Unit4 Space Exploration（知识清单）英语人教版必修第三册
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摘要：
该高中英语Unit4 Space Exploration知识清单系统整合了太空探索主题的词汇、短语、句型、语法及写作模块，构建了从“词汇拓展与应用”“句型语法解析”到“议论文写作实践”的递进式学习支架，覆盖语言知识积累与综合运用全流程。
清单通过“词汇拓展+经典练习”“熟词生义对比”“语法易错警示”等分层设计呈现知识体系，如“explore”配拓展词形与单句填空，“launch”标注生义用法，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。写作模块提供“分步指导+素材积累”，如议论文从审题到词句升级的实例，助力不同水平学生自主学习，教师可据此精准设计教学活动，提升课堂效率。
内容正文：
Unit4 Space Exploration
单词
explore vt. & vi. 探索；勘探
astronaut n. 宇航员；航天员
launch vt. 发射；发起 n. 发射
orbit n. 轨道 vt. 沿轨道运行
mission n. 任务；使命
satellite n. 人造卫星
galaxy n. 星系；银河系
planet n. 行星
surface n. 表面；外表
gravity n. 重力；引力
atmosphere n. 大气；气氛
beyond prep. 超出；在……之外
colony n. 殖民地；聚居地
achievement n. 成就；成绩
failure n. 失败；故障
risk n. 风险 vt. 冒险
scientific adj. 科学（上）的
technology n. 技术；工艺
discovery n. 发现；发觉
短语
be proud of 为……自豪；以……为荣
dress up 打扮；盛装
take part in 参加；参与
come across 偶然遇见；偶然发现
set off 出发；动身；启程
consist of 由……组成；由……构成
a variety of 各种各样的；多种类型的
relate to 与……相关；涉及
bring back 使恢复；使想起；带回
as well as 也；还；和……一样
熟词生义
plant vt. 安插；派驻；种植 (n. 植物；工厂)
deliver vt. 发表；递送；接生 (常义：递送)
mark n. 痕迹；记号；分数 vt. 标记；纪念 (常义：分数；标记)
spirit n. 精神；灵魂；情绪 (常义：精神；灵魂)
句型
which 引导非限制性定语从句
Chinatowns, which are home to many Chinese people, can be found in many cities around the world.
“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
The festival is a time when family members gather together, for which people will dress up and exchange gifts.
现在分词短语作伴随状语
They walked along the street, chatting and laughing with each other.
过去分词短语作后置定语
The traditions and customs passed down from generation to generation are the precious heritage of the nation.
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who... 强调句型
It is the diverse cultures that make our world so colorful.
while 引导并列句（表对比）
Some cultures value collectivism while others emphasize individualism.
疑问词+不定式结构
She doesn’t know how to celebrate the traditional festival in this new city.
语法
动词不定式做定语和状语
一、词汇清单
知识点1 explore vt. & vi. 探索；勘探
教材原句
Scientists are eager to explore the surface of Mars for signs of ancient life.
科学家们渴望探索火星表面，寻找古老生命的迹象。
[拓展]
(1) exploration n. 探索；勘探
(2) space exploration 太空探索
(3) explorer n. 探索者；探险家
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The age of geographical __________ (explore) changed the world map.
② The __________ (explore) who first reached the South Pole are remembered as heroes.
③ Robots are sent to __________ (explore) planets that are too dangerous for humans.
答案：① exploration ② explorers ③ explore
知识点2 launch vt. 发射；发起 n. 发射
教材原句
The space agency plans to launch a new satellite next month.
该航天机构计划于下个月发射一颗新卫星。
[拓展]
(1) launch a rocket/spaceship 发射火箭/飞船
(2) launch a campaign/program 发起一项运动/计划
(3) launch pad 发射台
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The successful __________ (launch) of the manned spacecraft was celebrated nationwide.
② The company will __________ (launch) its new product at the exhibition.
③ All systems were checked before the __________ (launch).
答案： ① launch ② launch ③ launch
知识点3 orbit n. 轨道 vt. & vi. 沿轨道运行
教材原句
The International Space Station orbits the Earth about every 90 minutes.
国际空间站大约每90分钟绕地球轨道运行一周。
[拓展]
(1) in orbit 在轨道上
(2) orbital adj. 轨道的
(3) go into orbit 进入轨道
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The satellite has been in __________ (orbit) for over ten years.
② The spacecraft will __________ (orbit) the moon to collect data.
③ The __________ (orbit) period of the planet is 687 Earth days.
答案： ① orbit ② orbit ③ orbital
知识点4 mission n. 任务；使命；代表团
教材原句
The main mission of the rover is to search for water on Mars.
该探测车的主要任务是在火星上寻找水。
[拓展]
(1) a space mission 太空任务
(2) a rescue mission 救援任务
(3) on a mission 执行任务中
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The astronauts completed their __________ (mission) successfully and returned to Earth.
② He was sent on a diplomatic __________ (mission) to the neighboring country.
③ The __________ (mission) to repair the Hubble telescope was extremely complex.
答案： ① mission ② mission ③ mission
知识点5 satellite n. 人造卫星；卫星
教材原句
Weather satellites help us predict storms and monitor climate change.
气象卫星帮助我们预测风暴并监测气候变化。
[拓展]
(1) launch a satellite 发射卫星
(2) communications/navigation satellite 通信/导航卫星
(3) satellite image/picture 卫星图像
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The GPS in your phone receives signals from __________ (satellite) in space.
② __________ (satellite) television allows us to watch channels from around the world.
③ The country has developed the technology to build its own __________ (satellite).
答案： ① satellites ② Satellite ③ satellites
知识点6 technology n. 技术；工艺；科技
教材原句
Advances in space technology have made interplanetary travel possible.
太空技术的进步使得星际旅行成为可能。
[拓展]
(1) high-tech adj. 高科技的
(2) technological adj. 技术的；科技的
(3) technologist n. 技术专家
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Modern __________ (technology) has greatly improved our quality of life.
② The __________ (technology) revolution is changing the way we work.
③ We need to invest more in scientific and __________ (technology) research.
答案： ① technology ② technological ③ technological
知识点7 colony n. 殖民地；聚居地；群体
教材原句
Some scientists believe that establishing a colony on Mars is essential for the future of humanity.
一些科学家认为，在火星上建立聚居地对人类的未来至关重要。
[拓展]
(1) space colony 太空殖民地
(2) colonize v. 在……建立殖民地
(3) colonization n. 殖民
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The idea of a lunar __________ (colony) is no longer pure science fiction.
② In history, many European powers tried to __________ (colony) other continents.
③ The __________ (colony) declared its independence fifty years ago.
答案： ① colony ② colonize ③ colony
知识点8 scientific adj. 科学（上）的；符合科学方法的
教材原句
All space exploration activities are based on scientific principles.
所有的太空探索活动都基于科学原理。
[拓展]
(1) science n. 科学
(2) scientist n. 科学家
(3) scientifically adv. 科学上；合乎科学地
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She made a __________ (science) discovery that won the Nobel Prize.
② His theory hasn't been __________ (science) proven yet.
③ Many young people dream of becoming __________ (science) when they grow up.
答案： ① scientific ② scientifically ③ scientists
知识点9 risk n. 风险；危险 vt. 冒险
教材原句
Astronauts understand and accept the great risks involved in space travel.
宇航员理解并接受太空旅行所涉及的巨大风险。
[拓展]
(1) at risk 处于危险中
(2) take a risk / take risks 冒险
(3) risky adj. 有风险的；危险的
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① It’s too __________ (risk) to go outside during the hurricane.
② He __________ (risk) his life to save the child from the fire.
③ The investment involves a high degree of __________ (risk).
答案： ① risky ② risked ③ risk
知识点10 achievement n. 成就；成绩；达到
教材原句
Landing on the moon was a remarkable achievement for mankind.
登月是人类的一项非凡成就。
[拓展]
(1) achieve v. 达到；完成
(2) a sense of achievement 成就感
(3) a great/major achievement 重大成就
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She finally __________ (achievement) her goal of becoming a pilot.
② We celebrated the __________ (achievement) of our fundraising target.
③ Finishing the marathon gave him a tremendous sense of __________ (achieve).
答案： ① achieved ② achievement ③ achievement
二、短语清单
in space 在太空中；在宇宙空间
so far 到目前为止；迄今为止
dream of 梦想；梦见
make progress 取得进步
take risks 冒险；承担风险
due to 由于；因为
look forward to 盼望；期待
play a role in 在……中起作用
in the future 未来；将来
come true （梦想）实现；成真
[经典练习]
1.用所给短语的适当形式填空
_________, we have sent probes to all the planets in our solar system. (so far)
答案： So far
解析： 句意“到目前为止，我们已经向太阳系的所有行星发射了探测器。”“so far”意为“到目前为止”，常与现在完成时连用，通常置于句首。
2.The failure of the mission was largely _________ unexpected technical problems. (due to)
答案： due to
解析： 句意“这次任务的失败主要是由于意外的技术问题。”“due to”意为“由于”，后接名词或名词性短语，表示原因。
3.Scientists _________ finding habitable planets beyond our solar system. (look forward to)
答案： look forward to
解析： 句意“科学家们盼望着在我们的太阳系之外找到可居住的行星。”“look forward to”意为“盼望”，后接名词或动名词，此处表示一般性的期望，用一般现在时。
4.Every astronaut who goes into space _________ great personal danger. (take risks)
答案： takes risks
解析： 句意“每一位进入太空的宇航员都承担着巨大的个人风险。”“take risks”意为“冒险”，主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数形式。
三、熟词生义
launch
v. 发射（火箭、卫星等）（常见义）
v. 发起，开始（活动、计划等）（生义）
n. 发射；发行；发起（生义）
[经典练习]
用 launch 的适当形式填空。
1.The company plans to _________ a major advertising campaign for its new product next week.
答案： launch
解析： 句意“该公司计划下周为其新产品发起一场大型广告宣传活动。”此处 launch 作动词，意为“发起，开始”。
2.The _________ of the new space telescope was delayed due to bad weather.
答案： launch
解析： 句意“新太空望远镜的发射因恶劣天气而推迟。”此处 launch 作名词，意为“发射”。
mission
n. 任务，使命（常见义）
n. 代表团，使团（生义）
n. 传教，布道（生义）
[经典练习]
用 mission 的适当形式或其派生词填空。
1.The diplomat was sent on a peace _________ to the conflict zone.
答案： mission
解析： 句意“这位外交官被派往冲突地区执行一项和平使命。”此处“mission”意为“代表团，使团”。
2.The spacecraft successfully completed its primary _________ of collecting soil samples from the asteroid.
答案： mission
解析： 句意“该航天器成功完成了从小行星上收集土壤样本的主要任务。”此处“mission”是其常见义“任务”。
key
n. 钥匙；关键；答案（常见义）
adj. 关键的，主要的（生义）
[经典练习]
用 key 的适当形式填空。
1.International cooperation is a _________ factor in the success of large space projects like the International Space Station.
答案： key
解析： 句意“国际合作是像国际空间站这样的大型太空项目成功的关键因素。”此处 key 作形容词，意为“关键的”。
2.Finding water is _________ to establishing a long-term human presence on Mars.
答案： key
解析： 句意“找到水对于在火星上建立长期的人类驻留地至关重要。”短语“be key to…”意为“对……至关重要”，key 作形容词。
四、句型清单
现在完成时被动语态： 表示到目前为止已经完成的被动动作。
Many experiments have been conducted in the weightless environment of space.
“It”作形式主语： 代替不定式、动名词或从句，使句子平衡。
It is challenging to live in a closed environment for months.
动词不定式作目的状语： 表示动作的目的。
We explore space to expand our knowledge of the universe.
动名词短语作主语：
Living on another planet requires solving many technological problems.
“not only… but also…” 结构： 连接两个并列成分，表示“不仅……而且……”。
Space technology benefits not only scientific research but also our daily lives.
[经典练习]
根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。
1.（现在完成时被动语态） Great advances _________ in rocket technology since the mid-20th century. (make)
答案： have been made
解析： 句意“自20世纪中期以来，火箭技术已经取得了巨大进步。”主语“advances”是动作“make”的承受者，且时间状语“since…”表示从过去持续到现在，需用现在完成时的被动语态。
2.（It作形式主语） _________ exciting to imagine humans walking on Mars in our lifetime. (be)
答案： It is
解析： 句意“想象在我们的有生之年人类在火星上行走是令人兴奋的。”真正的主语是后面的不定式“to imagine…”，用“It”作形式主语放在句首。
3.（动词不定式作目的状语） Astronauts train for years _________ prepared for the physical and mental challenges of spaceflight. (be)
答案： to be
解析： 句意“宇航员训练多年，以便为太空飞行的身体和心理挑战做好准备。”此处动词不定式“to be”表示训练的目的。
4（动名词短语作主语） _________ in microgravity can have long-term effects on the human body. (live)
答案： Living
解析： 句意“在微重力下生活会对人体产生长期影响。”动名词短语“Living in microgravity”在句中作主语。
5.（not only…but also…结构） Exploring space helps us _________ understand our own planet better _________ discover potential new resources. (not only, but also)
答案： not only, but also
解析： 句意“探索太空不仅帮助我们更好地了解我们自己的星球，而且还帮助我们发现潜在的新资源。”连接两个并列的不定式“understand…”和“discover…”。
五、语法清单
动词不定式作定语和状语
【感知·语法规律】
观察以下句子，注意动词不定式（to do）在句中的作用：
The next mission to explore Jupiter's moons is planned for 2025. （探索木星卫星的下一次任务计划在2025年。）
（动词不定式短语"to explore Jupiter's moons"修饰名词"mission"，作后置定语。）
She was the first female astronaut to walk in space. （她是第一位进行太空行走的女宇航员。）
（动词不定式短语"to walk in space"修饰名词短语"the first female astronaut"，作后置定语。）
Scientists use powerful telescopes to observe distant galaxies. （科学家使用强大的望远镜来观测遥远的星系。）
（动词不定式短语"to observe distant galaxies"表示目的，作目的状语。）
The signal from the probe was too weak to be detected clearly. （来自探测器的信号太弱，无法被清晰地探测到。）
（动词不定式短语"to be detected clearly"与"too"连用，表示结果，作结果状语。）
【精讲·语法知识】
动词不定式（to do）在句中可充当定语和状语，使其含义更丰富、表达更精准。
1. 动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，表示将来或特定的动作。常修饰以下名词：
意愿/计划类： plan, decision, wish, desire, attempt
次序类： the first, the second, the last, the next, the only
抽象名词类： ability, chance, opportunity, way, reason, effort
被修饰名词是动作的发出者或承受者。
例句：
NASA has announced its plan to send humans to Mars. （NASA宣布了其将人类送上火星的计划。）（plan是send的逻辑宾语）
He expressed a strong desire to become an astronaut. （他表达了成为一名宇航员的强烈愿望。）（he是become的逻辑主语）
This is the safest way to enter the atmosphere. （这是进入大气层最安全的方式。）
The satellite to be launched next week will monitor climate change. （将于下周发射的卫星将监测气候变化。）（被动形式，satellite是launch的承受者）
2. 动词不定式作状语
动词不定式作状语主要表示目的、结果、原因。
目的状语： 最常见，可置于句首（强调）或句末。常可加 in order to / so as to（更正式）。
To better understand the universe, we must explore it. = We must explore the universe to better understand it. （为了更好地理解宇宙，我们必须探索它。）
They work day and night in order to meet the project deadline. （他们日夜工作以赶上项目截止日期。）
结果状语： 常与 only, never, enough, too...to... 等词连用，表示一种意外的或自然的结果。
He rushed to the control center, only to find the problem had been fixed. （他冲进控制中心，结果发现问题已经解决了。）（意外结果）
The astronaut was too excited to fall asleep before the launch. （这位宇航员在发射前兴奋得睡不着觉。）
The rocket is powerful enough to escape Earth's gravity. （这枚火箭足够强大，能够脱离地球引力。）
原因状语： 多用在表示情感状态的形容词（glad, happy, sad, surprised, disappointed等）或动词（如 rejoice, weep）后，说明产生这种情绪的原因。
We were delighted to hear the news of the successful landing. （听到成功着陆的消息，我们很高兴。）
She wept to see the Earth from space for the first time. （第一次从太空看到地球，她流下了眼泪。）
【易错警示】
主动与被动： 要根据被修饰名词与不定式动词的逻辑关系选择主动（to do）或被动（to be done）。
I have a report to write. （我有一份报告要写。）（I write the report）
I have a report to be written by Friday. （我有一份报告需要在周五前被写好。）（Someone else writes it）
不定式完成式（to have done）： 当不定式表示的动作先于谓语动词发生时，要用完成式。
He is believed to have discovered a new asteroid. （人们相信他发现了一颗新的小行星。）（发现发生在“相信”之前）
【经典练习】
单句语法填空（用动词不定式的适当形式填空）
1.The ambition __________ (establish) a permanent base on the Moon drives much of today's space research.
答案： to establish
解析： 动词不定式作后置定语，修饰抽象名词"ambition"，表示“建立月球永久基地的雄心”。ambition是establish的逻辑宾语，用主动形式。
2.They were overjoyed __________ (receive) the signal from the rover confirming the presence of water ice.
答案： to have received
解析： 动词不定式作原因状语，修饰形容词"overjoyed"。由于“接收信号”这一动作发生在“感到高兴”之前，故用不定式的完成式"to have received"。
3.The __________ (send) mission will be the most complex one in the history of the agency.
答案： to be sent
解析： 动词不定式作后置定语，修饰名词"mission"。逻辑上，“任务”是“被派遣”的，且表示将来，故用被动形式"to be sent"。
4.The spacecraft adjusted its course slightly __________ (avoid) a collision with space debris.
答案： to avoid (或 in order to avoid)
解析： 动词不定式作目的状语，说明调整航向的目的。置于句末，表示“以避免与太空碎片相撞”。
5.She is the only engineer in the team __________ (work) on both the rocket and the capsule design.
答案： to work
解析： 动词不定式作后置定语，修饰“the only engineer”。被序数词、the only等修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语，she是work的逻辑主语，用主动形式。
6.The data transmitted back was detailed enough __________ (provide) strong evidence for the theory.
答案： to provide
解析： "enough to do"为固定结构，动词不定式在此作结果状语，表示“足够详细，从而为该理论提供了有力证据”。
7.It was a great honor for him __________ (select) as a candidate for the manned mission.
答案： to have been selected
解析： 动词不定式作主语（It为形式主语）。“被选拔”的动作发生在“是种荣誉”之前，且he是select的承受者，故用不定式完成式的被动形式"to have been selected"。
8.The astronaut trained for years, only __________ (face) a mission delay due to technical issues.
答案： to face
解析： "only to do"为固定结构，表示意想不到的结果，作结果状语。意为“训练多年，结果却因技术问题面临任务延期”。
9.The primary reason __________ (build) the space station is to conduct long-term experiments in microgravity.
答案： to build
解析： 动词不定式作后置定语，修饰抽象名词"reason"。常用"the reason to do sth."或"the reason for doing sth."结构。
10.It took immense courage __________ (venture) into the unknown depths of space in those early days.
答案： to venture
解析： 在"It takes/took...(courage, time, etc.) to do sth."句型中，动词不定式是句子的真正主语。此处表示“在那些早期，冒险进入未知的太空深处需要巨大的勇气”。
6、 写作清单
An Argumentative Essay about Space Exploration
【点拨·写作技巧】
一篇关于太空探索的议论文旨在就这一复杂议题提出清晰的观点，并用逻辑和证据说服读者。写作核心在于构建有力的论证，而非仅仅描述事实。
明确立场： 开篇必须清晰表明你支持还是质疑太空探索（或持有某种平衡观点），这是整篇文章的基石。
读者意识： 想象读者是对此话题感兴趣但可能有疑虑的公众。你需要预判并回应可能的反对意见，使论证更具说服力。
结构严谨（经典五段式）：
引言段： 用引人入胜的钩子开头，引出话题，陈述背景，最后明确提出你的中心论点。
主体段1（支持论点1）： 提出第一个支持你立场的主要理由，用具体事例（如科技副产品、国际合作）和解释进行阐述。
主体段2（支持论点2）： 提出第二个主要理由，可从不同角度（如人类未来生存、科学认知）展开，同样需要证据支持。
让步与反驳段： 承认反方最有力的论点（如高昂成本、地球问题优先），然后进行有逻辑的反驳或平衡论述，展现思考的深度。
结论段： 重申中心论点（用不同措辞），总结主要论证，并以有力的呼吁或展望未来结尾。
语言特点： 使用正式、客观的学术语言。善用连接词使逻辑流畅。使用现在时态陈述普遍事实和价值主张，使用现在完成时或一般过去时陈述已取得的成就。
【积累·写作素材】
开头常用语（引言段）
From the first satellite to plans for Martian colonies, humanity's journey into space has always sparked both awe and debate.
In an era of pressing earthly challenges, the immense investment in space exploration is frequently called into question. However, I firmly believe that looking outward is essential for our future.
Is space exploration a magnificent waste of resources or the ultimate expression of human curiosity and ingenuity? This essay will argue that its benefits far outweigh the costs.
提出与阐述论点（主体段）
提出论点： The most immediate benefit of space exploration lies in its technological spin-offs. / Beyond practical applications, space exploration fulfills a fundamental human need to explore and understand our place in the cosmos.
举例论证： For instance, technologies developed for space missions, such as lightweight materials, advanced water purification systems, and medical imaging devices, have found widespread applications in our daily lives. / A prime example is the International Space Station, a symbol of global cooperation where astronauts from various nations live and work together for science.
强调重要性： This drive for knowledge is not a luxury but a necessity for the long-term survival of our species. / Therefore, investing in space is, in essence, investing in the future security and prosperity of humanity on Earth.
让步与反驳（主体段）
承认反方观点： Admittedly, critics have a valid point when they highlight the staggering costs of space missions. / It is true that we face urgent issues like poverty and climate change that demand resources and attention.
进行反驳/平衡： However, this perspective overlooks the fact that the budget for space agencies is a tiny fraction of global spending. / Rather than being an either-or choice, space exploration can be part of the solution. The technologies and global perspective gained are crucial tools for monitoring and addressing environmental crises.
结尾常用语（结论段）
In conclusion, while the challenges on Earth are real and urgent, abandoning the quest for space would be a profound mistake. It is through this endeavor that we develop the tools, knowledge, and unity needed for a better future both on and off our planet.
To limit our horizons to Earth alone is to deny a fundamental part of what makes us human. The pursuit of space exploration is not an escape from our problems, but a brave step towards solving them and ensuring our legacy among the stars.
【示例·分步写作】
主题： An Argumentative Essay: Why We Must Continue to Explore Space
第一步：审题谋篇
体裁 议论文
立场 支持继续太空探索
人称与时态 主要使用第三人称、客观语气。使用一般现在时陈述观点和普遍事实，使用现在完成时/一般过去时举例。
框架 引言段： 用人类探索天性引出话题，明确中心论点：太空探索至关重要，因其带来实际利益并满足深层人类需求。
主体段1： 论点一：推动技术进步，产生改善生活的副产品。
主体段2： 论点二：为解决地球问题（如资源、环境）提供新视角和方案。
让步与反驳段： 承认成本高昂的批评，但反驳其投资占比小且回报长远。
结论段： 重申探索的价值，呼吁以长远眼光支持太空事业。
第二步：要点翻译
从古至今，探索未知领域是人类天性的一部分。(Throughout history, It is in our nature to...)
基础句： Throughout history, it has been in our nature to explore the unknown.
太空探索推动了众多改善我们日常生活的技术进步。(drive technological advances)
基础句： Space exploration has driven technological advances that improve our daily lives.
例如，为宇航员研发的卫星通信和水净化系统现在被全球广泛应用。(be developed for, find applications in)
基础句： For example, satellite communications and water purification systems developed for astronauts now find applications worldwide.
此外，观察地球使我们能够监测气候变化和更有效地管理资源。(observe, monitor, manage)
基础句： Moreover, observing Earth from space allows us to monitor climate change and manage resources more effectively.
尽管成本很高，但太空机构的预算仅占政府总支出的很小一部分。(while, account for)
基础句： While it is expensive, the budget of space agencies accounts for only a small part of total government spending.
第三步：词句升级
用 “疑问句+答案” 作为钩子，升级句1：
升级句： What drives humans to cross oceans and scale mountains? It is our innate curiosity, the same force that now propels us into the cosmos.
用 “Not only... but also...” 结构整合句2和句4，形成更强论点：
升级句： Space exploration not only drives practical technological spin-offs but also provides a unique vantage point for solving Earth-bound challenges.
用 “Take... as an example.” 引入具体案例，升级句3：
升级句： Take satellite technology as an example. Developed for space missions, it now underpins global communications, weather forecasting, and GPS navigation, systems integral to modern life.
用 “It is true that... However,...” 句式构建让步反驳，升级句5：
升级句： It is true that space missions require significant funding. However, critics often exaggerate the cost, which typically accounts for less than 1% of national budgets—a prudent investment in future capabilities.
第四步：连句成篇
Why Our Future Lies Among the Stars
What drives humans to cross oceans and scale mountains? It is our innate curiosity, the same force that now propels us into the cosmos. While some argue that space exploration is a costly diversion from earthly problems, I contend that it is an essential endeavor. The pursuit of space delivers invaluable practical benefits and satisfies a fundamental human need to explore, making it crucial for our present and future.
First and foremost, space exploration serves as a powerful engine for innovation. The extreme challenges of space travel demand breakthroughs in engineering, materials science, and computing. These technological spin-offs permeate our daily lives. Take satellite technology as an example. Developed for space missions, it now underpins global communications, weather forecasting, and GPS navigation. Similarly, advancements in medical imaging, water purification, and even memory foam mattresses have roots in space research. Thus, investing in space directly fuels progress on Earth.
Beyond immediate practicality, space exploration offers solutions to our planet's most pressing issues. Observing Earth from orbit provides unparalleled data on climate change, deforestation, and natural disasters, enabling more effective environmental management and disaster response. Furthermore, the quest for resources on other celestial bodies or the development of closed-loop life support systems for Mars could teach us how to live more sustainably on our own planet. It pushes us to think as a global species, fostering international cooperation, as seen on the International Space Station.
It is true that space missions require significant funding. However, critics often exaggerate the cost, which typically accounts for less than 1% of national budgets—a prudent investment in future capabilities and security. Moreover, the argument that we must solve all Earth's problems first is flawed. Human ingenuity is not a zero-sum game; we can address multiple challenges simultaneously. The knowledge and perspective gained from looking outward often provide the very tools we need to fix problems at home.
In conclusion, to halt space exploration would be to stifle human potential and foresight. It is not a luxury but a necessity that drives technological progress, provides critical tools for planetary stewardship, and unites humanity under a shared, inspiring goal. The final frontier is not an escape, but a mirror and a school for Earth. We must continue to reach for the stars, for in doing so, we ultimately learn to better care for our pale blue dot and secure a brighter future for generations to come.
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Unit4 Space Exploration
单词
explore vt. & vi. 探索；勘探
astronaut n. 宇航员；航天员
launch vt. 发射；发起 n. 发射
orbit n. 轨道 vt. 沿轨道运行
mission n. 任务；使命
satellite n. 人造卫星
galaxy n. 星系；银河系
planet n. 行星
surface n. 表面；外表
gravity n. 重力；引力
atmosphere n. 大气；气氛
beyond prep. 超出；在……之外
colony n. 殖民地；聚居地
achievement n. 成就；成绩
failure n. 失败；故障
risk n. 风险 vt. 冒险
scientific adj. 科学（上）的
technology n. 技术；工艺
discovery n. 发现；发觉
短语
be proud of 为……自豪；以……为荣
dress up 打扮；盛装
take part in 参加；参与
come across 偶然遇见；偶然发现
set off 出发；动身；启程
consist of 由……组成；由……构成
a variety of 各种各样的；多种类型的
relate to 与……相关；涉及
bring back 使恢复；使想起；带回
as well as 也；还；和……一样
熟词生义
plant vt. 安插；派驻；种植 (n. 植物；工厂)
deliver vt. 发表；递送；接生 (常义：递送)
mark n. 痕迹；记号；分数 vt. 标记；纪念 (常义：分数；标记)
spirit n. 精神；灵魂；情绪 (常义：精神；灵魂)
句型
which 引导非限制性定语从句
Chinatowns, which are home to many Chinese people, can be found in many cities around the world.
“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
The festival is a time when family members gather together, for which people will dress up and exchange gifts.
现在分词短语作伴随状语
They walked along the street, chatting and laughing with each other.
过去分词短语作后置定语
The traditions and customs passed down from generation to generation are the precious heritage of the nation.
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who... 强调句型
It is the diverse cultures that make our world so colorful.
while 引导并列句（表对比）
Some cultures value collectivism while others emphasize individualism.
疑问词+不定式结构
She doesn’t know how to celebrate the traditional festival in this new city.
语法
动词不定式做定语和状语
一、词汇清单
知识点1 explore vt. & vi. 探索；勘探
教材原句
Scientists are eager to explore the surface of Mars for signs of ancient life.
科学家们渴望探索火星表面，寻找古老生命的迹象。
[拓展]
(1) exploration n. 探索；勘探
(2) space exploration 太空探索
(3) explorer n. 探索者；探险家
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The age of geographical __________ (explore) changed the world map.
② The __________ (explore) who first reached the South Pole are remembered as heroes.
③ Robots are sent to __________ (explore) planets that are too dangerous for humans.
知识点2 launch vt. 发射；发起 n. 发射
教材原句
The space agency plans to launch a new satellite next month.
该航天机构计划于下个月发射一颗新卫星。
[拓展]
(1) launch a rocket/spaceship 发射火箭/飞船
(2) launch a campaign/program 发起一项运动/计划
(3) launch pad 发射台
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The successful __________ (launch) of the manned spacecraft was celebrated nationwide.
② The company will __________ (launch) its new product at the exhibition.
③ All systems were checked before the __________ (launch).
知识点3 orbit n. 轨道 vt. & vi. 沿轨道运行
教材原句
The International Space Station orbits the Earth about every 90 minutes.
国际空间站大约每90分钟绕地球轨道运行一周。
[拓展]
(1) in orbit 在轨道上
(2) orbital adj. 轨道的
(3) go into orbit 进入轨道
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The satellite has been in __________ (orbit) for over ten years.
② The spacecraft will __________ (orbit) the moon to collect data.
③ The __________ (orbit) period of the planet is 687 Earth days.
知识点4 mission n. 任务；使命；代表团
教材原句
The main mission of the rover is to search for water on Mars.
该探测车的主要任务是在火星上寻找水。
[拓展]
(1) a space mission 太空任务
(2) a rescue mission 救援任务
(3) on a mission 执行任务中
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The astronauts completed their __________ (mission) successfully and returned to Earth.
② He was sent on a diplomatic __________ (mission) to the neighboring country.
③ The __________ (mission) to repair the Hubble telescope was extremely complex.
知识点5 satellite n. 人造卫星；卫星
教材原句
Weather satellites help us predict storms and monitor climate change.
气象卫星帮助我们预测风暴并监测气候变化。
[拓展]
(1) launch a satellite 发射卫星
(2) communications/navigation satellite 通信/导航卫星
(3) satellite image/picture 卫星图像
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The GPS in your phone receives signals from __________ (satellite) in space.
② __________ (satellite) television allows us to watch channels from around the world.
③ The country has developed the technology to build its own __________ (satellite).
知识点6 technology n. 技术；工艺；科技
教材原句
Advances in space technology have made interplanetary travel possible.
太空技术的进步使得星际旅行成为可能。
[拓展]
(1) high-tech adj. 高科技的
(2) technological adj. 技术的；科技的
(3) technologist n. 技术专家
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① Modern __________ (technology) has greatly improved our quality of life.
② The __________ (technology) revolution is changing the way we work.
③ We need to invest more in scientific and __________ (technology) research.
知识点7 colony n. 殖民地；聚居地；群体
教材原句
Some scientists believe that establishing a colony on Mars is essential for the future of humanity.
一些科学家认为，在火星上建立聚居地对人类的未来至关重要。
[拓展]
(1) space colony 太空殖民地
(2) colonize v. 在……建立殖民地
(3) colonization n. 殖民
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① The idea of a lunar __________ (colony) is no longer pure science fiction.
② In history, many European powers tried to __________ (colony) other continents.
③ The __________ (colony) declared its independence fifty years ago.
知识点8 scientific adj. 科学（上）的；符合科学方法的
教材原句
All space exploration activities are based on scientific principles.
所有的太空探索活动都基于科学原理。
[拓展]
(1) science n. 科学
(2) scientist n. 科学家
(3) scientifically adv. 科学上；合乎科学地
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She made a __________ (science) discovery that won the Nobel Prize.
② His theory hasn't been __________ (science) proven yet.
③ Many young people dream of becoming __________ (science) when they grow up.
知识点9 risk n. 风险；危险 vt. 冒险
教材原句
Astronauts understand and accept the great risks involved in space travel.
宇航员理解并接受太空旅行所涉及的巨大风险。
[拓展]
(1) at risk 处于危险中
(2) take a risk / take risks 冒险
(3) risky adj. 有风险的；危险的
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① It’s too __________ (risk) to go outside during the hurricane.
② He __________ (risk) his life to save the child from the fire.
③ The investment involves a high degree of __________ (risk).
知识点10 achievement n. 成就；成绩；达到
教材原句
Landing on the moon was a remarkable achievement for mankind.
登月是人类的一项非凡成就。
[拓展]
(1) achieve v. 达到；完成
(2) a sense of achievement 成就感
(3) a great/major achievement 重大成就
[经典练习]
单句语法填空：
① She finally __________ (achievement) her goal of becoming a pilot.
② We celebrated the __________ (achievement) of our fundraising target.
③ Finishing the marathon gave him a tremendous sense of __________ (achieve).
二、短语清单
in space 在太空中；在宇宙空间
so far 到目前为止；迄今为止
dream of 梦想；梦见
make progress 取得进步
take risks 冒险；承担风险
due to 由于；因为
look forward to 盼望；期待
play a role in 在……中起作用
in the future 未来；将来
come true （梦想）实现；成真
[经典练习]
1.用所给短语的适当形式填空
_________, we have sent probes to all the planets in our solar system. (so far)
2.The failure of the mission was largely _________ unexpected technical problems. (due to)
3.Scientists _________ finding habitable planets beyond our solar system. (look forward to)
4.Every astronaut who goes into space _________ great personal danger. (take risks)
三、熟词生义
launch
v. 发射（火箭、卫星等）（常见义）
v. 发起，开始（活动、计划等）（生义）
n. 发射；发行；发起（生义）
[经典练习]
用 launch 的适当形式填空。
1.The company plans to _________ a major advertising campaign for its new product next week.
2.The _________ of the new space telescope was delayed due to bad weather.
mission
n. 任务，使命（常见义）
n. 代表团，使团（生义）
n. 传教，布道（生义）
[经典练习]
用 mission 的适当形式或其派生词填空。
1.The diplomat was sent on a peace _________ to the conflict zone.
2.The spacecraft successfully completed its primary _________ of collecting soil samples from the asteroid.
key
n. 钥匙；关键；答案（常见义）
adj. 关键的，主要的（生义）
[经典练习]
用 key 的适当形式填空。
1.International cooperation is a _________ factor in the success of large space projects like the International Space Station.
2.Finding water is _________ to establishing a long-term human presence on Mars.
四、句型清单
现在完成时被动语态： 表示到目前为止已经完成的被动动作。
Many experiments have been conducted in the weightless environment of space.
“It”作形式主语： 代替不定式、动名词或从句，使句子平衡。
It is challenging to live in a closed environment for months.
动词不定式作目的状语： 表示动作的目的。
We explore space to expand our knowledge of the universe.
动名词短语作主语：
Living on another planet requires solving many technological problems.
“not only… but also…” 结构： 连接两个并列成分，表示“不仅……而且……”。
Space technology benefits not only scientific research but also our daily lives.
[经典练习]
根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。
1.（现在完成时被动语态） Great advances _________ in rocket technology since the mid-20th century. (make)
2.（It作形式主语） _________ exciting to imagine humans walking on Mars in our lifetime. (be)
3.（动词不定式作目的状语） Astronauts train for years _________ prepared for the physical and mental challenges of spaceflight. (be)
4（动名词短语作主语） _________ in microgravity can have long-term effects on the human body. (live)
5.（not only…but also…结构） Exploring space helps us _________ understand our own planet better _________ discover potential new resources. (not only, but also)
五、语法清单
动词不定式作定语和状语
【感知·语法规律】
观察以下句子，注意动词不定式（to do）在句中的作用：
The next mission to explore Jupiter's moons is planned for 2025. （探索木星卫星的下一次任务计划在2025年。）
（动词不定式短语"to explore Jupiter's moons"修饰名词"mission"，作后置定语。）
She was the first female astronaut to walk in space. （她是第一位进行太空行走的女宇航员。）
（动词不定式短语"to walk in space"修饰名词短语"the first female astronaut"，作后置定语。）
Scientists use powerful telescopes to observe distant galaxies. （科学家使用强大的望远镜来观测遥远的星系。）
（动词不定式短语"to observe distant galaxies"表示目的，作目的状语。）
The signal from the probe was too weak to be detected clearly. （来自探测器的信号太弱，无法被清晰地探测到。）
（动词不定式短语"to be detected clearly"与"too"连用，表示结果，作结果状语。）
【精讲·语法知识】
动词不定式（to do）在句中可充当定语和状语，使其含义更丰富、表达更精准。
1. 动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，表示将来或特定的动作。常修饰以下名词：
意愿/计划类： plan, decision, wish, desire, attempt
次序类： the first, the second, the last, the next, the only
抽象名词类： ability, chance, opportunity, way, reason, effort
被修饰名词是动作的发出者或承受者。
例句：
NASA has announced its plan to send humans to Mars. （NASA宣布了其将人类送上火星的计划。）（plan是send的逻辑宾语）
He expressed a strong desire to become an astronaut. （他表达了成为一名宇航员的强烈愿望。）（he是become的逻辑主语）
This is the safest way to enter the atmosphere. （这是进入大气层最安全的方式。）
The satellite to be launched next week will monitor climate change. （将于下周发射的卫星将监测气候变化。）（被动形式，satellite是launch的承受者）
2. 动词不定式作状语
动词不定式作状语主要表示目的、结果、原因。
目的状语： 最常见，可置于句首（强调）或句末。常可加 in order to / so as to（更正式）。
To better understand the universe, we must explore it. = We must explore the universe to better understand it. （为了更好地理解宇宙，我们必须探索它。）
They work day and night in order to meet the project deadline. （他们日夜工作以赶上项目截止日期。）
结果状语： 常与 only, never, enough, too...to... 等词连用，表示一种意外的或自然的结果。
He rushed to the control center, only to find the problem had been fixed. （他冲进控制中心，结果发现问题已经解决了。）（意外结果）
The astronaut was too excited to fall asleep before the launch. （这位宇航员在发射前兴奋得睡不着觉。）
The rocket is powerful enough to escape Earth's gravity. （这枚火箭足够强大，能够脱离地球引力。）
原因状语： 多用在表示情感状态的形容词（glad, happy, sad, surprised, disappointed等）或动词（如 rejoice, weep）后，说明产生这种情绪的原因。
We were delighted to hear the news of the successful landing. （听到成功着陆的消息，我们很高兴。）
She wept to see the Earth from space for the first time. （第一次从太空看到地球，她流下了眼泪。）
【易错警示】
主动与被动： 要根据被修饰名词与不定式动词的逻辑关系选择主动（to do）或被动（to be done）。
I have a report to write. （我有一份报告要写。）（I write the report）
I have a report to be written by Friday. （我有一份报告需要在周五前被写好。）（Someone else writes it）
不定式完成式（to have done）： 当不定式表示的动作先于谓语动词发生时，要用完成式。
He is believed to have discovered a new asteroid. （人们相信他发现了一颗新的小行星。）（发现发生在“相信”之前）
【经典练习】
单句语法填空（用动词不定式的适当形式填空）
1.The ambition __________ (establish) a permanent base on the Moon drives much of today's space research.
2.They were overjoyed __________ (receive) the signal from the rover confirming the presence of water ice.
3.The __________ (send) mission will be the most complex one in the history of the agency.
4.The spacecraft adjusted its course slightly __________ (avoid) a collision with space debris.
5.She is the only engineer in the team __________ (work) on both the rocket and the capsule design.
6.The data transmitted back was detailed enough __________ (provide) strong evidence for the theory.
7.It was a great honor for him __________ (select) as a candidate for the manned mission.
8.The astronaut trained for years, only __________ (face) a mission delay due to technical issues.
9.The primary reason __________ (build) the space station is to conduct long-term experiments in microgravity.
10.It took immense courage __________ (venture) into the unknown depths of space in those early days.
6、 写作清单
An Argumentative Essay about Space Exploration
【点拨·写作技巧】
一篇关于太空探索的议论文旨在就这一复杂议题提出清晰的观点，并用逻辑和证据说服读者。写作核心在于构建有力的论证，而非仅仅描述事实。
明确立场： 开篇必须清晰表明你支持还是质疑太空探索（或持有某种平衡观点），这是整篇文章的基石。
读者意识： 想象读者是对此话题感兴趣但可能有疑虑的公众。你需要预判并回应可能的反对意见，使论证更具说服力。
结构严谨（经典五段式）：
引言段： 用引人入胜的钩子开头，引出话题，陈述背景，最后明确提出你的中心论点。
主体段1（支持论点1）： 提出第一个支持你立场的主要理由，用具体事例（如科技副产品、国际合作）和解释进行阐述。
主体段2（支持论点2）： 提出第二个主要理由，可从不同角度（如人类未来生存、科学认知）展开，同样需要证据支持。
让步与反驳段： 承认反方最有力的论点（如高昂成本、地球问题优先），然后进行有逻辑的反驳或平衡论述，展现思考的深度。
结论段： 重申中心论点（用不同措辞），总结主要论证，并以有力的呼吁或展望未来结尾。
语言特点： 使用正式、客观的学术语言。善用连接词使逻辑流畅。使用现在时态陈述普遍事实和价值主张，使用现在完成时或一般过去时陈述已取得的成就。
【积累·写作素材】
开头常用语（引言段）
From the first satellite to plans for Martian colonies, humanity's journey into space has always sparked both awe and debate.
In an era of pressing earthly challenges, the immense investment in space exploration is frequently called into question. However, I firmly believe that looking outward is essential for our future.
Is space exploration a magnificent waste of resources or the ultimate expression of human curiosity and ingenuity? This essay will argue that its benefits far outweigh the costs.
提出与阐述论点（主体段）
提出论点： The most immediate benefit of space exploration lies in its technological spin-offs. / Beyond practical applications, space exploration fulfills a fundamental human need to explore and understand our place in the cosmos.
举例论证： For instance, technologies developed for space missions, such as lightweight materials, advanced water purification systems, and medical imaging devices, have found widespread applications in our daily lives. / A prime example is the International Space Station, a symbol of global cooperation where astronauts from various nations live and work together for science.
强调重要性： This drive for knowledge is not a luxury but a necessity for the long-term survival of our species. / Therefore, investing in space is, in essence, investing in the future security and prosperity of humanity on Earth.
让步与反驳（主体段）
承认反方观点： Admittedly, critics have a valid point when they highlight the staggering costs of space missions. / It is true that we face urgent issues like poverty and climate change that demand resources and attention.
进行反驳/平衡： However, this perspective overlooks the fact that the budget for space agencies is a tiny fraction of global spending. / Rather than being an either-or choice, space exploration can be part of the solution. The technologies and global perspective gained are crucial tools for monitoring and addressing environmental crises.
结尾常用语（结论段）
In conclusion, while the challenges on Earth are real and urgent, abandoning the quest for space would be a profound mistake. It is through this endeavor that we develop the tools, knowledge, and unity needed for a better future both on and off our planet.
To limit our horizons to Earth alone is to deny a fundamental part of what makes us human. The pursuit of space exploration is not an escape from our problems, but a brave step towards solving them and ensuring our legacy among the stars.
【示例·分步写作】
主题： An Argumentative Essay: Why We Must Continue to Explore Space
第一步：审题谋篇
体裁 议论文
立场 支持继续太空探索
人称与时态 主要使用第三人称、客观语气。使用一般现在时陈述观点和普遍事实，使用现在完成时/一般过去时举例。
框架 引言段： 用人类探索天性引出话题，明确中心论点：太空探索至关重要，因其带来实际利益并满足深层人类需求。
主体段1： 论点一：推动技术进步，产生改善生活的副产品。
主体段2： 论点二：为解决地球问题（如资源、环境）提供新视角和方案。
让步与反驳段： 承认成本高昂的批评，但反驳其投资占比小且回报长远。
结论段： 重申探索的价值，呼吁以长远眼光支持太空事业。
第二步：要点翻译
从古至今，探索未知领域是人类天性的一部分。(Throughout history, It is in our nature to...)
基础句： Throughout history, it has been in our nature to explore the unknown.
太空探索推动了众多改善我们日常生活的技术进步。(drive technological advances)
基础句： Space exploration has driven technological advances that improve our daily lives.
例如，为宇航员研发的卫星通信和水净化系统现在被全球广泛应用。(be developed for, find applications in)
基础句： For example, satellite communications and water purification systems developed for astronauts now find applications worldwide.
此外，观察地球使我们能够监测气候变化和更有效地管理资源。(observe, monitor, manage)
基础句： Moreover, observing Earth from space allows us to monitor climate change and manage resources more effectively.
尽管成本很高，但太空机构的预算仅占政府总支出的很小一部分。(while, account for)
基础句： While it is expensive, the budget of space agencies accounts for only a small part of total government spending.
第三步：词句升级
用 “疑问句+答案” 作为钩子，升级句1：
升级句： What drives humans to cross oceans and scale mountains? It is our innate curiosity, the same force that now propels us into the cosmos.
用 “Not only... but also...” 结构整合句2和句4，形成更强论点：
升级句： Space exploration not only drives practical technological spin-offs but also provides a unique vantage point for solving Earth-bound challenges.
用 “Take... as an example.” 引入具体案例，升级句3：
升级句： Take satellite technology as an example. Developed for space missions, it now underpins global communications, weather forecasting, and GPS navigation, systems integral to modern life.
用 “It is true that... However,...” 句式构建让步反驳，升级句5：
升级句： It is true that space missions require significant funding. However, critics often exaggerate the cost, which typically accounts for less than 1% of national budgets—a prudent investment in future capabilities.
第四步：连句成篇
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