Unit 5 Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas-(配套教参)【精讲精练】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册(外研版)

本讲义围绕“玛雅之谜”核心主题，系统整合阅读文本（玛雅文明成就、衰落谜团）、语言知识（词汇如bury/apply/ruin，语法如过去分词作状语、主语从句）及技能训练（阅读理解题、写作微练），构建“输入-内化-输出”的学习支架，助力学生从文本理解过渡到语言应用。 资料亮点在于融合文化意识与思维品质培养，通过玛雅文明兴衰分析，引导学生理解古代文明价值并推理衰落原因，如探讨干旱与环境变化的关联。语言能力提升方面，结合词汇辨析（如complicated与complex）和语法解析（如“leave+宾语+宾补”结构），课中阅读理解题促进课堂互动，课后词汇练习与写作微练帮助学生巩固知识，查漏补缺，提升自主学习效率。

Unit 5　Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas [对应学生用书P106] Unit 5　Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas [对应学生用书P106] The Mysteries of THE MAYA 1 Intrigued① by Maya civilisation from a very young age【1】，15­year­old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery② from his study of ancient star charts③.Through comparison④，he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to⑤ the positions of the stars.Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried⑥ deep in the jungle【2】． 【1】过去分词短语作状语。 【2】过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句which was buried deep in the jungle。 2 It isn't difficult to see why.Extending⑦ south from parts of what we now know as Mexico【3】 into Central America， The Maya built impressive palaces and temples，including their representative⑧ step pyramids⑨.What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power.【4】 The Maya's understanding of mathematics and astronomy⑩ was also quite amazing.They applied this understanding to⑪ the Maya calendar⑫，which was accurate⑬ to within 30 seconds per year【5】．On top of⑭ all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system⑮.It contained more than 800 characters，with some signs representing animals，people and objects and others representing syllables【6】．It was a writing system so complicated⑯ that，so far，no one has been able to interpret⑰ it completely.【7】 【3】what引导宾语从句，在从句中作know的宾语。 【4】本句是主从复合句，主干是主系表结构。What引导主语从句，how引导表语从句。 【5】which引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词the Maya calendar，在从句中作主语。 【6】此处是with复合结构，第一个represent与some signs和第二个represent与others之间均为主谓关系。 【7】本句含有so...that...句型。 3 The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive⑱【8】 makes its achievements all the more incredible⑲ and mysterious. By 700 AD，Maya civilisation was at its peak⑳.Yet，within just a couple of generations，it began to mysteriously decline㉑.The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle.When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches㉒，the remaining㉓ Maya people were living in small settlements. 【8】that引导同位语从句，对主句的主语The fact作解释说明。 4 Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.Was it a natural disaster? A deadly㉔ disease? Conflicts between cities? Or was it a combination of several different factors？ They had turned wetlands㉕ into fields for growing grains，and had dug huge canal㉖ systems.As their population expanded，yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction.By changing the landscape㉗ in this way，it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly㉘ reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters㉙【9】． 【9】it is possible that...表示“很可能……”。it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。to deal with natural disasters作ability的后置定语。 5 Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer㉚ tropical cyclones㉛ than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD.This is likely to have led to a series of droughts㉜，each lasting for a couple of years【10】，including a“megadrought” around 900 AD.Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.【11】 These droughts would have led to food shortages，conflicts and，ultimately，the downfall㉝ of the cities. 【10】画线部分是独立主格结构。each指的是each drought，与last是主谓关系。 【11】本句是主从复合句，that引导宾语从句；其中含有一个why引导的定语从句，修饰先行词reason。 6 Whatever the reasons【12】，Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.Its once­great cities fell into ruin㉞，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve【13】． 【12】画线部分是Whatever引导的让步状语从句，reasons后省略了were。 【13】现在分词短语作结果状语。 ①intrigue/ɪn'triːɡ/vt.激起……的兴趣，引发……的好奇心 You've really intrigued me—tell me more! 你说的真有意思——再给我讲一些吧！ ②make an incredible discovery有惊人的发现 ③star charts星图 ④through comparison通过比较 ⑤correspond to符合，与……相一致 correspond/ˌkɒrə'spɒnd/vi.相一致，符合 These droughts，he realized，corresponded to the time of Angkor's fall.他意识到，这些干旱从时间上与吴哥窟的毁灭相符。 ⑥bury/'beri/vt.埋藏；埋葬 ⑦extend/ɪk'stend/vi.延伸(距离)，延续(时间) ⑧representative/ˌreprɪ'zentətɪv/adj.典型的，有代表性的n.[C]代表 ⑨step pyramids阶梯金字塔 pyramid/'pɪrəmɪd/n.[C]金字塔 ⑩astronomy/ə'strɒnəmi/n.[U]天文学 astronomer/ə'strɒnəmə(r)/n.[C]天文学家 ⑪apply...to...把……运用到…… ⑫calendar/'kælɪndə(r)/n.[C]历法；日历 solar calendar阳历 lunar calendar阴历，农历 ⑬accurate/'ækjərət/adj.精确的 be accurate to精确到…… ⑭on top of除……之外 ⑮a writing system文字系统 ⑯complicated/'kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/adj.难懂的，复杂的 [同义]complex adj. 复杂的 [反义]simple adj.简单的 ⑰interpret/ɪn'tɜːprɪt/vt.诠释，说明 ⑱primitive/'prɪmətɪv/adj.原始的，远古的；发展水平低的，落后的 ⑲incredible adj.难以置信的 ⑳at sth's peak＝at the peak of sth在……巅峰，在……高峰期 She's at the peak of her career.她正处在事业的巅峰。 ㉑decline/dɪ'klaɪn/vi.衰退，下降；谢绝n.[C，U]下降，衰落 ㉒claim riches索取财富 claim在此意为“索取” riches n.[pl.]财富 She donated a sizeable portion of her riches to children's charities.她把相当一部分财富捐给了儿童慈善机构。 ㉓remaining/rɪ'meɪnɪŋ/ adj.剩下的，剩余的 ㉔deadly adj.致命的 ㉕wetland/'wetlənd/n.[C]湿地，沼泽地 ㉖canal/kə'næl/n.[C]运河 ㉗landscape/'lændskeɪp/n.[C]风景，景色 ㉘unknowingly adv.不知不觉地 ㉙natural disasters自然灾害 ㉚far fewer更少的far修饰比较级 ㉛tropical cyclones热带气旋 tropical/'trɒpɪkl/adj.热带的 cyclone/'saɪkləʊn/n.[C]气旋，旋风 ㉜drought/draʊt/n.[U，C]干旱 ㉝downfall/'daʊnfɔːl/n. [C，sing.]衰落，衰败 ㉞fall into ruin(因缺乏照料而)衰落，败落 ruin/ˌruːɪn/n.[C]废墟；[U]毁坏，毁灭vt.毁坏，破坏；毁灭 玛雅之谜 1 十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·加杜里自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知的玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未为人所知的玛雅城市的位置。 2 这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲， 玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括他们的代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这认识应用到了玛雅历法中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时在美洲独一无二的成就：一套真正的文字系统。这套文字系统包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物，还有些代表音节。这套文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。 3 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。 到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小村落里。 4 玛雅文明倾颓的原因一直是个谜。究竟是自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的冲突所致，抑或是几个不同因素叠加呢？ 他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多土地以发展农业，需要更多树木以修建建筑物。通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。 5 最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年左右的那场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度开始衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最后导致城市的衰败。 6 无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。 [对应学生用书P109] Ⅰ.重点词汇 核心单词 1．bury v.将……埋在下面 2．canal n.运河 3．ruin n.残垣断壁，废墟 4．dismiss v.拒绝考虑，否定 拓展词汇 5．civilisation n.文明(社会)→civilise vt.教化；使文明→civil adj.文明的；有教养的 6．abandon v．离弃，逃离→abandoned adj.被放弃的，被遗弃的 7．expansion n.扩大；增加→expand v．扩大，扩展→expansive adj.广阔的；全面的 Ⅱ.重点短语 1．correspond to 与……一致 2．apply...to...把……运用到……上 3．on top of 在……之上；除……之外 4．all the most 更加 5．at one's peak 在……顶峰；处于高峰时期 6．fall into ruins 衰落；败落 Ⅲ.重点句式 1．过去分词短语作后置定语 Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle(掩藏于丛林深处). 2．leave＋宾语＋宾补 Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about(让我们思考) our own past，present and future. 3．whatever引导让步状语从句 Whatever the reasons(无论原因是什么)，Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle. [对应学生用书P109] Ⅰ.What's mainly talked about in the passage? A．The secrets of Maya civilisation. B．Droughts led to the collapse of Maya. C．The discovery of William Gadoury. D．The impressive achievement of Maya. 答案　A Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks according to the passage Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer. 1．How did William Gadoury spot an unknown Maya city? A．By studying the works written by scholars. B．By making researches from people. C．By going there personally. D．By studying ancient star charts. 2．What does the word “complicated” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Difficult to understand. B．Not known or identified. C．Unexpected，surprising or strange. D．Impossible or very difficult to believe. 3．What might have caused the downfall of Maya civilisation? A．The jungle's expansion. B．Europeans' invasion. C．A series of droughts. D．A deadly disease. 4．What is the main purpose of the author? A．To tell us the mysteries of the Maya. B．To warn us to learn a lesson from the rise and fall of the Maya. C．To hope us to make more research about the decline of the Maya. D．To show us the reasons why Maya civilisation collapsed. 答案　1－4　DACB 1．Intrigued by Maya civilisation from a very young age，15­year­old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts. [句式分析] 句中“Intrigued by...age”为过去分词短语作原因状语；“he had made...charts”为省略了that的宾语从句。 [翻译]　 十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星图有了惊人的发现。 2．What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power. [句式分析] 句中“What is most...structures”为What引导的主语从句；“how they were...power”为how引导的表语从句。 [翻译]　 这些复杂的建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，它们是如何建成的。 3．Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places. [句式分析] 句中“that these droughts...places”为that引导的 宾语从句，在该从句中why引导定语从句。 [翻译]　 许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度开始衰落的主要原因。 [对应学生用书P111] [核心词汇·练透] bury　 v.将……埋在下面；埋藏；覆盖；遮盖；掩盖 be buried in＝bury oneself in　埋头于；专心于 be buried in thought　沉思 [经典例句] Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle. 据此，他相信自己发现了一座掩藏于丛林深处的未为人所知的玛雅城市的位置。 [练通]——单句语法填空/句式升级 (1)The old photos buried(bury)at the bottom of the suitcase reminded me of those happy old days. (2)Buried(bury) in reading the English newspaper every day，I have gained lots of colorful knowledge. (3)David still refused to look at me and his head was buried in his arms. →David still refused to look at me，burying his head in his arms．(分词作状语改写) →David still refused to look at me，with his head buried in his arms．(with的复合结构) →David still refused to look at me，his head buried in his arms．(用独立主格) 表示“专心于”的短语还有be devoted to，be absorbed in，be addicted to，be lost in，focus on，concentrate on，be occupied with，fix one's attention on。 apply　vi.申请 vt.& vi.适用，应用于；涂，敷(→application n.请求；申请；申请表；应用→applicant n.申请人) apply (to sb) for sth　(向某人)申请某事物 apply to do sth　 申请做某事 apply...to...　把……应用于…… apply to sb/sth　 适用于/运用于某人/某物 apply oneself to (doing) sth　 集中精力于(做)某事，专注于(做)某事 [经典例句] They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year. 他们将此认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确到每年误差不超过30秒。 [练通]——单句语法填空/补全句子/完成句子 (1)As a student，what you've learned in class should be applied to life.Therefore，our school will organize several activities this weekend.All applicants(apply) shall hand in their applications(apply) to the Student Union before Friday. (2)Touched by the spirit of China Aerospace experts，I'll apply myself to study/studying(专心于学习) so that I can make contributions to our country like them one day. (3)我写信申请我们学校英语协会的志愿工作，我认为我完全能够胜任该工作。 I'm writing to apply for the voluntary job for our school English association，which I think I am qualified for.(应用文写作之申请信) ruin　n.[C]残垣断壁，废墟；[U]毁坏；破灭 v.毁坏，破坏；毁灭，使破产 (1)in ruins　严重受损，破败不堪 fall into ruin　衰落，败落 (2)ruin one's health/fame/future　毁坏某人的健康/名誉/前途 [经典例句] Its once­great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. 曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。 [练通]——单句语法填空/补全句子/完成句子 (1)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and being reduced to ruins(ruin)，the city took on a new look. (2)She went through a period of emotional adjustment after her company fell into ruin(败落) and she finally decided to find a new job. (3)当他们回到镇上时，他们震惊地发现他们家附近成了废墟。 On returning to the town，they were shocked to find their neighborhood in ruins．(读后续写之场景描写) abandon　v.离弃，逃离(→abandoned adj.抛弃了的；废弃的；放纵的) (1)abandon doing sth　放弃做某事 abandon oneself to doing sth＝be abandoned to doing sth　沉湎于做某事；放纵(感情)于做某事 (2)with abandon　纵情；放任地 [经典例句] But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. 但其中最大的谜团是为何玛雅人遗弃了绝大部分的大城市。 [练通]——单句语法填空/补全句子/句式升级 (1)The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned (abandon). (2)Many young people decided to abandon buying (buy) houses in big cities because of the high price. (3)All the staff were shouting and cheering with abandon，hearing the fulfilling result of the experiment. (4)I abandoned myself to/was abandoned to (沉迷于)computer games.I performed extremely badly in the end­of­term examination. →Abandoning myself to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end­of­term examination.(现在分词短语作状语) →Abandoned to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end­of­term examination.(过去分词短语作状语) [重点句型·通关] leave＋宾语＋宾补 “leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构，意为“使/让……继续处于某种状态、某地等”。常见用法： (1)leave＋宾语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语； (2)leave＋宾语＋现在分词 (其中宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的主谓关系)； (3)leave＋宾语＋过去分词 (其中宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的动宾关系)； (4)leave＋宾语＋动词不定式 (其中动词不定式表示将来的动作)。 [经典例句] Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future. 与此同时，这一文明的兴衰也必须让我们思考我们自己的过去、现在和未来。 [练通]——单句语法填空/完成句子 (1)Another question left unanswered(unanswer) is the level of exercise that might best improve learning.(2025·八省联考) (2)No matter where I buy them，though，one steamer basket is rarely enough，yet two seems greedy，and so I am always left wanting(want) more next time.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) (3)请让他安静一下，给他一些空间去整理自己的思绪和情感，这样他就能自己找到解决问题的方法。 Please leave him in peace and give him the space he needs to sort out his thoughts and emotions，which help him find a solution to the problem by himself.(读后续写之情感描写) [对应学生用书P113] Ⅰ.教材语块必备 1．a natural phenomenon自然现象 2．an unsolved mystery未解之谜 3．ancient civilisation(s)古代文明 4．make an incredible discovery 有惊人的发现 5．an ancient star chart古老的星象图 6．animal power畜力 7．be accurate to within...精确到……以内 8．a writing system书写/文字系统 9．be taken back by被……重新占领 10．claim riches索取财富 11．a natural disaster自然灾害 12．a deadly disease致命的疾病 13．food shortages食物短缺 14．solve a mystery解开谜团 15．the rise and fall of...……的兴衰 Ⅱ.单词拼写/完成句子 1．The company has decided to abandon(放弃) the project because of financial shortage. 2．On top of the mountain lie ancient ruins(废墟) dating back to the Roman Empire. 3．Chinese citizens are to have their fingerprints recorded when applying(申请) for or changing their identity cards. 4．男孩站起来走了，留下他的父亲坐在沙发上，一言不发。 The boy got up and walked away，leaving his father sitting on the sofa，not saying a word. 5．这项新技术如果应用于农业，将有助于提高产量。(状语从句的省略) The new technology，if applied to farming，will help increase the production. [对应学生用书P114] 探索未知 Ⅰ.常用词汇 课文词汇 1．civilisation n.文明(社会) 2．intrigue v．(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心 3．bury v．将……埋在下面 4．fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落 5．the unknown不为人知的地方，人类尚未到达的地方 6．set out动身踏上(漫长的)旅途 7．look into调查(问题) 补充词汇 8．relics n.遗迹；遗物 9．adventure n.冒险；奇遇 10．mystery n.神秘的人(或事物)；神秘 11．break new ground开辟新领域 12．throw light on说明，解释 13．scientific explanation科学的解释 Ⅱ.常用句型 课本原句 1．The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious. 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。 2．Its once­great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. 曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。 3．Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future. 同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。 其他表达 4．Some strange things happened in this area. 这个地区发生了一些奇怪的事情。 5．Some reasons have been given to explain the disturbing incidents. 人们给出了许多理由来解释这些令人不安的事件。 6．Teams of scientists and researchers have gone there to do research. 许多科学家和研究人员已经去那里进行研究了。 7．However，so far there has been no other evidence to prove its existence. 但是，到目前为止没有其他证据可以证明它的存在。 Ⅲ.写作微练 1．虽然全世界的科学家仍在试图弄清这个问题的真相，但到目前为止还没有确凿的证据能说明这一问题。 Though scientists worldwide are still attempting to get to the bottom of this problem，no hard evidence has been able to throw light on it so far. 2．这个古城逐渐衰败，留下各种谜团等待后世去解开。 The ancient city gradually fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later generations to solve. [对应知能达标训练P37] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $