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寒假作业08 动词不定式
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种。非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语的动词形式。动词不定式有及物和不及物之分,有时态和语态的变化。本章首先聚焦学习不定式的定义、形式和用法;然后逐一细致地讲解不定式在句中可作的成分;接着总结不定式省去to的情况;最后着重介绍不定式的时态和语态。不定式的时态是本章的压轴学习内容,其重要性可见一斑。
典型例句:1.He likes to swim in summer.他夏天喜欢游泳。
2.I have a lot of homework to do.我有很多作业要写。
3.It’s easy to get up early for me.早起对我来说很容易。
不定式概述
1.不定式的定义
动词不定式与动词-ing形式、过去分词一样,是动词的非谓语形式。它与动词原形同行,但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”,我们为了把这个“to”与介词“to”区别开来,叫它小品词。动词不定式存在不带to的情况。
2.不定式的形式
不定式的形式有六种(以动词give为例):
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
to+动词原形
(to give)
to be+过去分词
(to be given)
完成式
to have+过去分词
(to have given)
to have been+过去分词
(to have been given)
进行式
to be+现在分词
(to be giving)
—
完成进行式
to have been+现在分词
(to have been giving)
—
另外,请注意不定式与原形和现在式的区别(以be,have,go为例):
原形
现在式
不定式
be
am,is,are
to be
have
have,has
to have
go
go,goes
to go
3.不定式的用法
动词不定式可以作除了谓语外其他任何句子成分,包括主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它可以在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。
不定式作名词的用法
(1)概述
动词不定式在句子中的作用有时和名词相同,可以作主语、表语、宾语或宾语补足语。但是同时,动词不定式还保留了许多动词的特点。
动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法将在本章(5不定式作补足语)中讲到。
①For him to draw such a picture is not easy.(作主语)
(不定式+宾语)对于他来说,画这样的一张画是不容易的。
②His job is to clean all the windows.(作表语)
(不定式+宾语)他的工作就是擦所有这些窗户。
③He likes to go mountain climbing.(作宾语)
(不定式+宾语)他喜欢去爬山。
④The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately.(作宾补)
(不定式+间接宾语+直接宾语+修饰语)守卫命令我立刻向他出示通行证。
(2).不定式作主语
1.不定式作主语时,有时可用it作形式主语
①To live in the city is very expensive.在这座城市居住是非常昂贵的。
②To look after the safety of the community is his responsibility.保卫这个社区的安全是他的责任。
③To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
当作主语的不定式短语(即不定式带有自己的宾语、状语或逻辑上的主语)较长时,常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语(即不定式短语)放在谓语之后。
①可改为:It is very expensive to live tin the city.
②可改为:It is his responsibility to look after the safety of the community.
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用it作形式主语。
③不可改为:It is to believe to see.
2.带形式主语it的常见句型
句型一:It is+形容词+(for/of sb.)+to do sth.(做某事)
句型二:It is+a pleasure/a pity/an honour...+to do sth.(做某事很高兴/可惜/荣幸……)
句型三:It takes (sb.)+时间+to do sth.(某人花费了多长时间去做某事。)
“句型一”中我们常用for sb.或of sb.来作不定式的逻辑上的主语。但是什么情况下用for或of,主要是从以下两方面来进行区别:
A.两者所使用的形容词不同
a.for sb.句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词
difficult困难的
easy容易的
hard困难的
important重要的
impossible不可能的
interesting有趣的
necessary必要的
possible可能的
unnecessary不必要的
It is easy for me to learn how to drive.对于我来说,学习如何驾驶是很容易的。
It is important for us to express our opinions.对于我们来说,表达我们的意见是很重要的。
b.of sb.句型通常使用表示主观感情或态度的形容词
careful仔细的
clever聪明的
foolish愚蠢的
honest诚实的
impolite无礼的
kind和蔼的
nice好的
polite客气的
right正确的
rude粗鲁的
wise明智的
wrong错误的
It is clever of him to leave that company.对于他来说,离开那家公司是聪明的。
It was wise of your father to make an investment in property years ago.你父亲早几年投资房地产真是明智。
(3).不定式作表语
1.不定式作表语时常见的动词
不定式作表语时,一般紧紧跟在系动词后面,如be,seem,remain,appear,get等,用来说明主语的内容。
A use of the computer network is to send e-mails.计算机网络的一种作用是发送电子邮件。
Mary doesn’t seem to like the idea.玛丽似乎不喜欢这个主意。
2.不定式作表语时常见的主语
当dream,business,wish,idea,plan,job,work,task,duty等作主语时,及what sb. wants to do等作主语时,常用不定式作表语。
My wish is to be a doctor.我的愿望是成为一名医生。
What Joe wants to do seems to tell you something.乔想要做的似乎就是要告诉你一些事情。
比较:“主语(事物)+be+不定式(作表语)”,表示主语的具体内容。
His plan is to clean the room.他的计划是打扫房间。
“主语(人)+be+不定式(作表语)”,表示将来时,为“即将”之意。
He is to clean the room.他即将去打扫房间。
4.不定式作宾语
(1).不定式作动词宾语
A.不定式用在及物动词后作宾语,常用的及物动词有下列这些:
agree同意
aim计划
arrange安排,布置
intend打算
attempt试图,尝试
beg请求,乞求
choose选择
decide决定
demand要求
desire要求,期望
expect预料,盼望
fail失败
happen(偶然)发生
hope希望
manage设法做到
offer提供,提议
plan计划
prepare准备
pretend假装,装作
promise答应
prove证明
refuse拒绝
want想要
wish希望,想要
He decided to invite all of his classmates to attend the holiday at the beach.
他决定邀请他所有的同学到海滨度假。
He promised not to tell anyone about it.他答应不把这件事情告诉任何人。
The worker happened to know the place where we wanted to go.He promised us to be our tour guide.这位工人碰巧知道我们想要去的地方。他答应我们当我们的导游。
比较:promise to do sth.答应去做某件事
promise sb. to do sth.答应某人去做某件事
这两个句型都是指主语(即做出许诺的人)去做某事,但要注意它们含义的区别,如这个句子指的是工人答应我们他来当我们的导游,而不是我们去当导游。
Do you plan to stay overnight here?你打算在这儿过夜吗?
The theory proved to be correct at last.最后,这个理论证明是正确的。
B.如果宾语有自己的补语,则常用it作形式宾语,而把真正作宾语的不定式放到后面。常带有形式宾语的动词有下列这些:believe(相信)、consider(认为)、feel(感觉)、find(发现)、know(知道)、make(使得)、regard(认为)。
句型:主语+及物动词+it+宾语补足语+to do
(正)We think it important to obey the laws.
(误)We think to obey the laws is important.
我们认为遵守法律是十分重要的。
I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.
我知道在一天中完成这么多的作业是不可能的。
I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
(注意这一句不应逐字翻译,not真正否定的词是possible。)
我认为不花费大量时间去记忆,要掌握一门外语是不可能的。
C.为了避免重复,作宾语的不定式在第二次出现时往往省略动词原形,而只保留不定式的符号to。
(2).不定式作介词宾语
不定式除了可以作及物动词的宾语外,还可以作but,except,besides等介词的宾语。
A.当介词but,except,besides前面有行为动词do及其各种形式时,介词后面的不定式可以省去to;而若前面是其他动词时,介词后接带to的不定式。
句型:but/except/besides+(to) do sth.
What do you like to do besides play football?除了踢足球外,你还喜欢做什么?
We have no choice but to wait.除了等待,我们没有其他选择。
B.除but,except,besides外,个别介词可用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。
The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.这个男孩对怎样完成这项工作有他自己的想法。
不定式作形容词的用法
不定式有时起形容词作用,在句子中作定语,用来修饰名词或代词。不定式作定语时,置于它所修饰词的后面(而不能放在所修饰词的前面),而且往往放在其他后置定语的后面。
1.不定式与其所修饰的词之间的关系
不定式作定语时,往往与它所修饰的名词或代词形成逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系。
He always has a lot of meetings to attend.他总是有许多会议要参加。
(不定式to attend和名词meetings形成动宾关系。)
The next train to arrive was from Lanzhou.下一列到站的火车是从兰州开来的。
(不定式to arrive和名词train形成主谓关系。)
1.名词或代词+不定式(to+不及物动词)+介词
如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词,就要在这个不及物动词后面加上介词,使被修饰的这个词成为这个介词的逻辑宾语。
He is looking for a room to live in.
(不及物动词+介词)他正在找一个住的房间。
不定式中的live是不及物动词,需要加上一个适当的介词in,使被修饰的名词room成为介词in的逻辑宾语(介词宾语),即to live in a room。
2.名词或代词(地点、工具等)+不定式+介词
另外,有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面也应该有必要的介词。此时,被修饰的名词或代词是介词的逻辑宾语。
Please pass me some paper to write on.请递给我一些写字用的纸。
paper作介词on的逻辑宾语,即write on some paper。虽然write可以作及物动词,但paper不能作write的逻辑宾语,to write some paper是错误的。
Please lend me something to write with.请借给我一些写字用的东西。
something作介词with的逻辑宾语,to write with something可以理解为用某东西(铅笔、钢笔、粉笔等供写字用的笔)写。如果没有with,意思就不同了,变成了:to write something写某种东西(文章、故事、报告等)。
3.关于介词的省略
上述不定式后加介词时,一般不能省略介词,但不定式修饰place,time,way时,其后介词可省略。
He has no money and no place to live.他没有钱,也没有地方住。
The time to arrive is seven o’clock.到达的时间是7点。
I think the best way to travel is on foot.我认为旅行的最好方式是步行。
4.主谓关系的一般情况
主谓关系的一般情况是指不定式所修饰的名词或代词是它的逻辑主语。
A factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.一座发电厂明年将要建起来。
这句话的意思还可以用一个定语从句来表达,即:A factory that/which is to produce electricity will be set up next year.句子中的that/which指代的是工厂,所以可以理解为factory是动词不定式to produce electricity的逻辑主语。
5.主谓关系的特殊情况
在主谓关系中,当不定式所修饰的是序数词或是形容词最高级所修饰的名词时,或者这个名词被省略时,这个名词和不定式之间也是逻辑上的主谓关系。
Li Ming was the first (person) to arrive.李明是第一个到达的人。
2.不定式修饰something,anything和nothing
当不定式修饰something,anything和nothing时,也要放在这些词后面作后置定语;如果有形容词修饰上述三个词,则形容词应该放在它们的后面;如果既有形容词又有不定式修饰上述三个词时,则语序如下:
句型:something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式
Do you have anything interesting to read?你有什么有趣的读物吗?
比较:不定式与something,anything和nothing语序不同时,不定式语法功能不同,译文也不同。
I want something to read.我想要点儿可读的东西。
(不定式to read起形容词作用,在句子中作定语修饰something。)
I want to read something.我想读点儿东西。
(不定式to read起名词作用,在句子中作what的宾语,而something作不定式to read的宾语。)
3.不定式作定语时,用主动语态表示被动含义的情形
A.在There is something to do...句型中,用主动语态表示被动含义。
There is a letter to write.有一封信要写。=There is a letter to be written.(不常用)
说明:不定式所修饰的名词是动作的承受者,即“信要被写”。相当于:There is a letter (for sb.) to write.省略了for sb.,所以用主动语态。
There is something to pay attention to.有一件需要注意的事情。
B.当不定式修饰want,have等动词的宾语,而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,用主动语态表示被动含义。
We have no homework to do.(S+V+O+定语)我们没什么作业可做。
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式)
we是不定式to do的逻辑主语,可以理解为“We do no homework.”,所以用主动语态表示。
Mary has three babies to look after.(S+V+O+定语)玛丽要照看3个孩子。
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式)
Mary是不定式to look after的逻辑主语,可以理解为“Mary looks after three babies.”,所以用主动语态表示。
补充:如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语,那么不定式就需要用被动语态来表示。
I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post.(主动语态)
我要到邮局去,因为我有封信要寄。
A:Li Ming,I’m going to the post office.I know you have an important letter to post.Let me post it for you.李明,我要去邮局。听说你有一封重要的信要寄,让我替你寄吧。
B:Thank you.But I have no letters to be posted now.(被动语态)
谢谢,我现在没什么信要寄了。
C.当不定式修饰buy,get和give等动词的直接宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时,用主动语态表示被动含义。
Please buy me some newspapers to read.(V+间宾+直宾+定语)请给我买几张报纸看。
(me为不定式的逻辑主语,to read为不定式)
me是不定式to read的逻辑主语,即“我看报纸”,所以不定式要用主动语态。
I’ll give you some novels to read on the journey.(V+间宾+直宾+定语)
我给你几本小说供你在旅途中阅读。(you为不定式的逻辑主语,to read为不定式)
you是不定式to read的逻辑主语,即“你来看小说”,所以不定式要用主动语态。
不定式作副词的用法
不定式在句子中的作用有时和副词相同,可以作状语,表示原因、目的、结果。另外,不定式也可以修饰形容词。不定式紧跟在及物动词之后,作宾语;不定式紧跟在不及物动词之后,则作状语。
1.不定式作副词表示原因
1.修饰表示感情的形容词
不定式可以在表示感情的形容词后面来修饰该形容词,表示原因。
angry生气的
anxious忧虑的
disappointed失望的
eager渴望的
glad高兴的
happy快乐的
lucky幸运的
proud自豪的
willing愿意的
I’m sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。
Li Ming seemed willing to do that.李明似乎很愿意做那件事。
2.修饰表示感情以外的形容词
下列形容词常用于这类结构中,且这类句子的主语可以是人,也可以是物。
comfortable舒适的
difficult困难的
easy容易的
good好的
hard难的
soft柔软的
The house is very comfortable to live in.这是一座住起来很舒服的房子。
We found him easy to get along with.我们发现他是个很好相处的人。
2.不定式作副词表示目的
不定式在句子中作状语表示目的的情况很多、很常见,主要有以下几种情形。
A.不定式置于句尾
The local government has adopted new measures to deal with air pollution.
当地政府采取了新的措施来治理空气污染。
B.不定式置于句首
有时为加强语气,可把作目的状语的不定式提到句首来。
To preserve those buildings,only a few people are admitted each day.为了保护那些建筑,每天只有几个人被允许进去参观。
C.为加强语气,还可在不定式前加in order或so as。
I have brought along three objects to illustrate my talk.
=In order to illustrate my talk,I have brought along three objects.
=I have brought along three objects so as to illustrate my talk.为了举例说明,我随身带来了3件物品。
3.不定式作副词表示结果
不定式经常和only,never连用,强调结果和失望的情绪。
I hurried to get there only to find him out.我匆匆忙忙地赶到那儿,(没想到)他出去了。
They were separated that day,never to see each other again.那天他们被分开之后,再也没见过面。
4.不定式作副词的其他用法
1.too+形容词/副词+(for sb.)+to do sth.的用法
不定式在句子中作结果状语。“too...to...”表示“太……而不能……”,具有否定含义。
She is too young to go to school.
=She is so young that she can’t go to school.她太小了,不能上学。
This problem is too difficult (for us) to work out.
注意:用too...to句型时,不定式work out不能再加上it指代problem;用so...that复合句时,则必须用it。
句子主语可作不定式宾语(即work out this problem)时,不定式一般用主动式。
=This problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.这道题太难了,我们根本算不出来。
We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老,学到老。
说明:用never too...to否定之否定,译文的意思就成为肯定的了。
2.不定式修饰副词enough的用法
He is old enough to go to school.
=He is so old that he can go to school.他已经到了上学的年龄了。
He is not old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
=He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。
3.不定式在句中作独立成分的用法
有时不定式在句子中作为独立结构出现,用来说明说话人的态度。一般来讲,人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。
To tell you the truth,I don’t think the film is good.说句老实话,我认为这部电影并不好。
To be fair,it is not all his fault.说句公道话,这不全是他的错。
It is a good idea,to be sure,but it is hard to practise.的确,这是个好主意,但是难以实行。
To make matters worse,it began to turn dark.更糟的是,天开始变黑了。
5.不定式作补足语
1.不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语,是用来补充宾语的意义的,一般着重说明宾语的行为、状态、特征。能用不定式作宾语补足语的情况很多,主要有以下几种情形。
1.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语
A.以带to的不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词
advise
allow
ask
beg
cause
command
encourage
expect
forbid
force
get
hate
instruct
intend
invite
like
oblige
order
permit
persuade
prefer
press
promise
remind
request
tell
want
warn
wish
The doctor advised me to stop smoking.医生建议我戒烟。
She doesn’t allow us to smoke here,but she allows her husband to smoke here.她不允许我们在这儿吸烟,但允许她丈夫在这儿吸烟。
I always wish myself to study and live in New York some day.我一直希望有朝一日自己能在纽约学习、生活。
比较:advise作为及物动词时的用法
advise doing sth.建议做某事
My friend advised leaving that dangerous city immediately.我的朋友建议马上离开那座危险的城市。
advise sb. (not) to do sth.建议某人(不要)做某事
My teacher advised me to ask more questions in class.我的老师建议我在课堂上多问问题。
The doctor strongly advised me not to smoke.医生强烈建议我不要抽烟。
advise that... (should) do sth.建议某人做某事(用虚拟语气)
His doctor advised that he (should) not stay up too late.他的医生建议他不要睡太晚。
B.下列动词后不定式作宾语补足语时常用to be结构。
believe
consider
find
know
suppose
take
think
understand
I consider him to be an honest man.
=I consider him honest.我认为他是一个诚实的人。
The teacher thought the answer (to be) quite right.老师认为这个答案相当正确。
补充:think,consider,find等后若不用to be结构,也可直接用形容词。
2.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式在某些感官动词,如feel,hear,listen to,watch,look at,notice,observe等,以及使役动词let,have,make等后作宾语补足语时,要省去to,但在被动语态中to不可省去。
They made the workers work day and night.
→The workers were made to work day and night.(在被动语态中,省去的to必须加上。)
工人们被迫日日夜夜地干活。
2.不定式作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。动词不定式作主语补足语要符合下面三个条件:①句子的谓语动词是被动语态。②句子的主语必须是动词不定式逻辑上的主语。③动词不定式在主动句中作宾语补足语。
The room was said to have been cleaned.据说这个房间已被打扫过了。
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语)
He was told to be quiet.(被动语态)
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语)
→The teacher told him to be quiet.他被(老师)告知要保持安静。
(to be quiet为不定式作宾语补足语)
补充:不定式作主语补足语时常出现在含下列语句的句子中:
be certain
be known
be likely
be reported
be said
be sure
不定式的省略
当不定式出现在句中时,一般会有两种省略形式:一是省去to,只留下动词原形;二是省去动词,只留下to来代替整个不定式。以下将对这两种省略形式作详细讲解。
1.不定式中to的省略
1.在感官动词和使役动词之后时
当感官动词及使役动词用于主动语态时,作其宾语补足语的不定式前不用to。
感官动词
feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe,listen to,look at等
使役动词
let,make,have等
We always hear him sing in the next room.我们经常听到他在隔壁唱歌。
The engineer made the robot clean the windows of the high building.
那位工程师使用机器人来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。
Will you have Mark come over tonight?今晚你能不能让马克来一下?
注意:make和have只在作使役动词且用于主动语态时,才可省去不定式作宾补时的小品词to,否则不可以省去to。
They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.他们制作了许多纸花装饰这个房间。
(这里的made不当使役动词,没有“使得”这一意思,因此不能省去to。)
The robot was made to clean the windows of the high building.机器人被用来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。
(这里的made当使役动词,但是用于被动语态,因此不能省去to。)
Next month we’ll have a lot of meetings to attend.下个月我们要参加许多会议。
(这里的have不当使役动词,不能省去to。)
2.有两个以上的不定式并列时
A.当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起,尤其是用连词and或or连接时,第二个不定式符号to可省略。
I promised to finish my homework and hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。
The guard hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.卫兵简直哭笑不得。
B.如果用逗号代替了连词and,or的位置,第二个动词不定式符号to一般要保留,有时也可省略。
I promised to finish my homework,(to) hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。
The boy likes to stay with his brothers,(to) play basketball.这个男孩子愿意和他的兄弟们呆在一起,打篮球。
3.but,except,besides之前有行为动词do时
当but,except,besides之前有行为动词do时,后面可以跟不带to的动词不定式。若but,except,besides之前无行为动词do,其后的不定式一般带to。
The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.
=The enemy had nothing to choose but/except to surrender.敌人除了投降之外,别无选择。
4.在下列固定句型中时
句型:had better/had best+(not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事
You’d better/best turn the bottle upside down to empty out the oil.
你最好把瓶子倒过来,把瓶里的油控干净。
You’d better/best not miss the last bus.你最好不要误了最后一班车。
句型:had/would rather+(not) do sth. 宁愿(不)做某事
A:Shall we go by train?我们坐火车去好吗?
B:I would rather go by car.我还是愿意坐小汽车去。
I’m tired.I’d rather not go out this evening,if you don’t mind.
我累了。若你不介意,今晚我宁愿不出去。
补充:would rather后面的句子若用过去时,不表示时态,而只是一种虚拟语气。意为“要做……;建议做……”。
A:Shall I stay here?我可以呆在这儿吗?
B:I’d rather you came with us.你还是和我们一起来吧。
句型:had/would rather/sooner+do sth.+than+do sth.(宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事)
I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.今天晚上我宁愿呆在家里也不愿意看电影。
He would sooner look after the baby than do his homework.他宁愿看管这个婴儿也不愿意做作业。
句型:prefer+to do sth.+rather than+do sth.(宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事)
She prefers to travel rather than attend the wedding.
=She prefers traveling to attending the wedding.她宁愿去旅行也不愿意参加这个婚礼。
补充:prefer的用法
prefer和like,love一样,后面可以跟不定式或动名词。
I don’t like cities.I prefer to live in the countryside.
=I don’t like cities.I prefer living in the countryside.
我不喜欢城市。我愿意/喜欢住在乡村。
“prefer+名词/动名词+to+名词/动名词”表示“喜欢……而不喜欢……;宁愿……而不愿……”
I prefer meat to fish.我喜欢肉而不喜欢鱼。
He prefers listening to music to playing football.
他喜欢听音乐而不喜欢踢足球。/他宁愿听音乐,也不踢足球。
句型:cannot but+do sth.或cannot choose/help but+do sth.(不得不做某事)
I can’t but think so.我不得不这样想。
I can’t help but laugh on hearing his joke.我禁不住被他的笑话逗笑了。
句型:do nothing(=not do anything)but/except+do sth.(只能做某事)
You can do nothing but wait.=You cannot do anything but wait.你只有等待。
不定式的时态
不定式虽没有人称和数的变化,但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序,即不定式仍有自己的时态。不定式的时态包括一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。在以下内容中我们将对其作具体的讲解。
1.不定式的一般式
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。我们前面所使用的都是不定式的一般式。
I am glad to see you.见到你我很高兴。(看到你的同时,我很高兴。)
He has decided to give her some money.他已决定要给她一些钱。(给钱这个动作发生在决定之后。)
I’ll borrow some books to read during the holidays.我要借些书在假期中读。(读书这个动作发生在借书之后。)
2.不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示的动作是与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行的。
Mr.White and his wife happened to be quarreling when I passed by.当我路过的时候,怀特先生和他的妻子碰巧在吵架。
Some dogs were found to be looking for food around.一些狗被发现正在四处寻找食物。
He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him.当他的老板经过他那儿时,他假装努力地在干活儿。
3.不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式通常可以表示发生在主要动作之前的动作,也可以表示过去没有实现的期待或计划等,下面将对几种主要情况进行分析。
A.不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前。appear,seem,happen,be said,be reported,be believed,be known,be thought,be sorry,be likely等常接不定式的完成式。
They seemed to have known each other for a long time.他们似乎彼此已经认识很久了。
She is said to have learned four foreign languages.据说她已经学了4种外语。
B.表示过去没有实现的期待或计划
句型:hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned+to+have+过去分词
He wanted to have met you at the airport,but he didn’t get there in time.(没接成)他原想去机场接你,但他没及时赶到那儿。
比较:He wants to meet you at the airport.他想去机场接你。
这个句子表示事情还没有发生,人还没有到,meet这一动作发生在want后。
We planned to have done good deeds for the poor people last month.(没做成)我们原计划在上个月为贫困的人们做些好事。
C.在should/would like后面表示未能实现的愿望。
I should/would like to have given her the gift.(没送成)我本想把此礼物送给她。
比较:I should/would like to give her the gift.我想把此礼物送给她。
此句表示礼物实际还没送。
He would like to have played the violin at the concert.(实际上没演奏成)他本想在音乐会上演奏小提琴的。
4.不定式的完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动作之前已开始进行的行为,到谓语动作发生时可能停止,也可能会持续下去。
Tom appeared to have been sleeping.汤姆好像一直在睡觉。
Mark seemed to have been watching TV.马克好像一直在看电视。
不定式的语态
不定式有两种语态:不定式的主动语态和不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的对象时(或是动作的承受者时),不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的主动式有多种时态,而不定式的被动式只有两种时态:一般式的被动式和完成式的被动式。详见下表:
时态
语态
主动式
被动式
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
—
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
—
不定式的一般式的被动式通常表示将来的动作。不定式的完成式的被动式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
It is an honour for me to be invited to attend the meeting.我很荣幸能够被邀请参加这个会议。
说明:me(我)是不定式的逻辑主语,me(我)是被邀请,是被动形式。
It is necessary for oceans to be protected from pollution.有必要保护海洋免受污染。
Books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.书籍不允许带出阅览室。
The room seems to have been cleaned already.这个房间似乎已经整理过了。
三层必刷:巩固提升+能力培优+创新题型
一.单项选择
1.(24-25高二下·天津河北·期末)He rushed into the classroom after the bell rang, only ________ the exam had already started.
A.find B.to find C.finding D.found
2.(24-25高二下·天津河东·期末)The book ________ next month is bound to be recognized by young people.
A.to be published B.published C.being published D.be published
3.(24-25高二下·天津河东·期末)________ the river from being polluted, everyone in this area is making efforts.
A.Stopping B.To stop C.Having stopped D.Stopped
4.(24-25高二下·天津蓟州·期末)The activity center is looking for a volunteer ______ meals to people living alone.
A.to be delivered B.to deliver C.delivered D.having delivered
5.(24-25高二下·天津西青·期末)________ the early train to the city, Bob woke up before sunrise and packed his bag quickly.
A.Caught B.Catching C.To catch D.Having caught
6.(24-25高二下·天津滨海新·期末)______ in business, we need more than a good idea, hard work and determination.
A.Succeeded B.Succeeding C.To succeed D.Succeed
7.(24-25高二下·天津和平·期末)Please play something else instead of Mozart. His music is too slow ____________ at a party.
A.played B.to play
C.being played D.having played
8.(24-25高二下·广东·期中)The teacher designed special exercises _______students’ weak points, which are the areas _______most students need improvement.
A.to deal with; that B.to deal with; where
C.dealing with; what D.dealing with; when
9.(24-25高二上·天津·期末)The driver was not ______ for the traffic accident.
A.blame B.blaming C.to be blamed D.to blame
10.(24-25高三上·天津·期末)There are still many problems _______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
A.solving B.solved C.be solved D.to be solved
11.(24-25高一上·天津·期末)It’s rather satisfying to see young people take responsibility _______ good deeds, making this world a better place to live in.
A.to spread B.spread C.spreading D.spreads
12.(24-25高二上·天津南开·期末)— I’m sure Susan will win first place in the contest ________ next week.
— I agree with you. She is excellent and ________ for it for several months.
A.will be held; is preparing B.held; prepares
C.to be held; has been preparing D.being held; had prepared
13.(24-25高一上·天津滨海新·期末)That football is such a simple game ________ is perhaps the basis of its popularity.
A.to play B.to be played C.playing D.played
14.(24-25高三上·天津西青·期末)The Smiths bought a new car ________ on their fun road trip across the country, ________ many famous landmarks.
A.to drive; visiting B.to be driven; visited C.driving; to visit D.driven; visiting
15.(24-25高一上·天津南开·期末)As Tan Dun once said, Chinese music should carry “universal expression” of the human spirit so as ______ by the whole world.
A.recognized B.to recognize C.recognizing D.to be recognized
16.(24-25高二上·天津·期末)I have a lot of work ________ before the end of this week.
A.completed B.to complete
C.being completed D.completing
17.(24-25高二上·天津和平·期末)Innocent people deserve ______ from the gunmen and thieves in the area.
A.to be protected B.having protected C.for protecting D.to protect
18.(24-25高二上·天津·阶段练习)We don’t allow ________ in the office. But you are allowed ________ in the rest room.
A.smoking; smoking B.to smoke; to smoke C.smoking; to smoke D.smoke; smoking
19.(23-24高二下·天津和平·期末)She has no pen _________, for she isn’t taking notes. She seems _________ it.
A.to write with; to forget to bring
B.to write in; to forget to bring
C.to write; to have forgotten bringing
D.to write with; to have forgotten to bring
20.(23-24高一下·天津·期末)The machine was so convenient that the workers learned to use it in a few minutes.
A.operating B.operated C.to be operating D.to operate
二、语法填空
1.(24-25高一下·江苏·期末)His ideas, although creative, are often difficult to (apply) to practice.
2.(24-25高一下·黑龙江牡丹江·期末)Such an emergency deserves (handle) right away.
3.(24-25高一下·北京·期末)You do not need to read in the same way you would if you needed to (memory) something.
4.(23-24高一下·吉林·期末)The film (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
5.(24-25高二下·吉林长春·期末)The meeting (hold) tomorrow is about food safety.
6.(24-25高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末)Stephen Curry’s practising day in and day out helped him (sharp) his skills.
7.(24-25高一下·吉林长春·期末)The airport (construct) next year will help promote tourism in this development zone.
8.(24-25高一下·吉林长春·期末)I am eager (make) friends with those who have much in common with me.
9.(24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期末)The fundamental purpose of Silkroad is (bring) people from across the globe together to play and listen to music.
10.(24-25高一下·内蒙古乌兰察布·期末)I shall be pleased to have the opportunity (go) abroad.
11.(2025全国一卷)We hope (present)the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and initiate dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual art and expressionism.
12.(2025全国二卷)Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing. denying me the chance (discover) one of the great wonders of sunshine — the sweet “sunshine scent” after sunning clothes for an entire day.
13. (2025浙江I月卷)Tanya’s shop offers fashion clothes for women (rent) rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive solution to one-time event dressing.
14.(2025八省联考卷)The goal was two-fold: (celebrate) cultural diversity as well as to promote the equal use of all six tongues.
15. (2024全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend
(catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
16. (2024新课标II卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed ___ ___ (find) the connection between the two great writers.
17.(2024新课标I卷)The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝). These sepals open on warm days (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
18.(2024九省联考卷)He knows that computers are here (stay) and that they will not disappear.
19.(2024浙江1月卷)The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family-size this and multi-buy that. However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense.
20.(2023全国甲卷)For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) __________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
(24-25高一下·安徽合肥·期末)阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Chinese musical Su Dongpo, which premiered in 2024 and toured nationwide, was staged at the Tianqiao Performing Arts Center in Beijing from June 6 to 8. The story 1 (center) on the life of Chinese poet Su Shi, also known as Su Dongpo, of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), one of China’s most 2 (recognize) cultural icons.
Produced by China Oriental Performing Arts Group, the musical tells about the poet’s four years spent in Huangzhou, now Huanggang, in Hubei province. Su and his family endured a harsh existence there, making 53 living by farming. Despite his 4 (challenge) circumstances, Su’s love for literature and artistic creation 5 (remain) unwavering (不动摇的). His optimism was 6 (evident) shown in his poems, depicting his experiences.
With 25 original songs, the 7 (produce) portrays the cultural giant’s transformation, from the depths of political despair 8 a spiritual rebirth.
One of the production’s 9 (highlight) is the musical stage debut of actor Zhang Xincheng 10 his portrayal of Su. As a graduate of the Central Academy of Drama’s musical theater program, Zhang has gained fame through numerous film and television roles.
(23-24高一上·天津河北·期末)阅读短文,按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
It was a few years ago. A friend sent me a restaurant gift card for Christmas and I picked a pretty, sunny Sunday afternoon to use it. It felt good taking my two grown sons and daughter to a nice sit-down restaurant instead of the fast food places we usually ate at. The meal was delicious and we all had a good time. When the waitress brought the check, I looked down at it. The gift card covered almost all of it. I reached into my wallet to get enough cash to cover the rest. I saw two bills in my wallet. The first would cover the rest of the bill and give the waitress a nice tip. The second bill was much larger, so I reached down to pick out the first one.
At that moment, my mind flashed back to 30 years ago. I was working as a waiter in a restaurant much like the one we were in now. It was long hours of hard work for low pay. I went home just only making enough to feed my young family. I also remembered how more than once I saw the waitresses counting their meager tips while worrying about how they were going to pay the rent and buy their kids things they needed. I remembered the pain in their eyes and sadness in their faces at the end of the day.
I blinked (眨眼) and was back in the present again. My fingers touched the smaller bill in my wallet. I smiled, pushed it back down, and picked out the much larger bill. I folded it around the gift card and covered both of them with the check. As we all got up from the table, I handed them to the hard-working waitress. “You keep the change,” I said with a smile and a happy heart.
We are all one family in this world. We live together, laugh together, and suffer together. Do your best to be a good person and love others. Replace the suffering with joy.
1.Why did the author initially want to use the first bill to pay? (no more than 15 words)
2.How do you understand the underlined word in Paragraph 2? (no more than 5 words)
3.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? (no more than 10 words)
4.Which word would you use to describe the author’s personality or character? (1 word)
5.What can you learn from the story? Please explain. (no more than 20 words)
7 / 10
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寒假作业08 动词不定式
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种。非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语的动词形式。动词不定式有及物和不及物之分,有时态和语态的变化。本章首先聚焦学习不定式的定义、形式和用法;然后逐一细致地讲解不定式在句中可作的成分;接着总结不定式省去to的情况;最后着重介绍不定式的时态和语态。不定式的时态是本章的压轴学习内容,其重要性可见一斑。
典型例句:1.He likes to swim in summer.他夏天喜欢游泳。
2.I have a lot of homework to do.我有很多作业要写。
3.It’s easy to get up early for me.早起对我来说很容易。
不定式概述
1.不定式的定义
动词不定式与动词-ing形式、过去分词一样,是动词的非谓语形式。它与动词原形同行,但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”,我们为了把这个“to”与介词“to”区别开来,叫它小品词。动词不定式存在不带to的情况。
2.不定式的形式
不定式的形式有六种(以动词give为例):
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
to+动词原形
(to give)
to be+过去分词
(to be given)
完成式
to have+过去分词
(to have given)
to have been+过去分词
(to have been given)
进行式
to be+现在分词
(to be giving)
—
完成进行式
to have been+现在分词
(to have been giving)
—
另外,请注意不定式与原形和现在式的区别(以be,have,go为例):
原形
现在式
不定式
be
am,is,are
to be
have
have,has
to have
go
go,goes
to go
3.不定式的用法
动词不定式可以作除了谓语外其他任何句子成分,包括主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它可以在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。
不定式作名词的用法
(1)概述
动词不定式在句子中的作用有时和名词相同,可以作主语、表语、宾语或宾语补足语。但是同时,动词不定式还保留了许多动词的特点。
动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法将在本章(5不定式作补足语)中讲到。
①For him to draw such a picture is not easy.(作主语)
(不定式+宾语)对于他来说,画这样的一张画是不容易的。
②His job is to clean all the windows.(作表语)
(不定式+宾语)他的工作就是擦所有这些窗户。
③He likes to go mountain climbing.(作宾语)
(不定式+宾语)他喜欢去爬山。
④The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately.(作宾补)
(不定式+间接宾语+直接宾语+修饰语)守卫命令我立刻向他出示通行证。
(2).不定式作主语
1.不定式作主语时,有时可用it作形式主语
①To live in the city is very expensive.在这座城市居住是非常昂贵的。
②To look after the safety of the community is his responsibility.保卫这个社区的安全是他的责任。
③To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
当作主语的不定式短语(即不定式带有自己的宾语、状语或逻辑上的主语)较长时,常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语(即不定式短语)放在谓语之后。
①可改为:It is very expensive to live tin the city.
②可改为:It is his responsibility to look after the safety of the community.
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用it作形式主语。
③不可改为:It is to believe to see.
2.带形式主语it的常见句型
句型一:It is+形容词+(for/of sb.)+to do sth.(做某事)
句型二:It is+a pleasure/a pity/an honour...+to do sth.(做某事很高兴/可惜/荣幸……)
句型三:It takes (sb.)+时间+to do sth.(某人花费了多长时间去做某事。)
“句型一”中我们常用for sb.或of sb.来作不定式的逻辑上的主语。但是什么情况下用for或of,主要是从以下两方面来进行区别:
A.两者所使用的形容词不同
a.for sb.句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词
difficult困难的
easy容易的
hard困难的
important重要的
impossible不可能的
interesting有趣的
necessary必要的
possible可能的
unnecessary不必要的
It is easy for me to learn how to drive.对于我来说,学习如何驾驶是很容易的。
It is important for us to express our opinions.对于我们来说,表达我们的意见是很重要的。
b.of sb.句型通常使用表示主观感情或态度的形容词
careful仔细的
clever聪明的
foolish愚蠢的
honest诚实的
impolite无礼的
kind和蔼的
nice好的
polite客气的
right正确的
rude粗鲁的
wise明智的
wrong错误的
It is clever of him to leave that company.对于他来说,离开那家公司是聪明的。
It was wise of your father to make an investment in property years ago.你父亲早几年投资房地产真是明智。
(3).不定式作表语
1.不定式作表语时常见的动词
不定式作表语时,一般紧紧跟在系动词后面,如be,seem,remain,appear,get等,用来说明主语的内容。
A use of the computer network is to send e-mails.计算机网络的一种作用是发送电子邮件。
Mary doesn’t seem to like the idea.玛丽似乎不喜欢这个主意。
2.不定式作表语时常见的主语
当dream,business,wish,idea,plan,job,work,task,duty等作主语时,及what sb. wants to do等作主语时,常用不定式作表语。
My wish is to be a doctor.我的愿望是成为一名医生。
What Joe wants to do seems to tell you something.乔想要做的似乎就是要告诉你一些事情。
比较:“主语(事物)+be+不定式(作表语)”,表示主语的具体内容。
His plan is to clean the room.他的计划是打扫房间。
“主语(人)+be+不定式(作表语)”,表示将来时,为“即将”之意。
He is to clean the room.他即将去打扫房间。
4.不定式作宾语
(1).不定式作动词宾语
A.不定式用在及物动词后作宾语,常用的及物动词有下列这些:
agree同意
aim计划
arrange安排,布置
intend打算
attempt试图,尝试
beg请求,乞求
choose选择
decide决定
demand要求
desire要求,期望
expect预料,盼望
fail失败
happen(偶然)发生
hope希望
manage设法做到
offer提供,提议
plan计划
prepare准备
pretend假装,装作
promise答应
prove证明
refuse拒绝
want想要
wish希望,想要
He decided to invite all of his classmates to attend the holiday at the beach.
他决定邀请他所有的同学到海滨度假。
He promised not to tell anyone about it.他答应不把这件事情告诉任何人。
The worker happened to know the place where we wanted to go.He promised us to be our tour guide.这位工人碰巧知道我们想要去的地方。他答应我们当我们的导游。
比较:promise to do sth.答应去做某件事
promise sb. to do sth.答应某人去做某件事
这两个句型都是指主语(即做出许诺的人)去做某事,但要注意它们含义的区别,如这个句子指的是工人答应我们他来当我们的导游,而不是我们去当导游。
Do you plan to stay overnight here?你打算在这儿过夜吗?
The theory proved to be correct at last.最后,这个理论证明是正确的。
B.如果宾语有自己的补语,则常用it作形式宾语,而把真正作宾语的不定式放到后面。常带有形式宾语的动词有下列这些:believe(相信)、consider(认为)、feel(感觉)、find(发现)、know(知道)、make(使得)、regard(认为)。
句型:主语+及物动词+it+宾语补足语+to do
(正)We think it important to obey the laws.
(误)We think to obey the laws is important.
我们认为遵守法律是十分重要的。
I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.
我知道在一天中完成这么多的作业是不可能的。
I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
(注意这一句不应逐字翻译,not真正否定的词是possible。)
我认为不花费大量时间去记忆,要掌握一门外语是不可能的。
C.为了避免重复,作宾语的不定式在第二次出现时往往省略动词原形,而只保留不定式的符号to。
(2).不定式作介词宾语
不定式除了可以作及物动词的宾语外,还可以作but,except,besides等介词的宾语。
A.当介词but,except,besides前面有行为动词do及其各种形式时,介词后面的不定式可以省去to;而若前面是其他动词时,介词后接带to的不定式。
句型:but/except/besides+(to) do sth.
What do you like to do besides play football?除了踢足球外,你还喜欢做什么?
We have no choice but to wait.除了等待,我们没有其他选择。
B.除but,except,besides外,个别介词可用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。
The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.这个男孩对怎样完成这项工作有他自己的想法。
不定式作形容词的用法
不定式有时起形容词作用,在句子中作定语,用来修饰名词或代词。不定式作定语时,置于它所修饰词的后面(而不能放在所修饰词的前面),而且往往放在其他后置定语的后面。
1.不定式与其所修饰的词之间的关系
不定式作定语时,往往与它所修饰的名词或代词形成逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系。
He always has a lot of meetings to attend.他总是有许多会议要参加。
(不定式to attend和名词meetings形成动宾关系。)
The next train to arrive was from Lanzhou.下一列到站的火车是从兰州开来的。
(不定式to arrive和名词train形成主谓关系。)
1.名词或代词+不定式(to+不及物动词)+介词
如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词,就要在这个不及物动词后面加上介词,使被修饰的这个词成为这个介词的逻辑宾语。
He is looking for a room to live in.
(不及物动词+介词)他正在找一个住的房间。
不定式中的live是不及物动词,需要加上一个适当的介词in,使被修饰的名词room成为介词in的逻辑宾语(介词宾语),即to live in a room。
2.名词或代词(地点、工具等)+不定式+介词
另外,有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面也应该有必要的介词。此时,被修饰的名词或代词是介词的逻辑宾语。
Please pass me some paper to write on.请递给我一些写字用的纸。
paper作介词on的逻辑宾语,即write on some paper。虽然write可以作及物动词,但paper不能作write的逻辑宾语,to write some paper是错误的。
Please lend me something to write with.请借给我一些写字用的东西。
something作介词with的逻辑宾语,to write with something可以理解为用某东西(铅笔、钢笔、粉笔等供写字用的笔)写。如果没有with,意思就不同了,变成了:to write something写某种东西(文章、故事、报告等)。
3.关于介词的省略
上述不定式后加介词时,一般不能省略介词,但不定式修饰place,time,way时,其后介词可省略。
He has no money and no place to live.他没有钱,也没有地方住。
The time to arrive is seven o’clock.到达的时间是7点。
I think the best way to travel is on foot.我认为旅行的最好方式是步行。
4.主谓关系的一般情况
主谓关系的一般情况是指不定式所修饰的名词或代词是它的逻辑主语。
A factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.一座发电厂明年将要建起来。
这句话的意思还可以用一个定语从句来表达,即:A factory that/which is to produce electricity will be set up next year.句子中的that/which指代的是工厂,所以可以理解为factory是动词不定式to produce electricity的逻辑主语。
5.主谓关系的特殊情况
在主谓关系中,当不定式所修饰的是序数词或是形容词最高级所修饰的名词时,或者这个名词被省略时,这个名词和不定式之间也是逻辑上的主谓关系。
Li Ming was the first (person) to arrive.李明是第一个到达的人。
2.不定式修饰something,anything和nothing
当不定式修饰something,anything和nothing时,也要放在这些词后面作后置定语;如果有形容词修饰上述三个词,则形容词应该放在它们的后面;如果既有形容词又有不定式修饰上述三个词时,则语序如下:
句型:something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式
Do you have anything interesting to read?你有什么有趣的读物吗?
比较:不定式与something,anything和nothing语序不同时,不定式语法功能不同,译文也不同。
I want something to read.我想要点儿可读的东西。
(不定式to read起形容词作用,在句子中作定语修饰something。)
I want to read something.我想读点儿东西。
(不定式to read起名词作用,在句子中作what的宾语,而something作不定式to read的宾语。)
3.不定式作定语时,用主动语态表示被动含义的情形
A.在There is something to do...句型中,用主动语态表示被动含义。
There is a letter to write.有一封信要写。=There is a letter to be written.(不常用)
说明:不定式所修饰的名词是动作的承受者,即“信要被写”。相当于:There is a letter (for sb.) to write.省略了for sb.,所以用主动语态。
There is something to pay attention to.有一件需要注意的事情。
B.当不定式修饰want,have等动词的宾语,而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,用主动语态表示被动含义。
We have no homework to do.(S+V+O+定语)我们没什么作业可做。
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式)
we是不定式to do的逻辑主语,可以理解为“We do no homework.”,所以用主动语态表示。
Mary has three babies to look after.(S+V+O+定语)玛丽要照看3个孩子。
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式)
Mary是不定式to look after的逻辑主语,可以理解为“Mary looks after three babies.”,所以用主动语态表示。
补充:如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语,那么不定式就需要用被动语态来表示。
I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post.(主动语态)
我要到邮局去,因为我有封信要寄。
A:Li Ming,I’m going to the post office.I know you have an important letter to post.Let me post it for you.李明,我要去邮局。听说你有一封重要的信要寄,让我替你寄吧。
B:Thank you.But I have no letters to be posted now.(被动语态)
谢谢,我现在没什么信要寄了。
C.当不定式修饰buy,get和give等动词的直接宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时,用主动语态表示被动含义。
Please buy me some newspapers to read.(V+间宾+直宾+定语)请给我买几张报纸看。
(me为不定式的逻辑主语,to read为不定式)
me是不定式to read的逻辑主语,即“我看报纸”,所以不定式要用主动语态。
I’ll give you some novels to read on the journey.(V+间宾+直宾+定语)
我给你几本小说供你在旅途中阅读。(you为不定式的逻辑主语,to read为不定式)
you是不定式to read的逻辑主语,即“你来看小说”,所以不定式要用主动语态。
不定式作副词的用法
不定式在句子中的作用有时和副词相同,可以作状语,表示原因、目的、结果。另外,不定式也可以修饰形容词。不定式紧跟在及物动词之后,作宾语;不定式紧跟在不及物动词之后,则作状语。
1.不定式作副词表示原因
1.修饰表示感情的形容词
不定式可以在表示感情的形容词后面来修饰该形容词,表示原因。
angry生气的
anxious忧虑的
disappointed失望的
eager渴望的
glad高兴的
happy快乐的
lucky幸运的
proud自豪的
willing愿意的
I’m sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。
Li Ming seemed willing to do that.李明似乎很愿意做那件事。
2.修饰表示感情以外的形容词
下列形容词常用于这类结构中,且这类句子的主语可以是人,也可以是物。
comfortable舒适的
difficult困难的
easy容易的
good好的
hard难的
soft柔软的
The house is very comfortable to live in.这是一座住起来很舒服的房子。
We found him easy to get along with.我们发现他是个很好相处的人。
2.不定式作副词表示目的
不定式在句子中作状语表示目的的情况很多、很常见,主要有以下几种情形。
A.不定式置于句尾
The local government has adopted new measures to deal with air pollution.
当地政府采取了新的措施来治理空气污染。
B.不定式置于句首
有时为加强语气,可把作目的状语的不定式提到句首来。
To preserve those buildings,only a few people are admitted each day.为了保护那些建筑,每天只有几个人被允许进去参观。
C.为加强语气,还可在不定式前加in order或so as。
I have brought along three objects to illustrate my talk.
=In order to illustrate my talk,I have brought along three objects.
=I have brought along three objects so as to illustrate my talk.为了举例说明,我随身带来了3件物品。
3.不定式作副词表示结果
不定式经常和only,never连用,强调结果和失望的情绪。
I hurried to get there only to find him out.我匆匆忙忙地赶到那儿,(没想到)他出去了。
They were separated that day,never to see each other again.那天他们被分开之后,再也没见过面。
4.不定式作副词的其他用法
1.too+形容词/副词+(for sb.)+to do sth.的用法
不定式在句子中作结果状语。“too...to...”表示“太……而不能……”,具有否定含义。
She is too young to go to school.
=She is so young that she can’t go to school.她太小了,不能上学。
This problem is too difficult (for us) to work out.
注意:用too...to句型时,不定式work out不能再加上it指代problem;用so...that复合句时,则必须用it。
句子主语可作不定式宾语(即work out this problem)时,不定式一般用主动式。
=This problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.这道题太难了,我们根本算不出来。
We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老,学到老。
说明:用never too...to否定之否定,译文的意思就成为肯定的了。
2.不定式修饰副词enough的用法
He is old enough to go to school.
=He is so old that he can go to school.他已经到了上学的年龄了。
He is not old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
=He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。
3.不定式在句中作独立成分的用法
有时不定式在句子中作为独立结构出现,用来说明说话人的态度。一般来讲,人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。
To tell you the truth,I don’t think the film is good.说句老实话,我认为这部电影并不好。
To be fair,it is not all his fault.说句公道话,这不全是他的错。
It is a good idea,to be sure,but it is hard to practise.的确,这是个好主意,但是难以实行。
To make matters worse,it began to turn dark.更糟的是,天开始变黑了。
5.不定式作补足语
1.不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语,是用来补充宾语的意义的,一般着重说明宾语的行为、状态、特征。能用不定式作宾语补足语的情况很多,主要有以下几种情形。
1.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语
A.以带to的不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词
advise
allow
ask
beg
cause
command
encourage
expect
forbid
force
get
hate
instruct
intend
invite
like
oblige
order
permit
persuade
prefer
press
promise
remind
request
tell
want
warn
wish
The doctor advised me to stop smoking.医生建议我戒烟。
She doesn’t allow us to smoke here,but she allows her husband to smoke here.她不允许我们在这儿吸烟,但允许她丈夫在这儿吸烟。
I always wish myself to study and live in New York some day.我一直希望有朝一日自己能在纽约学习、生活。
比较:advise作为及物动词时的用法
advise doing sth.建议做某事
My friend advised leaving that dangerous city immediately.我的朋友建议马上离开那座危险的城市。
advise sb. (not) to do sth.建议某人(不要)做某事
My teacher advised me to ask more questions in class.我的老师建议我在课堂上多问问题。
The doctor strongly advised me not to smoke.医生强烈建议我不要抽烟。
advise that... (should) do sth.建议某人做某事(用虚拟语气)
His doctor advised that he (should) not stay up too late.他的医生建议他不要睡太晚。
B.下列动词后不定式作宾语补足语时常用to be结构。
believe
consider
find
know
suppose
take
think
understand
I consider him to be an honest man.
=I consider him honest.我认为他是一个诚实的人。
The teacher thought the answer (to be) quite right.老师认为这个答案相当正确。
补充:think,consider,find等后若不用to be结构,也可直接用形容词。
2.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式在某些感官动词,如feel,hear,listen to,watch,look at,notice,observe等,以及使役动词let,have,make等后作宾语补足语时,要省去to,但在被动语态中to不可省去。
They made the workers work day and night.
→The workers were made to work day and night.(在被动语态中,省去的to必须加上。)
工人们被迫日日夜夜地干活。
2.不定式作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。动词不定式作主语补足语要符合下面三个条件:①句子的谓语动词是被动语态。②句子的主语必须是动词不定式逻辑上的主语。③动词不定式在主动句中作宾语补足语。
The room was said to have been cleaned.据说这个房间已被打扫过了。
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语)
He was told to be quiet.(被动语态)
(划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语)
→The teacher told him to be quiet.他被(老师)告知要保持安静。
(to be quiet为不定式作宾语补足语)
补充:不定式作主语补足语时常出现在含下列语句的句子中:
be certain
be known
be likely
be reported
be said
be sure
不定式的省略
当不定式出现在句中时,一般会有两种省略形式:一是省去to,只留下动词原形;二是省去动词,只留下to来代替整个不定式。以下将对这两种省略形式作详细讲解。
1.不定式中to的省略
1.在感官动词和使役动词之后时
当感官动词及使役动词用于主动语态时,作其宾语补足语的不定式前不用to。
感官动词
feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe,listen to,look at等
使役动词
let,make,have等
We always hear him sing in the next room.我们经常听到他在隔壁唱歌。
The engineer made the robot clean the windows of the high building.
那位工程师使用机器人来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。
Will you have Mark come over tonight?今晚你能不能让马克来一下?
注意:make和have只在作使役动词且用于主动语态时,才可省去不定式作宾补时的小品词to,否则不可以省去to。
They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.他们制作了许多纸花装饰这个房间。
(这里的made不当使役动词,没有“使得”这一意思,因此不能省去to。)
The robot was made to clean the windows of the high building.机器人被用来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。
(这里的made当使役动词,但是用于被动语态,因此不能省去to。)
Next month we’ll have a lot of meetings to attend.下个月我们要参加许多会议。
(这里的have不当使役动词,不能省去to。)
2.有两个以上的不定式并列时
A.当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起,尤其是用连词and或or连接时,第二个不定式符号to可省略。
I promised to finish my homework and hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。
The guard hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.卫兵简直哭笑不得。
B.如果用逗号代替了连词and,or的位置,第二个动词不定式符号to一般要保留,有时也可省略。
I promised to finish my homework,(to) hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。
The boy likes to stay with his brothers,(to) play basketball.这个男孩子愿意和他的兄弟们呆在一起,打篮球。
3.but,except,besides之前有行为动词do时
当but,except,besides之前有行为动词do时,后面可以跟不带to的动词不定式。若but,except,besides之前无行为动词do,其后的不定式一般带to。
The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.
=The enemy had nothing to choose but/except to surrender.敌人除了投降之外,别无选择。
4.在下列固定句型中时
句型:had better/had best+(not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事
You’d better/best turn the bottle upside down to empty out the oil.
你最好把瓶子倒过来,把瓶里的油控干净。
You’d better/best not miss the last bus.你最好不要误了最后一班车。
句型:had/would rather+(not) do sth. 宁愿(不)做某事
A:Shall we go by train?我们坐火车去好吗?
B:I would rather go by car.我还是愿意坐小汽车去。
I’m tired.I’d rather not go out this evening,if you don’t mind.
我累了。若你不介意,今晚我宁愿不出去。
补充:would rather后面的句子若用过去时,不表示时态,而只是一种虚拟语气。意为“要做……;建议做……”。
A:Shall I stay here?我可以呆在这儿吗?
B:I’d rather you came with us.你还是和我们一起来吧。
句型:had/would rather/sooner+do sth.+than+do sth.(宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事)
I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.今天晚上我宁愿呆在家里也不愿意看电影。
He would sooner look after the baby than do his homework.他宁愿看管这个婴儿也不愿意做作业。
句型:prefer+to do sth.+rather than+do sth.(宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事)
She prefers to travel rather than attend the wedding.
=She prefers traveling to attending the wedding.她宁愿去旅行也不愿意参加这个婚礼。
补充:prefer的用法
prefer和like,love一样,后面可以跟不定式或动名词。
I don’t like cities.I prefer to live in the countryside.
=I don’t like cities.I prefer living in the countryside.
我不喜欢城市。我愿意/喜欢住在乡村。
“prefer+名词/动名词+to+名词/动名词”表示“喜欢……而不喜欢……;宁愿……而不愿……”
I prefer meat to fish.我喜欢肉而不喜欢鱼。
He prefers listening to music to playing football.
他喜欢听音乐而不喜欢踢足球。/他宁愿听音乐,也不踢足球。
句型:cannot but+do sth.或cannot choose/help but+do sth.(不得不做某事)
I can’t but think so.我不得不这样想。
I can’t help but laugh on hearing his joke.我禁不住被他的笑话逗笑了。
句型:do nothing(=not do anything)but/except+do sth.(只能做某事)
You can do nothing but wait.=You cannot do anything but wait.你只有等待。
不定式的时态
不定式虽没有人称和数的变化,但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序,即不定式仍有自己的时态。不定式的时态包括一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。在以下内容中我们将对其作具体的讲解。
1.不定式的一般式
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。我们前面所使用的都是不定式的一般式。
I am glad to see you.见到你我很高兴。(看到你的同时,我很高兴。)
He has decided to give her some money.他已决定要给她一些钱。(给钱这个动作发生在决定之后。)
I’ll borrow some books to read during the holidays.我要借些书在假期中读。(读书这个动作发生在借书之后。)
2.不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示的动作是与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行的。
Mr.White and his wife happened to be quarreling when I passed by.当我路过的时候,怀特先生和他的妻子碰巧在吵架。
Some dogs were found to be looking for food around.一些狗被发现正在四处寻找食物。
He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him.当他的老板经过他那儿时,他假装努力地在干活儿。
3.不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式通常可以表示发生在主要动作之前的动作,也可以表示过去没有实现的期待或计划等,下面将对几种主要情况进行分析。
A.不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前。appear,seem,happen,be said,be reported,be believed,be known,be thought,be sorry,be likely等常接不定式的完成式。
They seemed to have known each other for a long time.他们似乎彼此已经认识很久了。
She is said to have learned four foreign languages.据说她已经学了4种外语。
B.表示过去没有实现的期待或计划
句型:hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned+to+have+过去分词
He wanted to have met you at the airport,but he didn’t get there in time.(没接成)他原想去机场接你,但他没及时赶到那儿。
比较:He wants to meet you at the airport.他想去机场接你。
这个句子表示事情还没有发生,人还没有到,meet这一动作发生在want后。
We planned to have done good deeds for the poor people last month.(没做成)我们原计划在上个月为贫困的人们做些好事。
C.在should/would like后面表示未能实现的愿望。
I should/would like to have given her the gift.(没送成)我本想把此礼物送给她。
比较:I should/would like to give her the gift.我想把此礼物送给她。
此句表示礼物实际还没送。
He would like to have played the violin at the concert.(实际上没演奏成)他本想在音乐会上演奏小提琴的。
4.不定式的完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动作之前已开始进行的行为,到谓语动作发生时可能停止,也可能会持续下去。
Tom appeared to have been sleeping.汤姆好像一直在睡觉。
Mark seemed to have been watching TV.马克好像一直在看电视。
不定式的语态
不定式有两种语态:不定式的主动语态和不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的对象时(或是动作的承受者时),不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的主动式有多种时态,而不定式的被动式只有两种时态:一般式的被动式和完成式的被动式。详见下表:
时态
语态
主动式
被动式
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
—
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
—
不定式的一般式的被动式通常表示将来的动作。不定式的完成式的被动式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
It is an honour for me to be invited to attend the meeting.我很荣幸能够被邀请参加这个会议。
说明:me(我)是不定式的逻辑主语,me(我)是被邀请,是被动形式。
It is necessary for oceans to be protected from pollution.有必要保护海洋免受污染。
Books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.书籍不允许带出阅览室。
The room seems to have been cleaned already.这个房间似乎已经整理过了。
三层必刷:巩固提升+能力培优+创新题型
一.单项选择
1.(24-25高二下·天津河北·期末)He rushed into the classroom after the bell rang, only ________ the exam had already started.
A.find B.to find C.finding D.found
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:铃声响后他冲进教室,结果却发现考试已经开始了。此处为非谓语动词作状语,“only+不定式”结构常用来表示出乎意料的结果,符合“冲进教室后意外发现考试已开始”的语境。故选B项。
2.(24-25高二下·天津河东·期末)The book ________ next month is bound to be recognized by young people.
A.to be published B.published C.being published D.be published
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:下个月即将出版的这本书一定会得到年轻人的认可。空处为非谓语动词,根据next month可知,表示将来的动作,为动词不定式,且The book与publish为被动关系,故用不定式的被动形式作后置定语。故填to be published。
3.(24-25高二下·天津河东·期末)________ the river from being polluted, everyone in this area is making efforts.
A.Stopping B.To stop C.Having stopped D.Stopped
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:为了阻止河流被污染,这个地区的每个人都在努力。该句中is making为谓语动词,且无连词,所以此处为非谓语动词,结合句意,此处表示“为了……”,所以使用动词不定式形式作目的状语。故选B项。
4.(24-25高二下·天津蓟州·期末)The activity center is looking for a volunteer ______ meals to people living alone.
A.to be delivered B.to deliver C.delivered D.having delivered
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:活动中心正在寻找一名志愿者为独居者送餐。句中已有谓语动词,所以用非谓语动词形式。表示将要发生的事情,用不定式作后置定语,且名词volunteer 和deliver之间是主动关系,所以用不定式的主动形式。故选B。
5.(24-25高二下·天津西青·期末)________ the early train to the city, Bob woke up before sunrise and packed his bag quickly.
A.Caught B.Catching C.To catch D.Having caught
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:为了赶上早班火车进城,鲍勃在日出前就醒来并迅速收拾好了行李。根据句意,鲍勃早起收拾行李的目的是赶上火车,需用不定式To catch表目的。故选C。
6.(24-25高二下·天津滨海新·期末)______ in business, we need more than a good idea, hard work and determination.
A.Succeeded B.Succeeding C.To succeed D.Succeed
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:要想在商业上取得成功,我们需要的不仅仅是一个好主意、努力工作和决心。 句子已有谓语动词“need”,所以空处需填非谓语动词;结合句意可知,此处表示目的,所以空处需用动词不定式作目的状语,句首首字母需大写。故选C。
7.(24-25高二下·天津和平·期末)Please play something else instead of Mozart. His music is too slow ____________ at a party.
A.played B.to play
C.being played D.having played
【答案】B
【详解】考查固定结构。句意:请播放莫扎特以外的其他音乐。他的音乐在派对上播放太慢了。根据句意,此处表示“太慢而不适合在派对上播放”,使用“too + adj. + to do”结构,“too...to...”结构中用主动形式表被动含义,因此用不定式主动形式,作结果状语。故选B项。
8.(24-25高二下·广东·期中)The teacher designed special exercises _______students’ weak points, which are the areas _______most students need improvement.
A.to deal with; that B.to deal with; where
C.dealing with; what D.dealing with; when
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词不定式和定语从句。句意:老师设计了专门的练习来处理学生的薄弱之处,这些薄弱之处也是大多数学生需要改进的地方。根据The teacher designed special exercises和students’ weak points可知,空1处应用动词不定式,作目的状语。空2处引导限制性定语从句,先行词为areas,此处是指抽象的地点,定语从句most students need improvement中缺少地点状语,应用关系副词where引导从句,作地点状语。故选B项。
9.(24-25高二上·天津·期末)The driver was not ______ for the traffic accident.
A.blame B.blaming C.to be blamed D.to blame
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:司机不应为这次交通事故负责。blame为动词,表示“责备、责怪”,动词短语be to blame for表示“应对……负责”,符合句意。故选D。
10.(24-25高三上·天津·期末)There are still many problems _______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
A.solving B.solved C.be solved D.to be solved
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:在我们准备在月球上长期停留之前,还有许多问题需要解决。此处表示尚未发生的事,且solve与problems之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,因此要用不定式的被动形式作后置定语。故选D。
11.(24-25高一上·天津·期末)It’s rather satisfying to see young people take responsibility _______ good deeds, making this world a better place to live in.
A.to spread B.spread C.spreading D.spreads
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:看到年轻人承担起传播善行的责任,使这个世界成为一个更美好的居住地,这是相当令人满意的。此处名词responsibility后跟不定式作后置定语。故选A。
12.(24-25高二上·天津南开·期末)— I’m sure Susan will win first place in the contest ________ next week.
— I agree with you. She is excellent and ________ for it for several months.
A.will be held; is preparing B.held; prepares
C.to be held; has been preparing D.being held; had prepared
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词和时态。句意:— 我相信苏珊在下周举行的比赛中会获得第一名。——我同意你的看法。她很优秀,而且已经为此准备了好几个月了。首先看第一空,空白处在句子中作定语,使用非谓语动词,contest和hold之间是被动关系,且根据“next week”可知,比赛是即将被举办,所以要用动词不定式的被动形式“to be held”,表示“即将被举办的比赛”,符合语境。再看第二空,空白处在句子中作谓语,根据“for several months”可知句子表示的是一个从过去持续到现在的动作,并且这个动作可能还会持续下去,所以要用现在完成进行时“has been preparing”,故选 C 项。
13.(24-25高一上·天津滨海新·期末)That football is such a simple game ________ is perhaps the basis of its popularity.
A.to play B.to be played C.playing D.played
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:足球是一项如此简单的运动,这也许是它受欢迎的基础。句子中有谓语,前后无连词,此处是非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰名词game,动词play和所修饰词game是动宾关系,应用不定式作后置定语,主动表被动。故选A。
14.(24-25高三上·天津西青·期末)The Smiths bought a new car ________ on their fun road trip across the country, ________ many famous landmarks.
A.to drive; visiting B.to be driven; visited C.driving; to visit D.driven; visiting
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:史密斯一家购买了一辆新车用于他们在全国范围内的愉快自驾旅行,在旅途中参观了许多著名的地标。“bought”为句子谓语,根据句意,第一个空需要一个不定式来表示目的表示“为了驾驶”,因此选择“to drive”;第二个空为伴随状语,动词“visit”和主语“The Smiths”构成主动关系,因此选择其现在分词形式“visiting”,表示“参观许多著名的地标”。故选A。
15.(24-25高一上·天津南开·期末)As Tan Dun once said, Chinese music should carry “universal expression” of the human spirit so as ______ by the whole world.
A.recognized B.to recognize C.recognizing D.to be recognized
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:正如谭盾所说,中国音乐应该承载着人类精神的“普遍表达”,以便被全世界所认可。so as to为固定搭配,意为“为了,以便”,做目的状语,且Chinese music与recognize之间为被动关系,应用动词不定式的被动语态to be done形式。故选D项。
16.(24-25高二上·天津·期末)I have a lot of work ________ before the end of this week.
A.completed B.to complete
C.being completed D.completing
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:在本周结束之前,我有很多工作要完成。本句谓语为have,此处为非谓语动词,have sth. to do“有事情要做”,本空用complete“完成”的不定式。故选B。
17.(24-25高二上·天津和平·期末)Innocent people deserve ______ from the gunmen and thieves in the area.
A.to be protected B.having protected C.for protecting D.to protect
【答案】A
【详解】考查非谓语动词和语态。句意:无辜的人应该受到保护,免受该地区枪手和小偷的伤害。此处是固定搭配:deserve to do sth.意为“值得做某事”,所以用不定式,又protect和逻辑主语Innocent people之间是被动关系,用不定式的被动语态。故选A项。
18.(24-25高二上·天津·阶段练习)We don’t allow ________ in the office. But you are allowed ________ in the rest room.
A.smoking; smoking B.to smoke; to smoke C.smoking; to smoke D.smoke; smoking
【答案】C
【详解】考查动名词和动词不定式。句意:我们不允许在办公室吸烟。但是你可以在休息室吸烟。第一空为非谓语动词作宾语,根据allow doing sth.意为“允许做某事”可知,此处使用动名词形式作宾语;第二空为allow sb. to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”的被动结构,sb. be allowed to do sth.意为“某人被允许做某事”,所以此处为动词不定式形式作主语补足语。故选C项。
19.(23-24高二下·天津和平·期末)She has no pen _________, for she isn’t taking notes. She seems _________ it.
A.to write with; to forget to bring
B.to write in; to forget to bring
C.to write; to have forgotten bringing
D.to write with; to have forgotten to bring
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词和短语。句意:她没有笔写字,因为她没有记笔记。她好像忘记带了。第一空为不定式作后置定语,表示“用”应用介词with;第二空为短语seem to do sth.,且先于谓语完成应用to have done形式。故选D。
20.(23-24高一下·天津·期末)The machine was so convenient that the workers learned to use it in a few minutes.
A.operating B.operated C.to be operating D.to operate
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语。句意:这台机器操作非常方便,工人们几分钟就学会了使用它。一些表示状态性质的形容词比如:easy;hard; convenient 等用来作表语时,sth作为主语,形容词后面应接动词不定式,用不定式的主动形式表被动意义,所以这里应用to operate。故选D项。
二、语法填空
1.(24-25高一下·江苏·期末)His ideas, although creative, are often difficult to (apply) to practice.
【答案】apply
【详解】考查动词。句意:他的想法虽然富有创意,但往往难以在实际中得以应用。此处为be difficult to do sth.,表示“难以做某事”。故填apply。
2.(24-25高一下·黑龙江牡丹江·期末)Such an emergency deserves (handle) right away.
【答案】handling/to be handled
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:这种紧急情况需要立即处理。 deserve后接动词时,动词与主语为被动关系,常用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,或者用不定式的被动形式“to be done”来表示被动意义,表示“某事值得被做”。所以空处需用动名词handling或不定式的被动形式to be handled。故填handling/to be handled。
3.(24-25高一下·北京·期末)You do not need to read in the same way you would if you needed to (memory) something.
【答案】memorize
【详解】考查动词。句意:你不需要像需要记忆某事那样去阅读。此空位于不定式符号to之后,所以使用动词原形,所给词memory为名词,需要转换为动词形式memorize,意为“记忆”。故填memorize。
4.(23-24高一下·吉林·期末)The film (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
【答案】to be produced
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:下个月将要制作的这部电影主要旨在反映当地文化。句中已有谓语aims,produce与film是被动关系,且next month表明动作还未发生,所以用动词不定式的被动形式to be produced作后置定语,故填to be produced。
5.(24-25高二下·吉林长春·期末)The meeting (hold) tomorrow is about food safety.
【答案】to be held
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:明天将要举行的会议是关于食品安全的。meeting(会议)和hold(举行)之间是被动关系,且根据tomorrow(明天)可知,会议是将来被举行,所以用动词不定式的被动形式to be held作后置定语,故填to be held。
6.(24-25高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末)Stephen Curry’s practising day in and day out helped him (sharp) his skills.
【答案】to sharpen/sharpen
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:斯蒂芬·库里日复一日的练习帮助他提升技能。help sb to do sth“帮助某人做某事”是固定搭配,不定式作宾补,to可省略。sharp的动词sharpen,意为“改善,提高”。故填(to) sharpen。
7.(24-25高一下·吉林长春·期末)The airport (construct) next year will help promote tourism in this development zone.
【答案】to be constructed
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:明年将要建造的机场会有助于促进这个开发区的旅游业。本句谓语为will help,此处为非谓语动词,本空作定语,修饰名词airport,且airport与construct“建造”之间是被动关系,再结合next year可知,此处表示将要被建造,应用不定式的被动语态,作后置定语。故填to be constructed。
8.(24-25高一下·吉林长春·期末)I am eager (make) friends with those who have much in common with me.
【答案】to make
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:我渴望和那些与我有很多共同之处的人交朋友。be eager to do sth.为固定短语,意为“渴望做某事”的结构。故填to make。
9.(24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期末)The fundamental purpose of Silkroad is (bring) people from across the globe together to play and listen to music.
【答案】to bring
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:丝绸之路的根本目的是把来自全球各地的人们聚集在一起演奏和聆听音乐。系动词“is”后面需要一个表语来解释说明主语“purpose”的具体内容,不定式to bring作表语,可用来表示具体的、一次性的行为或目的。故填to bring。
10.(24-25高一下·内蒙古乌兰察布·期末)I shall be pleased to have the opportunity (go) abroad.
【答案】to go
【详解】考查动词不定式。句意:我很高兴有机会出国。分析句子可知,“have the opportunity to do sth.”是固定搭配,意为“有机会做某事”,因此此处应填入动词不定式“to go”作后置定语修饰opportunity。故填to go。
11.(2025全国一卷)We hope (present)the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and initiate dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual art and expressionism.
【答案】to present
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:我们希望在一个视觉语境中呈现相当抽象的围棋游戏和人工智能,并与极简主义艺术、观念艺术和表现主义展开对话。本句谓语为hope,此处为非谓语动词,hope to do sth.“希望做某事”,所以此处需用动词present“呈现”的不定式,作宾语。故填to present。
12.(2025全国二卷)Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing. denying me the chance (discover) one of the great wonders of sunshine — the sweet “sunshine scent” after sunning clothes for an entire day.
【答案】 to discover
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:在我的成长过程中,我的家人和邻居从不使用晾衣绳晾晒衣物,这让我没有机会发现阳光的奇妙之处之一——将衣服晒了一整天后散发的甜美的“阳光的味道”。本句已有谓语used,此处应用非谓语动词, chance to do sth.“做某事的机会”,本空用discover的不定式,作定语。故填to discover。
13. (2025浙江I月卷)Tanya’s shop offers fashion clothes for women (rent) rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive solution to one-time event dressing.
【答案】 to rent
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:坦尼娅的店铺提供女士时尚服装租赁服务,而非直接出售,为一次性活动着装提供了更经济实惠的解决方案。分析句子结构可知,空白处作定语,应用动词不定式。
14.(2025八省联考卷)The goal was two-fold: (celebrate) cultural diversity as well as to promote the equal use of all six tongues.
【答案】to celebrate
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:目的是双重的:庆祝文化多样性,并促进所有六种语言的平等使用。本句谓语为was,此处为非谓语动词,应用celebrate“庆祝”的不定式,作目的状语,与to promote并列。故填to celebrate。
15. (2024全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend
(catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
【答案】 to catch
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:尽管村子任何层级的各种规模和类型的公园,但特别是国家公园,由于其规模大、种类多,往往会引起我们的注意。固定搭配:tend to do sth.,表示“倾向于做某事”,不定式作宾语,故填to catch。
16. (2024新课标II卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed ___ ___ (find) the connection between the two great writers.
【答案】to find
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:Edmondson说,这些文化元素提高了斯特拉特福德的国际知名度,并补充说,游客们穿过故居花园时,常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。非谓语动词担当形容词“amazed”后的原因状语,用动词不定式形式。故填to find。
17.(2024新课标I卷)The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝). These sepals open on warm days (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
【答案】 to give
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:温室在温暖的日子里开放,利用液压系统为内部植物提供阳光和通风。use sth. to do sth.为固定搭配,表示“使用某物去做某事”,所以空处应用动词不定式形式作宾语补足语。故填to give。
18.(2024九省联考卷)He knows that computers are here (stay) and that they will not disappear.
【答案】to stay
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:他知道电脑会一直存在,不会消失。be here to stay是一个固定短语,表示“固定下来; 普遍认可; 成为风尚”。故填to stay。
19.(2024浙江1月卷)The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family-size this and multi-buy that. However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense.
【答案】 to benefit
【详解】考查动词不定式。句意:然而,如果你是想买一件,那么多买一件来享受降价是没有意义的。根据“buying extra”和“from price reductions”可知,此处是指多买一件来享受降价,所以应用to do不定式作目的状语。故填to benefit。
20.(2023全国甲卷)For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) __________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
【答案】 to teach
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:几千年来,人们通过讲寓言来传授知识或传授智慧。根据句意可知,此处表达“来传授知识和智慧”,所以用不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。
(24-25高一下·安徽合肥·期末)阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Chinese musical Su Dongpo, which premiered in 2024 and toured nationwide, was staged at the Tianqiao Performing Arts Center in Beijing from June 6 to 8. The story 1 (center) on the life of Chinese poet Su Shi, also known as Su Dongpo, of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), one of China’s most 2 (recognize) cultural icons.
Produced by China Oriental Performing Arts Group, the musical tells about the poet’s four years spent in Huangzhou, now Huanggang, in Hubei province. Su and his family endured a harsh existence there, making 53 living by farming. Despite his 4 (challenge) circumstances, Su’s love for literature and artistic creation 5 (remain) unwavering (不动摇的). His optimism was 6 (evident) shown in his poems, depicting his experiences.
With 25 original songs, the 7 (produce) portrays the cultural giant’s transformation, from the depths of political despair 8 a spiritual rebirth.
One of the production’s 9 (highlight) is the musical stage debut of actor Zhang Xincheng 10 his portrayal of Su. As a graduate of the Central Academy of Drama’s musical theater program, Zhang has gained fame through numerous film and television roles.
【答案】1.centers 2.recognized 3.a 4.challenging 5.remained 6.evidently 7.production 8.to 9.highlights 10.in
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要说明了2024年首演的音乐剧《苏东坡》于6月在北京上演,讲述宋代诗人苏轼在黄州的经历,展现其困境中的创作坚守与精神转变,含25首原创歌曲,张新成参演为亮点。
1.考查时态。句意:这个故事围绕着中国诗人苏轼(又名苏东坡)的生平展开,苏轼是宋朝(960 - 1279 年)时期的人物,也是中国最著名的文化符号之一。陈述事实用一般现在时,主语为story,谓语用三单形式。故填centers。
2.考查形容词。句意:这个故事围绕着中国诗人苏轼(又名苏东坡)的生平展开,苏轼是宋朝(960 - 1279 年)时期的人物,也是中国最著名的文化符号之一。修饰名词icons用形容词recognized“公认的”。故填recognized。
3.考查冠词。句意:这部音乐剧由中国东方演艺集团出品,讲述了这位诗人在湖北省黄冈市(当时称为黄州)度过的四年时光,在那里,他和家人过着艰苦的生活,靠务农为生。短语make a living表示“谋生”。连接辅音音素,故填a。
4.考查形容词。句意:尽管身处艰难的境遇之中,苏对文学和艺术创作的热情依然坚定不移。修饰名词circumstances用形容词challenging“挑战性的”。故填challenging。
5.考查时态。句意:尽管身处艰难的境遇之中,苏对文学和艺术创作的热情依然坚定不移。句子讲述苏轼在黄州时期的经历,用一般过去时。故填remained。
6.考查副词。句意:他的乐观情绪显然在他的诗作中有所体现,这些诗描绘了他的人生经历。修饰动词show用副词evidently。故填evidently。
7.考查名词。句意:这部作品包含25首原创歌曲,展现了这位文化巨人的蜕变历程,从政治绝望的深渊走向精神的重生。作主语,用名词production,结合后文portrays,用单数。故填production。
8.考查介词。句意:这部作品包含25首原创歌曲,展现了这位文化巨人的蜕变历程,从政治绝望的深渊走向精神的重生。短语from…to…表示“从……到……”。故填to。
9.考查名词的数。句意:这部作品的一大亮点在于演员张新成首次登上音乐舞台,他饰演了苏这个角色。此处为one of+复数名词。故填highlights。
10.考查介词。句意:这部作品的一大亮点在于演员张新成首次登上音乐舞台,他饰演了苏这个角色。固定搭配debut in意为“首次亮相”,故填in。
(23-24高一上·天津河北·期末)阅读短文,按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
It was a few years ago. A friend sent me a restaurant gift card for Christmas and I picked a pretty, sunny Sunday afternoon to use it. It felt good taking my two grown sons and daughter to a nice sit-down restaurant instead of the fast food places we usually ate at. The meal was delicious and we all had a good time. When the waitress brought the check, I looked down at it. The gift card covered almost all of it. I reached into my wallet to get enough cash to cover the rest. I saw two bills in my wallet. The first would cover the rest of the bill and give the waitress a nice tip. The second bill was much larger, so I reached down to pick out the first one.
At that moment, my mind flashed back to 30 years ago. I was working as a waiter in a restaurant much like the one we were in now. It was long hours of hard work for low pay. I went home just only making enough to feed my young family. I also remembered how more than once I saw the waitresses counting their meager tips while worrying about how they were going to pay the rent and buy their kids things they needed. I remembered the pain in their eyes and sadness in their faces at the end of the day.
I blinked (眨眼) and was back in the present again. My fingers touched the smaller bill in my wallet. I smiled, pushed it back down, and picked out the much larger bill. I folded it around the gift card and covered both of them with the check. As we all got up from the table, I handed them to the hard-working waitress. “You keep the change,” I said with a smile and a happy heart.
We are all one family in this world. We live together, laugh together, and suffer together. Do your best to be a good person and love others. Replace the suffering with joy.
1.Why did the author initially want to use the first bill to pay? (no more than 15 words)
2.How do you understand the underlined word in Paragraph 2? (no more than 5 words)
3.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? (no more than 10 words)
4.Which word would you use to describe the author’s personality or character? (1 word)
5.What can you learn from the story? Please explain. (no more than 20 words)
【答案】1.Because the second one was too large for the food and the tip. 2.Very small. 3.The author’s final decision about giving tips./How the author tipped the waitress at last. 4.Sympathetic. 5.We should treat people with kindness. Because we are all one family in this world.
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过回忆自己曾经在餐厅工作的经历,表达了对人生和家庭的看法,呼吁读者尽自己的能力去做一个好人,去关爱他人。
1.考查细节理解。根据第一段“I reached into my wallet to get enough cash to cover the rest. I saw two bills in my wallet. The first would cover the rest of the bill and give the waitress a nice tip. The second bill was much larger, so I reached down to pick out the first one.(我把手伸进钱包,想拿出足够的钱来支付剩下的费用。我看到两张钞票在我的钱包。第一张钞票可以支付剩下的账单,并给女服务员一笔可观的小费。第二张钞票要大得多,所以我伸手去拿第一张)”可知,因为对于支付剩下的账单和小费来说太大了,所以作者最初想用第一张钞票付款。故填Because the second one was too large for the food and the tip.
2.考查词句猜测。根据后文“while worrying about how they were going to pay the rent and buy their kids things they needed.(一边担心如何支付房租和给孩子买必需品)”可知,小费不足以支付房租和给孩子买必需品,所以推测meager意为“微薄的”,应是very small之意。故填Very small.
3.考查主旨大意。根据第三段“I blinked (眨眼) and was back in the present again. My fingers touched the smaller bill in my wallet. I smiled, pushed it back down, and picked out the much larger bill. I folded it around the gift card and covered both of them with the check. As we all got up from the table, I handed them to the hard-working waitress. “You keep the change,” I said with a smile and a happy heart.(我眨了眨眼,又回到了现实。我的手指碰到了钱包里那张较小的钞票。我笑了笑,把它推回去,拿出那张大得多的钞票。我把它包在礼品卡上,把支票盖在两张卡片上。当我们都离开餐桌时,我把它们递给了辛勤工作的女服务员。“不用找了,”我笑着说,心里很高兴)”可知,本段主要讲述了作者关于给小费的最终决定。故填The author’s final decision about giving tips.或者How the author tipped the waitress at last.
4.考查推理判断。根据第二段“It was long hours of hard work for low pay. I went home just only making enough to feed my young family. I also remembered how more than once I saw the waitresses counting their meager tips while worrying about how they were going to pay the rent and buy their kids things they needed. I remembered the pain in their eyes and sadness in their faces at the end of the day.(那是长时间的辛苦工作,报酬却很低。我回家时挣的钱只够养家糊口。我还记得,我曾不止一次地看到女服务员一边数着微薄的小费,一边担心如何支付房租和给孩子买必需品。我记得那天结束时他们眼中的痛苦和脸上的悲伤)”以及第三段“I blinked (眨眼) and was back in the present again. My fingers touched the smaller bill in my wallet. I smiled, pushed it back down, and picked out the much larger bill. I folded it around the gift card and covered both of them with the check. As we all got up from the table, I handed them to the hard-working waitress. “You keep the change,” I said with a smile and a happy heart.(我眨了眨眼,又回到了现实。我的手指碰到了钱包里那张较小的钞票。我笑了笑,把它推回去,拿出那张大得多的钞票。我把它包在礼品卡上,把支票盖在两张卡片上。当我们都离开餐桌时,我把它们递给了辛勤工作的女服务员。“不用找了,”我笑着说,心里很高兴)”可知,作者通过自己30年前的经历,知道服务员的不容易,所以决定帮助服务员,是有同情心的。故填Sympathetic.
5.开放性问题。根据最后一段“We are all one family in this world. We live together, laugh together, and suffer together. Do your best to be a good person and love others. Replace the suffering with joy.(我们都是这个世界上的一家人。我们一起生活,一起欢笑,一起受苦。尽你最大的努力做一个好人,爱别人。用快乐代替痛苦)”可知,我们都是这个世界上的一家人。我们一起生活,一起欢笑,一起受苦,所以应该善待他人。故填We should treat people with kindness. Because we are all one family in this world.
7 / 10
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