看）、notice（注意到）、observe（观察）、catch（撞见）、find（发现）、feel（感觉到）等。
例句：She noticed a man following her all the way.（她注意到一个男人一直跟着她。）
2.
使役动词：keep（使保持）、leave（使处于某种状态）、have（让）、get（使）等。
例句：The boss kept them working overtime.（老板让他们加班。）
3.
其他动词：suggest（建议）、advise（建议）、encourage（鼓励）等（较少见，多与特定语境搭配）。
例句：The teacher suggested us practicing speaking English every day.（老师建议我们每天练习说英语。）
结构特点
基本结构：主语 + 谓语动词（感官/使役等） + 宾语 + V-ing形式（宾补）
核心逻辑：宾语 ↔ V-ing（逻辑主谓关系）
例句验证：I saw Tom cleaning the window.（Tom ↔ cleaning，Tom是cleaning的执行者）
3. 注意事项
1.
与V-ed作宾补的区别：V-ing表“主动、进行”，V-ed表“被动、完成”。
对比：① I found the door opening.（我发现门正在开。——主动、进行）
② I found the door opened.（我发现门被打开了。——被动、完成）
2.
感官动词后接V-ing和省略to的不定式的区别：
- 接V-ing：强调动作正在进行或全过程中的片段；
- 接省略to的不定式：强调动作的全过程（从开始到结束）。
对比：① I watched her crossing the road.（我看见她正在过马路。——片段、进行）
② I watched her cross the road.（我看见她过马路的全过程。——完整动作）
3.
被动语态中，原宾补变为主补，此时感官动词后需加to。
例句：She was seen singing in the park.（有人看见她在公园里唱歌。——原宾补singing变主补）
（二）V-ing形式作状语
定义：V-ing形式在句中作状语，修饰主句的谓语动词、整个主句或主语，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式、结果等含义。其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语（主动关系），若逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，需用独立主格结构。
1. 常见功能及用法
时间状语
可位于句首或句末，常相当于when/while引导的时间状语从句，可加while/when强调“正在进行”
① Reading the letter, she couldn't help crying.（读信时，她忍不住哭了。）② When crossing the road, you must be careful.（过马路时，你必须小心。）
原因状语
多位于句首，相当于because/since/as引导的原因状语从句，常用being + 形容词/名词结构① Being a student, I should study hard.（因为是一名学生，我应该努力学习。）② Not knowing his address, I couldn't get in touch with him.（因为不知道他的地址，我无法联系到他。）
伴随状语
多位于句末，表主句动作发生时同时进行的另一个动作，与主句主语逻辑主谓关系
He walked home, singing happily.（他开心地唱着歌走回了家。）
方式状语
表主句动作的执行方式，相当于by doing sth
They solved the problem by discussing heatedly.（他们通过热烈讨论解决了问题。）
结果状语
多位于句末，表主句动作自然产生的结果，常用thus/therefore + V-ing加强语气
The fire spread quickly, burning down the whole building.（火势蔓延迅速，烧毁了整栋大楼。）条件状语
多位于句首，相当于if引导的条件状语从句
Working hard, you will make great progress.（如果努力学习，你会取得很大进步。）
核心注意事项
1.
逻辑主语一致原则（关键！）：
V-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，否则会出现“悬垂结构”（语法错误）。
错误：Seeing from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.（逻辑主语混乱：seeing的主语应是人，而非the city）
正确：Seeing from the top of the mountain, we found the city beautiful.（we ↔ seeing，逻辑一致）
2.
独立主格结构（逻辑主语不一致时的解决方案）：
若V-ing的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，需在V-ing前加上自己的逻辑主语（名词/代词），构成“逻辑主语 + V-ing”的独立主格结构。
例句：The weather being fine, we decided to go for a picnic.（天气好，我们决定去野餐。——the weather是being fine的逻辑主语，与主句主语we不一致）
3.
否定形式：在V-ing前加not，位于句首时需注意语序。
例句：Not having finished his homework, he couldn't go out to play.（没完成作业，他不能出去玩。）
4.
与分词短语作定语的区别：作状语时修饰句子或谓语；作定语时修饰名词/代词，位于被修饰词前或后。
对比：① The girl singing in the room is my sister.（singing作定语，修饰the girl）
② Singing in the room, the girl is waiting for me.（singing作状语，修饰the girl is waiting）
经典练习
1.I saw some boys ______ (play) basketball on the playground when I passed by.
答案：playing
解析：see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事，强调动作正在进行，符合 “路过时看到男孩打球” 的语境。
2.We found the little girl ______ (cry) alone in the corner of the street.
答案：crying
解析：find sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事，此处表 “发现小女孩正独自哭”，用 V-ing 作宾补体现动作进行。
3.The teacher kept the students ______ (read) English aloud for 20 minutes this morning.
答案：reading
解析：keep sb. doing sth. 让某人持续做某事，固定搭配，V-ing 作宾补表动作的持续性。
4.I noticed a stranger ______ (walk) towards our classroom quietly just now.
答案：walking
解析：notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人正在做某事，just now 强调 “那一刻看到的正在发生的动作”。
5.______ (walk) along the river, we enjoyed the beautiful scenery on both sides.
答案：Walking
解析：V-ing 作时间状语，= When we were walking along the river，walk 与主语 we 为主动关系，用现在分词。
6.______ (not know) his telephone number, I couldn’t get in touch with him in time.
答案：Not knowing
解析：V-ing 作原因状语，= Because I didn’t know his telephone number；否定式直接在 V-ing 前加 Not，注意首字母大写。
7.The little boy ran into the classroom, ______ (laugh) loudly all the way.
答案：laughing
解析：V-ing 作伴随状语，表主句动作发生时，伴随发生的另一个动作；laugh 与主语 the little boy 为主动关系，用现在分词。
8.The heavy rain lasted for three days, ______ (cause) serious floods in the village.
答案：causing
解析：V-ing 作结果状语，表主句动作带来的自然而然的结果；cause 与主语 the heavy rain 为主动关系，用现在分词。
六、写作清单
寓言故事
【点拨·写作技巧】
一篇好的寓言故事应用文（如读后感、书评或分析短文）核心在于 “解读与联系” 。写作时需注意：
明确目的：你是要复述故事、分析寓意、联系现实，还是分享个人感悟？通常需要结合这几项。
深度而非情节：避免大段复述情节。重点应放在分析其象征意义、道德启示以及对你/读者的启发上。
清晰结构：建议采用“引入故事-简述核心情节-分层解析寓意-联系现实或个人-总结升华”的结构。
语言特点：使用描述性语言展现故事画面，使用分析性语言（如This symbolizes...， The story teaches us that...）解读寓意，并用人称化表达（I believe...， This reminds me of...）建立共鸣。
【积累·写作素材】
常用句式
开头常用语 (引入故事)
Have you ever read a story so simple yet so profound that it stays with you long after? For me, that story is the fable of ......
Among all the moral tales I've encountered, one particularly powerful one is ....., which offers a timeless lesson about [美德/主题，如 perseverance, humility].
Picture this: [用一两句话生动描述寓言中最具象征意义的场景]. This vivid image comes from the well-known fable, "[寓言名称]".
主体部分常用语 (分析解读)
On the surface, this story seems to be about... However, digging deeper, it reveals a crucial lesson about...
The character of [角色A] symbolizes..., while [角色B] represents... Their interaction highlights the conflict between... and...
What makes this fable timeless is not just its plot, but its relevance to our daily lives. For instance,...
The most striking moral of the story, in my view, is that... (e.g., true strength lies in kindness, not force).
结尾常用语 (联系与升华)
So, this fable is more than just an old tale; it serves as a mirror reflecting our own choices and a guidepost toward being better individuals.
I hope retelling and reflecting on this story reminds us all that the greatest virtues are often tested in the smallest of actions.
Thank you for letting me share this story and its enduring wisdom with you. May we all carry its lesson in our hearts.
【示例·分步写作】
主题：A Review of a Moral Fable — The North Wind and the Sun
第一步：审题谋篇
项目 内容
体裁 寓言读后感 / 书评 (Review/Reflection)
人称 以第一人称为主（分享个人解读与感悟），可穿插第二人称（引导读者思考）。
时态 复述情节用一般过去时；阐述寓意、普遍真理及个人感受用一般现在时。
框架 第一段：吸引人的方式引入《北风与太阳》这则寓言。
第二段：简洁概述故事核心情节（比赛让旅人脱外套）。
第三段：分层解析寓意（力量 vs. 温暖，强迫 vs. Persuasion），并联系现实生活或个人经历。
第四段：总结寓言的核心价值，升华主题。
第二步：要点翻译
北风和太阳为谁更强而争论，并决定通过让一个旅人脱下外套来比赛。(argue about, strength, traveler)
The North Wind and the Sun argued about which was stronger, and decided to settle the dispute by seeing who could make a traveler take off his coat.
北风猛烈地吹，但旅人只是把外套裹得更紧。(blow fiercely, wrap)
The North Wind blew fiercely, but the traveler only wrapped his coat tighter.
然后，太阳温暖地照耀，旅人很快便因热而脱下了外套。(shine warmly, take off)
Then, the Sun shone warmly, and the traveler soon took off his coat because of the heat.
这个寓言说明，仁慈与温暖往往比力量与强迫更有效。(demonstrate, kindness, force)
This fable demonstrates that kindness and warmth are often more effective than force and coercion.
它教导我们，真正的力量在于理解和善意。(true strength lies in)
It teaches us that true strength lies in understanding and goodwill.
第三步：词句升级
用 engaged in a dispute over 和 a contest 升级句1，使其更生动：
The North Wind and the Sun once engaged in a dispute over their strength, and they agreed to settle it with a contest: whoever could make a passing traveler remove his cloak would be the winner.
用 In contrast 连接句2和句3，形成对比：
The North Wind went first, blowing with all its might, but this only made the traveler clutch his cloak more tightly. In contrast, when the Sun took its turn, it shone gently and warmly. Soon, feeling comfortably hot, the traveler willingly took off his cloak.
用 What this story powerfully illustrates is that... 和 rather than... 升级句4和句5：
What this story powerfully illustrates is that persuasion through warmth and kindness succeeds where brute force fails. The true strength, therefore, lies not in domination, but in the ability to encourage and inspire.
第四步：连句成篇
The Gentle Power: A Reflection on "The North Wind and the Sun"
Have you ever tried to force a solution, only to find that a gentle approach works better? This timeless truth is at the heart of one of Aesop's most insightful fables, "The North Wind and the Sun."
The story is elegantly simple. The North Wind and the Sun argue over who is stronger. They spot a traveler wearing a cloak and agree that whoever can make him remove it first is the victor. The North Wind begins, unleashing a fierce, cold blast. Yet, the traveler only pulls his cloak tighter around him, resisting the force. Then, the Sun takes its turn. It simply shines down with increasing warmth and kindness. Before long, feeling comfortably hot, the traveler willingly takes off his cloak, declaring the Sun the winner.
On one level, this is a lesson about method over might. The Wind symbolizes force, aggression, and coercion—methods that often breed resistance. The Sun, however, represents persuasion, gentleness, and positive influence—qualities that encourage willing cooperation. The fable teaches us that true strength isn't about how much you can force others to do, but about how effectively you can inspire them to choose the right action.
This wisdom applies everywhere. Think about it. In our studies, forcing ourselves to cram might work short-term, but cultivating genuine interest (the "sunshine") leads to lasting knowledge. In friendships, demanding loyalty creates tension, while showing consistent care and understanding naturally fosters a strong bond. The fable reminds me that whether as a student, a friend, or a future leader, the path of encouragement and warmth is ultimately more powerful and sustainable than the path of pressure.
So, "The North Wind and the Sun" is more than a children's story. It is a profound guide to human interaction. It urges us to reflect: in our quest to achieve goals or influence others, are we being the blustering North Wind, or the persuasive, shining Sun? Let us choose to be the Sun, whose gentle power truly illuminates and warms the world.
Thank you.
1 / 11
学科网（北京）股份有限公司
$
Unit2 Morals and Virtues
单词
moral adj. 道德的；道义上的 n. 道德；品行
virtue n. 美德；德行；长处
principle n. 道德原则；法则；原理
honest adj. 诚实的；正直的
brave adj. 勇敢的
generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的
reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的
selfless adj. 无私的；忘我的
devote vt. 致力于；奉献；投入
donate vt. & vi. 捐赠；捐献
respect vt. & n. 尊重；尊敬
forgive vt. & vi. 原谅；宽恕
grateful adj. 感激的；感谢的
modest adj. 谦虚的；谦逊的
merciful adj. 仁慈的；宽容的
justice n. 正义；公正；司法
integrity n. 正直；诚实；完整
compromise n. & vi. 妥协；让步
uphold vt. 维护；维持；支持
sacrifice n. & vt. 牺牲；献出
corrupt adj. 腐败的；堕落的 vt. 使腐败；使堕落
hypocritical adj. 虚伪的；伪善的
conscience n. 良心；良知
tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的
humble adj. 谦逊的；谦卑的
diligent adj. 勤奋的；勤勉的
responsible adj. 负责任的；有责任心的
sympathetic adj. 同情的；有同情心的
virtuous adj. 有道德的；品行端正的
短语
stick to 坚持；固守
stand up for 支持；维护；为…… 挺身而出
in spite of 尽管；不管
put others first 先人后己
be devoted to 致力于；献身于
in return 作为回报；反过来
take responsibility for 对…… 负责
have a clear conscience 问心无愧
compromise with 与…… 妥协
uphold justice 维护正义
sacrifice for 为…… 牺牲
be grateful to sb. for sth. 因某事感激某人
show respect for 尊重……
forgive sb. for sth. 原谅某人某事
be tolerant of 对…… 宽容
act on one's conscience 凭良心行事
熟词生义
course n. 行为方式；做法 (常义：课程；过程)
mean adj. 吝啬的；刻薄的 (常义：意思是；意味着)
plain adj. 朴素的；简单的 (常义：清楚的；平原)
figure v. 认为；认定 (常义：数字；人物；身材)
句型
定语从句（where/in which 引导）
There are many situations where we need to make moral choices.
It is + adj. + to do... 句型
It is important to uphold moral principles in daily life.
not only... but also... 引导并列句
A virtuous person not only cares about himself but also thinks of others.
让步状语从句（though/although 引导）
Though the task was difficult, she stuck to her principles and succeeded.
不定式短语作目的状语
He worked day and night to help the poor children go to school.
语法
现在分词作宾补和状语
一、词汇清单
知识点 1 moral adj. 道德的；道义上的 n. 道德；品行
教材原句
We should follow moral principles and do what is right.
我们应该遵循道德原则，做正确的事。
拓展
(1) morality n. 道德；道德准则
(2) moral values 道德价值观
(3) moral duty 道德责任
(4) a moral lesson 道德教训
写作佳句
It is our moral duty to help those in need.
帮助有需要的人是我们的道德责任。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① We should teach children (morality) values from an early age.
② The story tells us a valuable (moral) about honesty.
③ His behavior is against (moral) standards in society.
④ She has a strong sense of (moral) and never does anything wrong.
⑤ It is (moral) to respect the elderly and care for the young.
知识点 2 virtue n. 美德；德行；长处
教材原句
Kindness and honesty are important virtues that everyone should have.
善良和诚实是每个人都应具备的重要美德。
拓展
(1) virtuous adj. 有道德的；品行端正的
(2) have the virtue of 具有…… 的美德 / 优点
(3) traditional virtues 传统美德
(4) by virtue of 凭借；由于
写作佳句
By virtue of her kindness and diligence, she won the respect of everyone around her.
凭借善良和勤奋的美德，她赢得了周围所有人的尊重。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① Honesty is a (virtuous) that is highly valued in all cultures.
② She is a (virtue) woman who always helps others selflessly.
③ The team succeeded by (virtue) of their hard work and unity.
④ Patience is one of the most important (virtue) in daily life.
⑤ This method has the (virtue) of being simple and effective.
知识点 3 honest adj. 诚实的；正直的
教材原句
An honest person always tells the truth and never lies.
诚实的人总是说实话，从不撒谎。
拓展
(1) honesty n. 诚实；正直
(2) be honest with sb. 对某人诚实
(3) to be honest 老实说；说实话
(4) dishonest adj. 不诚实的
写作佳句
To be honest, being honest with others helps build trust and friendship.
老实说，对他人诚实有助于建立信任和友谊。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① We should encourage children to be (honesty) and brave.
② His (honest) won him the trust of his colleagues and friends.
③ To be (honest), I don't agree with your decision.
④ It is (honest) to cheat in exams or tell lies.
⑤ You should be (honest) with your parents about your study and life.
知识点 4 devote vt. 致力于；奉献；投入
教材原句
Many scientists devote their lives to researching new technologies for human development.
许多科学家毕生致力于研究新技术，以促进人类发展。
拓展
(1) devotion n. 奉献；忠诚；热爱
(2) devote oneself to (doing) sth. 致力于；献身于
(3) be devoted to (doing) sth. 致力于；专注于
(4) devoted adj. 忠诚的；献身的
写作佳句
She devoted all her time and energy to helping the homeless children.
她把所有的时间和精力都投入到帮助无家可归的孩子身上。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① He devoted his whole life to (protect) the environment.
② Her (devote) to her work is admired by everyone in the company.
③ She is a (devote) teacher who cares about every student.
④ They are (devote) to helping the poor and improving their living conditions.
⑤ He decided to devote (he) to scientific research after graduation.
知识点 5 respect vt. & n. 尊重；尊敬
教材原句
We should respect our parents, teachers and all people around us.
我们应该尊重父母、老师和身边所有的人。
拓展
(1) respectful adj. 恭敬的；尊重他人的
(2) respectable adj. 值得尊敬的；体面的
(3) show respect for 尊重……
(4) have respect for 尊敬……
(5) with respect to 关于；至于
写作佳句
Everyone should show respect for the elderly and care for the young.
每个人都应该尊敬老人、关爱年轻人。
经典练习
单句语法填空：
① We should show (respectful) for different cultures and customs.
② The young man is always (respect) to his elders.
③ He is a (respect) doctor who has saved many lives.
④ With (respect) to your request, we will give you a reply as soon as possible.
⑤ All students have great (respect) for their head teacher because of his fairness.
二、短语清单
stick to 坚持；固守
stand up for 支持；维护；为…… 挺身而出
be devoted to 致力于；献身于
take responsibility for 对…… 负责
show respect for 尊重……
in spite of 尽管；不管
put others first 先人后己
have a clear conscience 问心无愧
forgive sb. for sth. 原谅某人某事
by virtue of 凭借；由于
经典练习
单项选择题
1.No matter what difficulties we face, we should ______ our principles and never give up.
A. stick to B. stand up for C. take responsibility for D. be devoted to
2.We should ______ the weak and help them when they are in trouble.
A. put others first B. stand up for C. have a clear conscience D. in spite of
3.She ______ helping the poor for many years and has made great contributions.
A. take responsibility for B. show respect for C. has been devoted to D. by virtue of
4.Everyone must ______ their own actions, whether they are right or wrong.
A. take responsibility for B. put others first C. have a clear conscience D. forgive sb. for sth.
5.______ his shortcomings, he is still a person worth making friends with because of his honesty.
A. In spite of B. By virtue of C. Stick to D. Stand up for
用所给短语的适当形式填空
1.He always ______ his promises and never breaks his word. (stick to)
2.We should ______ our parents and teachers who have given us so much help. (show respect for)
3.______ the bad weather, they still went on with their outdoor activity as planned. (in spite of)
4.The kind-hearted teacher ______ educating students and has won the love of all her students. (be devoted to)
5.As an adult, you must ______ what you do and can't blame others for your mistakes. (take responsibility for)
三、熟词生义
course
n. 课程；过程（常见义）
n. 行为方式；做法（生义）
经典练习
用 course 适当形式填空
After thinking carefully, he decided on a different ______ for his future development.
英译汉
In the course of studying English, he developed a good habit of reading aloud every morning.
mean
adj. 吝啬的；刻薄的（生义）
v. 意思是；意味着（常见义）
经典练习
It is mean of him to refuse to help his old friend in trouble.
A. 吝啬的 B. 意味着 C. 平均的
用 mean 适当形式填空
She didn't mean ______ (hurt) your feelings; it was just a misunderstanding.
英译汉
He is a mean person who never shares his things with others, but he doesn't mean to be unfriendly.
四、句型清单
It is + adj. + to do...（做某事是…… 的）
It is necessary to uphold moral principles in daily life.
not only... but also...（不仅…… 而且……）
She is not only kind but also honest and reliable.
though/although 引导让步状语从句（尽管……）
Though he is poor, he never gives up his moral principles.
where/in which 引导定语从句（…… 的场合 / 情况）
There are many situations where we need to make difficult moral choices.
不定式短语作目的状语（为了……）
They volunteered their time to help the disabled and the elderly.
经典练习
用 “It is + adj. + to do...” 句型翻译句子
坚守道德底线是每个人的责任。
用 “not only... but also...” 翻译句子
他不仅勤奋工作，而且乐于助人。
用 though/although 引导让步状语从句翻译句子
他面临很多压力。他仍然坚持做正确的事。
用 where/in which 引导定语从句翻译句子
生活中有很多我们需要展现勇气和善良的时刻。
用不定式短语作目的状语完成句子
他们成立了一个志愿者组织，______（为了帮助那些处于困境中的人）。
五、语法清单
V-ing作宾补和状语
感知·语法规律
I saw the children playing football on the playground.（我看见孩子们正在操场上踢足球。）
We heard her singing an English song in the next room.（我们听见她正在隔壁房间唱英文歌。）The teacher kept the students reading aloud for 20 minutes.（老师让学生们大声朗读了20分钟。）I found the machine running all night.（我发现机器整夜都在运转。）
Walking along the street, I met an old friend.（沿着街道走的时候，我遇到了一位老朋友。）He sat at the desk, writing a letter.（他坐在书桌前，写着一封信。）
Being ill, she didn't go to school today.（因为生病了，她今天没去上学。）
They came into the classroom, laughing and talking.（他们说说笑笑地走进了教室。）
精讲・语法知识
通过上述感知，我们已对V-ing作宾补和状语有了初步认识。接下来将系统拆解两者的核心用法、结构特点、注意事项及易混点，帮助精准掌握。
（一）V-ing形式作宾语补足语
定义：V-ing形式位于宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作、状态或身份，使宾语的含义更完整。此时，宾语与V-ing形式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系（宾语是V-ing动作的执行者）。
常用搭配的动词
并非所有动词都能接V-ing作宾补，常见的可分为三类：
1.感官动词：see（看见）、hear（听见）、watch（观看）、notice（注意到）、observe（观察）、catch（撞见）、find（发现）、feel（感觉到）等。
例句：She noticed a man following her all the way.（她注意到一个男人一直跟着她。）
2.使役动词：keep（使保持）、leave（使处于某种状态）、have（让）、get（使）等。
例句：The boss kept them working overtime.（老板让他们加班。）
3.其他动词：suggest（建议）、advise（建议）、encourage（鼓励）等（较少见，多与特定语境搭配）。
例句：The teacher suggested us practicing speaking English every day.（老师建议我们每天练习说英语。）
结构特点
基本结构：主语 + 谓语动词（感官/使役等） + 宾语 + V-ing形式（宾补）
核心逻辑：宾语 ↔ V-ing（逻辑主谓关系）
例句验证：I saw Tom cleaning the window.（Tom ↔ cleaning，Tom是cleaning的执行者）
3. 注意事项
1.与V-ed作宾补的区别：V-ing表“主动、进行”，V-ed表“被动、完成”。
对比：① I found the door opening.（我发现门正在开。——主动、进行）
② I found the door opened.（我发现门被打开了。——被动、完成）
2.感官动词后接V-ing和省略to的不定式的区别：
接V-ing：强调动作正在进行或全过程中的片段；
接省略to的不定式：强调动作的全过程（从开始到结束）。
对比：① I watched her crossing the road.（我看见她正在过马路。——片段、进行）
② I watched her cross the road.（我看见她过马路的全过程。——完整动作）
3.被动语态中，原宾补变为主补，此时感官动词后需加to。
例句：She was seen singing in the park.（有人看见她在公园里唱歌。——原宾补singing变主补）
（二）V-ing形式作状语
定义：V-ing形式在句中作状语，修饰主句的谓语动词、整个主句或主语，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式、结果等含义。其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语（主动关系），若逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，需用独立主格结构。
1. 常见功能及用法
时间状语
可位于句首或句末，常相当于when/while引导的时间状语从句，可加while/when强调“正在进行”
① Reading the letter, she couldn't help crying.（读信时，她忍不住哭了。）② When crossing the road, you must be careful.（过马路时，你必须小心。）
原因状语
多位于句首，相当于because/since/as引导的原因状语从句，常用being + 形容词/名词结构① Being a student, I should study hard.（因为是一名学生，我应该努力学习。）② Not knowing his address, I couldn't get in touch with him.（因为不知道他的地址，我无法联系到他。）
伴随状语
多位于句末，表主句动作发生时同时进行的另一个动作，与主句主语逻辑主谓关系
He walked home, singing happily.（他开心地唱着歌走回了家。）
方式状语
表主句动作的执行方式，相当于by doing sth
They solved the problem by discussing heatedly.（他们通过热烈讨论解决了问题。）
结果状语
多位于句末，表主句动作自然产生的结果，常用thus/therefore + V-ing加强语气
The fire spread quickly, burning down the whole building.（火势蔓延迅速，烧毁了整栋大楼。）条件状语
多位于句首，相当于if引导的条件状语从句
Working hard, you will make great progress.（如果努力学习，你会取得很大进步。）
核心注意事项
1.逻辑主语一致原则（关键！）：
V-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，否则会出现“悬垂结构”（语法错误）。
错误：Seeing from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.（逻辑主语混乱：seeing的主语应是人，而非the city）
正确：Seeing from the top of the mountain, we found the city beautiful.（we ↔ seeing，逻辑一致）
2.独立主格结构（逻辑主语不一致时的解决方案）：
若V-ing的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，需在V-ing前加上自己的逻辑主语（名词/代词），构成“逻辑主语 + V-ing”的独立主格结构。
例句：The weather being fine, we decided to go for a picnic.（天气好，我们决定去野餐。——the weather是being fine的逻辑主语，与主句主语we不一致）
3.否定形式：在V-ing前加not，位于句首时需注意语序。
例句：Not having finished his homework, he couldn't go out to play.（没完成作业，他不能出去玩。）
4.与分词短语作定语的区别：作状语时修饰句子或谓语；作定语时修饰名词/代词，位于被修饰词前或后。
对比：① The girl singing in the room is my sister.（singing作定语，修饰the girl）
② Singing in the room, the girl is waiting for me.（singing作状语，修饰the girl is waiting）
经典练习
1.I saw some boys ______ (play) basketball on the playground when I passed by.
2.We found the little girl ______ (cry) alone in the corner of the street.
3.The teacher kept the students ______ (read) English aloud for 20 minutes this morning.
4.I noticed a stranger ______ (walk) towards our classroom quietly just now.
5.______ (walk) along the river, we enjoyed the beautiful scenery on both sides.
6.______ (not know) his telephone number, I couldn’t get in touch with him in time.
7.The little boy ran into the classroom, ______ (laugh) loudly all the way.
8.The heavy rain lasted for three days, ______ (cause) serious floods in the village.
六、写作清单
寓言故事
【点拨·写作技巧】
一篇好的寓言故事应用文（如读后感、书评或分析短文）核心在于 “解读与联系” 。写作时需注意：
明确目的：你是要复述故事、分析寓意、联系现实，还是分享个人感悟？通常需要结合这几项。
深度而非情节：避免大段复述情节。重点应放在分析其象征意义、道德启示以及对你/读者的启发上。
清晰结构：建议采用“引入故事-简述核心情节-分层解析寓意-联系现实或个人-总结升华”的结构。
语言特点：使用描述性语言展现故事画面，使用分析性语言（如This symbolizes...， The story teaches us that...）解读寓意，并用人称化表达（I believe...， This reminds me of...）建立共鸣。
【积累·写作素材】
常用句式
开头常用语 (引入故事)
Have you ever read a story so simple yet so profound that it stays with you long after? For me, that story is the fable of ......
Among all the moral tales I've encountered, one particularly powerful one is ....., which offers a timeless lesson about [美德/主题，如 perseverance, humility].
Picture this: [用一两句话生动描述寓言中最具象征意义的场景]. This vivid image comes from the well-known fable, "[寓言名称]".
主体部分常用语 (分析解读)
On the surface, this story seems to be about... However, digging deeper, it reveals a crucial lesson about...
The character of [角色A] symbolizes..., while [角色B] represents... Their interaction highlights the conflict between... and...
What makes this fable timeless is not just its plot, but its relevance to our daily lives. For instance,...
The most striking moral of the story, in my view, is that... (e.g., true strength lies in kindness, not force).
结尾常用语 (联系与升华)
So, this fable is more than just an old tale; it serves as a mirror reflecting our own choices and a guidepost toward being better individuals.
I hope retelling and reflecting on this story reminds us all that the greatest virtues are often tested in the smallest of actions.
Thank you for letting me share this story and its enduring wisdom with you. May we all carry its lesson in our hearts.
【示例·分步写作】
主题：A Review of a Moral Fable — The North Wind and the Sun
第一步：审题谋篇
项目 内容
体裁 寓言读后感 / 书评 (Review/Reflection)
人称 以第一人称为主（分享个人解读与感悟），可穿插第二人称（引导读者思考）。
时态 复述情节用一般过去时；阐述寓意、普遍真理及个人感受用一般现在时。
框架 第一段：吸引人的方式引入《北风与太阳》这则寓言。
第二段：简洁概述故事核心情节（比赛让旅人脱外套）。
第三段：分层解析寓意（力量 vs. 温暖，强迫 vs. Persuasion），并联系现实生活或个人经历。
第四段：总结寓言的核心价值，升华主题。
第二步：要点翻译
北风和太阳为谁更强而争论，并决定通过让一个旅人脱下外套来比赛。(argue about, strength, traveler)
The North Wind and the Sun argued about which was stronger, and decided to settle the dispute by seeing who could make a traveler take off his coat.
北风猛烈地吹，但旅人只是把外套裹得更紧。(blow fiercely, wrap)
The North Wind blew fiercely, but the traveler only wrapped his coat tighter.
然后，太阳温暖地照耀，旅人很快便因热而脱下了外套。(shine warmly, take off)
Then, the Sun shone warmly, and the traveler soon took off his coat because of the heat.
这个寓言说明，仁慈与温暖往往比力量与强迫更有效。(demonstrate, kindness, force)
This fable demonstrates that kindness and warmth are often more effective than force and coercion.
它教导我们，真正的力量在于理解和善意。(true strength lies in)
It teaches us that true strength lies in understanding and goodwill.
第三步：词句升级
用 engaged in a dispute over 和 a contest 升级句1，使其更生动：
The North Wind and the Sun once engaged in a dispute over their strength, and they agreed to settle it with a contest: whoever could make a passing traveler remove his cloak would be the winner.
用 In contrast 连接句2和句3，形成对比：
The North Wind went first, blowing with all its might, but this only made the traveler clutch his cloak more tightly. In contrast, when the Sun took its turn, it shone gently and warmly. Soon, feeling comfortably hot, the traveler willingly took off his cloak.
用 What this story powerfully illustrates is that... 和 rather than... 升级句4和句5：
What this story powerfully illustrates is that persuasion through warmth and kindness succeeds where brute force fails. The true strength, therefore, lies not in domination, but in the ability to encourage and inspire.
第四步：连句成篇
1 / 11
学科网（北京）股份有限公司
$
资源预览图
