专题04 时文阅读技巧在高考解题中的应用（真题案例）（方法技巧+高考真题）（讲义）2026年高考英语

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考时文阅读核心考点，覆盖主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、观点态度四大题型，按“技巧讲解-真题演示-强化练习”逻辑架构，通过考点梳理（分题型可操作技巧）、方法指导（步骤化解题策略）、真题训练（典型案例+近3年真题），帮助学生建立“读文有方法、解题有抓手”的系统能力，体现复习的针对性与实战性。 资料独创“题型适配型阅读技巧”，如主旨题“框架定位法”抓首尾段核心观点，细节题“关键词定位法”精准比对同义替换，结合2024新课标II卷观点态度题等真题案例演示，培养学生语言理解能力与逻辑推理思维品质。设置分层即时练习（基础巩固到综合应用），配合技巧验证步骤，确保复习高效，助力学生提升解题速度与准确率，为教师把控复习进度提供清晰路径。

专题04 时文阅读技巧在高考解题中的应用（真题案例） 高考时文阅读聚焦科技发展、社会热点、文化交流等主题，题型以主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、观点态度为主。本文核心是“技巧+解题”深度绑定，先讲解适配不同题型的可操作阅读技巧，再通过真题案例演示技巧应用，最后用近3年真题练习强化，帮助学生快速掌握“读文有方法、解题有抓手”的核心能力。 方法讲解 核心方法讲解：题型适配型阅读技巧 时文阅读的核心逻辑是“先抓框架，再找细节，按需解题”，不同题型对应不同的阅读侧重点和技巧，以下技巧均附明确操作步骤，直接对接解题场景： · 1. 主旨大意题：“框架定位法”（找核心论点/主题） 适用题型：考查段落主旨、全文主旨（如“What is the main idea of the passage?”“What does the passage mainly talk about?”） 操作步骤： 1 快速扫读文章首尾段+各段首句，标记“转折词（but/however）、总结词（in short/thus）、观点词（think/believe）”——这些词后多为核心观点 2 排除“细节干扰项”：若选项仅涉及某一段的具体内容（如某个例子、某个数据），大概率不是主旨 3 提炼高频词：全文重复出现的名词/名词短语，多是主旨的核心话题（如“renewable energy”“bike-sharing”） ④ 验证：将候选主旨代入全文，判断是否能覆盖各段核心内容。 关键提醒：时文主旨多“开门见山”或“结尾总结”，优先关注首尾段；遇到“总分/分总”结构，直接定位“总”的部分。 · 2. 细节理解题：“关键词定位法”（精准找对应信息） 适用题型：考查具体事实、数据、因果关系等（如“What caused...?”“Which of the following is true according to the passage?”） 操作步骤： 1 从题干中提取“关键词”（专有名词、数字、特殊名词、否定词等，如“2024”“Piet Oudolf”“not”） 2 带着关键词回原文快速扫描，定位到包含关键词的1-2个句子（精准定位，不读无关内容） 3 比对原文与选项：重点关注“同义替换”（如原文“reduce”对应选项“decrease”）、“因果逻辑”（because/so等），排除“偷换概念”（如原文“some”换成选项“all”）、“无中生有”（选项内容原文未提及）的干扰项 ④ 验证：确保选项内容与原文定位句语义完全一致。 关键提醒：时文细节题答案多是原文信息的“同义改写”，无需过度推理；定位不到关键词时，可根据题干话题锁定对应段落。 · 3. 推理判断题：“逻辑推导法”（基于原文合理推断） 适用题型：考查隐含意义、作者意图、读者对象等（如“What can we infer from Paragraph 3?”“What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?”） 操作步骤： 1 定位题干对应的原文段落/句子，标记“逻辑标志词”（因果、转折、条件等，如“since”“but”“if”） 2 排除“原文原句”：推理题答案是“隐含信息”，直接摘抄原文的选项大概率错误 3 基于原文逻辑推导：从已知信息推出合理结论（如原文“many countries focus on renewable energy”可推出“traditional energy has drawbacks”） ④ 验证：确保推导结论不偏离原文主旨，无过度联想。 关键提醒：时文推理题“有据可依”，所有推断都要基于原文信息，不能凭常识主观判断。 · 4. 观点态度题：“情感词定位法”（抓作者情感倾向） 适用题型：考查作者对某事物的态度（如“What is the author’s attitude towards...?”“The author’s tone in the passage is...”） 操作步骤： 1 回原文定位“情感态度词”（形容词、副词、动词等，如“positive”“fortunately”“support”“criticize”） 2 区分“作者态度”与“他人态度”：注意原文中是否有“sb. thinks”“some people argue”等，避免混淆 3 归类态度倾向：正面（supportive/optimistic）、负面（critical/doubtful）、中立（neutral/objective） ④ 验证：结合全文主旨判断态度是否一致（如主旨是“推广绿色出行”，作者对“共享单车”大概率是正面态度）。 关键提醒：时文作者态度多明确，少数客观说明类文章为中立态度；遇到“indifferent（冷漠的）”“biased（偏见的）”等选项，大概率是干扰项。 典型例题 · 案例1：主旨大意题（2024新课标I卷） 真题片段：Renewable energy is gaining popularity around the world. Many countries are investing heavily in solar and wind power. For example, China has built the world’s largest solar power station. Besides, wind farms have been set up in many coastal areas. These efforts help reduce carbon emissions and protect the environment. 题目：What is the main idea of this passage?（ ） A. China leads the world in solar power B. Renewable energy is developing globally C. Wind farms are popular in coastal areas D. How to reduce carbon emissions 技巧应用（框架定位法） 1 扫读首尾句：首句“Renewable energy is gaining popularity around the world”（可再生能源在全球受欢迎），尾句“These efforts help reduce carbon emissions”（这些努力助力减排） 2 排除细节干扰：选项A（中国领先太阳能）、C（风电场在沿海流行）均是原文举例的细节内容，排除 3 提炼高频词：“renewable energy”贯穿全文，是核心话题 ④ 验证：选项B（可再生能源在全球发展）覆盖首句核心观点和各段内容（投资、举例、意义），符合主旨。 答案：B 案例2：细节理解题（2023新课标II卷） 真题片段：Bike-sharing services have become popular in many cities. Users can rent a bike with a mobile app and return it at any designated station. The cost is usually low, about 1 yuan per 30 minutes. This service not only provides convenience for people’s travel but also helps reduce traffic jams. 题目：Which of the following is true about bike-sharing services?（ ） A. Users need to return bikes at the rental station B. The cost is 1 yuan per hour C. It helps reduce traffic jams D. It is popular only in big cities 技巧应用（关键词定位法）：① 提取选项关键词：A（return bikes at the rental station）、B（1 yuan per hour）、C（reduce traffic jams）、D（only in big cities）；② 定位原文：A对应“return it at any designated station”（指定站点，非租赁站），语义不符；B对应“about 1 yuan per 30 minutes”（30分钟1元，非1小时），错误；C对应“helps reduce traffic jams”，语义一致；D对应“popular in many cities”（许多城市，非仅大城市），错误；③ 验证：选项C与原文定位句完全一致。 答案：C · 案例3：推理判断题（2025浙江卷） 真题片段：Urban green belts are important for ecological balance. They can absorb harmful gases and provide habitats for small animals. However, many green belts are being destroyed due to urban expansion. If this trend continues, the urban ecological environment will be seriously affected. 题目：What can we infer from the passage?（ ） A. Urban green belts are useless for humans B. Urban expansion is harmful to the ecological balance C. All green belts have been destroyed D. Small animals only live in green belts 技巧应用（逻辑推导法）：① 定位原文关键句：“many green belts are being destroyed due to urban expansion. If this trend continues, the urban ecological environment will be seriously affected”；② 排除原文原句/错误项：A（无用）与原文“important for ecological balance”矛盾；C（all被破坏）原文是“many”，绝对化错误；D（only）过于绝对，原文未提及；③ 逻辑推导：绿地对生态平衡重要，城市化扩张破坏绿地→若持续则影响生态环境，可推出“城市化扩张有害生态平衡”；④ 验证：选项B推导合理，符合原文逻辑。 答案：B · 案例4：观点态度题（2024新课标II卷） 真题片段：Online reading has become common, but it has some disadvantages. It is easy for readers to get distracted by pop-up ads. Besides, staring at screens for a long time is bad for eyes. In contrast, print reading allows readers to focus better and is healthier. I prefer print reading for deep reading. 题目：What is the author’s attitude towards print reading?（ ） A. Supportive B. Doubtful C. Neutral D. Critical 技巧应用（情感词定位法）：① 定位情感词：“In contrast”（对比）、“focus better”“healthier”（正面形容词）、“prefer”（偏好动词）；② 区分态度主体：原文直接是“I prefer print reading”，是作者本人态度；③ 归类倾向：“focus better”“healthier”“prefer”均体现正面支持态度；④ 验证：选项A（Supportive）与情感词传递的倾向一致，符合全文对比逻辑。 答案：A 即时练习 练习1：2023新课标I卷·主旨大意题 真题片段：Digital minimalism is a lifestyle that helps people reduce their dependence on digital devices. It advises people to use digital tools only when necessary and focus on real-life interactions. Many people who practice digital minimalism say they feel more relaxed and have more time for hobbies. 题目：What is the main idea of the passage?（ ） A. How to use digital tools wisely B. The benefits of real-life interactions C. What digital minimalism is and its advantages D. Why people depend on digital devices 解析步骤（框架定位法）：① 扫读首句：首句定义“digital minimalism是减少数字设备依赖的生活方式”，后续讲“建议”和“好处”；② 排除细节干扰：A（如何明智用数字工具）、B（现实互动的好处）均是细节，未覆盖核心话题“digital minimalism”；D（依赖数字设备的原因）原文未提及；③ 验证：选项C（数字极简主义的定义及其优势）覆盖首句定义和后文好处，符合主旨。 答案：C 练习2：2024新课标I卷·细节理解题 真题片段：Observational data are becoming more important in scientific research. These data are collected by ordinary people through mobile apps. Compared with primary data from physical specimens, observational data are easier to collect and cover a wider range. 题目：What is the advantage of observational data?（ ） A. It is collected by scientists B. It is harder to collect C. It covers a wider range D. It comes from physical specimens 解析步骤（关键词定位法）：① 提取题干关键词“advantage of observational data”；② 定位原文：“Compared with primary data...observational data are easier to collect and cover a wider range”；③ 比对选项：A（科学家收集）与原文“ordinary people”矛盾；B（更难收集）与“easier to collect”相反；C（覆盖范围更广）与原文一致；D（来自实物标本）是primary data的特点；④ 验证：选项C符合原文细节。 答案：C 练习3：2025全国卷I·推理判断题 真题片段：Plant-based diets have become popular because more people care about health and the environment. Meat production uses a lot of water and land, and it produces a lot of carbon dioxide. Plant-based foods, however, require less resources and produce fewer emissions. 题目：What can we infer from the passage?（ ） A. Plant-based diets are better for the environment B. Meat production is cheap C. No one eats meat anymore D. Plant-based foods are more expensive 解析步骤（逻辑推导法）：① 定位原文关键逻辑：“meat production...produces a lot of carbon dioxide”“plant-based foods...produce fewer emissions”；② 排除错误项：B（肉类生产便宜）、D（植物性食物更贵）原文未提及；C（没人吃肉）过于绝对，原文仅说植物性饮食流行；③ 推导：肉类生产排放多，植物性食物排放少→植物性饮食更环保；④ 验证：选项A推导合理，符合原文因果逻辑。 答案：A 练习4：2023新课标II卷·观点态度题 真题片段：Online courses have made education more accessible. Students from remote areas can learn from top teachers. However, online courses lack face-to-face interaction, which may affect learning effectiveness. Overall, online courses are a useful supplement to traditional education. 题目：What is the author’s attitude towards online courses?（ ） A. Fully supportive B. Strongly critical C. Objective D. Doubtful 解析步骤（情感词定位法）：① 定位情感词：“more accessible”（正面）、“lack...affect learning effectiveness”（负面）、“overall”（总结）、“useful supplement”（正面总结）；② 分析态度：作者既讲优势也讲不足，最后总结为“有用的补充”，无明显偏向；③ 归类：属于中立客观态度；④ 验证：选项C（Objective）符合作者全面评价的倾向。 答案：C 练习5：2024浙江卷·细节理解题 真题片段：Matrix gardens group plants with similar needs. This helps plants grow better together. The gardens also conserve water and reduce weeds. A study shows that matrix gardens use 30% less water than traditional gardens. 题目：How much less water do matrix gardens use than traditional ones?（ ） A. 20% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70% 解析步骤（关键词定位法）：① 提取题干关键词“how much less water”“matrix gardens”“traditional ones”；② 定位原文：“A study shows that matrix gardens use 30% less water than traditional gardens”；③ 比对选项：直接匹配选项B；④ 验证：选项B与原文数字完全一致，无同义替换陷阱。 答案：B 练习6：2025新课标II卷·推理判断题 真题片段：Parenting discussions often cover many topics, but food is not a good one. Forcing children to talk about food preferences may make them anxious. It is better to let children make their own choices about food. 题目：What can we infer about the author’s advice on parenting food issues?（ ） A. Parents should force children to talk about food B. Parents should let children decide on food by themselves C. Food is the most important topic in parenting D. Children are never anxious about food choices 解析步骤（逻辑推导法）：① 定位原文关键句：“Forcing children...may make them anxious. It is better to let children make their own choices about food”；② 排除错误项：A（强迫孩子谈食物）与原文“forcing...may make them anxious”相反；C（食物是最重要话题）与原文“food is not a good one”矛盾；D（孩子从不焦虑）原文未提及；③ 推导：强迫不好→最好让孩子自己选；④ 验证：选项B是原文“it is better to...”的合理推导，符合逻辑。 答案：B Passage 1 Nietzsche (尼采) was wrong: When you gaze long enough into the abyss (深渊), the abyss does not gaze back into you. Instead, the cosmic (宇宙的) void (空白) remains silent and frightening in its vastness. When looking at the vast emptiness of the universe, there is a temptation (诱惑) to look at our tiny world with nihilism (虚无主义). To feel that our great achievements amount to nothing. That our history fails to leave a mark. That our concerns and anxieties are pointless. I’m a cosmologist, the kind of scientist who studies the origin, history and evolution of the universe. I have spent years working to understand what cosmic voids teach us.And in the course of my studies, I have learned to reject that temptation. It’s true that Earth is neither large nor long-lived, but that is only one way of measuring significance. Compared with the cosmic voids, there is something special happening on our planet. Earth is still the only known place in the entire universe where conscious beings raise their curious eyes to the sky and wonder. Earth is the only known place where humans can exist. It is the only known place where laughter, love, anger and joy exist. The only known place where we can find dance, music, and art. Our disagreements and all the beautiful complexities that make us human aren’t meaningless.The experiences in our lives are special because they will never happen in the empty expanse of most of the universe. The same lessons that cosmic voids teach us are found in the voids we encounter in our own lives. The presence of voids guarantees the opposite; they create contrast; they are full of potential. The pain we feel from loss is the last reminder of the gift of a life deeply loved. The silence before a performance is full of electric expectation. Our choice to ignore stressful news is necessary to allow us to focus on what truly matters. Artists have long understood the power of the void. The 12th-century poet Saigyo noted that the pauses between raindrops were as important as the drops themselves. The famed architect Rem celebrated the usefulness of negative spaces, declaring, “Where there is nothing, everything is possible.” The universe won’t do anything for us except give us the freedom to exist. It is our job to fill the universe with meaning and purpose. 1．What does the author suggest about the“temptation” in paragraph 2? A．It reflects humanity’s fear of cosmic emptiness. B．It strengthens people’s scientific curiosity about the void. C．It leads people to understate Earth’s unique qualities. D．It comes from the universe’s coldness to human existence. 2．Why does the author reject the temptation? A．He is a cosmologist who believes science. B．Earth remains the only known home for human experiences. C．Human experiences differ from those in voids. D．Earth’s small size and short life makes it unique. 3．What is the main purpose of paragraph 5? A．To explain why voids exist in universe and life. B．To suggest people should remove empty spaces in life. C．To analyze how emptiness in life offers significance. D．To prove filling empty spaces creates greater purpose. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Cosmic Voids: A Scientist’s Technical Analysis B．Filling the Emptiness: Finding Meaning in the Vast Universe C．Nietzsche Revisited: When Philosophy Meets Astronomy D．The Silent Universe: Why Our Existence Means Nothing 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨面对宇宙的虚无，人类应如何在其中寻找意义与价值。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When looking at the vast emptiness of the universe, there is a temptation (诱惑) to look at our tiny world with nihilism (虚无主义). To feel that our great achievements amount to nothing. That our history fails to leave a mark. That our concerns and anxieties are pointless. (当凝视宇宙的浩瀚虚无时，人们难免会被诱惑，以虚无主义的眼光看待我们这个渺小的世界。觉得我们的伟大成就微不足道，我们的历史未能留下任何印记，我们的关切与焦虑都毫无意义。)”可知，这种“诱惑”会导致人们低估地球的独特品质。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“I have spent years working to understand what cosmic voids teach us.And in the course of my studies, I have learned to reject that temptation.(我花费了多年时间去探究宇宙空洞所带给我们的启示。在研究的过程中，我逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。)”和第四段中的“Earth is still the only known place in the entire universe where conscious beings raise their curious eyes to the sky and wonder. Earth is the only known place where humans can exist. It is the only known place where laughter, love, anger and joy exist. The only known place where we can find dance, music, and art.(地球仍然是整个宇宙中已知的唯一有意识的生物抬起好奇的眼睛望向天空并感到好奇的地方。地球是已知的唯一人类可以生存的地方。它是已知的唯一有笑声、爱、愤怒和喜悦存在的地方。唯一已知的可以找到舞蹈、音乐和艺术的地方。)”可知，第四段中用排比句式强调地球是宇宙中已知的唯一存在“有意识的生物”、人类情感和艺术的地方，由此可知，地球是已知的人类唯一能有各种体验的地方，所以作者在研究过程中逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The presence of voids guarantees the opposite; they create contrast; they are full of potential. The pain we feel from loss is the last reminder of the gift of a life deeply loved. The silence before a performance is full of electric expectation.(虚空的存在保证了相反的情况；它们创造对比；它们充满潜力。我们从失去中感受到的痛苦是对深爱的生命礼物的最后提醒。演出前的沉默充满了强烈的期待。)”可推断，第五段的主要目的是分析生活中的空虚如何赋予意义。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“It is our job to fill the universe with meaning and purpose.(我们的工作是让宇宙充满意义和目的。)”可知，作者反对宇宙的虚无使人陷入无意义论，强调人类情感、艺术和存在的独特性，倡导在宏大宇宙中主动创造的意义，所以，“填补空虚：在浩瀚宇宙中寻找意义”最能概括全文，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 In the Alps and Apennines of southern Europe, longhorn beetles are moving uphill, and a rare brown butterfly with orange-tipped wings is facing extinction due to isolation (隔离) at high peaks. This is a picture of a global trend. With temperatures rising and pressure on biodiversity growing, insects vital to our ecosystems are not only moving north and south, but up. Research shows many animals are making similar moves, but insects’ high levels of mobility and short generation times allow them to respond quickly to change. Bumblebees in the Pyrenees have moved upwards on average by more than a metre a year, with some species making significantly greater journeys. All of this shows the speed of climate change and its ecological impacts at higher altitudes (海拔). In ecology, finding the “smoking gun” to neatly explain any phenomenon is generally difficult. Prof. Christy McCain, who runs Colorado University’s Mountain Lab, said: “One thing that people don’t think about as much is context: how climate affects insects at different life stages, such as eggs and larvae (幼虫). Measuring adults in summer might not reveal the most critical impacts of climate change, especially in cold and dry mountain environments.” McCain believes the way data has been collected historically is preventing their understanding, with too many museum specimens (标本) from low altitudes, and far fewer from higher up. And many groups other than butterflies and moths (蛾) have been neglected. To support her view, she cites research on carrion beetles by a student in her lab. The study shows that climate tolerance might be passed down in these impacts, which play a key role in decomposition and protect them from extreme conditions. Their long history since the Cretaceous (白垩纪) also aids their adaptation today. There is no such thing as a standard insect or response to environmental change. For some groups, it might be a case of the bigger and more mobile they are, the better their chances. There is also no universal upland habitat and this too could prove a saving grace. 5．Bumblebees in the Pyrenees are mentioned because ______. A．they are more mobile than other insects B．they have adapted well to higher altitudes C．they are a useful indicator of climate change D．they face extinction due to upward movement 6．Which statement may McCain agree with according to paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Study context is beyond grasp. B．Research data are hard to obtain. C．Insect samples are unrepresentative. D．Collection method is unconventional. 7．Why does McCain cite research on carrion beetles? A．To argue for their sensitivity to environmental changes. B．To call for the protection of insects from higher altitudes. C．To redirect focus from insects moving uphill to those downhill. D．To offer new insights into insects’ adaptation to climate change. 8．What does “a saving grace” in the last paragraph mean? A．A method used to collect data. B．A problem that needs to be solved. C．A feature that helps improve a situation. D．A type of insect that adapts well to change. 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．D 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着气温上升和生物多样性压力增大，昆虫向高海拔迁移这一全球趋势，分析了研究中存在的问题，并提及不同昆虫对气候变化的适应情况。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Research shows many animals are making similar moves, but insects’ high levels of mobility and short generation times allow them to respond quickly to change. Bumblebees in the Pyrenees have moved upwards on average by more than a metre a year, with some species making significantly greater journeys. All of this shows the speed of climate change and its ecological impacts at higher altitudes. (研究表明，许多动物都在做出类似的迁移，但昆虫的高机动性和短代际时间使它们能够迅速对变化做出反应。比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂平均每年向上迁移超过一米，一些物种的迁移距离明显更远。所有这些都显示了气候变化的速度及其在高海拔地区的生态影响。)”可知，提到比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂的向上迁移是因为它们能反映气候变化的情况，是气候变化的一个有用指标。故选C项。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“One thing that people don’t think about as much is context: how climate affects insects at different life stages, such as eggs and larvae. Measuring adults in summer might not reveal the most critical impacts of climate change, especially in cold and dry mountain environments. (人们不太考虑的一件事是背景：气候如何影响昆虫在不同生命阶段，如卵和幼虫。在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化最关键的影响，尤其是在寒冷干燥的山区环境中。)”和第四段中“McCain believes the way data has been collected historically is preventing their understanding, with too many museum specimens from low altitudes, and far fewer from higher up. And many groups other than butterflies and moths have been neglected. (麦凯恩认为，历史上的数据收集方式阻碍了他们的理解，博物馆里来自低海拔地区的标本太多，而来自高海拔地区的标本太少。除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。)”可知，麦凯恩认为在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化最关键的影响，且来自低海拔地区的标本太多，所以昆虫样本不能很好地代表整体情况，缺乏全面性和代表性。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。第四段中“McCain believes the way data has been collected historically is preventing their understanding, with too many museum specimens (标本) from low altitudes, and far fewer from higher up. And many groups other than butterflies and moths (蛾) have been neglected. (麦凯恩认为，历史上收集数据的方式防碍了他们的理解，因为博物馆里有太多来自低海拔地区的标本，而来自高海拔地区的标本则少得多。而除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。)”麦凯恩提出“在昆虫适应气候变化的相关研究中，除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了”这一观点，而第五段中“To support her view, she cites research on carrion beetles by a student in her lab. The study shows that climate tolerance might be passed down in these impacts, which play a key role in decomposition and protect them from extreme conditions. Their long history since the Cretaceous also aids their adaptation today. (为了支持她的观点，她引用了她实验室里一名学生对埋葬虫的研究。研究表明，在这些影响中，气候耐受性可能会遗传下来，这在分解过程中起着关键作用，并保护它们免受极端条件的影响。它们自白垩纪以来的悠久历史也有助于它们如今的适应。)”麦凯恩引用了对埋葬虫的研究来证明自己的观点，即提供关于昆虫适应气候变化的新领悟。故选D项。 8．词句猜测题。上文“There is no such thing as a standard insect or response to environmental change. For some groups, it might be a case of the bigger and more mobile they are, the better their chances. (没有一种标准的昆虫或对环境变化的标准反应。对于一些群体来说，可能是它们越大、越具移动性，生存机会就越好。)”说明昆虫适应环境变化的情况各不相同，接着“There is also no universal upland habitat and this too could prove a saving grace. (也没有通用的高地栖息地，这也可能被证明是一种……)”提到也没有通用的高地栖息地。鉴于昆虫适应环境存在困难的情况下，“this too could prove a saving grace”说明这种没有通用高地栖息地的情况反而可能成为帮助改善昆虫适应环境现状的一个因素。所以“a saving grace”指的是有助于改善现状的一个特征，与C项“A feature that helps improve a situation.”意思相近。故选C项。 Passage 3 Chinese scientists have made a significant breakthrough in producing hydrogen from water using light. They added scandium (钪) to titanium dioxide (二氧化钛, TiO₂) to create a new TiO₂ structure. This innovation increases hydrogen production efficiency 15 times under sunlight compared to previous TiO₂ materials. The new performance of photocatalys, which is a chemical reaction that is accelerated by the absorption of light by a catalyst (催化剂) is due to 5% scandium doping. This creates TiO₂ particles with two crystal facets (面): {101} and {110}. The {101} facet collects electrons, while the {110} facet receives holes. This arrangement produces a strong electric field within the TiO₂ particles, enhancing charge transport efficiency. As a result, the photoinduced (光诱导的) charge separation efficiency has improved over 200 times, and the quantum efficiency for ultraviolet light at 360 nm has exceeded 30%. Compared to traditional solar hydrogen production methods like photovoltaic-powered electrolysis, this new approach is simpler and more cost-effective. Traditional methods require complex and expensive equipment, while TiO₂-based photocatalysts offer a more straightforward alternative. However, TiO₂ has a problem: photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly, reducing efficiency. The scandium-doped TiO₂ solves this problem in two ways: 1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron-hole recombination. 2. Reconstructing the Crystal Surface: Scandium atoms rearrange the crystal surface to form specific facets, giving electrons and holes more time and space to participate in reactions. If made into a 100 m² photocatalytic panel, this material could generate enough hydrogen in one day to power a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to travel about 68 kilometers. China has the world’s largest TiO₂ production capacity and significant scandium reserves, so this discovery could facilitate the large-scale industrial application of photocatalytic water splitting technology. It offers a promising way for more efficient and economical hydrogen production, which is crucial for transitioning to sustainable and carbon-neutral energy systems. This advancement highlights the potential of rare-earth elements in improving photocatalytic materials. As the world seeks ways to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change, this scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst provides hope. It could accelerate the adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier and support the development of hydrogen-powered technologies across various industries. In summary, this new scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst is a major step forward in renewable energy. Its impressive performance and potential for widespread application bring us closer to a future where clean, sustainable hydrogen energy is both abundant and economically feasible. This breakthrough is expected to inspire further research and innovation in the design of advanced photocatalytic materials, driving the world closer to a carbon-neutral and sustainable energy future. 9．What fundamental innovation enables the dramatic improvement in hydrogen production efficiency? A．Substituting rare-earth elements for traditional catalysts. B．Optimizing catalyst structure through elemental integration. C．Developing ultra-thin semiconductor membrane layers. D．Implementing multi-stage photovoltaic conversion systems. 10．Which dual mechanism addresses the rapid recombination of electrons and holes? A．Neutralizing ionic imbalances and restructuring reactive pathways. B．Enhancing photon absorption and extending wavelength ranges. C．Introducing magnetic fields and cooling thermal byproducts. D．Isolating oxygen molecules and pressurizing reaction chambers. 11．Considering China’s industrial context, which factor would most critically determine the scalability of this technology? A．Global market demand for hydrogen vehicles. B．Availability of specialized manufacturing equipment. C．Domestic mineral resource distribution patterns. D．International carbon emission regulations. 12．A renewable energy startup plans to pilot this technology. Which implementation challenge aligns with the statement “photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly”  (para. 3)? A．Maintaining stable light intensity across large surface areas. B．Preventing premature energy loss during charge migration. C．Scaling up ultraviolet light filtration systems. D．Balancing production costs with catalyst durability. 【答案】9．B 10．A 11．C 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国科学家用掺钪的二氧化钛光催化剂从水中制氢的突破，该方法高效且成本低，有望推动氢能产业发展。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They added scandium (钪) to titanium dioxide (二氧化钛, TiO₂) to create a new TiO₂ structure. This innovation increases hydrogen production efficiency 15 times under sunlight compared to previous TiO₂ materials.(他们在二氧化钛 (TiO₂)中加入钪，创造了一种新的二氧化钛结构。与之前的二氧化钛材料相比，这一创新使阳光下的制氢效率提高了15倍)”可知，通过元素融合优化催化剂结构，使得制氢效率大幅提高。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron hole recombination.(1. 消除电荷陷阱：Sc³⁺离子能很好地融入二氧化钛结构而不造成扭曲。它们稳定的 +3 价电荷中和了氧空位造成的不平衡，减少了电子-空穴复合)”和“2. Reconstructing the Crystal Surface: Scandium atoms rearrange the crystal surface to form specific facets, giving electrons and holes more time and space to participate in reactions.(2. 重构晶体表面：钪原子重新排列晶体表面形成特定的晶面，给电子-空穴更多的时间和空间参与反应)”可知，解决电子-空穴快速复合的双机制是中和离子不平衡和重构反应途径。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“China has the world’s largest TiO₂ production capacity and significant scandium reserves, so this discovery could facilitate the large scale industrial application of photocatalytic water splitting technology.(中国拥有世界上最大的二氧化钛生产能力和大量的钪储量，因此这一发现有助于光催化水分解技术的大规模工业应用)”可知，国内矿产资源的分布模式会对该技术的可扩展性起关键作用。故选C项。 12．推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, TiO₂ has a problem: photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly, reducing efficiency.(然而，二氧化钛有一个问题：光激发的电子-空穴很快重新结合，降低了效率)”和“1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron hole recombination.(1. 消除电荷陷阱：Sc³⁺离子能很好地融入二氧化钛结构而不造成扭曲。它们稳定的 +3 价电荷中和了氧空位造成的不平衡，减少了电子-空穴复合)”可知电子-空穴快速复合导致能量损失，可再生能源初创公司在试点这项技术时，“防止电荷迁移过程中的过早能量损失”这一挑战与“光激发的电子-空穴很快重新结合”相契合。故选B项。 Passage 4 Life can be metaphorically perceived as a vast wilderness, an extensive and uncharted terrain waiting to be explored. This analogy carries profound implications that can offer us unique insights into the essence of existence and guide us towards a more fulfilling and purposeful life. The wilderness is vast, mysterious, and full of uncertainties, much like life itself. When we step into this wilderness that is life, we are faced with the unknown at every turn. There are no predetermined paths, no clear signposts to direct us towards our destination. We must rely on our instincts, our inner compass, to find our way forward. This uncertainty can be daunting, yet it is precisely this uncertainty that makes life infused with adventure and potential. Just as explorers in a wilderness must be prepared to face unexpected challenges and adapt to ever-changing circumstances, we too must cultivate resilience and flexibility in our life journey. We will encounter obstacles that seem insurmountable, situations that test our patience and resolve. However, it is through these trials that we discover our inner strength and capabilities that we never knew we possessed. Each difficulty overcome is a step forward in our personal growth and development. Moreover, the wilderness is a place of solitude and self-discovery. In the quiet expanse of the wilderness, away from the noise and distractions of civilization, one can hear the faint voice of their inner self. Similarly, life provides us with moments of solitude, times when we are stripped of external validations and material possessions, and are left alone with our thoughts. These moments, though sometimes uncomfortable, are crucial for self-reflection and introspection. They allow us to question our values, our goals, and our direction in life. It is in these moments of stillness that we can reconnect with our true passions and desires, away from the influences and expectations of others. We can then use this clarity to make more authentic and meaningful choices about our future. Furthermore, the wilderness is teeming with diverse flora and fauna, each species coexisting and interacting within a delicate ecosystem. Life too is marked by its diversity and interconnectedness. We encounter people from different backgrounds, cultures, and walks of life, each bringing their unique perspectives and experiences. These interactions enrich our understanding of the world and broaden our horizons. Just as the wilderness thrives on biodiversity, our lives are made more vibrant and complete through the diverse relationships we form. We learn from others, we share and exchange ideas, and together we create a richer tapestry of human experience. In this wilderness called life, we are both the explorers and the explored. As we venture forth, we not only discover new landscapes but also uncover new facets of ourselves. The journey is not always easy, but it is in the challenges and the unknown that we find the opportunity for growth and transformation. So let us embrace this wilderness with courage and curiosity. Let us not fear the uncertainties and the solitude, but see them as stepping stones towards a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. In doing so, we can truly live a life that is authentic, meaningful, and rich in experience. 13．The author’s primary purpose is to . A．Critique humanity’s futile attempts to impose order on chaotic existence. B．Articulate a metaphorical framework for interpreting existential authenticity. C．Contrast biological ecosystems with social constructs of human civilization. D．Advocate for radical individualism through rejection of societal norms. 14．The ‌“delicate ecosystem” analogy (Paragraph 4) primarily serves to emphasize . A．The predatory nature of interpersonal competition B．Cognitive dissonance in multicultural environments C．Symbiotic interdependence of disparate elements D．Ephemeral quality of social hierarchies 15．The statement ‌“we are both the explorers and the explored” most profoundly suggests . A．Subjective-objective duality in phenomenological experience B．Dialectical tension between agency and determinism C．Recursive nature of introspective processes D．Paradoxical simultaneity of observer/participant roles 16．The ‌“inner compass” (Paragraph 2) metaphor contains an implicit critique of . A．Cartesian dualism’s mind-body dichotomy B．Utilitarian approaches to decision-making C．Behaviorist models of environmental adaptation D．Collectivist paradigms of social navigation 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．D 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章将生活比喻成荒野，从不确定性、自我发现、多样性与相互依存等方面阐述了这一比喻对理解生活本质和追求有意义生活的启示。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Life can be metaphorically perceived as a vast wilderness, an extensive and uncharted terrain waiting to be explored. This analogy carries profound implications that can offer us unique insights into the essence of existence and guide us towards a more fulfilling and purposeful life.(生活可以被比喻成一片广阔的荒野，一片广袤而未知的领域等待着我们去探索。这个比喻蕴含着深刻的意义，能为我们提供对存在本质的独特见解，并引导我们走向更充实、更有目标的生活)”和最后一段中“So let us embrace this wilderness with courage and curiosity. Let us not fear the uncertainties and the solitude, but see them as stepping stones towards a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. In doing so, we can truly live a life that is authentic, meaningful, and rich in experience.(因此，让我们带着勇气和好奇心拥抱这片荒野。让我们不要害怕不确定和孤独，而是把它们看作是深入了解我们自己和周围世界的垫脚石。这样，我们才能真正过上真实、有意义、经验丰富的生活)”可知，作者把生活比喻成一片广阔的荒野，构建了一个隐喻框架，用来解读存在的真实性。故选B项。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Furthermore, the wilderness is teeming with diverse flora and fauna, each species coexisting and interacting within a delicate ecosystem. Life too is marked by its diversity and interconnectedness. We encounter people from different backgrounds, cultures, and walks of life, each bringing their unique perspectives and experiences. These interactions enrich our understanding of the world and broaden our horizons. Just as the wilderness thrives on biodiversity, our lives are made more vibrant and complete through the diverse relationships we form.(此外，荒野中充满了各种各样的动植物，每个物种都在一个微妙的生态系统中共存和相互作用。生活也以其多样性和相互联系为特征。我们会遇到来自不同背景、文化和各行各业的人，每个人都带来他们独特的观点和经历。这些互动丰富了我们对世界的理解，拓宽了我们的视野。就像荒野依靠生物多样性繁荣发展一样，我们通过建立多样化的关系使我们的生活更加充满活力和完整)”可知，“微妙的生态系统”这一比喻主要强调了不同元素之间的共生相互依存关系。故选C项。 15．推理判断题。根据第五段“In this wilderness called life, we are both the explorers and the explored. As we venture forth, we not only discover new landscapes but also uncover new facets of ourselves.(在这片叫做生活的荒野里，我们既是探索者又是被探索者。当我们向前迈进时，我们不仅发现了新的风景，也发现了自己新的一面)”可知，“我们既是探索者也是被探索者”这句话说明我们既是发现新风景的探索者，也是发现了自己新的一面的被探索者，暗示了观察者和参与者角色的矛盾同时性。故选D项。 16．推理判断题。根据第二段“There are no predetermined paths, no clear signposts to direct us towards our destination. We must rely on our instincts, our inner compass, to find our way forward.(没有预先确定的道路，没有清晰的路标指引我们到达目的地。我们必须依靠我们的本能，我们内心的指南针，来找到前进的道路)”可知，inner compass（内在罗盘） 的核心是依靠个人本能与自我认知做人生抉择，而第二段明确指出 “人生无预设路径、无明确路标”，即否定了 “依赖外部集体性指引” 的决策方式。“collectivist paradigms of social navigation（集体主义的社会导航范式）” 指以集体规范、群体期待为导向规划人生，这与inner compass 的 “自主决策” 逻辑对立，因此是隐喻隐含的批判对象。故选D项。 Passage 5 I once found myself in the darkest valley of my life. Gossip and rumors, like a storm of arrows, rained down upon me from all directions. They struck me mercilessly, leaving invisible wounds that bled with every passing day. My world, once filled with the vibrant colors of hope and joy, was now painted in the bleak shades of despair and confusion. I felt as if I were trapped in a labyrinth, with no exit in sight, and every turn leading to another dead end of self-doubt and fear. During those tormenting days, I sought solace in the most unexpected of places-the pages of classical literature. I remember the first time I opened a renowned classic, its words seemed to whisper to me in a language both ancient and familiar. As I delved deeper into the text, I was amazed to find that the struggles of the characters mirrored my own in many ways. They too had faced trials and tribulations, had been misunderstood and judged by others, yet they had found the strength to persevere. One particular novel left an indelible mark on my soul. The protagonist, a woman of great depth and resilience, faced a scandal that threatened to ruin her reputation and life. But instead of succumbing to despair, she retreated into her inner world, using her intellect and wisdom to navigate through the storm. Her journey was fraught with pain and uncertainty, yet she emerged stronger and more self-assured than before. Reading this story was like holding a mirror up to my own life. I began to see that the gossip and rumors were not a reflection of who I truly was. They were merely the shadows cast by the fear and ignorance of others. I realized that my worth was not defined by the words of others, but by the substance of my character and the integrity of my actions. As I continued to immerse myself in the world of literature, I discovered valuable lessons about life and human nature. I learned that suffering, though painful, could be a catalyst for growth and transformation. The characters in the books showed me that even in the darkest of times, there was always a glimmer of hope, a spark of light waiting to be fanned into a flame. Gradually, I started to rebuild my life, one step at a time. I drew strength from the resilience of the literary figures I had come to admire. I learned to value my own thoughts and feelings, to trust in my own judgment, and to rise above the noise of gossip and judgments. This experience taught me an invaluable lesson about life. It showed me that during our darkest moments, when the world seems to have turned its back on us, the greatest source of strength and wisdom can be found within ourselves and in the timeless wisdom of great literature. The journey from despair to self-discovery is not an easy one, but it is a journey worth taking, for it leads us to a deeper understanding of ourselves and the true meaning of life. And in the end, it is this understanding that allows us to emerge from the shadows and walk once again in the light, with our heads held high and our hearts filled with renewed hope and purpose. 17．The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to . A．Critique the destructive power of social judgment through allegorical metaphors. B．Chronicle a psychological metamorphosis catalyzed by introspective engagement with art. C．Contrast ephemeral worldly tribulations with enduring philosophical truths. D．Deconstruct the ontological relationship between external perception and self-concept. 18．The protagonist’s retreat into her “inner world”(Paragraph 3) most likely implies . A．A strategic disengagement from interpersonal conflicts through intellectual sublimation. B．An epistemological shift from empirical reasoning to intuitive cognition. C．The prioritization of subjective interpretation over objective reality. D．A dialectical synthesis of existential suffering and creative transcendence. 19．The metaphor “shadows cast by the fear and ignorance of others”(Paragraph 4) suggests gossip is fundamentally . A．Projections of others' unexamined biases B．Distorted reflections of latent insecurities C．Epistemological voids in collective consciousness D．Cognitive dissonance manifesting as social phenomena 20．The literary figures’ resilience is portrayed as deriving from . A．Systematic deconstruction of societal norms B．Existential detachment from temporal concerns C．Alchemical transformation of adversity D．Hermeneutic reinterpretation of personal narratives 【答案】17．B 18．D 19．A 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者在遭流言困扰时借古典文学实现自我蜕变的故事。 17．推理判断题。通读全文，根据第一段的“I once found myself in the darkest valley of my life. Gossip and rumors, like a storm of arrows, rained down upon me from all directions.(我曾一度深陷于人生中最黑暗的低谷。流言蜚语如暴风骤雨般的利箭，从四面八方朝我倾泻而来)”以及第二段的“During those tormenting days, I sought solace in the most unexpected of places-the pages of classical literature.(在那段令人煎熬难捱的日子里，我竟在最意想不到之处寻得了慰藉——那便是古典文学的书页之间)”可知，文章开篇讲述作者处于人生低谷，受到流言蜚语的伤害，之后通过阅读古典文学，从书中人物的经历中获得启示，实现了从绝望到自我发现的转变，心理状态发生了变化。作者主要是在记录一次由对艺术（古典文学）的内省式接触所催化的心理蜕变过程。故选B。 18．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The protagonist, a woman of great depth and resilience, faced a scandal that threatened to ruin her reputation and life. But instead of succumbing to despair, she retreated into her inner world, using her intellect and wisdom to navigate through the storm. Her journey was fraught with pain and uncertainty, yet she emerged stronger and more self-assured than before.(这位主人公是一位内心深邃且极具韧性的女性，她遭遇了一场可能会毁掉她声誉和生活的丑闻。但她没有向绝望屈服，而是退回到自己的内心世界，运用自己的才智和智慧在这场风暴中艰难前行。她的历程充满了痛苦与不确定性，然而，她最终变得比以往更强大、更自信了)”可知，主人公将生活中的痛苦和困境这种存在性的苦难通过进入内心世界，运用智慧去应对，实现了自身的成长和超越，这是一种将苦难转化为成长动力的创造性超越，体现了存在性苦难和创造性超越的辩证结合。所以主人公退回到她的 “内心世界” 最有可能暗示的是存在性苦难和创造性超越的辩证综合。故选D。 19．推理判断题。根据第四段中“I began to see that the gossip and rumors were not a reflection of who I truly was. They were merely the shadows cast by the fear and ignorance of others. I realized that my worth was not defined by the words of others, but by the substance of my character and the integrity of my actions.(我开始明白，那些流言蜚语并非是对真实自我的反映。它们只不过是他人的恐惧和无知所投射出的阴影罢了。我意识到，我的价值并非由他人的言论所决定，而是取决于我自身品格的实质以及我行为的正直与否)” 可知，作者认为流言蜚语不是自己真实的反映，只是他人的恐惧和无知所投射出来的影子。这表明流言本质上是他人未经审视的偏见的投射。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据第五段中“As I continued to immerse myself in the world of literature, I discovered valuable lessons about life and human nature. I learned that suffering, though painful, could be a catalyst for growth and transformation. The characters in the books showed me that even in the darkest of times, there was always a glimmer of hope, a spark of light waiting to be fanned into a flame.(当我继续沉浸在文学的世界中时，我领悟到了有关生活和人性的宝贵道理。我明白了，苦难虽然痛苦，但却可以成为成长与蜕变的催化剂。书中的人物向我展示了，即便处于最黑暗的时刻，也总会有一丝希望的曙光，那是一星等待着被煽成火焰的光芒)”可知，作者从文学作品中了解到痛苦可以成为成长和转变的催化剂，书中的人物即使在最黑暗的时刻也能找到希望，将困境转化为成长的动力。这说明文学人物的韧性来自于对逆境的转化。故选C。 Passage 6 In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? Some argue all the discoveries would have been made by other people. They believe if the time was ripe in conceptual and technological terms, someone would have got there sooner or later. This is the used and abused understanding of theories that were “in the air”. Independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace (the latter 15 years behind Darwin) arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in biological evolution, is called convergence: two non-closely related species develop similar functional adaptations. This occurs because the environment poses similar survival problems to both, namely similar selective pressures. This is an important clue that can help explain why this dynamic also exists in scientific knowledge: There are similar selective pressures and different research groups that compete to come up with the solutions. If we analyze the steps undertaken that led to the result, we can see that there were in fact some accidental elements. The overall dynamic was not accidental, though. Yet is it really possible that all discoveries were in the air? Let us assume for a moment that this is true and that the most luck can do is speed up the inevitable. All scientists arc standing on the shoulders of the giants who have gone before them, and there is objectively a cumulative (积累的) element in science. Nevertheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. The mind of the giant was imprisoned by prior knowledge and so trapped within the framework of established habits, research questions, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge. And so it will have been possible for them to imagine other worlds. This suggests that it will be innovators, with their prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and unexpected. 21．In paragraph 2 “serendipity” refers to __________. A．accidental invention B．emergence of problems C．late recognition D．chemical innovation 22．The example of Darwin and Wallace is given to illustrate __________. A．fierce competition among biological scientists B．the important role of similar data in intentional research C．independent but similar solutions under shared pressures D．limited resources and technological dependency in science 23．What advantage might lesser-known scientists have over established researchers? A．Access to advanced tools. B．Freedom from rigid mindsets. C．Stronger peer cooperation. D．Greater funding opportunities. 24．Which statement best reflects the main idea of the passage? A．All discoveries are inevitable results of technological progress. B．Serendipity alone drives groundbreaking scientific achievements. C．Traditional methods prevent innovation and should be abandoned. D．Major breakthroughs integrate prepared minds with accidental opportunities. 【答案】21．A 22．C 23．B 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了科学发现和创新背后的本质。 21．词义猜测题。根据第一段“In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. (20世纪初，法国化学家爱德华·本尼迪克特偶然发明了防碎玻璃。但直到汽车市场产生了问题，而他已经找到了答案，这个问题的重要性和相关性才显现出来)”及第二段“Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? (然而，即使像本尼迪克图斯的故事中那样，运气也起了作用，一个更广泛的问题仍然存在：这些发现真的是天生的运气，还是“在空中”，等待着合适的人来抓住它们)”可知，第一段提到Benedictus偶然发明防碎玻璃，第二段讨论“运气是否主导发现”。文中Such moments恰到承上启下的作用，由此推断划线单词的含义是“不可预测的创新，发现，偶然的新发现”。故选A。 22．推理判断题。根据第三段“Independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace (the latter 15 years behind Darwin) arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in biological evolution, is called convergence: two non-closely related species develop similar functional adaptations. This occurs because the environment poses similar survival problems to both, namely similar selective pressures. This is an important clue that can help explain why this dynamic also exists in scientific knowledge: There are similar selective pressures and different research groups that compete to come up with the solutions.(查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）和阿尔弗雷德·华莱士（Alfred R. Wallace）（后者比达尔文晚了15年）各自独立地提出了自然选择进化论，他们都依靠类似的数据。理论中存在着细微的差异，但思想上的一致性却是惊人的。这种现象也存在于生物进化中，被称为趋同：两个不密切相关的物种发展出相似的功能适应。这是因为环境给两者带来了相似的生存问题，即相似的选择压力。这是一个重要的线索，可以帮助解释为什么这种动态也存在于科学知识中：有类似的选择压力和不同的研究小组竞争提出解决方案)”可知，达尔文和华莱士独立提出自然选择理论，依赖相似的数据，且思想惊人的巧合，后文用生物学趋同进化进行类比：即不同物种因相似环境压力发展出相似适应性。由此推断文中以达尔文和华莱士为例为了说明在共同压力下独立进行研究，但却得出相似的解决方案。故选C。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge. (另一方面，新出现的、不知名的科学家将会以这样或那样的方式打破既定知识的枷锁。)”可知，不太知名的科学家可以摆脱僵化的思维方式。故选B。 24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. (20世纪初，法国化学家爱德华·本尼迪克特偶然发明了防碎玻璃)”，第二段“Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. (这些偶然发现的时刻揭示了创新不可预测的本质)”，第三段“This occurs because the environment poses similar survival problems to both, namely similar selective pressures. This is an important clue that can help explain why this dynamic also exists in scientific knowledge: There are similar selective pressures and different research groups that compete to come up with the solutions. (这是因为环境给两者带来了相似的生存问题，即相似的选择压力。这是一个重要的线索，可以帮助解释为什么这种动态也存在于科学知识中：有类似的选择压力和不同的研究小组竞争提出解决方案)”，第四段“Yet is it really possible that all discoveries were in the air? (然而，真的有可能所有的发现都在空中吗)”及最后一段“And so it will have been possible for them to imagine other worlds. This suggests that it will be innovators, with their prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and unexpected. (所以他们有可能想象出其他的世界。这表明，有准备的创新者更有可能获得偶然的发现，即非常规的和意想不到的发现)”可知，首段通过偶然发现引发对创新本质的探讨，继而开始论述创新不可预测的本质。说明相似问题催生相似解决方案，最后得出核心结论，即重大发现=准备好的头脑+偶然机遇。由此得知，全文在探讨科学发现和创新背后的本质，即有准备的头脑和偶然的机会相结合可以创造重大的突破。故选D。 ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 时文阅读技巧在高考解题中的应用（真题案例） 高考时文阅读聚焦科技发展、社会热点、文化交流等主题，题型以主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、观点态度为主。本文核心是“技巧+解题”深度绑定，先讲解适配不同题型的可操作阅读技巧，再通过真题案例演示技巧应用，最后用近3年真题练习强化，帮助学生快速掌握“读文有方法、解题有抓手”的核心能力。 方法讲解 核心方法讲解：题型适配型阅读技巧 时文阅读的核心逻辑是“先抓框架，再找细节，按需解题”，不同题型对应不同的阅读侧重点和技巧，以下技巧均附明确操作步骤，直接对接解题场景： · 1. 主旨大意题：“框架定位法”（找核心论点/主题） 适用题型：考查段落主旨、全文主旨（如“What is the main idea of the passage?”“What does the passage mainly talk about?”） 操作步骤： 1 快速扫读文章首尾段+各段首句，标记“转折词（but/however）、总结词（in short/thus）、观点词（think/believe）”——这些词后多为核心观点 2 排除“细节干扰项”：若选项仅涉及某一段的具体内容（如某个例子、某个数据），大概率不是主旨 3 提炼高频词：全文重复出现的名词/名词短语，多是主旨的核心话题（如“renewable energy”“bike-sharing”） ④ 验证：将候选主旨代入全文，判断是否能覆盖各段核心内容。 关键提醒：时文主旨多“开门见山”或“结尾总结”，优先关注首尾段；遇到“总分/分总”结构，直接定位“总”的部分。 · 2. 细节理解题：“关键词定位法”（精准找对应信息） 适用题型：考查具体事实、数据、因果关系等（如“What caused...?”“Which of the following is true according to the passage?”） 操作步骤： 1 从题干中提取“关键词”（专有名词、数字、特殊名词、否定词等，如“2024”“Piet Oudolf”“not”） 2 带着关键词回原文快速扫描，定位到包含关键词的1-2个句子（精准定位，不读无关内容） 3 比对原文与选项：重点关注“同义替换”（如原文“reduce”对应选项“decrease”）、“因果逻辑”（because/so等），排除“偷换概念”（如原文“some”换成选项“all”）、“无中生有”（选项内容原文未提及）的干扰项 ④ 验证：确保选项内容与原文定位句语义完全一致。 关键提醒：时文细节题答案多是原文信息的“同义改写”，无需过度推理；定位不到关键词时，可根据题干话题锁定对应段落。 · 3. 推理判断题：“逻辑推导法”（基于原文合理推断） 适用题型：考查隐含意义、作者意图、读者对象等（如“What can we infer from Paragraph 3?”“What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?”） 操作步骤： 1 定位题干对应的原文段落/句子，标记“逻辑标志词”（因果、转折、条件等，如“since”“but”“if”） 2 排除“原文原句”：推理题答案是“隐含信息”，直接摘抄原文的选项大概率错误 3 基于原文逻辑推导：从已知信息推出合理结论（如原文“many countries focus on renewable energy”可推出“traditional energy has drawbacks”） ④ 验证：确保推导结论不偏离原文主旨，无过度联想。 关键提醒：时文推理题“有据可依”，所有推断都要基于原文信息，不能凭常识主观判断。 · 4. 观点态度题：“情感词定位法”（抓作者情感倾向） 适用题型：考查作者对某事物的态度（如“What is the author’s attitude towards...?”“The author’s tone in the passage is...”） 操作步骤： 1 回原文定位“情感态度词”（形容词、副词、动词等，如“positive”“fortunately”“support”“criticize”） 2 区分“作者态度”与“他人态度”：注意原文中是否有“sb. thinks”“some people argue”等，避免混淆 3 归类态度倾向：正面（supportive/optimistic）、负面（critical/doubtful）、中立（neutral/objective） ④ 验证：结合全文主旨判断态度是否一致（如主旨是“推广绿色出行”，作者对“共享单车”大概率是正面态度）。 关键提醒：时文作者态度多明确，少数客观说明类文章为中立态度；遇到“indifferent（冷漠的）”“biased（偏见的）”等选项，大概率是干扰项。 典型例题 · 案例1：主旨大意题（2024新课标I卷） 真题片段：Renewable energy is gaining popularity around the world. Many countries are investing heavily in solar and wind power. For example, China has built the world’s largest solar power station. Besides, wind farms have been set up in many coastal areas. These efforts help reduce carbon emissions and protect the environment. 题目：What is the main idea of this passage?（ ） A. China leads the world in solar power B. Renewable energy is developing globally C. Wind farms are popular in coastal areas D. How to reduce carbon emissions 案例2：细节理解题（2023新课标II卷） 真题片段：Bike-sharing services have become popular in many cities. Users can rent a bike with a mobile app and return it at any designated station. The cost is usually low, about 1 yuan per 30 minutes. This service not only provides convenience for people’s travel but also helps reduce traffic jams. 题目：Which of the following is true about bike-sharing services?（ ） A. Users need to return bikes at the rental station B. The cost is 1 yuan per hour C. It helps reduce traffic jams D. It is popular only in big cities · 案例3：推理判断题（2025浙江卷） 真题片段：Urban green belts are important for ecological balance. They can absorb harmful gases and provide habitats for small animals. However, many green belts are being destroyed due to urban expansion. If this trend continues, the urban ecological environment will be seriously affected. 题目：What can we infer from the passage?（ ） A. Urban green belts are useless for humans B. Urban expansion is harmful to the ecological balance C. All green belts have been destroyed D. Small animals only live in green belts · 案例4：观点态度题（2024新课标II卷） 真题片段：Online reading has become common, but it has some disadvantages. It is easy for readers to get distracted by pop-up ads. Besides, staring at screens for a long time is bad for eyes. In contrast, print reading allows readers to focus better and is healthier. I prefer print reading for deep reading. 题目：What is the author’s attitude towards print reading?（ ） A. Supportive B. Doubtful C. Neutral D. Critical 即时练习 练习1：2023新课标I卷·主旨大意题 真题片段：Digital minimalism is a lifestyle that helps people reduce their dependence on digital devices. It advises people to use digital tools only when necessary and focus on real-life interactions. Many people who practice digital minimalism say they feel more relaxed and have more time for hobbies. 题目：What is the main idea of the passage?（ ） A. How to use digital tools wisely B. The benefits of real-life interactions C. What digital minimalism is and its advantages D. Why people depend on digital devices 练习2：2024新课标I卷·细节理解题 真题片段：Observational data are becoming more important in scientific research. These data are collected by ordinary people through mobile apps. Compared with primary data from physical specimens, observational data are easier to collect and cover a wider range. 题目：What is the advantage of observational data?（ ） A. It is collected by scientists B. It is harder to collect C. It covers a wider range D. It comes from physical specimens 练习3：2025全国卷I·推理判断题 真题片段：Plant-based diets have become popular because more people care about health and the environment. Meat production uses a lot of water and land, and it produces a lot of carbon dioxide. Plant-based foods, however, require less resources and produce fewer emissions. 题目：What can we infer from the passage?（ ） A. Plant-based diets are better for the environment B. Meat production is cheap C. No one eats meat anymore D. Plant-based foods are more expensive 练习4：2023新课标II卷·观点态度题 真题片段：Online courses have made education more accessible. Students from remote areas can learn from top teachers. However, online courses lack face-to-face interaction, which may affect learning effectiveness. Overall, online courses are a useful supplement to traditional education. 题目：What is the author’s attitude towards online courses?（ ） A. Fully supportive B. Strongly critical C. Objective D. Doubtful 练习5：2024浙江卷·细节理解题 真题片段：Matrix gardens group plants with similar needs. This helps plants grow better together. The gardens also conserve water and reduce weeds. A study shows that matrix gardens use 30% less water than traditional gardens. 题目：How much less water do matrix gardens use than traditional ones?（ ） A. 20% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70% 练习6：2025新课标II卷·推理判断题 真题片段：Parenting discussions often cover many topics, but food is not a good one. Forcing children to talk about food preferences may make them anxious. It is better to let children make their own choices about food. 题目：What can we infer about the author’s advice on parenting food issues?（ ） A. Parents should force children to talk about food B. Parents should let children decide on food by themselves C. Food is the most important topic in parenting D. Children are never anxious about food choices Passage 1 Nietzsche (尼采) was wrong: When you gaze long enough into the abyss (深渊), the abyss does not gaze back into you. Instead, the cosmic (宇宙的) void (空白) remains silent and frightening in its vastness. When looking at the vast emptiness of the universe, there is a temptation (诱惑) to look at our tiny world with nihilism (虚无主义). To feel that our great achievements amount to nothing. That our history fails to leave a mark. That our concerns and anxieties are pointless. I’m a cosmologist, the kind of scientist who studies the origin, history and evolution of the universe. I have spent years working to understand what cosmic voids teach us.And in the course of my studies, I have learned to reject that temptation. It’s true that Earth is neither large nor long-lived, but that is only one way of measuring significance. Compared with the cosmic voids, there is something special happening on our planet. Earth is still the only known place in the entire universe where conscious beings raise their curious eyes to the sky and wonder. Earth is the only known place where humans can exist. It is the only known place where laughter, love, anger and joy exist. The only known place where we can find dance, music, and art. Our disagreements and all the beautiful complexities that make us human aren’t meaningless.The experiences in our lives are special because they will never happen in the empty expanse of most of the universe. The same lessons that cosmic voids teach us are found in the voids we encounter in our own lives. The presence of voids guarantees the opposite; they create contrast; they are full of potential. The pain we feel from loss is the last reminder of the gift of a life deeply loved. The silence before a performance is full of electric expectation. Our choice to ignore stressful news is necessary to allow us to focus on what truly matters. Artists have long understood the power of the void. The 12th-century poet Saigyo noted that the pauses between raindrops were as important as the drops themselves. The famed architect Rem celebrated the usefulness of negative spaces, declaring, “Where there is nothing, everything is possible.” The universe won’t do anything for us except give us the freedom to exist. It is our job to fill the universe with meaning and purpose. 1．What does the author suggest about the“temptation” in paragraph 2? A．It reflects humanity’s fear of cosmic emptiness. B．It strengthens people’s scientific curiosity about the void. C．It leads people to understate Earth’s unique qualities. D．It comes from the universe’s coldness to human existence. 2．Why does the author reject the temptation? A．He is a cosmologist who believes science. B．Earth remains the only known home for human experiences. C．Human experiences differ from those in voids. D．Earth’s small size and short life makes it unique. 3．What is the main purpose of paragraph 5? A．To explain why voids exist in universe and life. B．To suggest people should remove empty spaces in life. C．To analyze how emptiness in life offers significance. D．To prove filling empty spaces creates greater purpose. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Cosmic Voids: A Scientist’s Technical Analysis B．Filling the Emptiness: Finding Meaning in the Vast Universe C．Nietzsche Revisited: When Philosophy Meets Astronomy D．The Silent Universe: Why Our Existence Means Nothing Passage 2 In the Alps and Apennines of southern Europe, longhorn beetles are moving uphill, and a rare brown butterfly with orange-tipped wings is facing extinction due to isolation (隔离) at high peaks. This is a picture of a global trend. With temperatures rising and pressure on biodiversity growing, insects vital to our ecosystems are not only moving north and south, but up. Research shows many animals are making similar moves, but insects’ high levels of mobility and short generation times allow them to respond quickly to change. Bumblebees in the Pyrenees have moved upwards on average by more than a metre a year, with some species making significantly greater journeys. All of this shows the speed of climate change and its ecological impacts at higher altitudes (海拔). In ecology, finding the “smoking gun” to neatly explain any phenomenon is generally difficult. Prof. Christy McCain, who runs Colorado University’s Mountain Lab, said: “One thing that people don’t think about as much is context: how climate affects insects at different life stages, such as eggs and larvae (幼虫). Measuring adults in summer might not reveal the most critical impacts of climate change, especially in cold and dry mountain environments.” McCain believes the way data has been collected historically is preventing their understanding, with too many museum specimens (标本) from low altitudes, and far fewer from higher up. And many groups other than butterflies and moths (蛾) have been neglected. To support her view, she cites research on carrion beetles by a student in her lab. The study shows that climate tolerance might be passed down in these impacts, which play a key role in decomposition and protect them from extreme conditions. Their long history since the Cretaceous (白垩纪) also aids their adaptation today. There is no such thing as a standard insect or response to environmental change. For some groups, it might be a case of the bigger and more mobile they are, the better their chances. There is also no universal upland habitat and this too could prove a saving grace. 5．Bumblebees in the Pyrenees are mentioned because ______. A．they are more mobile than other insects B．they have adapted well to higher altitudes C．they are a useful indicator of climate change D．they face extinction due to upward movement 6．Which statement may McCain agree with according to paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Study context is beyond grasp. B．Research data are hard to obtain. C．Insect samples are unrepresentative. D．Collection method is unconventional. 7．Why does McCain cite research on carrion beetles? A．To argue for their sensitivity to environmental changes. B．To call for the protection of insects from higher altitudes. C．To redirect focus from insects moving uphill to those downhill. D．To offer new insights into insects’ adaptation to climate change. 8．What does “a saving grace” in the last paragraph mean? A．A method used to collect data. B．A problem that needs to be solved. C．A feature that helps improve a situation. D．A type of insect that adapts well to change. Passage 3 Chinese scientists have made a significant breakthrough in producing hydrogen from water using light. They added scandium (钪) to titanium dioxide (二氧化钛, TiO₂) to create a new TiO₂ structure. This innovation increases hydrogen production efficiency 15 times under sunlight compared to previous TiO₂ materials. The new performance of photocatalys, which is a chemical reaction that is accelerated by the absorption of light by a catalyst (催化剂) is due to 5% scandium doping. This creates TiO₂ particles with two crystal facets (面): {101} and {110}. The {101} facet collects electrons, while the {110} facet receives holes. This arrangement produces a strong electric field within the TiO₂ particles, enhancing charge transport efficiency. As a result, the photoinduced (光诱导的) charge separation efficiency has improved over 200 times, and the quantum efficiency for ultraviolet light at 360 nm has exceeded 30%. Compared to traditional solar hydrogen production methods like photovoltaic-powered electrolysis, this new approach is simpler and more cost-effective. Traditional methods require complex and expensive equipment, while TiO₂-based photocatalysts offer a more straightforward alternative. However, TiO₂ has a problem: photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly, reducing efficiency. The scandium-doped TiO₂ solves this problem in two ways: 1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron-hole recombination. 2. Reconstructing the Crystal Surface: Scandium atoms rearrange the crystal surface to form specific facets, giving electrons and holes more time and space to participate in reactions. If made into a 100 m² photocatalytic panel, this material could generate enough hydrogen in one day to power a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to travel about 68 kilometers. China has the world’s largest TiO₂ production capacity and significant scandium reserves, so this discovery could facilitate the large-scale industrial application of photocatalytic water splitting technology. It offers a promising way for more efficient and economical hydrogen production, which is crucial for transitioning to sustainable and carbon-neutral energy systems. This advancement highlights the potential of rare-earth elements in improving photocatalytic materials. As the world seeks ways to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change, this scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst provides hope. It could accelerate the adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier and support the development of hydrogen-powered technologies across various industries. In summary, this new scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst is a major step forward in renewable energy. Its impressive performance and potential for widespread application bring us closer to a future where clean, sustainable hydrogen energy is both abundant and economically feasible. This breakthrough is expected to inspire further research and innovation in the design of advanced photocatalytic materials, driving the world closer to a carbon-neutral and sustainable energy future. 9．What fundamental innovation enables the dramatic improvement in hydrogen production efficiency? A．Substituting rare-earth elements for traditional catalysts. B．Optimizing catalyst structure through elemental integration. C．Developing ultra-thin semiconductor membrane layers. D．Implementing multi-stage photovoltaic conversion systems. 10．Which dual mechanism addresses the rapid recombination of electrons and holes? A．Neutralizing ionic imbalances and restructuring reactive pathways. B．Enhancing photon absorption and extending wavelength ranges. C．Introducing magnetic fields and cooling thermal byproducts. D．Isolating oxygen molecules and pressurizing reaction chambers. 11．Considering China’s industrial context, which factor would most critically determine the scalability of this technology? A．Global market demand for hydrogen vehicles. B．Availability of specialized manufacturing equipment. C．Domestic mineral resource distribution patterns. D．International carbon emission regulations. 12．A renewable energy startup plans to pilot this technology. Which implementation challenge aligns with the statement “photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly”  (para. 3)? A．Maintaining stable light intensity across large surface areas. B．Preventing premature energy loss during charge migration. C．Scaling up ultraviolet light filtration systems. D．Balancing production costs with catalyst durability. Passage 4 Life can be metaphorically perceived as a vast wilderness, an extensive and uncharted terrain waiting to be explored. This analogy carries profound implications that can offer us unique insights into the essence of existence and guide us towards a more fulfilling and purposeful life. The wilderness is vast, mysterious, and full of uncertainties, much like life itself. When we step into this wilderness that is life, we are faced with the unknown at every turn. There are no predetermined paths, no clear signposts to direct us towards our destination. We must rely on our instincts, our inner compass, to find our way forward. This uncertainty can be daunting, yet it is precisely this uncertainty that makes life infused with adventure and potential. Just as explorers in a wilderness must be prepared to face unexpected challenges and adapt to ever-changing circumstances, we too must cultivate resilience and flexibility in our life journey. We will encounter obstacles that seem insurmountable, situations that test our patience and resolve. However, it is through these trials that we discover our inner strength and capabilities that we never knew we possessed. Each difficulty overcome is a step forward in our personal growth and development. Moreover, the wilderness is a place of solitude and self-discovery. In the quiet expanse of the wilderness, away from the noise and distractions of civilization, one can hear the faint voice of their inner self. Similarly, life provides us with moments of solitude, times when we are stripped of external validations and material possessions, and are left alone with our thoughts. These moments, though sometimes uncomfortable, are crucial for self-reflection and introspection. They allow us to question our values, our goals, and our direction in life. It is in these moments of stillness that we can reconnect with our true passions and desires, away from the influences and expectations of others. We can then use this clarity to make more authentic and meaningful choices about our future. Furthermore, the wilderness is teeming with diverse flora and fauna, each species coexisting and interacting within a delicate ecosystem. Life too is marked by its diversity and interconnectedness. We encounter people from different backgrounds, cultures, and walks of life, each bringing their unique perspectives and experiences. These interactions enrich our understanding of the world and broaden our horizons. Just as the wilderness thrives on biodiversity, our lives are made more vibrant and complete through the diverse relationships we form. We learn from others, we share and exchange ideas, and together we create a richer tapestry of human experience. In this wilderness called life, we are both the explorers and the explored. As we venture forth, we not only discover new landscapes but also uncover new facets of ourselves. The journey is not always easy, but it is in the challenges and the unknown that we find the opportunity for growth and transformation. So let us embrace this wilderness with courage and curiosity. Let us not fear the uncertainties and the solitude, but see them as stepping stones towards a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. In doing so, we can truly live a life that is authentic, meaningful, and rich in experience. 13．The author’s primary purpose is to . A．Critique humanity’s futile attempts to impose order on chaotic existence. B．Articulate a metaphorical framework for interpreting existential authenticity. C．Contrast biological ecosystems with social constructs of human civilization. D．Advocate for radical individualism through rejection of societal norms. 14．The ‌“delicate ecosystem” analogy (Paragraph 4) primarily serves to emphasize . A．The predatory nature of interpersonal competition B．Cognitive dissonance in multicultural environments C．Symbiotic interdependence of disparate elements D．Ephemeral quality of social hierarchies 15．The statement ‌“we are both the explorers and the explored” most profoundly suggests . A．Subjective-objective duality in phenomenological experience B．Dialectical tension between agency and determinism C．Recursive nature of introspective processes D．Paradoxical simultaneity of observer/participant roles 16．The ‌“inner compass” (Paragraph 2) metaphor contains an implicit critique of . A．Cartesian dualism’s mind-body dichotomy B．Utilitarian approaches to decision-making C．Behaviorist models of environmental adaptation D．Collectivist paradigms of social navigation Passage 5 I once found myself in the darkest valley of my life. Gossip and rumors, like a storm of arrows, rained down upon me from all directions. They struck me mercilessly, leaving invisible wounds that bled with every passing day. My world, once filled with the vibrant colors of hope and joy, was now painted in the bleak shades of despair and confusion. I felt as if I were trapped in a labyrinth, with no exit in sight, and every turn leading to another dead end of self-doubt and fear. During those tormenting days, I sought solace in the most unexpected of places-the pages of classical literature. I remember the first time I opened a renowned classic, its words seemed to whisper to me in a language both ancient and familiar. As I delved deeper into the text, I was amazed to find that the struggles of the characters mirrored my own in many ways. They too had faced trials and tribulations, had been misunderstood and judged by others, yet they had found the strength to persevere. One particular novel left an indelible mark on my soul. The protagonist, a woman of great depth and resilience, faced a scandal that threatened to ruin her reputation and life. But instead of succumbing to despair, she retreated into her inner world, using her intellect and wisdom to navigate through the storm. Her journey was fraught with pain and uncertainty, yet she emerged stronger and more self-assured than before. Reading this story was like holding a mirror up to my own life. I began to see that the gossip and rumors were not a reflection of who I truly was. They were merely the shadows cast by the fear and ignorance of others. I realized that my worth was not defined by the words of others, but by the substance of my character and the integrity of my actions. As I continued to immerse myself in the world of literature, I discovered valuable lessons about life and human nature. I learned that suffering, though painful, could be a catalyst for growth and transformation. The characters in the books showed me that even in the darkest of times, there was always a glimmer of hope, a spark of light waiting to be fanned into a flame. Gradually, I started to rebuild my life, one step at a time. I drew strength from the resilience of the literary figures I had come to admire. I learned to value my own thoughts and feelings, to trust in my own judgment, and to rise above the noise of gossip and judgments. This experience taught me an invaluable lesson about life. It showed me that during our darkest moments, when the world seems to have turned its back on us, the greatest source of strength and wisdom can be found within ourselves and in the timeless wisdom of great literature. The journey from despair to self-discovery is not an easy one, but it is a journey worth taking, for it leads us to a deeper understanding of ourselves and the true meaning of life. And in the end, it is this understanding that allows us to emerge from the shadows and walk once again in the light, with our heads held high and our hearts filled with renewed hope and purpose. 17．The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to . A．Critique the destructive power of social judgment through allegorical metaphors. B．Chronicle a psychological metamorphosis catalyzed by introspective engagement with art. C．Contrast ephemeral worldly tribulations with enduring philosophical truths. D．Deconstruct the ontological relationship between external perception and self-concept. 18．The protagonist’s retreat into her “inner world”(Paragraph 3) most likely implies . A．A strategic disengagement from interpersonal conflicts through intellectual sublimation. B．An epistemological shift from empirical reasoning to intuitive cognition. C．The prioritization of subjective interpretation over objective reality. D．A dialectical synthesis of existential suffering and creative transcendence. 19．The metaphor “shadows cast by the fear and ignorance of others”(Paragraph 4) suggests gossip is fundamentally . A．Projections of others' unexamined biases B．Distorted reflections of latent insecurities C．Epistemological voids in collective consciousness D．Cognitive dissonance manifesting as social phenomena 20．The literary figures’ resilience is portrayed as deriving from . A．Systematic deconstruction of societal norms B．Existential detachment from temporal concerns C．Alchemical transformation of adversity D．Hermeneutic reinterpretation of personal narratives Passage 6 In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? Some argue all the discoveries would have been made by other people. They believe if the time was ripe in conceptual and technological terms, someone would have got there sooner or later. This is the used and abused understanding of theories that were “in the air”. Independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace (the latter 15 years behind Darwin) arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in biological evolution, is called convergence: two non-closely related species develop similar functional adaptations. This occurs because the environment poses similar survival problems to both, namely similar selective pressures. This is an important clue that can help explain why this dynamic also exists in scientific knowledge: There are similar selective pressures and different research groups that compete to come up with the solutions. If we analyze the steps undertaken that led to the result, we can see that there were in fact some accidental elements. The overall dynamic was not accidental, though. Yet is it really possible that all discoveries were in the air? Let us assume for a moment that this is true and that the most luck can do is speed up the inevitable. All scientists arc standing on the shoulders of the giants who have gone before them, and there is objectively a cumulative (积累的) element in science. Nevertheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. The mind of the giant was imprisoned by prior knowledge and so trapped within the framework of established habits, research questions, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge. And so it will have been possible for them to imagine other worlds. This suggests that it will be innovators, with their prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and unexpected. 21．In paragraph 2 “serendipity” refers to __________. A．accidental invention B．emergence of problems C．late recognition D．chemical innovation 22．The example of Darwin and Wallace is given to illustrate __________. A．fierce competition among biological scientists B．the important role of similar data in intentional research C．independent but similar solutions under shared pressures D．limited resources and technological dependency in science 23．What advantage might lesser-known scientists have over established researchers? A．Access to advanced tools. B．Freedom from rigid mindsets. C．Stronger peer cooperation. D．Greater funding opportunities. 24．Which statement best reflects the main idea of the passage? A．All discoveries are inevitable results of technological progress. B．Serendipity alone drives groundbreaking scientific achievements. C．Traditional methods prevent innovation and should be abandoned. D．Major breakthroughs integrate prepared minds with accidental opportunities. ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $