Unit 7 Art (知识清单) 英语北师大版必修第三册

该高中英语Unit 7 Art知识清单系统整合了词汇、语法、写作三大核心内容，涵盖21个核心单词、14个重点短语、5个熟词生义及15个词汇知识点详解，系统梳理名词性从句语法体系，提供咨询类邮件写作技巧与素材，搭建从基础积累到语法应用再到写作输出的递进式学习支架。 清单采用“词汇分层精讲+语法考点分类+写作分步指导”的立体架构，如词汇部分通过“熟词生义对比表”呈现spot“斑点/地点”等多义，搭配“先练会”实战练习与“佳句背诵”应用示例；语法部分结合真题验证名词性从句四类考点，附“练练不忘”巩固题组，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。特别设计“写作句式升级指南”，如咨询邮件从“补全句子”到“定语从句合并”的分步训练，助力不同水平学生高效提升，教师可直接用于课堂精讲或分层作业设计，提升教学针对性。

Unit 7 Art 单词 1.drama n.戏剧 2.atmosphere n.气氛；氛围 3.figure n.人像，人形；数字 4.mentally adv.精神上；心理上 5.affect vt.影响 6.spot n.（圆）点；斑点；污渍 7.scream n.尖叫，尖叫声 vi.& vt.高声喊出 8.viewer n.观看者 9.cause vt.导致，引起；使发生 n.原因；事业 10.scene n.景色 11.male adj.男（性）的 12.master vt.掌握，精通 n.大师；主人 13.pattern n.图案；花样，式样 14.otherwise adv.否则；要不然 15.aspect n.方面 16.struggle n.奋斗 vi.奋斗，拼搏 17.score n.乐谱；比分；成绩 18.charge n.主管；负责 19.signal vt.标志着；预示 n.标识 20.broad adj.宽阔的；广博的 21.madam n.女士；夫人 短语 1.let out 发出（声音）；放出；泄露 2.be connected to... 与……有联系 3.a series of 一系列的 4.as for 至于 5.refer to 提到 6.at the bottom of... 在……的底部 7.after all 毕竟 8.not hesitate to do sth. 毫不犹豫做某事，尽管做某事 9.take charge of 负责 10.be fond of 喜爱，爱好 11.in addition 另外，此外 12.range from...to... 范围从……到…… 13.in total 总共 14.all in all 总而言之 熟词生义 1. appreciate 常见词义：v. 欣赏；感激 熟词生义：v. 珍惜（指重视某事物的价值或意义） 2. spot 常见词义：n. 斑点；污点 / v. 看见；发现 熟词生义：n. 地点；场所（指具体某个位置或地点） 3. charge 常见词义：v. 充电；收费；控告 熟词生义：v. 向……冲去；猛冲（尤指突然向前移动或攻击） 4. professional 常见词义：adj. 专业的；职业的 熟词生义：n. 专业人员；专家（指从事某一领域工作并具备专门技能的人） 5. perform 常见词义：v. 表演；演出 熟词生义：v. 执行；进行（指完成某项任务、工作或操作） 句型 1. “be doing...when...”意为“正在做……这时（突然）……” I was walking down the road with two friends when the sun set... 2. wish后的虚拟语气 I wish I knew more about them. 3. 过去分词（短语）作状语 Inspired by his struggles with deafness，the composer produced some amazing pieces... 4. 独立主格结构 But Beethoven continued conducting，his head buried in the score. 5. “not...but...”意为“不是……而是……” Art is not what you see, but what you make others see. 6. that引导表语从句 His view was that art should shock the viewers and challenge their sense of reality. 语法 名词性从句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 performance n.表演；演出；表现 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① It was so dazzling and energetic that I wasn't sure if the characters were ____________（perform） or athletes! ② [2022·浙江卷1月满分作文]I enjoyed the brilliant artworks and musical ________________（perform） from your home country. ③ 儿童合唱团在养老院进行表演，为老人带来欢乐和节日的气氛。 The children's choir _______________________________________________ to bring joy and holiday cheer to the old. 【拓展】 （1）give/put on a performance 呈现一场表演 （2）perform vi.& vt. 表演；履行；执行 perform a（n）...role in... 在……中起……作用；在……中扮演……角色 （3）performer n. 执行者；表演者；演员 ［佳句背诵］If you are selected to perform a role in the musical, you will need to attend daily rehearsals and memorize all your lines.［应用文写作之建议信］ 如果你被选中在音乐剧中扮演一个角色，你将需要参加每天的排练并记住所有的台词。 知识点2 figure n.数字；人像，人形；身影；身材，体形；人物；雕像，塑像；图形 v.计算；认为 [先练会]——写出下列句中figure (out)的含义 ① [2023·全国甲卷满分作文]Among the Chinese historical figures that are widely acknowledged, Fan Zhongyan is the most influential in my opinion. ________ ② [2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ]Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach...the animals? ______ ③ [2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ读后续写]Seeing his figure disappearing into thick evergreen forest, I felt relieved. _____ 【拓展】 （1）keep one's figure 保持体形 have a good figure 身材好 a political figure 一位政治人物 （2）figure out 理解；计算出；弄清楚 ［佳句背诵］（1）You have a good figure, and you will look very nice wearing these jeans. 你的身材很好，你穿这条牛仔裤会很好看。 （2）Only by means of balanced diets and regular exercise can you keep your figure and stay healthy.［应用文写作之建议信］ 只有通过均衡的饮食和规律的锻炼，你才能既保持体形又保持健康。 知识点3 spot v.发现；认出；点缀 n.（圆）点；斑点；污渍，污点；地点 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① When Jim Grant spotted black smoke ____________（come） out of a building on his way to work, he stopped his car to call 911. ② China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot _________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. ③ Not only will all kinds of paper-cutting works be on display, but the craftsmen will also show visitors how to cut paper into different shapes ______________（在现场）.［应用文写作之活动介绍］ ④ 夜空繁星点点，我们舒舒服服地躺在草地上，有说有笑。 ________________________，we lay on the grass comfortably，chatting and laughing.［读后续写之环境描写］ 【拓展】 （1）spot sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事 be spotted with 散布；点缀 （2）on the spot 当场；立刻；在现场 put sb. on the spot 让某人难堪 tourist/scenic spots 旅游景点 ［佳句背诵］My heart was beating violently against my chest as I stood rooted to the spot, tears rolling down my cheeks.［读后续写之心理描写］ 我呆在原地，心在胸口怦怦直跳，眼泪顺着脸颊滚落下来。 ［名师点津］spot在定语从句中作先行词时，从句如缺状语则用where引导，如缺主语或宾语则用that/which引导。 知识点4 failure n.衰退，衰竭；失败；故障；失败的人（事） [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① We were confused by his ____________（fail） to answer the letter. ② It was _____ failure but the methods deserved praise. ③ 如果你不听从别人的建议，你最终会失败的。 You'll ________________ if you don't follow others' advice.［应用文写作之建议信］ 【拓展】 （1）end in failure 以失败告终 a failure 一个失败的人；一件失败的事 （2）fail v. 失败；未能；失灵；歉收 fail to do... 未能做…… fail in... 在……失败 ［佳句背诵］Today, we'll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天我们将讨论一些关于英语初学者不能正确使用英语的情况。［应用文写作之演讲稿］ 知识点5 struggle vi.奋斗，拼搏 n.奋斗 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① In life, people constantly ___________________（为梦想而奋斗）. Sometimes, they fall down, but they always manage to ____________________（挣扎着站起来） and continue the journey. They _____________________（与各种困难做斗争）, whether it's poverty, illness, or adversity. It is the spirit that makes them stronger and stronger. ② 对许多学生来说，在兼职工作和学习之间找到平衡是一项挑战。 ____________________________________________ their part-time jobs with their study. 【拓展】 （1）struggle for... 为……而斗争/奋斗 struggle against/with sb./sth. 与某人/某事做斗争 struggle to do sth. 努力做某事 struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来 （2）It is a struggle （for sb.） to do sth. （对于某人而言）做某事真是件难事。 ［佳句背诵］（2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ）During my first visit to Italy, I struggled to ask for directions or order in a restaurant. 我第一次去意大利旅行的时候，问路或点餐都很费力。 知识点6 respond vi.& vt.回应，回复；作出反应 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① Biologist Christen says the plan is to see how the birds respond _____ the multi-colored road this summer. ② Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much ____ response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. ③ She didn't respond to the question that reporter asked. →She _________________________ the question that reporter asked. 【拓展】 （1）respond to 对……作出回应或反应 （2）response n. 回答，答复；反应 in response to 作为回应；响应；答复 make （no） response to... 对……（不）回应 ［佳句背诵］In response to the Sunshine Sports Activities launched by our school, we have organized long-distance running in the morning. 为了响应我们学校发起的阳光体育活动，我们组织了早上长跑活动。［应用文写作之倡议书］ ［名师点津］respond to后接名词或代词作宾语，若接that从句时省去介词to。 知识点7 hesitate vi.犹豫；踌躇 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① If a student gets hungry on the long drives to and from school， Wilson never hesitates __________（buy） him/her a meal. ② People with the impression that poetry is difficult to understand often hesitate ____________ reading poetry. ③ 如果你需要进一步的信息或帮助，请尽管与我联系。 →If you require further information or assistance, please _____________________________.（hesitate v.） →If you require further information or assistance, please _____________________________.（hesitation n.） 【拓展】 （1）hesitate to do sth. 迟疑做某事 hesitate about/over （doing） sth. 对（做）某事犹豫不决 （2）hesitation n. 踌躇；犹豫 without hesitation 毫不犹豫地 have no hesitation in doing sth. 毫不犹豫地做某事 ［佳句背诵］ He hesitated for a while, his eyes growing tender.［读后续写之神态描写］ 他犹豫了一会儿，眼神变得温柔起来。 知识点8 charge n.主管；负责；费用，价钱；指控 vt.& vi.收费；控诉；猛冲；向……方向冲去 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The company is charged _______ violating environmental regulations by dumping waste into the river. ② （人教选必二U1）Qian Xuesen received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put ________________（负责） not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. ③ 我将负责一个主题班会，旨在向外国人介绍中国传统文化，但我不确定如何使内容具有吸引力和准确性。 → _______________________________________________ and its purpose is to introduce traditional Chinese culture to foreigners, but I'm not sure how to make the content engaging and accurate. → _______________________________________________ and its purpose is to introduce traditional Chinese culture to foreigners, but I'm not sure how to make the content engaging and accurate. 【拓展】 （1）in charge 主管;看管 in charge of 掌握；负责 in the charge of... 在……掌管之下 take charge of 掌管;负责;控制 （2）free of charge 免费 （3）charge sb. for... 因……向某人收费 charge sb. with sth. 控告某人某事 ［佳句背诵］（1）（2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ满分作文） I'm Li Hua, the student in charge of “Talk and Talk”， an English programme in our school radio station. 我叫李华，是负责我们学校广播站英语节目《谈话》的学生。 （2）He came charging into my room and demanded to know what was going on. 他冲进我的房间,要求知道发生了什么事。 知识点9 compose vt.作（曲）；创作；写作；组成，构成；使平静；使镇静 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① Last night, I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers, a beautiful violin concerto ____________（compose） by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang. ② He is a famous _____________ of pop music and has composed more than 50 pieces of _______________ since 2014.（compose） ③ 我花了几秒钟的时间让自己镇定下来，并观察了一番眼前的情形。 I ___________________________________ and to take in the scene that was laid out before me. 【拓展】 （1） （2）compose oneself使自己镇定 （3）composer n.作曲家 composition n.作曲，创作，作品；成分；构成 ［佳句背诵］It is universally acknowledged that life is composed of not only sunshine but also storms, and we must learn to face and overcome difficulties bravely.［读后续写之主旨升华］ 人们普遍认为，生活不仅充满阳光，而且伴随着风雨，我们必须学会勇敢地面对和克服困难。 知识点10 appreciate vt.感激；欣赏；理解；意识到 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① We'd appreciate your ___________（come） as far as possible, otherwise the fire will get out of control. ② Learning Chinese calligraphy will increase your ________________（appreciate） of Chinese culture. ③ 如果你能考虑我的建议我将感激不尽，我的确希望你的论文对环境保护有所帮助。 _______________________________________________________________ and I do hope that your paper will make a difference to environmental protection. 【拓展】 （1）appreciate+n./pron./doing 重视/感激…… I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激 （2）appreciation n. 感激;欣赏 express/convey one's appreciation to sb. 向某人表达感激之情 ［佳句背诵］（ 2023·全国甲卷满分作文）Fan Zhongyan was highly appreciated because he made great contributions to society.［应用文写作之人物介绍］ 范仲淹因为对社会做出了巨大贡献而受到高度赞赏。 知识点11 permission n.允许；许可；批准 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① [2023·浙江卷1月]Citizens of higher social classes were permitted ___________（live） closer to the center of the circles. ② No matter how close you are with your friends, you can't use their articles without ______________（permit）. ③ ____________________________________（如果天气允许）， the competition to be held in our school stadium will begin at 2：00 pm and last for roughly 3 hours. ④ [2022·浙江卷6月满分作文]没有老师的许可，你绝不能带手机到自习室。因此，如果你的确需要一部手机，你必须请求老师许可。另外，我们不允许大声说话，这会打扰别人。 ___________________________________， you mustn't take your smartphone to the self-study room. Thus， if you do need one，you must __________________________________________________ . What's more， we __________________________________________， which will disturb others. 【拓展】 （1）without permission 未经允许 ask sb.for permission=ask permission from sb. 请求某人许可 （2）permit v. 允许，准许，许可 n. 执照；许可证；通行证 permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 permit doing sth. 允许做某事 ［佳句背诵］No one is permitted to take photos of the exhibits in the museum without permission.［应用文写作之通知］ 任何人未经允许都禁止对博物馆里的展品拍照。 ［联想发散］有类似用法的还有： （1）allow doing sth./sb. to do sth. 允许（某人）做某事 （2）forbid doing sth./sb. to do sth. 禁止（某人）做某事 （3）advise doing sth./sb. to do sth. 建议（某人）做某事 知识点12 threatening adj.（行为）带有威胁的；恐吓的 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① Large areas of the jungle are now threatened ________ destruction because of climate change, leading to a loss of biodiversity that millions of species rely on. ② Tom threatened _________________（report） his neighbour immediately to the police if the damages were not paid. ③ The desert appeared completely empty, which was calming and ________________（threaten） at the same time. ④ 毫无疑问，由于人类的活动，野生动物正受到威胁。因此，只有学会与自然和谐相处，我们才能停止对野生动物的威胁。 Undoubtedly， wildlife _______________________ due to human beings' activities. Thus， only by learning to exist in harmony with nature ____________________________________________.［应用文写作之动物保护］ 【拓展】 （1）threaten v. 威胁到，危及 threaten...with... 用……威胁…… threaten to do sth. 威胁去做某事 （2）threatened adj. 受到威胁的；感到危险的 （3）threat n. 威胁，可能会带来危险的人（事） a threat to... 对……的威胁 under threat 受到威胁 ［佳句背诵］ The government, however, does not intend to stop the protection programmes, since the threats to the Tibetan antelope have not yet disappeared． 然而，政府并没有打算停止这些保护项目，因为对藏羚羊的威胁依然存在。 知识点13 messy adj.凌乱的；混乱的；脏的 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The curtains were falling down, the lamps were falling down. It was ___ real mess. ② The kitchen's always so _________（mess） after we've had guests. ③ Tom felt that he had messed up his life. →Tom felt that he had ____________________ his life. 【拓展】 mess n. 混乱，脏乱；脏或乱的状态 v. 弄乱；弄脏 in a mess 混乱，脏乱，乱七八糟 make a mess of 弄乱……；搞糟…… mess up 弄乱；弄脏；弄糟 ［佳句背诵］ Please put these teaching materials in order and don't leave them in a mess. 请把这些教材整理好，不要乱放。 知识点14 let out 发出（声音）；放走；放出；泄露；（把衬衣、外套等）放大，放长，加宽 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① [2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ]—Alex, did you feed the cat this morning? I don't think she can wait. —All right, after I finish this chapter. I just can't let go ____ this book. ② [2023·浙江卷1月]Sitting on a branch，he inched towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive. Suddenly, Ziyad let ______ a sharp cry. ③ 希望每个同学都能抽出时间来欣赏这个展览，它不会让你们失望的。 Hope every student can spare time to enjoy the exhibition, ____________________________ .［应用文写作之通知］ 【拓展】 let alone 更不用说；更谈不上 let sb./sth. alone 不管/不干涉某人/某物 let off 释放；使（炸药等）爆炸 let down 使失望，辜负 let go （of） 松手；放开 let in 允许进入 ［佳句背诵］ Finding his homework unfinished again, Father let out a cry of anger, with his eyes filled with annoyance.［读后续写之情绪描写］ 发现他的作业又没做完,父亲愤怒地大喊了一声,眼里充满了恼怒。 知识点15 “be doing...when...”意为“正在做……这时（突然）……” [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① [2023·浙江卷1月]I _______________________（stand） by the car when a hummingbird flew to the center of our group and began hovering （盘旋）. ② Mother had just woken up ________ she smelt an inviting smell of food. ③ [2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]我正要放弃，这时冈特掏出了他的小手机，给一个朋友打了电话。 ________________________________________________ Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend.［读后续写之动作描写］ 【拓展】 教材原句中when用作并列连词，意为“这时（突然）”。还用于以下三种句型： be about to do...when... 正要做……这时（突然）…… be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时（突然）…… had （just） done...when... （刚）做完……这时（突然）…… ［佳句背诵］ （1）A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear. 一个小孩和一个男人正在海滩上散步，这时小孩突然发现了一个贝壳，并把它放在耳边。 （2）I was looking at the photos on the noticeboard when I heard a voice behind me. 我正在浏览公告板上的图片，这时我听见身后有一个声音。 知识点16 wish后的虚拟语气 [先练会]——完成句子 ① 我的脑中有几个方案在蹦来蹦去，我真希望现在可以决定一个。 With several scenarios bouncing around in my mind，I _____________________________________________. ② 我希望在即将到来的高考中，我不会辜负父母和老师的期望。 I _____________________________________________________ in the coming College Entrance Examination. ③ 我站在那里，默默地流着悔恨的泪水，我希望我没对爸爸说如此刻薄的话。 I stood there， shedding tears of regret in silence and I _____________________________________.［读后续写之心理描写］ 【拓展】 wish后接that引导的宾语从句时要用虚拟语气,从句中谓语动词的形式为: （1）对现在的虚拟：过去式（be的过去式用were） （2）对过去的虚拟：had+过去分词 （3）对将来的虚拟：would/could/might+动词原形 ［佳句背诵］ （1）I wish that the above suggestions I have put forward would be of some benefit and help you out of the dilemma.［应用文写作之建议信］ 我希望我提出的以上建议能对你有好处，帮助你走出困境。 （2）You don't want to look back in years to come and say， “I wish I had thought more about what I really wanted to do.” 你也不希望多年之后回顾过去时才说:“我真希望当年能再多想想自己真正想要做什么。” 知识点17 过去分词（短语）作状语 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The scientist came in， _____________（follow） by her assistant. ② When _________（ask） for his opinion, he declared strongly against the policy, which surprised everyone present at the meeting. ③ As the boy was blamed by his teacher， he was in low spirits these days. →____________________， the boy was in low spirits these days.（过去分词短语作状语） 【拓展】 过去分词（短语）在句中可作时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等状语，表示被动或完成。过去分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。有时为了句意清楚，可在过去分词的前边加上适当的连词，如when、if、unless、though、as if等。 ［佳句背诵］ Faced with so many new things to learn， I was overcome by fear and was at a loss what to do. 面对这么多要学的新东西，我感到恐惧，不知道该做什么。［读后续写之心理描写］ 知识点18 独立主格结构 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The wedding ceremony took place in a brightly decorated hotel room. There were hundreds of guests, all _____________（dress） up in formal, colourful clothes. ② 学生国画作品展上展览了许多好作品，我坚信每个人都会因为这次活动对中国传统文化有更深的理解。 _______________________________ on the Students' Chinese Painting Exhibition， I firmly believe that everyone will have a deeper understanding of traditional Chinese culture through this event. ③ [2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ读后续写]With the writing contest over， I almost forgot it， not caring about whether I would win or not. →_________________________， I almost forgot it， not caring about whether I would win or not.（独立主格结构） 【拓展】 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状态等。独立主格结构的形式有以下几种： （1）名词/代词+过去分词（表示被动或已完成）； （2）名词/代词+现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）； （3）名词/代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作）； （4）名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语（常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态）。 ［佳句背诵］ （1）She hugged the caring twins tightly, her eyes flooded with/full of tears. 她紧紧地抱住贴心的双胞胎,双眸满是泪水。 （2）Code-named “Operation Overlord”, it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation. 这次行动的代号是“霸王行动”，它是历史上规模最大的海、空、陆联合行动，其目的是将欧洲西北部从德国的占领中解放出来。 二、语法清单 名词性从句 【感知·真题验证】 1．[2024·全国甲卷]On a cool， starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in _  _   is now northwestern Wyoming. 2．[2024·浙江卷1月]If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that's _  _   they'll promote. 3．[2023 ·新高考全国卷Ⅱ]They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is _  _   they need an English trainer. 4．[2022 ·浙江卷1月]Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   she could do so remotely. 【精讲·语法知识】 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，其功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 考点一 主语从句 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether（是否）只起连接作用，不作成分，一般不省略，也可用it作形式主语 ＊With all this beauty, it is not surprising that Ireland has developed strong traditions that include music, dancing, and dining. 这般美景，造就了爱尔兰包括音乐、舞蹈和餐饮在内的强大传统也就不足为奇了。 ＊Whether it was possible to develop a hybrid of self-pollinating plants such as rice was a matter of great debate. 是否有可能培育出水稻等自花授粉植物的杂交种，是一个有很大争议的问题。 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whatever、whichever等 ＊What I love best about Sichuan hot pots is that they offer a great opportunity to socialize with friends since a meal can last for hours. 我最喜欢四川火锅的地方是它们提供了一个很好的与朋友交往的机会，因为一顿饭可以持续几个小时。 ＊Whichever team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. 无论哪支球队在周六获胜，都将晋级全国锦标赛。 连接副词 when、where、why、 how、whenever等 ＊How this could be done was a challenging question at the time. 如何做到这一点在当时是一个具有挑战性的问题。 ＊It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会都无所谓。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but _________ surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks. 2．How it is used, ___________ it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument. 3．It is believed _________ this poem was written by Li Bai in his teenage years. 考点二 宾语从句 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether/if（是否）只起连接作用,不作成分 ＊And if you study festivals carefully, you may be surprised to find that different cultures actually have a lot in common after all. 如果你仔细研究各种节日，你会惊奇地发现不同的文化实际上有很多共同之处。 ＊Put more simply, while people continue to argue over whether or not fatty food is dangerous, we already know that sugar is a killer. 简单地说，当人们还在继续争论高脂肪食物是否有害时，我们已经知晓糖分是健康的杀手。 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whichever等 ＊Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. 除了聪明以外，他还很勇敢，虽然有时说话或做事会粗心。 ＊This is because your career is a very important part of who you are. 这是因为你的职业是你身份的一个非常重要的组成部分。 连接副词 when、where、why、 how、whenever等 ＊In general，doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. 当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法来解释霍乱如何蔓延。 ＊That was the moment I started to understand why people say “Horses are at the heart of Mongolian culture”． 我顿时明白了为什么人们说“马是蒙古族文化的核心”了。 ＊They couldn't imagine where he had been on such a stormy night. 他们无法想象在那样的暴风雨之夜,他到什么地方去了。 【名师点津】 在两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句中，引导第一个宾语从句的连词 that可以省略，其余的均不可省略。 ＊She heard him declare （that） he did not want to leave her the next day, and that he felt more than just the desire to please her. 她听到他说明天他不想离开她，而且他不仅仅是想取悦她。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．Although it has been proved that Franklin's experiment took place, more than one scientist has questioned ________ really happened. 2．At the information desk at the entrance, I asked a lady _________ the shoe section was. 考点三 表语从句 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether（是否）只起连接作用,不作成分,一般不省略 ＊Whether big or small, what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific consequences. 无论我们的选择是大是小，它们都有一个共同点，那就是它们都会带来特定的结果。 ＊The question is whether we should invest in this project. 问题是我们是否应该投资这个项目。 because（强调原因） ＊I heard it is because children are lighter and the horses can run faster and farther. 我听说这是因为儿童体重更轻，马儿才能跑得更快、更远。 ＊From space, the earth looks blue. This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. 从太空中看，地球看起来是蓝色的。这是因为（地球）表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。 as if/as though（好像） ＊At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end! 凌晨3:42,万物开始摇晃。仿佛世界末日即将来临! 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever等 ＊Unfortunately, as a teenager, that is often exactly what you do to yourself. 不幸的是，作为一个青少年，那往往正是你对自己所做的。 ＊The problem is which worker should be responsible for the accident. 问题是哪位工人应该对这起事故负责。 连接副词 when、where、why、how、whenever等 ＊Then the music gets dramatic with heavier notes and that is when the lovers are separated because Zhu's father forces her to marry another man. 然后伴随着更重的音符，音乐变得激动人心，这是这对恋人因为祝英台的父亲强迫她嫁给另一个男人而分开的时候。 ＊A simple restaurant was where he usually had the same meal of sausages, eggs and coffee. 他经常到一家简单的餐馆吃同样的食物，有香肠、鸡蛋和咖啡。 【名师点津】（1）why与because 引导表语从句时，前者强调结果，后者强调原因。句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 ＊The reason why we don't trust him is that he often lies. 我们不相信他的原因是他经常说谎。 （2）as if/though引导的表语从句，通常位于系动词look、seem、sound、be等后面，既可以用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．After all, home is _________ all family members are together. 2．While disasters brought much sadness and disappointment, the desire to explore the universe did not die. This is ___________ people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks. 3．However, what we eat isn't the most important thing. What's important is 　　　　　　　 we eat it with. 考点四 同位语从句 同位语从句通常用于对主句中的名词（多为抽象名词）进行解释，说明其具体内容。后接同位语从句的名词有belief、decision、doubt、explanation、 evidence、fact、truth、feeling、hope、idea、news、opinion、possibility、problem、promise、suggestion、thought、 wish等。 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether（是否）只起连接作用,不作成分,一般不省略 ＊Sometimes I had the uncomfortable feeling that this little machine had taken up too much of my time, and that I could have done something more meaningful than just looking at a tiny screen all day. 有时我感到焦虑，这台小机器占用了我太多的时间，我本可以做一些更有意义的事，而不是整天盯着一个小屏幕看。 ＊As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question whether there is life on other planets. 当我们对宇宙有了更多的了解时，有一天我们可能会回答其他行星上是否存在生命的问题。 连接代词 what、who等 ＊They haven't solved the problem who should be in charge of the key project. 他们还没有解决由谁来负责那项重点工程的问题。 连接副词 when、where、why、how等 ＊We haven't yet settled the question when and where we are going to spend our vacation. 我们还没有解决我们什么时候、去哪儿度假的问题。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．What keeps them from doing so is the fact 　　　　　　　 chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. 2．There is concern 　　　　　　 the construction company that built the tower block had not followed fire safety rules. 3．I had no idea 　　　　　　 hydrogen was, and I didn't really want to know, either! 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 咨询类邮件是一种正式但兼具友好性的书面交流形式，核心目的是清晰、礼貌地获取信息、寻求建议或请求帮助。常用结构包括： 开头：问候 + 自我介绍（如需要）+ 明确来信目的 主体：背景简述 + 具体咨询问题（可分点） 结尾：感谢 + 期待回复 + 祝福语 【积累·写作素材】 常用句式 1. 开头常用语 （1）My name is [Your Name], and I am writing to inquire about... 我是[你的名字]，写这封信是想咨询关于…… （2）I hope this email finds you well. I am reaching out to ask for some information regarding... 希望一切顺利。我想咨询一些关于……的信息。 （3）I am a student from [School/Class], and I would be grateful if you could provide me with some details about... 我是来自[学校/班级]的学生，如果您能提供一些关于……的详细信息，我将不胜感激。 2. 主体部分常用语 （1）I would like to know more about... / Could you please tell me...? 我想进一步了解……/ 请问您能否告诉我……？ （2）Specifically, I am interested in the following points: 具体来说，我对以下几点感兴趣： （3）To help you better understand my situation, here is some background information: 为了让您更好地了解我的情况，以下是一些背景信息： （4）Would it be possible for you to...? / I was wondering if you could... 您是否有可能……？/ 我想知道您是否可以…… 3. 结尾常用语 （1）Thank you in advance for your time and assistance. I look forward to your reply. 提前感谢您花时间提供帮助。期待您的回复。 （2）I would appreciate it if you could respond at your earliest convenience. 如果您能尽早回复，我将非常感激。 （3）Please feel free to contact me if you need any further information. My phone number is... 如果您需要更多信息，请随时与我联系。我的电话号码是…… 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是学生李华，下个月你将以交换生的身份到汤姆(Tom)所在的一所英国学校进行学习。对此，你充满期待，但也有一些顾虑。请你根据下面的要点提示，用英语给汤姆写一封邮件。要点如下： 1.对英国的学校生活充满期待； 2.请汤姆介绍当地的生活信息(天气、饮食等)； 3.请汤姆介绍如何与英国学生相处。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数； 3．可适当增加细节，使行文连贯。 Dear Tom， _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Looking forward to your reply. Yours， Li Hua 审题谋篇 第一步：审题构思很关键 第二步：补全句子雏形现 1．我写信询问英国的生活和学习情况。 I'm writing to 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　． 2．下个月我要作为交换生去你们学校学习。 I will go to your school to study 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 next month. 3．我到英国时，在吃饭时应该注意哪些方面？ When I arrive in England, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 when I'm eating food? 4．因为文化差异，我不知道怎样与英国学生相处。 I don't know 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 because we have different cultures. 5．这件事让我很是焦虑。 This matter 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　． 第三步：句式升级造亮点 6．用原因状语从句合并第二步中的句1和句2 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 7．用省略结构改写第二步中的句3 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 8．用定语从句合并第二步中的句4和句5 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 第四步：过渡衔接连成篇 _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ One possible version： Dear Tom， My name is Li Hua.I'm writing to ask about the life and study in England, because I will go to your school to study as an exchange student next month. First of all, can you tell me whether it will be easy for me to adapt to the weather there？Need I take many clothes？In addition, I like eating hot food in China, so when I arrive in England, what aspects should I pay attention to when eating food？What's more, I don't know how to get along with England students because we have different cultures, which makes me very worried. I'd appreciate it if you could spare your time to write back to me. Looking forward to your reply. Yours， Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 7 Art 单词 1.drama n.戏剧 2.atmosphere n.气氛；氛围 3.figure n.人像，人形；数字 4.mentally adv.精神上；心理上 5.affect vt.影响 6.spot n.（圆）点；斑点；污渍 7.scream n.尖叫，尖叫声 vi.& vt.高声喊出 8.viewer n.观看者 9.cause vt.导致，引起；使发生 n.原因；事业 10.scene n.景色 11.male adj.男（性）的 12.master vt.掌握，精通 n.大师；主人 13.pattern n.图案；花样，式样 14.otherwise adv.否则；要不然 15.aspect n.方面 16.struggle n.奋斗 vi.奋斗，拼搏 17.score n.乐谱；比分；成绩 18.charge n.主管；负责 19.signal vt.标志着；预示 n.标识 20.broad adj.宽阔的；广博的 21.madam n.女士；夫人 短语 1.let out 发出（声音）；放出；泄露 2.be connected to... 与……有联系 3.a series of 一系列的 4.as for 至于 5.refer to 提到 6.at the bottom of... 在……的底部 7.after all 毕竟 8.not hesitate to do sth. 毫不犹豫做某事，尽管做某事 9.take charge of 负责 10.be fond of 喜爱，爱好 11.in addition 另外，此外 12.range from...to... 范围从……到…… 13.in total 总共 14.all in all 总而言之 熟词生义 1. appreciate 常见词义：v. 欣赏；感激 熟词生义：v. 珍惜（指重视某事物的价值或意义） 2. spot 常见词义：n. 斑点；污点 / v. 看见；发现 熟词生义：n. 地点；场所（指具体某个位置或地点） 3. charge 常见词义：v. 充电；收费；控告 熟词生义：v. 向……冲去；猛冲（尤指突然向前移动或攻击） 4. professional 常见词义：adj. 专业的；职业的 熟词生义：n. 专业人员；专家（指从事某一领域工作并具备专门技能的人） 5. perform 常见词义：v. 表演；演出 熟词生义：v. 执行；进行（指完成某项任务、工作或操作） 句型 1. “be doing...when...”意为“正在做……这时（突然）……” I was walking down the road with two friends when the sun set... 2. wish后的虚拟语气 I wish I knew more about them. 3. 过去分词（短语）作状语 Inspired by his struggles with deafness，the composer produced some amazing pieces... 4. 独立主格结构 But Beethoven continued conducting，his head buried in the score. 5. “not...but...”意为“不是……而是……” Art is not what you see, but what you make others see. 6. that引导表语从句 His view was that art should shock the viewers and challenge their sense of reality. 语法 名词性从句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 performance n.表演；演出；表现 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① It was so dazzling and energetic that I wasn't sure if the characters were performers （perform） or athletes! ② [2022·浙江卷1月满分作文]I enjoyed the brilliant artworks and musical performance（perform） from your home country. ③ 儿童合唱团在养老院进行表演，为老人带来欢乐和节日的气氛。 The children's choir gave/put on a performance at the nursing home to bring joy and holiday cheer to the old. 【拓展】 （1）give/put on a performance 呈现一场表演 （2）perform vi.& vt. 表演；履行；执行 perform a（n）...role in... 在……中起……作用；在……中扮演……角色 （3）performer n. 执行者；表演者；演员 ［佳句背诵］If you are selected to perform a role in the musical, you will need to attend daily rehearsals and memorize all your lines.［应用文写作之建议信］ 如果你被选中在音乐剧中扮演一个角色，你将需要参加每天的排练并记住所有的台词。 知识点2 figure n.数字；人像，人形；身影；身材，体形；人物；雕像，塑像；图形 v.计算；认为 [先练会]——写出下列句中figure (out)的含义 ① [2023·全国甲卷满分作文]Among the Chinese historical figures that are widely acknowledged, Fan Zhongyan is the most influential in my opinion. 人物 ② [2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ]Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach...the animals? 弄清楚 ③ [2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ读后续写]Seeing his figure disappearing into thick evergreen forest, I felt relieved. 身影 【拓展】 （1）keep one's figure 保持体形 have a good figure 身材好 a political figure 一位政治人物 （2）figure out 理解；计算出；弄清楚 ［佳句背诵］（1）You have a good figure, and you will look very nice wearing these jeans. 你的身材很好，你穿这条牛仔裤会很好看。 （2）Only by means of balanced diets and regular exercise can you keep your figure and stay healthy.［应用文写作之建议信］ 只有通过均衡的饮食和规律的锻炼，你才能既保持体形又保持健康。 知识点3 spot v.发现；认出；点缀 n.（圆）点；斑点；污渍，污点；地点 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① When Jim Grant spotted black smoke coming（come） out of a building on his way to work, he stopped his car to call 911. ② China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. ③ Not only will all kinds of paper-cutting works be on display, but the craftsmen will also show visitors how to cut paper into different shapes on the spot（在现场）.［应用文写作之活动介绍］ ④ 夜空繁星点点，我们舒舒服服地躺在草地上，有说有笑。 The night sky spotted with stars，we lay on the grass comfortably，chatting and laughing.［读后续写之环境描写］ 【拓展】 （1）spot sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事 be spotted with 散布；点缀 （2）on the spot 当场；立刻；在现场 put sb. on the spot 让某人难堪 tourist/scenic spots 旅游景点 ［佳句背诵］My heart was beating violently against my chest as I stood rooted to the spot, tears rolling down my cheeks.［读后续写之心理描写］ 我呆在原地，心在胸口怦怦直跳，眼泪顺着脸颊滚落下来。 ［名师点津］spot在定语从句中作先行词时，从句如缺状语则用where引导，如缺主语或宾语则用that/which引导。 知识点4 failure n.衰退，衰竭；失败；故障；失败的人（事） [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① We were confused by his failure（fail） to answer the letter. ② It was a failure but the methods deserved praise. ③ 如果你不听从别人的建议，你最终会失败的。 You'll end in failure if you don't follow others' advice.［应用文写作之建议信］ 【拓展】 （1）end in failure 以失败告终 a failure 一个失败的人；一件失败的事 （2）fail v. 失败；未能；失灵；歉收 fail to do... 未能做…… fail in... 在……失败 ［佳句背诵］Today, we'll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天我们将讨论一些关于英语初学者不能正确使用英语的情况。［应用文写作之演讲稿］ 知识点5 struggle vi.奋斗，拼搏 n.奋斗 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① In life, people constantly struggle for their dreams（为梦想而奋斗）. Sometimes, they fall down, but they always manage to struggle to their feet（挣扎着站起来） and continue the journey. They struggle against/with all difficulties （与各种困难做斗争）, whether it's poverty, illness, or adversity. It is the spirit that makes them stronger and stronger. ② 对许多学生来说，在兼职工作和学习之间找到平衡是一项挑战。 It is a struggle for many students to balance their part-time jobs with their study. 【拓展】 （1）struggle for... 为……而斗争/奋斗 struggle against/with sb./sth. 与某人/某事做斗争 struggle to do sth. 努力做某事 struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来 （2）It is a struggle （for sb.） to do sth. （对于某人而言）做某事真是件难事。 ［佳句背诵］（2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ）During my first visit to Italy, I struggled to ask for directions or order in a restaurant. 我第一次去意大利旅行的时候，问路或点餐都很费力。 知识点6 respond vi.& vt.回应，回复；作出反应 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① Biologist Christen says the plan is to see how the birds respond to the multi-colored road this summer. ② Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. ③ She didn't respond to the question that reporter asked. →She made no response to the question that reporter asked. 【拓展】 （1）respond to 对……作出回应或反应 （2）response n. 回答，答复；反应 in response to 作为回应；响应；答复 make （no） response to... 对……（不）回应 ［佳句背诵］In response to the Sunshine Sports Activities launched by our school, we have organized long-distance running in the morning. 为了响应我们学校发起的阳光体育活动，我们组织了早上长跑活动。［应用文写作之倡议书］ ［名师点津］respond to后接名词或代词作宾语，若接that从句时省去介词to。 知识点7 hesitate vi.犹豫；踌躇 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① If a student gets hungry on the long drives to and from school， Wilson never hesitates to buy（buy） him/her a meal. ② People with the impression that poetry is difficult to understand often hesitate about/over reading poetry. ③ 如果你需要进一步的信息或帮助，请尽管与我联系。 →If you require further information or assistance, please don't hesitate to contact me.（hesitate v.） →If you require further information or assistance, please contact me without hesitation.（hesitation n.） 【拓展】 （1）hesitate to do sth. 迟疑做某事 hesitate about/over （doing） sth. 对（做）某事犹豫不决 （2）hesitation n. 踌躇；犹豫 without hesitation 毫不犹豫地 have no hesitation in doing sth. 毫不犹豫地做某事 ［佳句背诵］ He hesitated for a while, his eyes growing tender.［读后续写之神态描写］ 他犹豫了一会儿，眼神变得温柔起来。 知识点8 charge n.主管；负责；费用，价钱；指控 vt.& vi.收费；控诉；猛冲；向……方向冲去 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The company is charged with violating environmental regulations by dumping waste into the river. ② Qian Xuesen received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of（负责） not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. ③ 我将负责一个主题班会，旨在向外国人介绍中国传统文化，但我不确定如何使内容具有吸引力和准确性。 → I will be in charge of/take charge of a theme class meeting and its purpose is to introduce traditional Chinese culture to foreigners, but I'm not sure how to make the content engaging and accurate. → A theme class meeting will be in the charge of me and its purpose is to introduce traditional Chinese culture to foreigners, but I'm not sure how to make the content engaging and accurate. 【拓展】 （1）in charge 主管;看管 in charge of 掌握；负责 in the charge of... 在……掌管之下 take charge of 掌管;负责;控制 （2）free of charge 免费 （3）charge sb. for... 因……向某人收费 charge sb. with sth. 控告某人某事 ［佳句背诵］（1）（2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ满分作文） I'm Li Hua, the student in charge of “Talk and Talk”， an English programme in our school radio station. 我叫李华，是负责我们学校广播站英语节目《谈话》的学生。 （2）He came charging into my room and demanded to know what was going on. 他冲进我的房间,要求知道发生了什么事。 知识点9 compose vt.作（曲）；创作；写作；组成，构成；使平静；使镇静 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① Last night, I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers, a beautiful violin concerto composed （compose） by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang. ② He is a famous composer of pop music and has composed more than 50 pieces of compositions since 2014.（compose） ③ 我花了几秒钟的时间让自己镇定下来，并观察了一番眼前的情形。 I took a few seconds to compose myself and to take in the scene that was laid out before me. 【拓展】 （1） （2）compose oneself使自己镇定 （3）composer n.作曲家 composition n.作曲，创作，作品；成分；构成 ［佳句背诵］It is universally acknowledged that life is composed of not only sunshine but also storms, and we must learn to face and overcome difficulties bravely.［读后续写之主旨升华］ 人们普遍认为，生活不仅充满阳光，而且伴随着风雨，我们必须学会勇敢地面对和克服困难。 知识点10 appreciate vt.感激；欣赏；理解；意识到 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① We'd appreciate your coming（come） as far as possible, otherwise the fire will get out of control. ② Learning Chinese calligraphy will increase your appreciation（appreciate） of Chinese culture. ③ 如果你能考虑我的建议我将感激不尽，我的确希望你的论文对环境保护有所帮助。 I'd appreciate it if you could take my tips/suggestions/advice into account/consideration and I do hope that your paper will make a difference to environmental protection. 【拓展】 （1）appreciate+n./pron./doing 重视/感激…… I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激 （2）appreciation n. 感激;欣赏 express/convey one's appreciation to sb. 向某人表达感激之情 ［佳句背诵］（ 2023·全国甲卷满分作文）Fan Zhongyan was highly appreciated because he made great contributions to society.［应用文写作之人物介绍］ 范仲淹因为对社会做出了巨大贡献而受到高度赞赏。 知识点11 permission n.允许；许可；批准 [先练会]——单句语法填空 ① [2023·浙江卷1月]Citizens of higher social classes were permitted to live（live） closer to the center of the circles. ② No matter how close you are with your friends, you can't use their articles without permission（permit）. ③ Weather permitting/If weather permits（如果天气允许）， the competition to be held in our school stadium will begin at 2：00 pm and last for roughly 3 hours. ④ [2022·浙江卷6月满分作文]没有老师的许可，你绝不能带手机到自习室。因此，如果你的确需要一部手机，你必须请求老师许可。另外，我们不允许大声说话，这会打扰别人。 Without the teacher's permission， you mustn't take your smartphone to the self-study room. Thus， if you do need one，you must ask your teacher for permission/ask permission from your teacher . What's more， we don't permit talking loudly， which will disturb others. 【拓展】 （1）without permission 未经允许 ask sb.for permission=ask permission from sb. 请求某人许可 （2）permit v. 允许，准许，许可 n. 执照；许可证；通行证 permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 permit doing sth. 允许做某事 ［佳句背诵］No one is permitted to take photos of the exhibits in the museum without permission.［应用文写作之通知］ 任何人未经允许都禁止对博物馆里的展品拍照。 ［联想发散］有类似用法的还有： （1）allow doing sth./sb. to do sth. 允许（某人）做某事 （2）forbid doing sth./sb. to do sth. 禁止（某人）做某事 （3）advise doing sth./sb. to do sth. 建议（某人）做某事 知识点12 threatening adj.（行为）带有威胁的；恐吓的 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① Large areas of the jungle are now threatened with destruction because of climate change, leading to a loss of biodiversity that millions of species rely on. ② Tom threatened to report（report） his neighbour immediately to the police if the damages were not paid. ③ The desert appeared completely empty, which was calming and threatening（threaten） at the same time. ④ 毫无疑问，由于人类的活动，野生动物正受到威胁。因此，只有学会与自然和谐相处，我们才能停止对野生动物的威胁。 Undoubtedly， wildlife is under threat due to human beings' activities. Thus， only by learning to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to/threatening wildlife.［应用文写作之动物保护］ 【拓展】 （1）threaten v. 威胁到，危及 threaten...with... 用……威胁…… threaten to do sth. 威胁去做某事 （2）threatened adj. 受到威胁的；感到危险的 （3）threat n. 威胁，可能会带来危险的人（事） a threat to... 对……的威胁 under threat 受到威胁 ［佳句背诵］ The government, however, does not intend to stop the protection programmes, since the threats to the Tibetan antelope have not yet disappeared． 然而，政府并没有打算停止这些保护项目，因为对藏羚羊的威胁依然存在。 知识点13 messy adj.凌乱的；混乱的；脏的 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The curtains were falling down, the lamps were falling down. It was a real mess. ② The kitchen's always so messy（mess） after we've had guests. ③ Tom felt that he had messed up his life. →Tom felt that he had made a mess of his life. 【拓展】 mess n. 混乱，脏乱；脏或乱的状态 v. 弄乱；弄脏 in a mess 混乱，脏乱，乱七八糟 make a mess of 弄乱……；搞糟…… mess up 弄乱；弄脏；弄糟 ［佳句背诵］ Please put these teaching materials in order and don't leave them in a mess. 请把这些教材整理好，不要乱放。 知识点14 let out 发出（声音）；放走；放出；泄露；（把衬衣、外套等）放大，放长，加宽 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① [2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ]—Alex, did you feed the cat this morning? I don't think she can wait. —All right, after I finish this chapter. I just can't let go of this book. ② [2023·浙江卷1月]Sitting on a branch，he inched towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive. Suddenly, Ziyad let out a sharp cry. ③ 希望每个同学都能抽出时间来欣赏这个展览，它不会让你们失望的。 Hope every student can spare time to enjoy the exhibition, which will not let you down .［应用文写作之通知］ 【拓展】 let alone 更不用说；更谈不上 let sb./sth. alone 不管/不干涉某人/某物 let off 释放；使（炸药等）爆炸 let down 使失望，辜负 let go （of） 松手；放开 let in 允许进入 ［佳句背诵］ Finding his homework unfinished again, Father let out a cry of anger, with his eyes filled with annoyance.［读后续写之情绪描写］ 发现他的作业又没做完,父亲愤怒地大喊了一声,眼里充满了恼怒。 知识点15 “be doing...when...”意为“正在做……这时（突然）……” [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① [2023·浙江卷1月]I was standing（stand） by the car when a hummingbird flew to the center of our group and began hovering （盘旋）. ② Mother had just woken up when she smelt an inviting smell of food. ③ [2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]我正要放弃，这时冈特掏出了他的小手机，给一个朋友打了电话。 I was about to give up/I was on the point of giving up when Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend.［读后续写之动作描写］ 【拓展】 教材原句中when用作并列连词，意为“这时（突然）”。还用于以下三种句型： be about to do...when... 正要做……这时（突然）…… be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时（突然）…… had （just） done...when... （刚）做完……这时（突然）…… ［佳句背诵］ （1）A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear. 一个小孩和一个男人正在海滩上散步，这时小孩突然发现了一个贝壳，并把它放在耳边。 （2）I was looking at the photos on the noticeboard when I heard a voice behind me. 我正在浏览公告板上的图片，这时我听见身后有一个声音。 知识点16 wish后的虚拟语气 [先练会]——完成句子 ① 我的脑中有几个方案在蹦来蹦去，我真希望现在可以决定一个。 With several scenarios bouncing around in my mind，I do wish that I decided on one now. ② 我希望在即将到来的高考中，我不会辜负父母和老师的期望。 I wish I would live up to the expectations of my parents and teachers in the coming College Entrance Examination. ③ 我站在那里，默默地流着悔恨的泪水，我希望我没对爸爸说如此刻薄的话。 I stood there， shedding tears of regret in silence and I wished that I hadn't said such sharp words to my father.［读后续写之心理描写］ 【拓展】 wish后接that引导的宾语从句时要用虚拟语气,从句中谓语动词的形式为: （1）对现在的虚拟：过去式（be的过去式用were） （2）对过去的虚拟：had+过去分词 （3）对将来的虚拟：would/could/might+动词原形 ［佳句背诵］ （1）I wish that the above suggestions I have put forward would be of some benefit and help you out of the dilemma.［应用文写作之建议信］ 我希望我提出的以上建议能对你有好处，帮助你走出困境。 （2）You don't want to look back in years to come and say， “I wish I had thought more about what I really wanted to do.” 你也不希望多年之后回顾过去时才说:“我真希望当年能再多想想自己真正想要做什么。” 知识点17 过去分词（短语）作状语 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The scientist came in， followed（follow） by her assistant. ② When asked（ask） for his opinion, he declared strongly against the policy, which surprised everyone present at the meeting. ③ As the boy was blamed by his teacher， he was in low spirits these days. →Blamed by his teacher， the boy was in low spirits these days.（过去分词短语作状语） 【拓展】 过去分词（短语）在句中可作时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等状语，表示被动或完成。过去分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。有时为了句意清楚，可在过去分词的前边加上适当的连词，如when、if、unless、though、as if等。 ［佳句背诵］ Faced with so many new things to learn， I was overcome by fear and was at a loss what to do. 面对这么多要学的新东西，我感到恐惧，不知道该做什么。［读后续写之心理描写］ 知识点18 独立主格结构 [先练会]——单句语法填空/单句改错 ① The wedding ceremony took place in a brightly decorated hotel room. There were hundreds of guests, all dressed（dress） up in formal, colourful clothes. ② 学生国画作品展上展览了许多好作品，我坚信每个人都会因为这次活动对中国传统文化有更深的理解。 Many wonderful works shown/exhibited on the Students' Chinese Painting Exhibition， I firmly believe that everyone will have a deeper understanding of traditional Chinese culture through this event. ③ [2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ读后续写]With the writing contest over， I almost forgot it， not caring about whether I would win or not. →The writing contest over， I almost forgot it， not caring about whether I would win or not.（独立主格结构） 【拓展】 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状态等。独立主格结构的形式有以下几种： （1）名词/代词+过去分词（表示被动或已完成）； （2）名词/代词+现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）； （3）名词/代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作）； （4）名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语（常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态）。 ［佳句背诵］ （1）She hugged the caring twins tightly, her eyes flooded with/full of tears. 她紧紧地抱住贴心的双胞胎,双眸满是泪水。 （2）Code-named “Operation Overlord”, it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation. 这次行动的代号是“霸王行动”，它是历史上规模最大的海、空、陆联合行动，其目的是将欧洲西北部从德国的占领中解放出来。 二、语法清单 名词性从句 【感知·真题验证】 1．[2024·全国甲卷]On a cool， starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in _  _   is now northwestern Wyoming. [答案]what [解析]考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作主语，应用what。 2．[2024·浙江卷1月]If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that's _  _   they'll promote. [答案]what [解析]考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中缺少宾语，指物，应用what。 3．[2023 ·新高考全国卷Ⅱ]They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is _  _   they need an English trainer. [答案]why [解析]考查表语从句。“This is why...”意为“这就是为什么……”，为固定句型。 4．[2022 ·浙江卷1月]Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   she could do so remotely. [答案]whether/if [解析]考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，意为“是否”，应用whether或if。 【精讲·语法知识】 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，其功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 考点一 主语从句 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether（是否）只起连接作用，不作成分，一般不省略，也可用it作形式主语 ＊With all this beauty, it is not surprising that Ireland has developed strong traditions that include music, dancing, and dining. 这般美景，造就了爱尔兰包括音乐、舞蹈和餐饮在内的强大传统也就不足为奇了。 ＊Whether it was possible to develop a hybrid of self-pollinating plants such as rice was a matter of great debate. 是否有可能培育出水稻等自花授粉植物的杂交种，是一个有很大争议的问题。 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whatever、whichever等 ＊What I love best about Sichuan hot pots is that they offer a great opportunity to socialize with friends since a meal can last for hours. 我最喜欢四川火锅的地方是它们提供了一个很好的与朋友交往的机会，因为一顿饭可以持续几个小时。 ＊Whichever team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. 无论哪支球队在周六获胜，都将晋级全国锦标赛。 连接副词 when、where、why、 how、whenever等 ＊How this could be done was a challenging question at the time. 如何做到这一点在当时是一个具有挑战性的问题。 ＊It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会都无所谓。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks. 2．How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument. 3．It is believed that this poem was written by Li Bai in his teenage years. 考点二 宾语从句 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether/if（是否）只起连接作用,不作成分 ＊And if you study festivals carefully, you may be surprised to find that different cultures actually have a lot in common after all. 如果你仔细研究各种节日，你会惊奇地发现不同的文化实际上有很多共同之处。 ＊Put more simply, while people continue to argue over whether or not fatty food is dangerous, we already know that sugar is a killer. 简单地说，当人们还在继续争论高脂肪食物是否有害时，我们已经知晓糖分是健康的杀手。 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whichever等 ＊Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. 除了聪明以外，他还很勇敢，虽然有时说话或做事会粗心。 ＊This is because your career is a very important part of who you are. 这是因为你的职业是你身份的一个非常重要的组成部分。 连接副词 when、where、why、 how、whenever等 ＊In general，doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. 当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法来解释霍乱如何蔓延。 ＊That was the moment I started to understand why people say “Horses are at the heart of Mongolian culture”． 我顿时明白了为什么人们说“马是蒙古族文化的核心”了。 ＊They couldn't imagine where he had been on such a stormy night. 他们无法想象在那样的暴风雨之夜,他到什么地方去了。 【名师点津】 在两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句中，引导第一个宾语从句的连词 that可以省略，其余的均不可省略。 ＊She heard him declare （that） he did not want to leave her the next day, and that he felt more than just the desire to please her. 她听到他说明天他不想离开她，而且他不仅仅是想取悦她。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．Although it has been proved that Franklin's experiment took place, more than one scientist has questioned what really happened. 2．At the information desk at the entrance, I asked a lady where the shoe section was. 考点三 表语从句 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether（是否）只起连接作用,不作成分,一般不省略 ＊Whether big or small, what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific consequences. 无论我们的选择是大是小，它们都有一个共同点，那就是它们都会带来特定的结果。 ＊The question is whether we should invest in this project. 问题是我们是否应该投资这个项目。 because（强调原因） ＊I heard it is because children are lighter and the horses can run faster and farther. 我听说这是因为儿童体重更轻，马儿才能跑得更快、更远。 ＊From space, the earth looks blue. This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. 从太空中看，地球看起来是蓝色的。这是因为（地球）表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。 as if/as though（好像） ＊At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemedas ifthe world were coming to an end! 凌晨3:42,万物开始摇晃。仿佛世界末日即将来临! 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever等 ＊Unfortunately, as a teenager, that is often exactly what you do to yourself. 不幸的是，作为一个青少年，那往往正是你对自己所做的。 ＊The problem is which worker should be responsible for the accident. 问题是哪位工人应该对这起事故负责。 连接副词 when、where、why、how、whenever等 ＊Then the music gets dramatic with heavier notes and that is when the lovers are separated because Zhu's father forces her to marry another man. 然后伴随着更重的音符，音乐变得激动人心，这是这对恋人因为祝英台的父亲强迫她嫁给另一个男人而分开的时候。 ＊A simple restaurant was where he usually had the same meal of sausages, eggs and coffee. 他经常到一家简单的餐馆吃同样的食物，有香肠、鸡蛋和咖啡。 【名师点津】（1）why与because 引导表语从句时，前者强调结果，后者强调原因。句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 ＊The reason why we don't trust him is that he often lies. 我们不相信他的原因是他经常说谎。 （2）as if/though引导的表语从句，通常位于系动词look、seem、sound、be等后面，既可以用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．After all, home is where all family members are together. 2．While disasters brought much sadness and disappointment, the desire to explore the universe did not die. This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks. 3．However, what we eat isn't the most important thing. What's important is who/whom we eat it with. 考点四 同位语从句 同位语从句通常用于对主句中的名词（多为抽象名词）进行解释，说明其具体内容。后接同位语从句的名词有belief、decision、doubt、explanation、 evidence、fact、truth、feeling、hope、idea、news、opinion、possibility、problem、promise、suggestion、thought、 wish等。 分类 引导词 例句 从属连词 that（无实义）、whether（是否）只起连接作用,不作成分,一般不省略 ＊Sometimes I had the uncomfortable feeling that this little machine had taken up too much of my time, and that I could have done something more meaningful than just looking at a tiny screen all day. 有时我感到焦虑，这台小机器占用了我太多的时间，我本可以做一些更有意义的事，而不是整天盯着一个小屏幕看。 ＊As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question whether there is life on other planets. 当我们对宇宙有了更多的了解时，有一天我们可能会回答其他行星上是否存在生命的问题。 连接代词 what、who等 ＊They haven't solved the problem who should be in charge of the key project. 他们还没有解决由谁来负责那项重点工程的问题。 连接副词 when、where、why、how等 ＊We haven't yet settled the question when and where we are going to spend our vacation. 我们还没有解决我们什么时候、去哪儿度假的问题。 【练练不忘】——单句语法填空 1．What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. 2．There is concern that the construction company that built the tower block had not followed fire safety rules. 3．I had no idea what hydrogen was, and I didn't really want to know, either! 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 咨询类邮件是一种正式但兼具友好性的书面交流形式，核心目的是清晰、礼貌地获取信息、寻求建议或请求帮助。常用结构包括： 开头：问候 + 自我介绍（如需要）+ 明确来信目的 主体：背景简述 + 具体咨询问题（可分点） 结尾：感谢 + 期待回复 + 祝福语 【积累·写作素材】 常用句式 1. 开头常用语 （1）My name is [Your Name], and I am writing to inquire about... 我是[你的名字]，写这封信是想咨询关于…… （2）I hope this email finds you well. I am reaching out to ask for some information regarding... 希望一切顺利。我想咨询一些关于……的信息。 （3）I am a student from [School/Class], and I would be grateful if you could provide me with some details about... 我是来自[学校/班级]的学生，如果您能提供一些关于……的详细信息，我将不胜感激。 2. 主体部分常用语 （1）I would like to know more about... / Could you please tell me...? 我想进一步了解……/ 请问您能否告诉我……？ （2）Specifically, I am interested in the following points: 具体来说，我对以下几点感兴趣： （3）To help you better understand my situation, here is some background information: 为了让您更好地了解我的情况，以下是一些背景信息： （4）Would it be possible for you to...? / I was wondering if you could... 您是否有可能……？/ 我想知道您是否可以…… 3. 结尾常用语 （1）Thank you in advance for your time and assistance. I look forward to your reply. 提前感谢您花时间提供帮助。期待您的回复。 （2）I would appreciate it if you could respond at your earliest convenience. 如果您能尽早回复，我将非常感激。 （3）Please feel free to contact me if you need any further information. My phone number is... 如果您需要更多信息，请随时与我联系。我的电话号码是…… 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是学生李华，下个月你将以交换生的身份到汤姆(Tom)所在的一所英国学校进行学习。对此，你充满期待，但也有一些顾虑。请你根据下面的要点提示，用英语给汤姆写一封邮件。要点如下： 1.对英国的学校生活充满期待； 2.请汤姆介绍当地的生活信息(天气、饮食等)； 3.请汤姆介绍如何与英国学生相处。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数； 3．可适当增加细节，使行文连贯。 Dear Tom， _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Looking forward to your reply. Yours， Li Hua 审题谋篇 第一步：审题构思很关键 第二步：补全句子雏形现 1．我写信询问英国的生活和学习情况。 I'm writing to ask about the life and study in England． 2．下个月我要作为交换生去你们学校学习。 I will go to your school to study as an exchange student next month. 3．我到英国时，在吃饭时应该注意哪些方面？ When I arrive in England, what aspects should I pay attention to when I'm eating food? 4．因为文化差异，我不知道怎样与英国学生相处。 I don't know how to get along with England students because we have different cultures. 5．这件事让我很是焦虑。 This matter makes me very worried． 第三步：句式升级造亮点 6．用原因状语从句合并第二步中的句1和句2 I'm writing to ask about the life and study in England, because I will go to your school to study as an exchange student next month. 7．用省略结构改写第二步中的句3 When I arrive in England, what aspects should I pay attention to when eating food? 8．用定语从句合并第二步中的句4和句5 I don't know how to get along with England students because we have different cultures，which makes me very worried. 第四步：过渡衔接连成篇 _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ One possible version： Dear Tom， My name is Li Hua.I'm writing to ask about the life and study in England, because I will go to your school to study as an exchange student next month. First of all, can you tell me whether it will be easy for me to adapt to the weather there？Need I take many clothes？In addition, I like eating hot food in China, so when I arrive in England, what aspects should I pay attention to when eating food？What's more, I don't know how to get along with England students because we have different cultures, which makes me very worried. I'd appreciate it if you could spare your time to write back to me. Looking forward to your reply. Yours， Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $