考前押题03 阅读理解说明文6大常考话题（期末复习专项训练）高二英语上学期沪外版

专题03 阅读理解说明文常考话题 话题1 科技与社会现象 话题4 教育成长与校园生活 话题2 自然生态 话题5 社区生活与季节感知 话题3 社会服务与人际沟通 话题6 语言学习 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 科技与未来生活 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海市嘉定区封浜高级中学·期末） In the year 1669, a German trader named Hennig Brand set out on an unusual quest that would lead to one of the most fascinating discoveries in the history of chemistry. Brand, driven by the age-old alchemists’ dream of magically turning base metals into gold, conducted a series of experiments that would forever change our understanding of elements. Brand’s journey began with an assumption that the key to creating “gold” resided in human urine (尿液).This seemingly strange idea was fueled by the observation that urine shared a similar yellow color with the precious metal. Acting on this belief, Brand collected an astonishing 5000 liters of urine and allowed it to stand and ferment (发酵). After weeks of fermentation, Brand boiled the urine down to a thick, sticky substance. He then mixed this paste with sand and heated the mixture to an extreme temperature. What emerged from this process was a substance that was entirely new to the world of science — a white solid that shone with a soft light in the dark. Brand named this glowing material “phosphorus”, originating from the Greek words for “light bearer.” The discovery of phosphorus was not just a scientific breakthrough; it captured the imagination of the public and the scientific community alike. Its ability to give off light in the darkness was both fascinating and mysterious. The implications of Brand’s discovery were far-reaching. Phosphorus was not only a novelty but also a substance with practical applications. It would later become an essential component in the production of matches,fertilizers, and various chemicals. Hennig Brand’s accidental discovery of phosphorus in 1669 was more than just finding a new element; it marked the end of the era of the period of magic chemistry and the beginning of modern chemistry. Brand’s phosphorus, once sought as a means to wealth, became a cornerstone in the field of science, a clear demonstration of power of curiosity and the unexpected paths that can lead to enlightenment. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The fall of ancient alchemists and the rise of modern chemists. B．The accidental discovery of phosphorus and its scientific impact. C．The importance of human urine in scientific experiments. D．How to turn base metals into gold through magic. 2．What was Hennig Brand’s initial goal when he started his experiments? A．To turn human urine into gold. B．To discover something new. C．To produce a glowing substance (物质). D．To reform modern chemistry. 3．The underlined word “cornerstone” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to . A．statement B．trouble C．pattern D．foundation 4．What can be inferred about Hennig Brand from the passage? A．He was a funny chemist who followed scientific methods. B．He was a debatable scientist who predicted the future of chemistry. C．He was a curious individual willing to explore untraditional ideas. D．He was a wealthy man with a deep understanding of chemistry. Passage 2 （23-24学年高二上·上海市徐汇区·期末） The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying — first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can boss around your appliances. Children are likely to grow up thinking everything is alive, or at least interactive. But even without chatty gadgets, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people personify everyday products. Sometimes we see things as human because we’re lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute free will and consciousness to various gadgets. In turn, feeling related to objects can reduce loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they’d been excluded socially, they made it up by exaggerating (夸大) their number of Facebook friends - unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. The phone apparently stood in for real friends. At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents cursed (骂) at their computer- and the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely they were to report that it had “its own beliefs and desires.” When we personify products, they become harder to cast off. After being asked to evaluate their car’s personality, people were less likely to say they intended to replace it soon. So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles (散热器面罩) that were upturned like smiles and headlights that were like narrowed eyes sold best. Personifying products and brands can backfire, however. When a coffee maker was personified in an ad (“I am Aroma” versus just “Aroma”), men — but not women — felt betrayed by increases in its price. Now that speech-enabled coffee makers are on the market, maybe the machines can sweet-talk their way back into men’s hearts. 5．People are most likely to personify things when they ________. A．spend too much time chatting online B．lack real life friends and feel isolated C．enjoy bossing around in real life D．become extremely angry with a device 6．Which of the following can probably replace the phrase cast off? A．Be fond of. B．Take hold of. C．Get rid of. D．Make use of. 7．Which of the following can be learned from the passage? A．Cars with wide faces sell better because they are considered friendlier. B．Speech-enabled coffee makers attract more male customers. C．Nice-looking products are more likely to be personified. D．People personify everyday products for different reasons. Passage 3 （23-24学年高二上·上海市嘉定区·期末） “That’s great,” said NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren, after he ate a piece of red lettuce that was grown in a special box. “Tastes good,” agreed the U. S. astronaut Scott Kelly, who is spending one year at the research station. “Kind of like arugula,” Scott added, then used small bottles to spread extra virgin olive oil and vinegar on his leaf, much as one might spread mustard on a hot dog. NASA says that if space explorers can grow their own food while they are away from the earth, they would be more likely to survive the deep space exploration, which can last months or even years. With no way to resupply a spacecraft making a long journey to and from Mars, the ability to grow food during the trip will be key to survive. “For us, having the ability to grow our own food is a big step in that direction, he said. Ray Wheeler, NASA’s lead scientist for advanced life support activities at Kennedy Space Center in Florida also said fresh foods such as tomatoes, blueberries and red lettuce could have a positive impact on people’s moods and also could provide some protection against radiation in space. The red romaine lettuce was grown in a special plant-growing box called a Veggie unit that was built by Orbital Technologies Corporation in Madison, Wisconsin, and was flown to space aboard the Space-X Dragon cargo ship. The seeds are contained in rooting pillows, which come complete with soil and fertilizer.Since water cannot be poured in space, a special irrigation system delivers moisture to the plant pillows from below. The seeds were ”activated“ by Scott on July 8 and grew for 33 days. On Monday, Lindgren used tongs to harvest the lettuce from its growing box, before attaching the leaves carefully to a tray. He cleaned them and handed them, in a food-safe bag, to Scott and Japanese astronaut Kimiya Yui. They saved a couple of leaves for Russian cosmonauts Mikhail Kornienko and Gennady Padalka, who were outside the station doing a spacewalk. A previous crop of lettuce was grown in space last year but was not eaten by astronauts. Instead, it underwent - and passed food safety tests back on earth. 8．How did Scott do with the space-grown lettuce? A．He cooked it in a special box. B．He ate it with a kind of arugula. C．He put some mustard on it. D．He put the virgin olive oil on it. 9．The underlined words “that direction” in the second paragraph may refer to _________. A．the journey to and from Mars B．the way to grow food C．the building of research station D．the ability to fly in space 10．What Ray Wheeler said means _________. A．the lettuce is a great step enabling human travel to Mars B．humans are not able to arrive at Mars without the lettuce C．tomatoes are obviously better than the blueberries in size D．radiation would be reduced if people don’t eat some lettuce 11．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The significance of growing food in space for deep space exploration. B．The challenges of resupplying a spacecraft during long space journeys to and from Mars. C．The process of growing red romaine lettuce in a special plant-growing box in space. D．The importance of food safely tests for crops grown in space. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·上海市闵行六校·期末） On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog. It’s a joke that captures the prevailing idea that you can be whoever you want online. Previous research suggested that we tailor our online interactions to hide aspects of our personality we don’t want to share. In other words, we craft our digital selves to highlight only the best bits. But that picture may need redrawing. Recent work suggests our true colors just can’t help shining. Several studies found that Facebook behaviours accurately mirror our personality. For instance, constant updates about gym habits reveal one’s genuine unhealthy narcissism (自恋). Now Grieve and Watkinson at the University of Tasmania may have found out why: trying to be someone you’re not carries a severe emotional and mental consequence-just as it would offline. The pair asked 164 people aged 18 to 55 to take two personality tests, one as their true selves and one as the person they thought they presented on Facebook. They found that the more people’s true selves differed from the persona (表象) they presented online, the less social connectedness they reported — and the more stress. The findings are fascinating because they show well-established principles in psychology happening in cyberspace, says Michal Kosinski at Standford University. For example, the self-verification theory says that we would rather other people had an accurate view of who we really are than an overly positive one. William Swann of the University of Texas was the first to show the theory. He found that employees are more likely to leave a company after getting a pay rise if they have low self-esteem, because it conflicted with their view of the world. In general, we tend to be healthier and more productive when those around us reflect how we see ourselves, even if some of those traits are not positive. Kosinski says none of us is supposed to act any differently online versus in real life. In fact, it may be even harder to be someone you’re not when you’re online. In our offline interactions, there are more social pressures regulating how we present ourselves. What’s more, happier and less stressed people are not crafting themselves, says Kosinski, they have tailored their social network, probably to target a less diverse audience. The finding also has implications for anonymity(匿名). There are good reasons why people hide their identity on the Internet. It lets you express yourself without consequence. But when nobody knows you’re a dog, you get none of the positive confirmation of others seeing you for who you really are. “You can’t link that secret self to your public identity”, says Grieve. 12．What does the author mean by saying “But that picture may need redrawing”? A．Trying to present our best sides online may reveal our true selves. B．We also need to highlight our drawbacks in crafting digital identities. C．People with different personalities have their own shining points. D．We should get rid of the habit of merely exposing our true selves. 13．Which of the following is TRUE about the self-verification theory? A．It applies both to online contexts and real-life contexts B．It is a novel theory but has been recognized in psychology. C．It indicates low-esteemed people are likely to quit their jobs. D．It indicates people’s hatred of others ’ objective remarks on them. 14．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Hiding identity online may boost one’s ability to express himself. B．People may only include those similar to them into social network C．Social network websites may lack diversity in terms of its audience. D．You’ll surely get positive reviews from others when you post anonymously. 15．The passage mainly tells us that ________. A．Showing our fake selves is universal B．we should display our best sides online C．we must deal with social media carefully D．faking our online-identities doesn’t pay Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·上海市青浦高级中学·期末） Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded, and they frequently fail to run on time. As if that were not bad enough, Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, published a paper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. He examined mobile-phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation (电磁辐射) that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift. Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network, but the rest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves. This sounds worrying. But maybe it isn’t after all. In a paper published recently in Applied Physics Letters, Jaime Ferrer from the University of Oviedo in Spain dispute Dr Hondou’s findings. He concludes that the level of radiation is safe after all. The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves. While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics (音响效果) of a concert hall, making it less reverberant (回响的). Dr Hondou’s model, in short, was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat. Dr Hondou did not calculate the effect that leaving out the other passengers would have on the radiation level. As a result, he significantly overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation. When one is sitting on a train, Dr Ferrer found, the most important sources of radiation are one’s own phone, and those of one’s immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from waves bouncing around the carriage. And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP, the international system that regulates such matters. People concerned about the effects of mobile-phone radiation are unlikely to take much comfort from Dr Ferrer’s results. They worry that even small amounts of microwave radiation — within the ICNIRP’s limits — may have unfavorable health effects. The evidence so far is ambiguous, inconsistent and inadequate. Indeed, Dr Ferrer says he was surprised at how little research has been done in this area. Yet both Dr Hondou’s results and Dr Ferrer’s are based on mathematical models, not physical measurements. Their models make assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and their passengers, and both assume that the radiation is uniformly distributed (分配) rather than gathered into “hot spots”. But if the debate about the safety of mobile phones is to be settled, there must be less reliance on models and assumptions, and more emphasis on hard experimental data. 16．Why does the paper published by Dr Hondou make the commuters worried? A．Because he holds the view that commuter trains do not meet international radiation safety standards. B．Because he thinks that the radiation produced by all the mobile phones in the enclosed spaces will bounce around and be harmful. C．Because the commuters fear that the metal walls of the railway carriage will threaten their health. D．Because the commuters are afraid that the time for banning the use of mobile phone in the railway carriage is approaching. 17．What is the commuters’ reaction after learning about the new research by Dr Ferrer? A．They don’t worry about the safety of mobile phone any more. B．They expect Dr Ferrer to carry out more researches in this area. C．They still have concerns over the mobile-phone radiation. D．They find the results of all the researches boring. 18．Dr Hondou’s research and that of Dr Ferrer share the following similarities EXCEPT______ . A．their findings are developed from mathematical models B．they focus on a single passenger in the empty railway carriage C．the models are based on assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and the passengers D．their models are built in a way that the radiation in the enclosed spaces is regularly distributed 19．What is the author’s attitude toward the research on the effects of mobile-phone radiation? A．He is surprised that too little research has been carried out in this area. B．He thinks that the most important thing for the researcher is to perfect their models. C．He is satisfied with the progress made so far. D．He thinks researchers have to depend more on physical experiments. 话题2 自然生态 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海市青浦高级中学·期末） What is it :Vertical gardens cover the walls of art centers and apartment blocks in many cities around the world but Mexico City is doing something more ambitious. Their “Verde Vertical” project is aimed at transforming hundreds of pillars that support overpasses into vertical gardens. How do people react:A spokesman from the company responsible for the gardens promises that pollution will be reduced and the cityscape will be improved: “We live in a very gray city, but as soon as we find a park, a green landscape, our mood-changes. This is going to change people’s routines.” When asked for comment, one driver said, “I drive to work every day on this road and there’s a lot of traffic. It’s stressful. Just seeing something green relaxes me, you know.” However, a pedestrian disagreed, “A road is a road. They can disguise it with these plants, but it doesn’t change anything.” What is its aim:The project aims to provide the city with an extra 40, 000 meters of greenery to improve both air quality and the mood of the city’s 20 million residents. The lives of those stuck in the city’s traffic jams should be improved greatly at least in theory! 20．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Vertical gardens can be used to decorate art centers. B．Vertical gardens can strengthen the pillars of overpasses. C．Vertical gardens have been greeted only with favorable comments. D．Vertical gardens will help ease traffic jams during rush hours. 21．The underlined word “disguise” most probably means ______. A．Support B．provide shelter for C．inspect D．change the appearance of 22．The purpose of the passage is ______. A．to campaign for the funding of the project B．to argue against the building of vertical gardens C．to introduce the project of vertical gardens D．to describe the functions of vertical gardens Passage 2 （23-24学年高二上·上海市育才中学·期末） A study by French researchers that was published last month in the Journal Animal Cognition found that not only do cats react to what scientists call cat-directed speech — a high-pitched voice similar to how we talk to babies — they react to who is doing the talking “We found that when cats heard their owners using a high-pitched voice, they reacted more than when they heard their owner speaking normally to another human adult,” said Charlotte de Mouzon, an author of the study and cat behavior expert at the Université Paris Nanterre. “But what was very surprising in our results was that it actually didn’t work when it came from a stranger’s voice.” Unlike with dogs, cat behavior is difficult to study, which is part of why humans understand them less. Cats are often so stressed by being in a lab that meaningful behavioral observations become impossible. And forget about trying to get a cat to sit still for an M.R.I. scan to study its brain function. So the researchers for the latest study went to the cats’ homes and played recordings of different types of speech and different speakers. At first, Dr. de Mouzon and her team were worried that the cats weren’t reacting at all. But then they studied film recordings of the encounters. “Their reactions were very subtle,” Dr. de Mouzon said. “It could be just moving an ear or turning the head towards the speaker or even freezing what they were doing.” In a few cases, the cats in the study would approach the speaker playing a voice and meow. “In the end, we had really clear gains in the cat’s attention when the owner was using cat-directed speech,” Dr. de Mouzon said. The findings showed that “cats are paying close attention to their caretakers, down to not only what they are saying, but how they are saying it,” said Kristyn Vitale, an assistant professor of animal health and behavior at Unity College in Maine who was not involved in the new study. The new study complements Dr. Vitale’s own research into relationships between a cat and its owner. This relationship is so important, Dr. Vitale’s research has found, that it replicates (复制) the connection between a kitten and its mother. “It is possible that attachment behaviors originally intended for interactions with their mother have now been modified for interactions with their new caretakers, humans.” “For years, scientists didn’t ask the right questions about cats,” Dr. de Mouzon said. Now those who are convinced of the X of cats won’t like the answers that are emerging. Cats don’t hate us after all, Dr. Vitale said, adding that “a growing body of work supports the idea that social interaction with humans is key in the life of a cat.” 23．What kind of voice will attract cats’ attention most according to the article? A．Their owners’ ordinary voice. B．A high-pitched voice from a baby. C．A high-pitched voice from a stranger. D．The cat-directed speech from their owners. 24．What does the underlined “X” in last paragraph probably stand for? A．disloyalty B．cuteness C．naughtiness D．enthusiasm 25．Which of the following can be inferred from the article? A．Cats pay as much attention to their owners as dogs do. B．A cat’s attachment to its owner probably resembles that to its mother. C．People understand dogs more than cats because the former are more loyal. D．Many believe and appreciate the fact that cats are somewhat indifferent to humans. 26．What is the passage mainly about? A．The social interaction between cats and humans is important to cats’ life. B．Those convinced that cats are cold disapprove of the opposing evidence. C．Cats actually pay close attention to their owners when treated properly. D．Cats actually treat their owners in a similar way as they treat their mothers. Passage 3 （23-24学年高二上·上海市徐汇区·期末） Recently, campaigners have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles” that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the retailer. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions. Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions (排放), we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a recent study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% originated from the final delivery of the product from the producer to the retailer. Other processes contribute much more. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for a British resident is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-efficient to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the crop grows well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small proportion of goods are flown to the consumer country, and these are usually high value items which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using manual labor and natural fertilizers, unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilizers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance consumers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will negate any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But ultimately, the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. And even if we only buy local food which is currently in season, there are ethical (道德的) implications. What’s more, our diets would be more limited. 27．The author uses numbers in the second paragraph to suggest that ________. A．most high value items cannot be produced locally B．buying local food has a lower carbon footprint C．imported food contributes more to environmental damage D．transportation only plays a small part in carbon emissions 28．Which of the following is the writer most likely to support? A．Importing apples to Britain from New Zealand in spring. B．Labelling food with stickers that show it is imported. C．Transporting imported food to consumer countries by air. D．Making a long journey to buy locally produced food. 29．The underlined word negate is closest in meaning to ________. A．extend B．increase C．deny D．calculate 30．The passage is mainly about ________. A．the importance and benefits of buying locally produced food B．the reasons why buying local food does not reduce carbon emissions C．the reasons why many countries have to import food from overseas D．the environmental problems caused by food transportation （22-23学年高二上·上海市奉贤区致远高级中学·期末） As wildfires have intensified in recent years, scientists have begun to catalog the ways the massive events influence weather — but so far, all have looked at either enormous or relatively small scales. But during 2018’s destructive fire season in California — at the time, the worst on record — Jiwen Fan started to wonder: Could the ever more frequent and intense fires raging in the western United States affect weather not just right next door, but as much as 1500 miles downwind? Major weather patterns in the U.S. tend to travel from west to east along with the prevailing winds. Fan noticed that just a few days after California’s Carr Fire kicked off in mid-July — shockingly early in the expected fire season — a massive days-long storm struck the High Plains states like Wyoming and Colorado with flooding rains, baseball-sized hail, and 90-mile-an-hour gusts. The storm caused over $100 million in damages. Was it possible the two were connected? Her team had the exact right tools to investigate the question. First, they dug through 10 years of weather and fire data to find examples of other big conflagrations (大火) occurring right before major storm events. The pairing was actually quite rare. That’s because storm season in the Central U.S. is centered around early summer; in the past, that season was winding down by the time wildfire season increased in August and September. But wildfires have been igniting earlier and earlier, pushed forward by climate change-driven drought and heat. Since 2010, the team found several big central storms that coincided with major Western fires. They focused on a 2018 storm. Using a weather model that added in the effects of heat and smoke emitted from the burns, they simulated days-long storm event in several different ways. As the real situation had been, with massive fires burning in the West; as if those fires didn’t exist; and another set of experiments that included and excluded the effect of some smaller local fires that had been burning at the time. The differences were dramatic: The combined impact from the faraway western fires and the local ones boosted the occurrence of heavier rainfall — where more than about 0.8 inches of rain fell in an hour — by 38 percent. The outbursts of big hail, with hailstones larger than two inches — nearly the size of a baseball— happened 34 percent more in the fiery conditions. But the far-off fires had a much larger effect. “The impact is very significant,” says Fan. “That was a little surprising.” 31．What’s the study of Jiwen Fan and her team mainly about? A．The effect of conflagrations on the weather of other areas. B．The scale of all the conflagrations. C．The number of all the conflagrations that happened in 2018. D．The cause of the California’s Carr Fire. 32．Why was it rare for Fan’s team to pair big conflagrations with major storm events? A．Because they were in lack of labor to dig through all the data. B．Because storm season in the Central U.S. isn’t in line with the wildfire season. C．Because wildfires usually take place in the early summer. D．Because wildfires are pushed forward by big storms. 33．How did Fan and her team conduct their study? A．They invited other experts to do experiments with them. B．They interviewed a lot of local people and analyzed the data they collected. C．They simulated storm event in different ways by using a weather model. D．They observed the real situations and calculated thoroughly. 34．What does the last sentence “That was a little surprising.” imply? A．The number of the big wildfires was beyond the team’s expectation. B．The size of the hailstones was definitely incredible. C．The occurrence of heavy rainfall shocked Fan’s team. D．The conflagrations did have great effect on the occurrence of storm in other areas. 话题3 社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （23-24学年高二上·上海市建平中学·期末） At 14, Fraser Doherty was busy making jam after his grandparents taught him a family recipe. He started selling jars of his jam door to door near his parents’ home in Edinburgh. As interest grew, his hobby stated to turn into a business. He now makes 40,000 jars of jam a month and is well on his way to making his first million. Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. The downside for me isn’t particularly scary. I don’t have a mortgage or kids to worry about so I didn’t have a huge amount to lose if my idea had not worked.” Duncan Cheatle, founder of The Supper Club, a forum for established entrepreneurs in London, agreed that becoming an entrepreneur at a young age has a lot to recommend it. “For young people there is no concept of thinking outside the box because there isn’t a box. There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently.” Emma Jones, founder of Enterprise Nation, the home business website, said that young people were much more confident about using technology as a base for their business than the older generation. “Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses.” 35．According to Doherty, is the competitive edge of young people starting business compared with the older generation? A．ignorance of the reality B．naïve pursuit of a hobby C．readiness to try things out D．parents shouldering the financial burden 36．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means young people . A．are reluctant to obey the existing rules B．are not bound by established ways of doing things C．have superior ideas to those of the older generation D．will not fall into traps that old people set up for them 37．Which of the following statements will Emma Jones most likely agree with? A．Abandoning all previous rules is a must to establish new sectors. B．As people grow older, they are less able to take a fresh approach. C．Those lacking confidence are less able to start creative businesses. D．The use of technology contributes to the creation of new businesses. 38．The purpose of this passage is to . A．inform readers of success stories of young entrepreneurs B．introduce opinions on the advantages of being young entrepreneurs C．convince young people to follow the trend and start their own businesses D．provide specific guidance on how to become successful young entrepreneurs Passage 2 （23-24学年高二上·上海市进才中学·期末） In the fog of uncertainty about how new technology will change the way we work, policymakers around the world say confidently that we will need to upskill the workforce in order to cope. The view sounds reassuringly sensible: if computers are growing smarter, humans will need to learn to use them or be replaced by them. But the truth is, the people who are being “upskilled” in today’s economy are the ones who need it the least. Research shows that workers with degrees are over three times more likely to participate in training as adults than workers with no qualifications. That creates a virtuous circle for those who did well at school, and a vicious circle for those who did not. If the robots are coming for both the accountants and the taxi drivers, you can bet it is those working with money that will be more able to retrain themselves out of danger, because the better educated tend to have more confidence and money to pay for their own training. Employers also invest in these workers more. In the UK, a surprising number of employers send their senior managers to business schools. It is no good blaming employers for directing investments at their highly-skilled workers. They are simply aiming for the highest return they can get. And, for some types of lower-paid work, it is not always true that technological progress requires more skills. Sometimes, technology can de-skill a job. Just look at Uber drivers who follow the driving routes set by their app, rather than expanding their own knowledge of the streets. The UK’s latest Employment and Skills Survey suggests the use of literacy and numeracy skills at work has fallen since 2012, even as the use of computers has increased. However, the trouble is, when the computer makes your job easier one day, it might make it redundant the next. Many of those affected by automation will need to switch occupations, or even industries. But a retailer or warehouse company is not going to retrain its staff to help them move to a different sector. It is time to revisit older ideas. The UK once had a vibrant culture of night schools, for adults to attend after their day jobs. A revival of it could be exactly what the 21st century needs. Rather than just “upskilling” in a narrow way, people could choose to learn an entirely new skill or trade, or explore interests they never had a chance to nurture before. It is still not clear whether the impact of new technology on the labour market will come in a trickle or a flood. But in an already unequal world, continuing to reserve all the lifeboats for the better-off would be a dangerous mistake. 39．According to the writer, policymakers’ belief in upskilling the workforce __________. A．is contrary to popular belief B．is helpful in coping with new technology C．is too difficult to put it into practice D．is not beneficial to those who need it most 40．It can be inferred that workers without qualifications are less likely to __________. A．have confidence in outperforming those with degrees at school B．persuade their employers to make an investment in them C．minimize the risk of job loss caused by new technology D．assess how new technology will change the way they work 41．The word “redundant” (Para. 3) probably means __________. A．unnecessary B．undesirable C．unskilled D．unrewarding 42．According to the passage, which of the following conclusion is True? A．Workers’ literacy and numeracy skills should be enhanced without delay. B．Night schools can help to eliminate skill gaps among workers. C．Companies should attach much importance to retraining of workers. D．Those lower-skilled workers deserve giving more chances of retraining. Passage 3 （22-23学年高二上·上海市浦东区南汇中学·期末） A report consistently brought back by visitors to the U.S. is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the U.S. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: If you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today, there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary travelers. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the U.S., especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon, he invited me home for dinner — amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the U.S. are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America, a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 43．In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, __________. A．rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the U.S. B．small-minded officials deserve a serious comment C．Canadians are not as friendly as their neighbors D．most Americans are ready to offer help 44．It could be inferred from the passage that __________. A．social patterns and historical traditions are inseparable B．people in remote and difficult areas used to be more friendly C．various virtues exposed to strangers or neighbors are superficial D．being friendly to strangers is particularly important to Americans 45．The tradition of American hospitality to strangers __________. A．tends to be superficial and artificial B．is generally well kept up in the United States C．is always understood properly D．has something to do with the busy tourist trails 46．Which of the following can be learned from the last paragraph? A．American culture is confusing to most travelers. B．Americans usually don’t mean what they say. C．Words don’t always translate American culture properly. D．Learning English is the first thing to known American culture. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·上海市上海大学附属中学·期末） We hear “Have a nice day!” every day and everywhere. It may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression. When my friend Maxie says “Have a nice day” with a smile, I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me. I feel loved and secure since another person cares about me and wishes me well. “Have a nice day. Next!” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl in the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out of the door. The words come out in the same tone with a fixed procedure. They are spoken at me, not to me. Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone else’s is the management’s attempt to increase business. The expression is one of those behaviors that help people get along with each other. Sometimes it indicates the end of a meeting. As soon as you hear it, you know the meeting is at an end. Sometimes the expression saves us when we don’t know what to say. “Oh, you just had a tooth out? I’m terribly sorry, but have a nice day.” The expression can be pleasant. If a stranger says “Have a nice day” to you, you may find it heart-warming because someone you don’t know has tried to be nice to you. Although the use of the expression is an insincere, meaningless social custom at times, there is nothing wrong with the sentence except that it is a little uninteresting. The salesgirl, the waitress, and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day. But in a strange and comfortable way, it’s nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when they really don’t care all that much. While the expression may not often be sincere, it is always spoken. The point is that people say it all the time when they like. 47．How does the writer understand Maxie’s words? A．Maxie shows her anxiety to the writer. B．Maxie really wishes the writer a good day. C．Maxie encourages the writer to stay happy. D．Maxie really worries about the writer. 48．What does the sentence “The words come out in the same tone with a fixed procedure” in Paragraph 2 imply? A．The sales girl is getting bored. B．The salesgirl behaves rudely to me. C．The salesgirl cares about me. D．The salesgirl says the words as a routine. 49．By saying “Have a nice day”, the stranger may ______. A．try to be good to you B．express respect to you C．give his blessing to you D．share his pleasure with you 50．In the passage, the author intends to highlight ______. A．the importance of showing grave concern to people every day. B．the mixed meaning of “Have a nice day!” being both sincere and empty. C．the comforting feeling when strangers give friendly greetings. D．techniques for finishing dialogues with the phrase “Have a nice day!” 话题4 教育成长与校园生活 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海普陀区长征中学·期末） A study involving 8,500 teenagers from all social backgrounds found that most of them are ignorant when it comes to money. The findings, the first in a series of reports from NatWest that has started a five-year research project into teenagers and money, are particularly worrying as this generation of young people is likely to be burdened with greater debts than any before. University tuition fees (学费) are currently capped at £ 3,000 annually, but this will be reviewed next year and the Government is under enormous pressure to raise the ceiling. In the research, the teenagers were presented with the terms of four different loans but 76 per cent failed to identify the cheapest. The young people also predicted that they would be earning on average 31,000 by the age of 25, although the average salary for those aged 22 to 29 is just £ 17, 815. The teenagers expected to be in debt when they finished university or training, although half said that they assumed the debts would be less than £10, 000. Average debts for graduates are £12,363. Stephen Moir, head of community investment at the Royal Bank of Scotland Group which owns NatWest, said. “The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.” Ministers are deeply concerned about the financial pressures on teenagers and young people because of student loans and rising housing costs. They have just introduced new lessons in how to manage debts. Nikki Fairweather, aged 15 from St Helens, said that she had benefited from lessons on personal finance, but admitted that she still had a lot to learn about money. 51．Which of the following can be found from the five-year research project? A．Students understand personal finances differently. B．University tuition fees in England have been rising. C．Teenagers tend to overestimate their future earnings. D．The students’ payback ability has become a major issue. 52．The phrase “to raise the ceiling” in paragraph 2 probably means “______”. A．to raise the student loans. B．to improve the school facilities. C．to increase the upper limit of the tuition. D．to lift the school building roofs. 53．According to Stephen Moir, students______. A．are too young to be exposed to financial issues. B．should learn to manage their finances well. C．should maintain a positive attitude when facing loans. D．benefit a lot from lessons on personal finance. Passage 2 （22-23学年高二上·上海交通大学附属中学·期末） Gender, brain function, and STEM performance [1] Scientists have debunked the idea that women are underrepresented in the science technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) industries because of biological differences which affect their maths skills. Girls and boys have similar brains and are equally able when it comes to understanding maths, according to the study published in the journal Science of Learning. [2] The research involved 104 children aged between 3 and 10 years old, 55 of whom were girls. The kids watched an educational video featuring maths concepts such as counting and addition, while the scientists charted their brain activity using an MRI scanner. The team then compared all the scan results, with which the researchers could compare the brain activity of the children to adults. The team asked 38 men and 25 women to watch the same videos in the scanner. According to the data, there was no difference between the children’s brain functions or development. And the boys and girls appeared to be equally tuned into the videos. [3] The authors wrote the figures suggest “girls and boys showed statistically equivalent levels of neural maturity throughout the brain, suggesting that the neural processing of mathematics develops at similar rates in boys and girls,” they wrote. [4] “Limited evidence for intrinsic, biological gender differences in mathematics ability has fueled debate about the underrepresentation of girls and women in STEM fields” the authors said. [5] Jessica Cantlon, professor of developmental neuroscience at Carnegie Mellon University and senior author of the paper, commented in a statement: “Science doesn’t align with folk beliefs. We see that children’s brains function similarly regardless of their gender so hopefully we can adjust expectations of what children can achieve in mathematics.” [6] “However, typical socialization can exacerbate small differences between boys and girls that can snowball into how we treat them in science and maths. We need to be cognizant of these origins to ensure we aren’t the ones causing the gender inequities.” [7] Alyssa Kersey, the first author, said: “It’s not just that boys and girls are using the maths network in the same ways but that similarities were evident across the entire brain. This is an important reminder that humans are more similar to each other than we are different. Earlier this year, a separate team of researchers concluded girls would score better in maths and science tests if exams were made longer. The scientists found female students are better at sustaining their performance over a long period and argue this should be regarded as a skill.” [8] Co-author Oosterveen said: “Our study also documents a female strength in test-taking that has largely been ignored and that deserves recognition. Gender differences in test performance in maths and science have generally been perceived as a female weakness. The findings in this study could serve as a counterbalance to the gender stereotypes shaped by this perception. 54．Which of the following can be a replacement word for the underlined word “debunked” in paragraph 1? A．supported B．disproved C．delighted D．distinguished 55．What is the author’s main purpose by making the statement in Para. 4? A．To illustrate a generally accepted scientific findings from their recent study. B．To explain why girls and women are underrepresented in many STEM fields. C．To emphasize the widely held gender difference isn’t scientifically grounded. D．To argue for more favorable policy to support women and girls in STEM fields 56．What do these “origins” (Para. 6) refer to? A．The snowball effect that can worsen the situation. B．Small differences between boys and girls. C．Gender inequities that are common in STEM field. D．How we treat the gender distinctions in science. 57．Which one of the following is NOT true about the study conducted by Alyssa’s team? A．Girls are likely to make a better performance in longer maths and science tests. B．Girls and boys showed similar brain functions while watching an educational video about maths. C．The findings could be used to argue against the commonly believed gender stereotypes. D．MRI scanner was used so the researchers were able to record information about their brain activity. 话题5 社区生活与季节感知 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海师范大学附属中学宝山分校、闵行分校·期末） With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation, more families are choosing to live together. The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, who lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters. Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor. “We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.” And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.” It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013. Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16%in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million. Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married. 58．Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol? A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn. D．The daughters. 59．What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law? A．Indifferent. B．Carefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling. 60．What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on? A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports. C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions. 61．What is the text mainly about? A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations. C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK. Passage 2 （22-23学年高二上·上海市浦东新区·期末） Chemists in mid-1500s Nuremburg had discovered that bird droppings were a rich source of saltpetre, a vital ingredient in the making of gunpowder. As a consequence pigeon droppings used to be almost as valuable as silver. Understandably, by the middle of the following century, there were an estimated 26,000 pigeon houses in Britain. The practice of keeping the pigeon was introduced to Britain by the Romans. The Normans kept pigeons in specially constructed niches in castles and courtyards. When the pigeon houses in Britain were built, they were a vital source of meat and feathers. The latter were particularly prized as a source of warmth. Droppings gathered from the pigeon houses was a rich fertilizer, too. The pigeon house was not only a source of food and revenue in medieval times, but also a status symbol. The privilege of building or owning pigeon houses was reserved for the rich. Towards the end of her rule, Queen Elizabeth I decided to open pigeon-breeding to the free market. Then, pigeon houses sprang up all over the countryside. The number of pigeon houses across the British countryside was not universally welcomed. Each day the birds flew off to feed themselves on other people’s crops. By the middle of the 17th century, the problem of pigeons was so great that people feared that the destructive pigeons would turn England into a desert. Luckily, an agricultural revolutionary, Charles Townsend, had introduced the turnip to Britain around 1700, keeping farm livestock fat enough to eat through the dark winter months. Later, vast quantities of natural saltpetre were discovered in Chile and California. Keeping pigeons went out of fashion. Now, the homeless pigeons flew off to find somewhere else to live. One species discovered that Britain’s rapidly growing towns and cities were full of the sort of rock-faces they liked to rest on—humans called them “buildings”. Over time they’d become the wild urban pigeon that we know today. 62．Which of the following people in Britain would be least likely to keep pigeons in the late Middle Ages? A．Fruit growers. B．The nobles. C．Gunpowder makers. D．The miners. 63．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Farm livestock used to be too thin for lack of food in the dark months in Britain. B．Townsend revolutionized agricultural development in Britain around 1700. C．The Normans set an undesirable example of raising pigeons for the British people. D．England was once faced with the threat of disappearance because of pigeons. 64．According to the passage, why are there so many pigeons in the cities in Britain today? A．Because people think it a sign of status and keep them to show off. B．Because pigeons like to stay on hard surfaces which can be abundantly found in cities. C．Because pigeons find enough food supplies when tourists and citizens feed them in squares. D．Because the government encourages pigeon raising as a profitable investment. 65．Which is the best title of the passage? A．A brief history of pigeon houses in Britain. B．From function to fashion — the pigeon houses in Britain. C．Profitable pigeon houses in Britain. D．Pigeon houses in Britain as valuable as silver. 话题6 语言学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海市建平中学·期末） Some years ago Christian Vanlare wanted to buy a “really big birthday cake” for his uncle, who was turning 88. But there was a problem. Mr. Vanlare lives in New Jersey on America’s east coast, while his uncle lives in Accra, Ghana’s capital. Icing and sponge do not travel well, and simple things like organizing a cake can be complicated in a bustling African city. Various cousins said they were too busy to buy pastries. Eventually he had a slice of luck when a friend showed kindness and went to the shops. The big uncle got his big cake. But it was a reminder of the challenges of being abroad while having commitments back home. “For those of us who live in the diaspora, this is our daily problem,” says Mr. Vanlare. So he came up with a solution. Somafour (“One who is sent” in Akan, a language spoken by most Ghanaians) is an app that connects Ghanaians in the diaspora with those in Ghana who can run errands (跑腿) on their behalf. Mr. Vanlare’s startup is unlikely to attract the attention of venture capitalists in the near future. But its very existence reflects the growing number of Africans living overseas and their economic importance to the continent. It also offers a lesson in the role of trust in getting things done. In the past five years, Ghana’s currency has been devalued, which has encouraged some in the diaspora to buy land while their dollars are worth more. One Somafour agent says he was asked to visit the land a customer had bought to check the quality of the plot. Dealing with officials at the land register office can also be part of the job. Other errands can be more personal, such as taking elderly relatives to the doctor or delivering drinking water to clients' parents. Mr. Vanlare admits, however, that business has been slow so far. Many Ghanaians are cautious about using an app rather than asking family for help, even if their kin are unreliable. In a global survey of values, just 5% of Ghanaians agreed with the statement “most people can be trusted”, a standard result for a poor country. “In the African context it is very difficult to break into family networks,” says Mr. Vanlare. 66．What problem did Christian Vanlare face when he wanted to buy a birthday cake for his uncle? A．His uncle lived too far away for a courier to deliver. B．The cake would not travel well from New Jersey to Accra. C．He was too busy to buy pastries and considered it troublesome. D．Icing and sponge are unavailable in cake shops in African cities. 67．What does “diaspora” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．People who are living in their home country. B．People who are traveling frequently between countries. C．People who have moved away from their home country. D．People who have returned to their home country after living abroad. 68．Which of the following is most likely an example of an errand performed by a Somafour agent? A．Organizing volunteer activities to help the elderly in an American nursing home. B．Helping local people to buy daily necessities at their request when they are busy. C．Visiting a land with a Ghanaian in the diaspora to check the quality of the plot. D．Attending a wedding on behalf of a client who works overseas in his hometown. 69．What can you conclude about the challenge Mr. Vanlare faces in expanding his business? A．Venture capitalists do not view this project favorably. B．The majority of Ghanaians considered their kin to be unreliable. C．There is cultural resistance to replacing family networks with technology. D．The high cost of the app's service is a barrier to potential users in poor countries. Passage 2 （22-23学年高二上·上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学·期末） People often imagine that a knowledge of languages is sufficient to make an interpreter. Of course it is a prerequisite, as are two hands to a professional boxer. But just as the fact of having two hands does not make a boxer, so the knowledge of different languages, be they many or few, does not make an interpreter. It is only an instrument which you must learn how to use in a particular way — for which you may or may not be gifted. The basic qualities required of the interpreter are not exceptionally rare, but their combination is very uncommon. They are: (1) A capacity for being passively receptive, i.e. for drinking in readily and without any personal reaction all that may be said by the speaker. (2) The type of quick-wittedness which makes for prompt and effective repartee (妙语), interpretation being a sort of mental game of tennis. (3) A good memory, because all the tricks of the trade are intended only to make up for its deficiencies. Two things are expected of the interpreter’s memory: first, that it should store up an exceptionally large vocabulary in the related languages and supply instantly the required word or phrase; second, that it should retain for a very brief period(seldom more than one hour) a picture as full, detailed, and accurate as possible of what has just been said after which the interpreter will be well advised to wash his mind clear of most of what he has memorized. In this latter function, the interpreter’s memory is therefore the reverse of the comedian’s. Whereas the actor has ample time to learn his part, gradually, and methodically, and is then expected to remember it over a long period and repeat it on a succession (连续) of occasions, the interpreter must wholly commit to his memory fleeting thoughts and words as they fly past, and then bring them back to mind only once, a very short while later. The work of the translator and that of the interpreter are fundamentally different and can hardly be combined. Very rare indeed are people who can do both. The reason for this is clear: the translator can or should search at leisure for the accurate term, as well as effort to express himself in the best possible grammar and style; he may re-write the same paragraph ten times or more, improving it each time; he may consult all dictionaries and reference books, and ask for help and advice. The interpreter, on the other hand, is given hardly any time to think, can consult neither books nor friends, and must “put across”, immediately and as accurately as possible, whatever the speaker wishes to convey. But he may express nuances (微妙) by varying the tone of his voice, he may paraphrase when he does not find the exact word, he may repeat, correct or add to what he has just said, if he sees that he was not properly understood. These are in reality two contrary techniques. 70．Interpretation is similar to playing tennis in that both need _________. A．two hands B．quick response C．mental fitness D．good muscle memory 71．A good memory is required of an interpreter so that he can _________. A．memorize all that is said and remember it for a long time B．memorize the important part of what is said and remember it for a long time C．memorize for a short period all that is said and then forget about it D．memorize all that is said gradually and completely 72．What is the author’s opinion of the qualities mentioned for an interpreter? A．It is not necessary for the interpreter to possess all the basic qualities. B．It is uncommon for the interpreter to possess all the basic qualities. C．Certain qualities are more important than the others. D．Only two of the qualities are actually required. 73．Which of the following can best indicate the author’s understanding of the difference between a translator and an interpreter? A．The qualities required of a translator are basically opposite what is required of an interpreter. B．Being an interpreter is more stressful because an interpreter cannot take back what has been said. C．Putting effort into combing the qualities of a translator and an interpreter can enhance their performance. D．The qualities of a translator are easier to obtain than those of an interpreter. 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $专题03 阅读理解说明文常考话题 话题1 科技与社会现象 话题4 教育成长与校园生活 话题2 自然生态 话题5 社区生活与季节感知 话题3 社会服务与人际沟通 话题6 语言学习 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 科技与未来生活 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海市嘉定区封浜高级中学·期末） In the year 1669, a German trader named Hennig Brand set out on an unusual quest that would lead to one of the most fascinating discoveries in the history of chemistry. Brand, driven by the age-old alchemists’ dream of magically turning base metals into gold, conducted a series of experiments that would forever change our understanding of elements. Brand’s journey began with an assumption that the key to creating “gold” resided in human urine (尿液).This seemingly strange idea was fueled by the observation that urine shared a similar yellow color with the precious metal. Acting on this belief, Brand collected an astonishing 5000 liters of urine and allowed it to stand and ferment (发酵). After weeks of fermentation, Brand boiled the urine down to a thick, sticky substance. He then mixed this paste with sand and heated the mixture to an extreme temperature. What emerged from this process was a substance that was entirely new to the world of science — a white solid that shone with a soft light in the dark. Brand named this glowing material “phosphorus”, originating from the Greek words for “light bearer.” The discovery of phosphorus was not just a scientific breakthrough; it captured the imagination of the public and the scientific community alike. Its ability to give off light in the darkness was both fascinating and mysterious. The implications of Brand’s discovery were far-reaching. Phosphorus was not only a novelty but also a substance with practical applications. It would later become an essential component in the production of matches,fertilizers, and various chemicals. Hennig Brand’s accidental discovery of phosphorus in 1669 was more than just finding a new element; it marked the end of the era of the period of magic chemistry and the beginning of modern chemistry. Brand’s phosphorus, once sought as a means to wealth, became a cornerstone in the field of science, a clear demonstration of power of curiosity and the unexpected paths that can lead to enlightenment. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The fall of ancient alchemists and the rise of modern chemists. B．The accidental discovery of phosphorus and its scientific impact. C．The importance of human urine in scientific experiments. D．How to turn base metals into gold through magic. 6．What was Hennig Brand’s initial goal when he started his experiments? A．To turn human urine into gold. B．To discover something new. C．To produce a glowing substance (物质). D．To reform modern chemistry. 7．The underlined word “cornerstone” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to . A．statement B．trouble C．pattern D．foundation 8．What can be inferred about Hennig Brand from the passage? A．He was a funny chemist who followed scientific methods. B．He was a debatable scientist who predicted the future of chemistry. C．He was a curious individual willing to explore untraditional ideas. D．He was a wealthy man with a deep understanding of chemistry. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．D 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了德国商人Hennig Brand在1669年意外发现磷的故事，以及这一发现对科学和化学领域的重要影响。文章强调了好奇心和偶然发现对科学发展的重要推动作用。 5．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Hennig Brand’s accidental discovery of phosphorus in 1669 was more than just finding a new element; it marked the end of the era of the period of magic chemistry and the beginning of modern chemistry. (1669年，亨宁·布兰德意外发现了磷，这不仅仅是一个新元素的发现；它标志着魔法化学时代的结束和现代化学的开始。)”及全文可知，文章主要讲述了Hennig Brand意外发现磷的过程及其对科学和化学领域的影响。故选B。 6．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Brand, driven by the age-old alchemists’ dream of magically turning base metals into gold, conducted a series of experiments that would forever change our understanding of elements. (布兰德受到古老炼金术士将普通金属神奇地转化为黄金的梦想的驱使，进行了一系列实验，这些实验将永远改变我们对元素的理解。)”和第二段中“Brand’s journey began with an assumption that the key to creating “gold” resided in human urine (尿液).(布兰德的旅程始于一个假设，即创造“黄金”的关键存在于人类的尿液中)”可知，Hennig Brand最初的目标是将尿液转化为黄金。故选A。 7．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Brand’s phosphorus, once sought as a means to wealth, became a cornerstone in the field of science, a clear demonstration of power of curiosity and the unexpected paths that can lead to enlightenment. (布兰德发现的磷，曾经被视为一种致富手段，最终成为了科学领域的一块cornerstone，清楚地展示了好奇心的力量以及偶然发现能够带来启示的意外路径。)”可知，磷的发现导致了其它的一系列的科学探索发现，这说明cornerstone在这里表示“基石”或“基础”，与foundation同义。故选D。 8．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Brand’s journey began with an assumption that the key to creating “gold” resided in human urine (尿液).This seemingly strange idea was fueled by the observation that urine shared a similar yellow color with the precious metal. (布兰德的探索始于一个假设：认为创造“黄金”的关键在于人类的尿液。这个看似奇怪的想法源于一个观察结果，即尿液与这种贵金属有着相似的黄色。)”可知，Hennig Brand是一个充满好奇心的人，他愿意探索非传统甚至有些奇怪的想法，例如从尿液中提取黄金。这种好奇心最终导致了磷的发现。故选C。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高二上·上海市徐汇区·期末） The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying — first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can boss around your appliances. Children are likely to grow up thinking everything is alive, or at least interactive. But even without chatty gadgets, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people personify everyday products. Sometimes we see things as human because we’re lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute free will and consciousness to various gadgets. In turn, feeling related to objects can reduce loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they’d been excluded socially, they made it up by exaggerating (夸大) their number of Facebook friends - unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. The phone apparently stood in for real friends. At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents cursed (骂) at their computer- and the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely they were to report that it had “its own beliefs and desires.” When we personify products, they become harder to cast off. After being asked to evaluate their car’s personality, people were less likely to say they intended to replace it soon. So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles (散热器面罩) that were upturned like smiles and headlights that were like narrowed eyes sold best. Personifying products and brands can backfire, however. When a coffee maker was personified in an ad (“I am Aroma” versus just “Aroma”), men — but not women — felt betrayed by increases in its price. Now that speech-enabled coffee makers are on the market, maybe the machines can sweet-talk their way back into men’s hearts. 9．People are most likely to personify things when they ________. A．spend too much time chatting online B．lack real life friends and feel isolated C．enjoy bossing around in real life D．become extremely angry with a device 10．Which of the following can probably replace the phrase cast off? A．Be fond of. B．Take hold of. C．Get rid of. D．Make use of. 11．Which of the following can be learned from the passage? A．Cars with wide faces sell better because they are considered friendlier. B．Speech-enabled coffee makers attract more male customers. C．Nice-looking products are more likely to be personified. D．People personify everyday products for different reasons. 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是人们倾向于将日常物品拟人化的现象、原因、影响以及可能产生的反效果。 9．细节理解题。 根据第一段“But even without chatty gadgets, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people personify everyday products.(但研究表明，即使没有会说话的小玩意，在某些情况下，人们也会把日常用品人格化)”和第二段的句子“Sometimes we see things as human because we’re lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute free will and consciousness to various gadgets. In turn, feeling related to objects can reduce loneliness.(有时候我们以人性的眼光看待事物，因为我们很孤独。在一项实验中，报告感觉被孤立的人比其他人更有可能将自由意志和意识归因于各种小工具。反过来，与物体相关的感觉可以减少孤独感)”可知，当人们缺乏现实生活中的朋友并感到孤立时，他们最有可能将事物拟人化。故选B。 10．词句猜测题。划线词上文“After being asked to evaluate their car’s personality, people were less likely to say they intended to replace it soon.(在被要求评估他们的汽车的个性后，人们不太可能说他们打算很快更换它)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“当我们将产品拟人化时，它们就变得更难被丢弃”。由此可知，划线短语cast off意为“抛弃，摆脱”，和get rid of意思相近。故选C。 11．细节理解题。根据第二段“Sometimes we see things as human because we’re lonely.(有时候我们以人性的眼光看待事物，因为我们很孤独)”和第三段“At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them.(在其他时候，我们将产品拟人化以努力理解它们)”可知，人们出于不同的原因将日常用品拟人化。故选D。 Passage 3 （23-24学年高二上·上海市嘉定区·期末） “That’s great,” said NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren, after he ate a piece of red lettuce that was grown in a special box. “Tastes good,” agreed the U. S. astronaut Scott Kelly, who is spending one year at the research station. “Kind of like arugula,” Scott added, then used small bottles to spread extra virgin olive oil and vinegar on his leaf, much as one might spread mustard on a hot dog. NASA says that if space explorers can grow their own food while they are away from the earth, they would be more likely to survive the deep space exploration, which can last months or even years. With no way to resupply a spacecraft making a long journey to and from Mars, the ability to grow food during the trip will be key to survive. “For us, having the ability to grow our own food is a big step in that direction, he said. Ray Wheeler, NASA’s lead scientist for advanced life support activities at Kennedy Space Center in Florida also said fresh foods such as tomatoes, blueberries and red lettuce could have a positive impact on people’s moods and also could provide some protection against radiation in space. The red romaine lettuce was grown in a special plant-growing box called a Veggie unit that was built by Orbital Technologies Corporation in Madison, Wisconsin, and was flown to space aboard the Space-X Dragon cargo ship. The seeds are contained in rooting pillows, which come complete with soil and fertilizer.Since water cannot be poured in space, a special irrigation system delivers moisture to the plant pillows from below. The seeds were ”activated“ by Scott on July 8 and grew for 33 days. On Monday, Lindgren used tongs to harvest the lettuce from its growing box, before attaching the leaves carefully to a tray. He cleaned them and handed them, in a food-safe bag, to Scott and Japanese astronaut Kimiya Yui. They saved a couple of leaves for Russian cosmonauts Mikhail Kornienko and Gennady Padalka, who were outside the station doing a spacewalk. A previous crop of lettuce was grown in space last year but was not eaten by astronauts. Instead, it underwent - and passed food safety tests back on earth. 32．How did Scott do with the space-grown lettuce? A．He cooked it in a special box. B．He ate it with a kind of arugula. C．He put some mustard on it. D．He put the virgin olive oil on it. 33．The underlined words “that direction” in the second paragraph may refer to _________. A．the journey to and from Mars B．the way to grow food C．the building of research station D．the ability to fly in space 34．What Ray Wheeler said means _________. A．the lettuce is a great step enabling human travel to Mars B．humans are not able to arrive at Mars without the lettuce C．tomatoes are obviously better than the blueberries in size D．radiation would be reduced if people don’t eat some lettuce 35．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The significance of growing food in space for deep space exploration. B．The challenges of resupplying a spacecraft during long space journeys to and from Mars. C．The process of growing red romaine lettuce in a special plant-growing box in space. D．The importance of food safely tests for crops grown in space. 【答案】32．D 33．A 34．A 35．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了太空中种植出了莴苣，这是太空旅程的重要一步。 32．细节理解题。根据第一段““Kind of like arugula,” Scott added, then used small bottles to spread extra virgin olive oil and vinegar on his leaf, much as one might spread mustard on a hot dog.(“有点像芝麻菜，”斯科特补充说，然后用小瓶把特级初榨橄榄油和醋涂在他的叶子上，就像人们在热狗上涂芥末一样)”可知，斯科特在把初榨橄榄油涂在太空种植的莴苣上面。故选D。 33．词句猜测题。根据第二段“NASA says that if space explorers can grow their own food while they are away from the earth, they would be more likely to survive the deep space exploration, which can last months or even years. With no way to resupply a spacecraft making a long journey to and from Mars, the ability to grow food during the trip will be key to survive.(美国国家航空航天局表示，如果太空探险者能够在远离地球的时候自己种植食物，他们将更有可能在持续数月甚至数年的深空探索中生存下来。由于没有办法为往返火星的长途旅行的航天器提供补给，在旅途中种植食物的能力将是生存的关键)”可知，有能力种植自己的食物是往返火星的旅程的重要一步。故划线词指的是“往返火星的旅程”。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据第三段“Ray Wheeler, NASA’s lead scientist for advanced life support activities at Kennedy Space Center in Florida also said fresh foods such as tomatoes, blueberries and red lettuce could have a positive impact on people’s moods and also could provide some protection against radiation in space.(美国宇航局在佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心负责高级生命支持活动的首席科学家雷·惠勒还说，西红柿、蓝莓和红生菜等新鲜食物对人的情绪有积极影响，还能在一定程度上防止太空辐射)”可知，雷·惠勒的话意味着莴苣是人类前往火星的重要一步。故选A。 35．主旨大意题。根据第一段““That’s great,” said NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren, after he ate a piece of red lettuce that was grown in a special box. “Tastes good,” agreed the U. S. astronaut Scott Kelly, who is spending one year at the research station. “Kind of like arugula,” Scott added, then used small bottles to spread extra virgin olive oil and vinegar on his leaf, much as one might spread mustard on a hot dog. (“太棒了，”美国宇航局宇航员谢尔·林格伦吃了一片种在一个特殊盒子里的红生菜后说。“味道很好，”在研究站待了一年的美国宇航员斯科特·凯利表示赞同。“有点像芝麻菜，”斯科特补充说，然后用小瓶把特级初榨橄榄油和醋涂在他的叶子上，就像人们在热狗上涂芥末一样)”结合文章主要说明了太空中种植出了莴苣，这是太空旅程的重要一步。可知，这篇文章的主旨是在太空中种植食物对深空探索的意义。故选A。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·上海市闵行六校·期末） On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog. It’s a joke that captures the prevailing idea that you can be whoever you want online. Previous research suggested that we tailor our online interactions to hide aspects of our personality we don’t want to share. In other words, we craft our digital selves to highlight only the best bits. But that picture may need redrawing. Recent work suggests our true colors just can’t help shining. Several studies found that Facebook behaviours accurately mirror our personality. For instance, constant updates about gym habits reveal one’s genuine unhealthy narcissism (自恋). Now Grieve and Watkinson at the University of Tasmania may have found out why: trying to be someone you’re not carries a severe emotional and mental consequence-just as it would offline. The pair asked 164 people aged 18 to 55 to take two personality tests, one as their true selves and one as the person they thought they presented on Facebook. They found that the more people’s true selves differed from the persona (表象) they presented online, the less social connectedness they reported — and the more stress. The findings are fascinating because they show well-established principles in psychology happening in cyberspace, says Michal Kosinski at Standford University. For example, the self-verification theory says that we would rather other people had an accurate view of who we really are than an overly positive one. William Swann of the University of Texas was the first to show the theory. He found that employees are more likely to leave a company after getting a pay rise if they have low self-esteem, because it conflicted with their view of the world. In general, we tend to be healthier and more productive when those around us reflect how we see ourselves, even if some of those traits are not positive. Kosinski says none of us is supposed to act any differently online versus in real life. In fact, it may be even harder to be someone you’re not when you’re online. In our offline interactions, there are more social pressures regulating how we present ourselves. What’s more, happier and less stressed people are not crafting themselves, says Kosinski, they have tailored their social network, probably to target a less diverse audience. The finding also has implications for anonymity(匿名). There are good reasons why people hide their identity on the Internet. It lets you express yourself without consequence. But when nobody knows you’re a dog, you get none of the positive confirmation of others seeing you for who you really are. “You can’t link that secret self to your public identity”, says Grieve. 36．What does the author mean by saying “But that picture may need redrawing”? A．Trying to present our best sides online may reveal our true selves. B．We also need to highlight our drawbacks in crafting digital identities. C．People with different personalities have their own shining points. D．We should get rid of the habit of merely exposing our true selves. 37．Which of the following is TRUE about the self-verification theory? A．It applies both to online contexts and real-life contexts B．It is a novel theory but has been recognized in psychology. C．It indicates low-esteemed people are likely to quit their jobs. D．It indicates people’s hatred of others ’ objective remarks on them. 38．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Hiding identity online may boost one’s ability to express himself. B．People may only include those similar to them into social network C．Social network websites may lack diversity in terms of its audience. D．You’ll surely get positive reviews from others when you post anonymously. 39．The passage mainly tells us that ________. A．Showing our fake selves is universal B．we should display our best sides online C．we must deal with social media carefully D．faking our online-identities doesn’t pay 【答案】36．A 37．A 38．B 39．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了人们在网络上展示的自我与真实自我之间的差异，以及这种差异对个人社交联系和压力的影响，同时提到了自我验证理论，并强调了在网络上保持真实自我的重要性。 36．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Previous research suggested that we tailor our online interactions to hide aspects of our personality we don’t want to share. In other words, we craft our digital selves to highlight only the best bits.(先前的研究表明，我们会调整我们的网络互动，以隐藏我们不想分享的个性方面。换句话说，我们打造我们的数字自我，只突出最好的部分。)”和第二段“Recent work suggests our true colors just can’t help shining. Several studies found that Facebook behaviours accurately mirror our personality.(最近的研究表明，我们的真面目是掩盖不住的。几项研究发现，Facebook上的行为准确地反映了我们的个性。)”可知，作者说“But that picture may need redrawing”意思是“试图在网上展示我们最好的一面可能会暴露我们的真实自我”。故选A。 37．细节理解题。根据第四段“The findings are fascinating because they show well-established principles in psychology happening in cyberspace, says Michal Kosinski at Stanford University. For example, the self-verification theory says that we would rather other people had an accurate view of who we really are than an overly positive one.(斯坦福大学的米哈尔·科辛斯基表示，这些发现非常有趣，因为它们显示了网络空间中发生的心理学中已确立的原理。例如，自我验证理论认为，我们宁愿别人对我们有准确的看法，而不是过于积极的看法。)”和第五段“William Swann of the University of Texas was the first to show the theory. He found that employees are more likely to leave a company after getting a pay rise if they have low self-esteem, because it conflicted with their view of the world.(德克萨斯大学的威廉·斯旺是第一个提出这一理论的人。他发现，如果员工自尊心低，他们在加薪后更有可能离开公司，因为这与他们的世界观相冲突。)”可知，自我验证理论既适用于网络环境，也适用于现实生活环境。故选A。 38．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“What’s more, happier and less stressed people are not crafting themselves, says Kosinski, they have tailored their social network, probably to target a less diverse audience.(此外，科辛斯基说，更快乐、压力更小的人并不是在塑造自己，他们定制了自己的社交网络，可能是为了针对一个不那么多样化的受众。)”可推断出，人们可能只会把和他们相似的人纳入社交网络。故选B。 39．主旨大意题。文章开头提到先前的研究认为人们在网上会展示自己最好的一面，但随后的研究发现，人们在网上的行为会准确地反映出他们的个性，接着通过一项研究说明了在网上伪装自己会带来严重的情感和心理后果，然后提到了自我验证理论，最后强调了在网络上保持真实自我的重要性，由此可知，短文主要告诉我们伪造我们的网络身份是不值得的。故选D。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·上海市青浦高级中学·期末） Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded, and they frequently fail to run on time. As if that were not bad enough, Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, published a paper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. He examined mobile-phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation (电磁辐射) that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift. Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network, but the rest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves. This sounds worrying. But maybe it isn’t after all. In a paper published recently in Applied Physics Letters, Jaime Ferrer from the University of Oviedo in Spain dispute Dr Hondou’s findings. He concludes that the level of radiation is safe after all. The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves. While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics (音响效果) of a concert hall, making it less reverberant (回响的). Dr Hondou’s model, in short, was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat. Dr Hondou did not calculate the effect that leaving out the other passengers would have on the radiation level. As a result, he significantly overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation. When one is sitting on a train, Dr Ferrer found, the most important sources of radiation are one’s own phone, and those of one’s immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from waves bouncing around the carriage. And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP, the international system that regulates such matters. People concerned about the effects of mobile-phone radiation are unlikely to take much comfort from Dr Ferrer’s results. They worry that even small amounts of microwave radiation — within the ICNIRP’s limits — may have unfavorable health effects. The evidence so far is ambiguous, inconsistent and inadequate. Indeed, Dr Ferrer says he was surprised at how little research has been done in this area. Yet both Dr Hondou’s results and Dr Ferrer’s are based on mathematical models, not physical measurements. Their models make assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and their passengers, and both assume that the radiation is uniformly distributed (分配) rather than gathered into “hot spots”. But if the debate about the safety of mobile phones is to be settled, there must be less reliance on models and assumptions, and more emphasis on hard experimental data. 40．Why does the paper published by Dr Hondou make the commuters worried? A．Because he holds the view that commuter trains do not meet international radiation safety standards. B．Because he thinks that the radiation produced by all the mobile phones in the enclosed spaces will bounce around and be harmful. C．Because the commuters fear that the metal walls of the railway carriage will threaten their health. D．Because the commuters are afraid that the time for banning the use of mobile phone in the railway carriage is approaching. 41．What is the commuters’ reaction after learning about the new research by Dr Ferrer? A．They don’t worry about the safety of mobile phone any more. B．They expect Dr Ferrer to carry out more researches in this area. C．They still have concerns over the mobile-phone radiation. D．They find the results of all the researches boring. 42．Dr Hondou’s research and that of Dr Ferrer share the following similarities EXCEPT______ . A．their findings are developed from mathematical models B．they focus on a single passenger in the empty railway carriage C．the models are based on assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and the passengers D．their models are built in a way that the radiation in the enclosed spaces is regularly distributed 43．What is the author’s attitude toward the research on the effects of mobile-phone radiation? A．He is surprised that too little research has been carried out in this area. B．He thinks that the most important thing for the researcher is to perfect their models. C．He is satisfied with the progress made so far. D．He thinks researchers have to depend more on physical experiments. 【答案】40．B 41．C 42．B 43．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家们对封闭空间里使用手机时的辐射进行了研究，其结果各不相同；科学家们也给出了其原因。 40．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的句子“As if that were not bad enough, Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, published a paper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. He examined mobile-phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation(电磁辐射)that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift.(似乎这还不够糟糕，日本东北大学的物理学家Tsuyoshi Hondou在2002年发表了一篇论文，让通勤者又多了一个感到不舒服的理由。他研究了移动电话在封闭空间中的使用情况，如铁路车厢、公共汽车和电梯，这些空间本质上都是金属盒子。他的模型预测，大量乘客挤在一起，都在说话、发短信或用手机浏览网页，可能会产生超过国际安全标准的电磁辐射。这是因为每一部手机产生的无线电波会被车厢、公共汽车或电梯的金属墙反射)”可知，Hondou博士发表的论文让通勤者感到担忧，因为他认为所有的手机在封闭的空间里产生的辐射会反弹，是有害的。故选B项。 41．细节理解题。根据第五段的句子“People concerned about the effects of mobile-phone radiation are unlikely to take much comfort from Dr Ferrer’s results. They worry that even small amounts of microwave radiation — within the ICNIRP’s limits — may have unfavorable health effects.(担心手机辐射影响的人们不太可能从费雷尔博士的研究结果中得到太多安慰。他们担心，即使是少量的微波辐射在ICNIRP的限制范围内，也可能对健康产生不利影响。)”可知，大家对于手机所带来的辐射仍然心存担忧。故选C项。 42．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yet both Dr Hondou’s results and Dr Ferrer’s are based on mathematical models, not physical measurements. Their models make assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and their passengers, and both assume that the radiation is uniformly distributed (分配) rather than gathered into “hot spots”. But if the debate about the safety of mobile phones is to be settled, there must be less reliance on models and assumptions, and more emphasis on hard experimental data.(然而，Hondou博士和Ferrer博士的结果都是基于数学模型，而不是物理测量。他们的模型对火车车厢和乘客的物理特性做了假设，并且都假设辐射是均匀分布的，而不是聚集在“热点”上。但是，如果关于手机安全性的争论要得到解决，就必须减少对模型和假设的依赖，而更多地强调硬实验数据。)”可知，Hondou博士和Ferrer博士的结果都是基于数学模型；这些模型是基于对火车车厢和乘客的物理特性的假设；他们的模型是按照封闭空间中的辐射有规律分布的方式建立的。根据第一段的句子“His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation (电磁辐射) that exceed international safety standards. (他的模型预测，大量乘客挤在一起，都在说话、发短信或用手机浏览网页，可能会产生超过国际安全标准的电磁辐射)”和第三段的句子“The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves. While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics (音响效果) of a concert hall, making it less reverberant (回响的).(这项新研究的关键是乘客自身的影响。虽然每个手机都会产生辐射，在汽车周围反弹，但乘客会吸收一部分辐射，从而降低整体强度，就像观众的存在会改变音乐厅的声学效果，使其混响减弱一样。)”可知，他们的模型关注的是火车车厢里的所有乘客，而不是空车厢里的一个人。故选B项。 43．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子“But if the debate about the safety of mobile phone is to be resolved, there must be less focus on models, and more emphasis on physical experimental data.(但如果要解决关于手机安全性的争论，就必须少关注模型，多关注物理实验数据)”可知，作者认为关于手机辐射影响的研究应该更多关注于物理实验研究。故选D项。 话题2 自然生态 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海市青浦高级中学·期末） What is it :Vertical gardens cover the walls of art centers and apartment blocks in many cities around the world but Mexico City is doing something more ambitious. Their “Verde Vertical” project is aimed at transforming hundreds of pillars that support overpasses into vertical gardens. How do people react:A spokesman from the company responsible for the gardens promises that pollution will be reduced and the cityscape will be improved: “We live in a very gray city, but as soon as we find a park, a green landscape, our mood-changes. This is going to change people’s routines.” When asked for comment, one driver said, “I drive to work every day on this road and there’s a lot of traffic. It’s stressful. Just seeing something green relaxes me, you know.” However, a pedestrian disagreed, “A road is a road. They can disguise it with these plants, but it doesn’t change anything.” What is its aim:The project aims to provide the city with an extra 40, 000 meters of greenery to improve both air quality and the mood of the city’s 20 million residents. The lives of those stuck in the city’s traffic jams should be improved greatly at least in theory! 79．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Vertical gardens can be used to decorate art centers. B．Vertical gardens can strengthen the pillars of overpasses. C．Vertical gardens have been greeted only with favorable comments. D．Vertical gardens will help ease traffic jams during rush hours. 80．The underlined word “disguise” most probably means ______. A．Support B．provide shelter for C．inspect D．change the appearance of 81．The purpose of the passage is ______. A．to campaign for the funding of the project B．to argue against the building of vertical gardens C．to introduce the project of vertical gardens D．to describe the functions of vertical gardens 【答案】79．A 80．D 81．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项名为“Verde Vertical”的项目，该项目旨在将墨西哥城的数百个支撑立交桥的柱子改造成垂直花园。文章还提到了人们对这个项目的反应以及项目的具体目标。 79．细节理解题。根据第一段“Vertical gardens cover the walls of art centers and apartment blocks in many cities around the world but Mexico City is doing something more ambitious. Their “Verde Vertical” project is aimed at transforming hundreds of pillars that support overpasses into vertical gardens. (垂直花园覆盖了世界各地许多城市的艺术中心和公寓楼的墙壁，但墨西哥城正在做更雄心勃勃的事情。他们的“Verde Vertical”项目旨在将支撑立交桥的数百根柱子改造成垂直花园)”可知，垂直花园可以用来装饰艺术中心。故选A项。 80．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“However, a pedestrian disagreed, “A road is a road. They can disguise it with these plants, but it doesn’t change anything.” (然而，一个行人不同意，“路就是路。他们可以用这些植物来……它，但这不会改变什么。”)”可知，行人认为垂直花园并不能改变道路的本质，只是改变了它的外观而已。由此推知，画线词disguise意为“改变外观”。故选D项。 81．推理判断题。根据第一段“Vertical gardens cover the walls of art centers and apartment blocks in many cities around the world but Mexico City is doing something more ambitious. Their “Verde Vertical” project is aimed at transforming hundreds of pillars that support overpasses into vertical gardens. (垂直花园覆盖了世界各地许多城市的艺术中心和公寓楼的墙壁，但墨西哥城正在做更雄心勃勃的事情。他们的“Verde Vertical”项目旨在将支撑立交桥的数百根柱子改造成垂直花园)”以及最后一段“The project aims to provide the city with an extra 40, 000 meters of greenery to improve both air quality and the mood of the city’s 20 million residents. The lives of those stuck in the city’s traffic jams should be improved greatly at least in theory(该项目旨在为城市增加40,000米的绿地，以改善空气质量和2000万居民的心情。那些被困在城市交通堵塞中的人的生活至少在理论上应该会得到很大改善)”可知，文章主要介绍了垂直花园，可推知，本文主要介绍了垂直花园这一项目。故选C项。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高二上·上海市育才中学·期末） A study by French researchers that was published last month in the Journal Animal Cognition found that not only do cats react to what scientists call cat-directed speech — a high-pitched voice similar to how we talk to babies — they react to who is doing the talking “We found that when cats heard their owners using a high-pitched voice, they reacted more than when they heard their owner speaking normally to another human adult,” said Charlotte de Mouzon, an author of the study and cat behavior expert at the Université Paris Nanterre. “But what was very surprising in our results was that it actually didn’t work when it came from a stranger’s voice.” Unlike with dogs, cat behavior is difficult to study, which is part of why humans understand them less. Cats are often so stressed by being in a lab that meaningful behavioral observations become impossible. And forget about trying to get a cat to sit still for an M.R.I. scan to study its brain function. So the researchers for the latest study went to the cats’ homes and played recordings of different types of speech and different speakers. At first, Dr. de Mouzon and her team were worried that the cats weren’t reacting at all. But then they studied film recordings of the encounters. “Their reactions were very subtle,” Dr. de Mouzon said. “It could be just moving an ear or turning the head towards the speaker or even freezing what they were doing.” In a few cases, the cats in the study would approach the speaker playing a voice and meow. “In the end, we had really clear gains in the cat’s attention when the owner was using cat-directed speech,” Dr. de Mouzon said. The findings showed that “cats are paying close attention to their caretakers, down to not only what they are saying, but how they are saying it,” said Kristyn Vitale, an assistant professor of animal health and behavior at Unity College in Maine who was not involved in the new study. The new study complements Dr. Vitale’s own research into relationships between a cat and its owner. This relationship is so important, Dr. Vitale’s research has found, that it replicates (复制) the connection between a kitten and its mother. “It is possible that attachment behaviors originally intended for interactions with their mother have now been modified for interactions with their new caretakers, humans.” “For years, scientists didn’t ask the right questions about cats,” Dr. de Mouzon said. Now those who are convinced of the X of cats won’t like the answers that are emerging. Cats don’t hate us after all, Dr. Vitale said, adding that “a growing body of work supports the idea that social interaction with humans is key in the life of a cat.” 82．What kind of voice will attract cats’ attention most according to the article? A．Their owners’ ordinary voice. B．A high-pitched voice from a baby. C．A high-pitched voice from a stranger. D．The cat-directed speech from their owners. 83．What does the underlined “X” in last paragraph probably stand for? A．disloyalty B．cuteness C．naughtiness D．enthusiasm 84．Which of the following can be inferred from the article? A．Cats pay as much attention to their owners as dogs do. B．A cat’s attachment to its owner probably resembles that to its mother. C．People understand dogs more than cats because the former are more loyal. D．Many believe and appreciate the fact that cats are somewhat indifferent to humans. 85．What is the passage mainly about? A．The social interaction between cats and humans is important to cats’ life. B．Those convinced that cats are cold disapprove of the opposing evidence. C．Cats actually pay close attention to their owners when treated properly. D．Cats actually treat their owners in a similar way as they treat their mothers. 【答案】82．D 83．A 84．B 85．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了如果被对待得当，猫实际上会密切关注它们的主人。 82．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“We found that when cats heard their owners using a high-pitched voice, they reacted more than when they heard their owner speaking normally to another human adult,” said Charlotte de Mouzon, an author of the study and cat behavior expert at the Université Paris Nanterre.”（我们发现，当猫听到主人用高音调说话时，它们的反应比听到主人正常对另一个成年人说话时更强烈。）可知，猫主人用高音调对猫说话时，最吸猫的注意力。故选D。 83．词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“For years, scientists didn’t ask the right questions about cats,”Dr. de Mouzon said. Now those who are convinced of the X of cats won’t like the answers that are emerging. Cats don’t hate us after all, Dr. Vitale said, adding that “a growing body of work supports the idea that social interaction with humans is key in the life of a cat.”（多年来，科学家们没有对猫提出正确的问题，德穆宗博士说。现在，那些坚信猫的X的人不会喜欢正在出现的答案。猫毕竟不讨厌我们，Vitale博士说，他补充说，“越来越多的工作支持这样一个观点，即与人类的社交互动是猫生活的关键。”）可推知，X可能指的是猫的不忠诚，故选A。 84．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“It is possible that attachment behaviors originally intended for interactions with their mother have now been modified for interactions with their new caretakers, humans.”（可能，最初用于与母亲互动的依恋行为现在已经被修改为与新的照顾者，人类的互动。）可推知，猫对主人的依恋可能类似于对母亲的依恋，故选B。 85．主旨大意题。根据第六段“The findings showed that “cats are paying close attention to their caretakers, down to not only what they are saying, but how they are saying it,” said Kristyn Vitale, an assistant professor of animal health an behavior at Unity College in Maine who was not involved in the new study.”（缅因州联合学院动物健康与行为学助理教授克里斯汀·维塔尔(Kristyn Vitale)没有参与这项新研究，她说，研究结果表明，“猫对照顾它们的人非常关注，不仅关注它们在说什么，还关注它们说话的方式。）可知，文章主要讲述了如果被对待得当，猫实际上会密切关注它们的主人。故选C项。 Passage 3 （23-24学年高二上·上海市徐汇区·期末） Recently, campaigners have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles” that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the retailer. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions. Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions (排放), we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a recent study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% originated from the final delivery of the product from the producer to the retailer. Other processes contribute much more. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for a British resident is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-efficient to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the crop grows well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small proportion of goods are flown to the consumer country, and these are usually high value items which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using manual labor and natural fertilizers, unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilizers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance consumers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will negate any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But ultimately, the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. And even if we only buy local food which is currently in season, there are ethical (道德的) implications. What’s more, our diets would be more limited. 1．The author uses numbers in the second paragraph to suggest that ________. A．most high value items cannot be produced locally B．buying local food has a lower carbon footprint C．imported food contributes more to environmental damage D．transportation only plays a small part in carbon emissions 2．Which of the following is the writer most likely to support? A．Importing apples to Britain from New Zealand in spring. B．Labelling food with stickers that show it is imported. C．Transporting imported food to consumer countries by air. D．Making a long journey to buy locally produced food. 3．The underlined word negate is closest in meaning to ________. A．extend B．increase C．deny D．calculate 4．The passage is mainly about ________. A．the importance and benefits of buying locally produced food B．the reasons why buying local food does not reduce carbon emissions C．the reasons why many countries have to import food from overseas D．the environmental problems caused by food transportation 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了购买本地食品并不一定能够减少碳排放的观点。文章指出，进口食品往往比本地食品有更低的碳足迹，因为有些进口食品是在其生产国当季生长的，避免了冷藏和加热等高能耗过程。此外，文章还提到运输方式、消费者购买食品的距离和所使用的交通工具等因素也会影响食品的碳足迹。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“According to a recent study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% originated from the final delivery of the product from the producer to the retailer. Other processes contribute much more. (根据最近的一项研究，在食品生产过程中，只有11%的碳排放来自运输，只有4%来自产品从生产商到零售商的最终交付。其他过程的贡献更大)”可知，作者用这些数字来表明，在食品生产的碳排放中，运输所占的比例很小，其他过程的碳排放更多。因此，选项D“transportation only plays a small part in carbon emissions(运输在碳排放中只占很小的一部分)”符合题意。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for a British resident is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-efficient to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season.(实际上，进口食品往往比本地生产的食品具有更低的碳足迹。以苹果为例，在秋季苹果收获时，对英国居民来说最好的选择是购买英国本地的苹果。然而，我们在冬季或春季购买的苹果已经被冷藏了好几个月，这消耗了大量的能源。因此，在春季从新西兰进口这些苹果更为节能，因为那里正值苹果的产季)”可知，作者支持从新西兰进口苹果到英国。因此，选项A“Importing apples to Britain from New Zealand in spring.(春天从新西兰向英国进口苹果)”是作者可能支持的。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线词前“It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance consumers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. (同样值得记住的是，产品的旅程不会在超市结束。消费者购买食物的路程，以及他们使用的运输方式也会增加其碳足迹)”以及“ So driving a long way to shop for food will negate any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce.( 因此，长途开车去买食物会negate购买当地生长产品带来的任何环境效益)”可知，消费者购买食物的路程中开长途车去买食物会增加碳足迹，从而抵消购买当地生长产品带来的环境效益。画线词“negate”与C选项“deny(否认，否定)”最接近，表示“抵消购买当地生长产品带来的环境效益”。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions (排放), we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation.(然而，事实并非如此简单。如果我们的目标是减少碳排放，我们必须关注整个农业生产过程，而不仅仅是运输)”以及通读全文可知，文章提到购买当地食品可以减少“食品里程”和碳排放，但通过数据和例子指出，购买当地食品并不总是能减少碳排放，因为需要考虑整个农业生产过程和运输方式等多种因素。因此，文章主要讨论的是为什么购买当地食品并不总是能减少碳排放。选项B“the reasons why buying local food does not reduce carbon emissions(购买本地食品不能减少碳排放的原因)”符合题意。故选B。 （22-23学年高二上·上海市奉贤区致远高级中学·期末） As wildfires have intensified in recent years, scientists have begun to catalog the ways the massive events influence weather — but so far, all have looked at either enormous or relatively small scales. But during 2018’s destructive fire season in California — at the time, the worst on record — Jiwen Fan started to wonder: Could the ever more frequent and intense fires raging in the western United States affect weather not just right next door, but as much as 1500 miles downwind? Major weather patterns in the U.S. tend to travel from west to east along with the prevailing winds. Fan noticed that just a few days after California’s Carr Fire kicked off in mid-July — shockingly early in the expected fire season — a massive days-long storm struck the High Plains states like Wyoming and Colorado with flooding rains, baseball-sized hail, and 90-mile-an-hour gusts. The storm caused over $100 million in damages. Was it possible the two were connected? Her team had the exact right tools to investigate the question. First, they dug through 10 years of weather and fire data to find examples of other big conflagrations (大火) occurring right before major storm events. The pairing was actually quite rare. That’s because storm season in the Central U.S. is centered around early summer; in the past, that season was winding down by the time wildfire season increased in August and September. But wildfires have been igniting earlier and earlier, pushed forward by climate change-driven drought and heat. Since 2010, the team found several big central storms that coincided with major Western fires. They focused on a 2018 storm. Using a weather model that added in the effects of heat and smoke emitted from the burns, they simulated days-long storm event in several different ways. As the real situation had been, with massive fires burning in the West; as if those fires didn’t exist; and another set of experiments that included and excluded the effect of some smaller local fires that had been burning at the time. The differences were dramatic: The combined impact from the faraway western fires and the local ones boosted the occurrence of heavier rainfall — where more than about 0.8 inches of rain fell in an hour — by 38 percent. The outbursts of big hail, with hailstones larger than two inches — nearly the size of a baseball— happened 34 percent more in the fiery conditions. But the far-off fires had a much larger effect. “The impact is very significant,” says Fan. “That was a little surprising.” 94．What’s the study of Jiwen Fan and her team mainly about? A．The effect of conflagrations on the weather of other areas. B．The scale of all the conflagrations. C．The number of all the conflagrations that happened in 2018. D．The cause of the California’s Carr Fire. 95．Why was it rare for Fan’s team to pair big conflagrations with major storm events? A．Because they were in lack of labor to dig through all the data. B．Because storm season in the Central U.S. isn’t in line with the wildfire season. C．Because wildfires usually take place in the early summer. D．Because wildfires are pushed forward by big storms. 96．How did Fan and her team conduct their study? A．They invited other experts to do experiments with them. B．They interviewed a lot of local people and analyzed the data they collected. C．They simulated storm event in different ways by using a weather model. D．They observed the real situations and calculated thoroughly. 97．What does the last sentence “That was a little surprising.” imply? A．The number of the big wildfires was beyond the team’s expectation. B．The size of the hailstones was definitely incredible. C．The occurrence of heavy rainfall shocked Fan’s team. D．The conflagrations did have great effect on the occurrence of storm in other areas. 【答案】94．A 95．B 96．C 97．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了关于美国西部火灾是否会影响东部天气的研究。 94．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Jiwen Fan started to wonder: Could the ever more frequent and intense fires raging in the western United States affect weather not just right next door, but as much as 1500 miles downwind?(Jiwen Fan开始思考：美国西部肆虐的火灾越来越频繁、越来越强烈，除了对周边天气产生影响外，是否还会影响下风1500英里处的天气？)”可知，Jiwen Fan和她的团队主要研究的是火灾对其他地区天气的影响。故选A。 95．细节理解题。根据第四段的“The pairing was actually quite rare. That’s because storm season in the Central U.S. is centered around early summer; in the past, that season was winding down by the time wildfire season increased in August and September. But wildfires have been igniting earlier and earlier, pushed forward by climate change-driven drought and heat.(这种配对实际上相当罕见。这是因为美国中部的风暴季节集中在初夏；在过去，当8月和9月的野火季节增加时，这个季节就会结束。但由于气候变化导致的干旱和高温，野火的发生时间越来越早。)”可知，Fan的团队很少把大火灾和大风暴事件结合起来是因为美国中部的风暴季节与野火季节并不一致。故选B。 96．细节理解题。根据第五段的“Using a weather model that added in the effects of heat and smoke emitted from the burns, they simulated days-long storm event in several different ways.(他们使用一个天气模型，将燃烧产生的热量和烟雾的影响加入其中，用几种不同的方式模拟了长达数天的风暴事件。)”可知，Fan和她的团队使用天气模型以不同的方式模拟风暴事件来进行这项研究。故选C。 97．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“The combined impact from the faraway western fires and the local ones boosted the occurrence of heavier rainfall — where more than about 0.8 inches of rain fell in an hour — by 38 percent. The outbursts of big hail, with hailstones larger than two inches — nearly the size of a baseball — happened 34 percent more in the fiery conditions. But the far-off fires had a much larger effect.(遥远的西部火灾和当地火灾的综合影响增加了更强降雨的发生——一小时内降雨量超过0.8英寸——增加了38%。大冰雹的爆发，冰雹的大小超过两英寸，几乎是一个棒球的大小，在炎热的条件下发生了34%。但远处的大火产生了更大的影响。)”和最后一段的“The impact is very significant(影响是非常显著的)”可知，最后一句“That was a little surprise”暗示了大火确实对其他地区的风暴发生有很大影响。故选D。 话题3 社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （23-24学年高二上·上海市建平中学·期末） At 14, Fraser Doherty was busy making jam after his grandparents taught him a family recipe. He started selling jars of his jam door to door near his parents’ home in Edinburgh. As interest grew, his hobby stated to turn into a business. He now makes 40,000 jars of jam a month and is well on his way to making his first million. Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. The downside for me isn’t particularly scary. I don’t have a mortgage or kids to worry about so I didn’t have a huge amount to lose if my idea had not worked.” Duncan Cheatle, founder of The Supper Club, a forum for established entrepreneurs in London, agreed that becoming an entrepreneur at a young age has a lot to recommend it. “For young people there is no concept of thinking outside the box because there isn’t a box. There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently.” Emma Jones, founder of Enterprise Nation, the home business website, said that young people were much more confident about using technology as a base for their business than the older generation. “Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses.” 102．According to Doherty, is the competitive edge of young people starting business compared with the older generation? A．ignorance of the reality B．naïve pursuit of a hobby C．readiness to try things out D．parents shouldering the financial burden 103．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means young people . A．are reluctant to obey the existing rules B．are not bound by established ways of doing things C．have superior ideas to those of the older generation D．will not fall into traps that old people set up for them 104．Which of the following statements will Emma Jones most likely agree with? A．Abandoning all previous rules is a must to establish new sectors. B．As people grow older, they are less able to take a fresh approach. C．Those lacking confidence are less able to start creative businesses. D．The use of technology contributes to the creation of new businesses. 105．The purpose of this passage is to . A．inform readers of success stories of young entrepreneurs B．introduce opinions on the advantages of being young entrepreneurs C．convince young people to follow the trend and start their own businesses D．provide specific guidance on how to become successful young entrepreneurs 【答案】102．C 103．B 104．D 105．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述年轻企业家的观点和优势。 102．细节理解题。根据第二段“Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. (Doherty被选中代表英国参加下个月在芝加哥举行的全球学生企业家奖。他说他从小的时候开始就有几个优点：“作为一个年轻人，你对世界有不同的看法。你天真乐观，愿意试一试。”)”可知，Doherty认为年轻人愿意尝试。故推知Doherty认为与老一辈相比，愿意尝试是年轻人创业的竞争优势。故选C。 103．词句猜测题。根据第四段“There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently. (年轻人有能力以老年人失去的不同方式看待事物。通常不是某事物的专家会对你有所帮助，因为如果你不明白为什么某件事以某种方式工作，你将决定以不同的方式做。)”可知，年轻人会以不同的方式看待问题，他们不认为专家的建议和既定的做事方式就是有帮助的。故推知“For young people there is no concept of thinking outside the box because there isn’t a box.表示年轻人“不受既定做事方式的束缚”，故选B。 104．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Emma Jones, founder of Enterprise Nation, the home business website, said that young people were much more confident about using technology as a base for their business than the older generation. “Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses.” (家庭商业网站Enterprise Nation的创始人Emma Jones表示，年轻人比老一辈人更有信心使用科技作为其业务的基础。“十年前不存在的整个行业现在正在出现，因为年轻的企业家正在挑战以前的所有规则，并说科技意味着我们可以做这样的事情。他们有一种开放的能力来思考新的想法，因此他们开始了非常有趣的业务。)”可知，Emma认为年轻人通过科技拓展新业务。故推知Emma同意“使用科技有助于创建新业务”这一观点，故选D。 105．推理判断题。根据第二段“Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. (Doherty被选中代表英国参加下个月在芝加哥举行的全球学生企业家奖。他说他从小的时候开始就有几个优点：“作为一个年轻人，你对世界有不同的看法。你天真乐观，愿意试一试。”)”及第四段“There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently. (年轻人有能力以老年人失去的不同方式看待事物。通常不是某事物的专家会对你有所帮助，因为如果你不明白为什么某件事以某种方式工作，你将决定以不同的方式做。)”及最后一段““Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses. (十年前不存在的整个行业现在正在出现，因为年轻的企业家正在挑战以前的所有规则，并说科技意味着我们可以做这样的事情。他们有一种开放的能力来思考新的想法，因此他们开始了非常有趣的业务。)”可知，文章主要介绍成为年轻企业家的观点和优势。故选B。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高二上·上海市进才中学·期末） In the fog of uncertainty about how new technology will change the way we work, policymakers around the world say confidently that we will need to upskill the workforce in order to cope. The view sounds reassuringly sensible: if computers are growing smarter, humans will need to learn to use them or be replaced by them. But the truth is, the people who are being “upskilled” in today’s economy are the ones who need it the least. Research shows that workers with degrees are over three times more likely to participate in training as adults than workers with no qualifications. That creates a virtuous circle for those who did well at school, and a vicious circle for those who did not. If the robots are coming for both the accountants and the taxi drivers, you can bet it is those working with money that will be more able to retrain themselves out of danger, because the better educated tend to have more confidence and money to pay for their own training. Employers also invest in these workers more. In the UK, a surprising number of employers send their senior managers to business schools. It is no good blaming employers for directing investments at their highly-skilled workers. They are simply aiming for the highest return they can get. And, for some types of lower-paid work, it is not always true that technological progress requires more skills. Sometimes, technology can de-skill a job. Just look at Uber drivers who follow the driving routes set by their app, rather than expanding their own knowledge of the streets. The UK’s latest Employment and Skills Survey suggests the use of literacy and numeracy skills at work has fallen since 2012, even as the use of computers has increased. However, the trouble is, when the computer makes your job easier one day, it might make it redundant the next. Many of those affected by automation will need to switch occupations, or even industries. But a retailer or warehouse company is not going to retrain its staff to help them move to a different sector. It is time to revisit older ideas. The UK once had a vibrant culture of night schools, for adults to attend after their day jobs. A revival of it could be exactly what the 21st century needs. Rather than just “upskilling” in a narrow way, people could choose to learn an entirely new skill or trade, or explore interests they never had a chance to nurture before. It is still not clear whether the impact of new technology on the labour market will come in a trickle or a flood. But in an already unequal world, continuing to reserve all the lifeboats for the better-off would be a dangerous mistake. 48．According to the writer, policymakers’ belief in upskilling the workforce __________. A．is contrary to popular belief B．is helpful in coping with new technology C．is too difficult to put it into practice D．is not beneficial to those who need it most 49．It can be inferred that workers without qualifications are less likely to __________. A．have confidence in outperforming those with degrees at school B．persuade their employers to make an investment in them C．minimize the risk of job loss caused by new technology D．assess how new technology will change the way they work 50．The word “redundant” (Para. 3) probably means __________. A．unnecessary B．undesirable C．unskilled D．unrewarding 51．According to the passage, which of the following conclusion is True? A．Workers’ literacy and numeracy skills should be enhanced without delay. B．Night schools can help to eliminate skill gaps among workers. C．Companies should attach much importance to retraining of workers. D．Those lower-skilled workers deserve giving more chances of retraining. 【答案】48．D 49．C 50．A 51．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章针对通常看法“需提升劳动人口技能以应对自动化浪潮”指出，现实中技能提升的机会往往向高学历者倾斜，应为真正面临危机的低学历者提供再培训机会。 48．细节理解题。根据第一段“In the fog of uncertainty about how new technology will change the way we work, policymakers around the world say confidently that we will need to upskill the workforce in order to cope. The view sounds reassuringly sensible: if computers are growing smarter, humans will need to learn to use them or be replaced by them. But the truth is, the people who are being “upskilled” in today’s economy are the ones who need it the least.(在新技术将如何改变我们工作方式的不确定性迷雾中，世界各地的政策制定者自信地表示，我们需要提高劳动力的技能，以应对这一挑战。这种观点听起来合情合理，令人放心：如果计算机变得越来越智能，人类将需要学会使用它们，否则就会被它们取代。但事实是，在当今的经济环境下，那些“技能提升”的人恰恰是最不需要技能提升的人)”可知，作者认为，政策制定者对提高劳动力技能的信念不利于那些最需要技能的人。故选D项。 49．推理判断题。根据第二段“Research shows that workers with degrees are over three times more likely to participate in training as adults than workers with no qualifications. That creates a virtuous circle for those who did well at school, and a vicious circle for those who did not. If the robots are coming for both the accountants and the taxi drivers, you can bet it is those working with money that will be more able to retrain themselves out of danger, because the better educated tend to have more confidence and money to pay for their own training.(研究表明，有学历的工人成年后参加培训的可能性是没有学历的工人的三倍多。这为那些在学校表现好的人创造了一个良性循环，而为那些表现不好的人创造了一个恶性循环。如果机器人正在取代会计和出租车司机，你可以打赌，那些有钱的人将更有能力重新培训自己以摆脱危险，因为受过更好教育的人往往更有信心，也更有钱来支付自己的培训费用)”可推知，没有资格的工人不太可能将新技术带来的失业风险降到最低。故选C项。 50．词句猜测题。根据后文“Many of those affected by automation will need to switch occupations, or even industries.(许多受自动化影响的人将需要转换职业，甚至行业)”可知，科技进步让工作变的更容易的同时，也可能会让人失去工作，推知redundant意为“不需要的”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。 51．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is still not clear whether the impact of new technology on the labour market will come in a trickle or a flood. But in an already unequal world, continuing to reserve all the lifeboats for the better-off would be a dangerous mistake.(目前尚不清楚新技术对劳动力市场的影响是涓涓细流还是洪流。但在一个已经不平等的世界里，继续把所有的救生艇都留给富人将是一个危险的错误)”可知，作者认为把所有的救生艇都留给富人将是一个危险的错误，所以是那些低技能工人应该得到更多再培训的机会。故选D项。 Passage 3 （22-23学年高二上·上海市浦东区南汇中学·期末） A report consistently brought back by visitors to the U.S. is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the U.S. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: If you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today, there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary travelers. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the U.S., especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon, he invited me home for dinner — amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the U.S. are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America, a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 52．In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, __________. A．rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the U.S. B．small-minded officials deserve a serious comment C．Canadians are not as friendly as their neighbors D．most Americans are ready to offer help 53．It could be inferred from the passage that __________. A．social patterns and historical traditions are inseparable B．people in remote and difficult areas used to be more friendly C．various virtues exposed to strangers or neighbors are superficial D．being friendly to strangers is particularly important to Americans 54．The tradition of American hospitality to strangers __________. A．tends to be superficial and artificial B．is generally well kept up in the United States C．is always understood properly D．has something to do with the busy tourist trails 55．Which of the following can be learned from the last paragraph? A．American culture is confusing to most travelers. B．Americans usually don’t mean what they say. C．Words don’t always translate American culture properly. D．Learning English is the first thing to known American culture. 【答案】52．D 53．A 54．B 55．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人，这是因为美国的文化决定了美国人的行为，友善好客的传统在美国是根深蒂固的。 52．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A report consistently brought back by visitors to the U.S. is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them.(去过美国的游客经常带回来的一份报告是，大多数美国人对他们是多么友好、礼貌和乐于助人)”可知，在外界访客的眼中，大多数美国人乐于提供帮助。故选D。 53．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As is true of any developed society, in America, a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.( 与任何发达社会一样，在美国，一系列复杂的文化信号、假设和习俗构成了所有社会相互关系的基础)”可推知，社会形态与历史传统密不可分。故选A。 54．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the U.S., especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.( 然而，好客的古老传统在美国仍然非常盛行，尤其是在远离繁忙旅游线路的小城市和城镇)”可知，美国人好客陌生人的传统在美国通常很好地保留了下来。故选B。 55．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.(当然，会说一门语言并不一定意味着理解社会和文化模式。不能正确“翻译”文化意义的游客往往会得出错误的结论)”可知，从最后一段我们可以了解到语言并不总是能正确地翻译美国文化。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·上海市上海大学附属中学·期末） We hear “Have a nice day!” every day and everywhere. It may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression. When my friend Maxie says “Have a nice day” with a smile, I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me. I feel loved and secure since another person cares about me and wishes me well. “Have a nice day. Next!” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl in the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out of the door. The words come out in the same tone with a fixed procedure. They are spoken at me, not to me. Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone else’s is the management’s attempt to increase business. The expression is one of those behaviors that help people get along with each other. Sometimes it indicates the end of a meeting. As soon as you hear it, you know the meeting is at an end. Sometimes the expression saves us when we don’t know what to say. “Oh, you just had a tooth out? I’m terribly sorry, but have a nice day.” The expression can be pleasant. If a stranger says “Have a nice day” to you, you may find it heart-warming because someone you don’t know has tried to be nice to you. Although the use of the expression is an insincere, meaningless social custom at times, there is nothing wrong with the sentence except that it is a little uninteresting. The salesgirl, the waitress, and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day. But in a strange and comfortable way, it’s nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when they really don’t care all that much. While the expression may not often be sincere, it is always spoken. The point is that people say it all the time when they like. 64．How does the writer understand Maxie’s words? A．Maxie shows her anxiety to the writer. B．Maxie really wishes the writer a good day. C．Maxie encourages the writer to stay happy. D．Maxie really worries about the writer. 65．What does the sentence “The words come out in the same tone with a fixed procedure” in Paragraph 2 imply? A．The sales girl is getting bored. B．The salesgirl behaves rudely to me. C．The salesgirl cares about me. D．The salesgirl says the words as a routine. 66．By saying “Have a nice day”, the stranger may ______. A．try to be good to you B．express respect to you C．give his blessing to you D．share his pleasure with you 67．In the passage, the author intends to highlight ______. A．the importance of showing grave concern to people every day. B．the mixed meaning of “Have a nice day!” being both sincere and empty. C．the comforting feeling when strangers give friendly greetings. D．techniques for finishing dialogues with the phrase “Have a nice day!” 【答案】64．B 65．D 66．A 67．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章探讨了“Have a nice day”这一表达的多重含义和使用场景。作者通过不同情境下的例子，说明了这句话有时是真诚的关心，有时则是机械化的社交礼仪。尽管在某些场合下这句话可能显得空洞无意义，但它仍然是人们日常交流中常见的一部分，能够帮助人们友好相处。 64．细节理解题。根据第一段“When my friend Maxie says ‘Have a nice day’ with a smile, I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me.(当我的朋友马克西微笑着对我说‘祝你今天愉快’时，我知道她是真心关心我的)”可知，作者知道Maxie 说这句花是真诚地关心自己。故选B项。 65．词句猜测题。根据第二段中划线句子后的解释“They are spoken at me, not to me. Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone else’s is the management’s attempt to increase business.(这些话是向着我说的，不是对我说的。很明显，对我和其他人今天的关心是管理层增加业务的意图)”可知，作者认为超市售货员说“Have a nice day”时的语气和方式是程序化，是工作要求的，而不是真正关心。所以划线句意思和选项D. The salesgirl says the words as a routine. (售货员把这句话当作例行公事)意思相近。故选D项。 66．细节理解题。根据第四段“If a stranger says ‘Have a nice day’ to you, you may find it heart-warming because someone you don’t know has tried to be nice to you.(如果一个陌生人对你说‘祝你有美好的一天’，你可能会觉得很暖心，因为你不认识的人在试图想你示好)”可知，如果一个陌生人对你说“Have a nice day”，他应该是试图表示对你友好。故选A项。 67．主旨大意题。根据第一段“We hear ‘Have a nice day!’ every day and everywhere. It may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression.(我们每天都听到‘祝你今天愉快！’，无处不在。它可能是一个令人愉快的表达，也可能是一个毫无意义的表达)”可知，这是本文的主旨句，文章通过不同场景展示了“Have a nice day”这句话既可以是真诚的关心，也可以是空洞的客套。作者意在强调这句话的双重含义。故选B项。 话题4 教育成长与校园生活 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海普陀区长征中学·期末） A study involving 8,500 teenagers from all social backgrounds found that most of them are ignorant when it comes to money. The findings, the first in a series of reports from NatWest that has started a five-year research project into teenagers and money, are particularly worrying as this generation of young people is likely to be burdened with greater debts than any before. University tuition fees (学费) are currently capped at £ 3,000 annually, but this will be reviewed next year and the Government is under enormous pressure to raise the ceiling. In the research, the teenagers were presented with the terms of four different loans but 76 per cent failed to identify the cheapest. The young people also predicted that they would be earning on average 31,000 by the age of 25, although the average salary for those aged 22 to 29 is just £ 17, 815. The teenagers expected to be in debt when they finished university or training, although half said that they assumed the debts would be less than £10, 000. Average debts for graduates are £12,363. Stephen Moir, head of community investment at the Royal Bank of Scotland Group which owns NatWest, said. “The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.” Ministers are deeply concerned about the financial pressures on teenagers and young people because of student loans and rising housing costs. They have just introduced new lessons in how to manage debts. Nikki Fairweather, aged 15 from St Helens, said that she had benefited from lessons on personal finance, but admitted that she still had a lot to learn about money. 12．Which of the following can be found from the five-year research project? A．Students understand personal finances differently. B．University tuition fees in England have been rising. C．Teenagers tend to overestimate their future earnings. D．The students’ payback ability has become a major issue. 13．The phrase “to raise the ceiling” in paragraph 2 probably means “______”. A．to raise the student loans. B．to improve the school facilities. C．to increase the upper limit of the tuition. D．to lift the school building roofs. 14．According to Stephen Moir, students______. A．are too young to be exposed to financial issues. B．should learn to manage their finances well. C．should maintain a positive attitude when facing loans. D．benefit a lot from lessons on personal finance. 【答案】12．C 13．C 14．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项关于青少年和金钱的研究，发现大多数青少年在金钱方面很无知，同时介绍了政府、学校等为提高青少年金融知识所做出的努力。 12．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The young people also predicted that they would be earning on average 31,000 by the age of 25, although the average salary for those aged 22 to 29 is just £ 17, 815.(年轻人还预测，到25岁时，他们的平均收入将达到31000英镑，尽管22至29岁人群的平均工资只有17815英镑)”可知，青少年预测的收入远高于实际平均工资，这表明青少年往往高估他们未来的收入。故选C项。 13．词句猜测题。根据划线短语上文“University tuition fees (学费) are currently capped at £ 3,000 annually, but this will be reviewed next year and the Government is under enormous pressure (大学学费目前每年最高为3000英镑，但明年将对此进行审查，政府正面临着巨大的压力)”可知，政府正面临着巨大的压力，由此可推知，划线短语raise the ceiling意思是“提高学费上限”，与C项to increase the upper limit of the tuition同义。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Stephen Moir, head of community investment at the Royal Bank of Scotland Group which owns NatWest, said. ‘The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.’(苏格兰皇家银行集团(旗下拥有国民西敏寺银行)社区投资部负责人Stephen Moir表示：“年轻人越早接触金融问题，越早意识到这些问题，他们就越有可能成为负责任、有前瞻性的成年人，自信有效地管理自己的财务。”)”可知，Stephen Moir认为，学生应该学会管理好自己的财务。故选B项。 Passage 2 （22-23学年高二上·上海交通大学附属中学·期末） Gender, brain function, and STEM performance [1] Scientists have debunked the idea that women are underrepresented in the science technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) industries because of biological differences which affect their maths skills. Girls and boys have similar brains and are equally able when it comes to understanding maths, according to the study published in the journal Science of Learning. [2] The research involved 104 children aged between 3 and 10 years old, 55 of whom were girls. The kids watched an educational video featuring maths concepts such as counting and addition, while the scientists charted their brain activity using an MRI scanner. The team then compared all the scan results, with which the researchers could compare the brain activity of the children to adults. The team asked 38 men and 25 women to watch the same videos in the scanner. According to the data, there was no difference between the children’s brain functions or development. And the boys and girls appeared to be equally tuned into the videos. [3] The authors wrote the figures suggest “girls and boys showed statistically equivalent levels of neural maturity throughout the brain, suggesting that the neural processing of mathematics develops at similar rates in boys and girls,” they wrote. [4] “Limited evidence for intrinsic, biological gender differences in mathematics ability has fueled debate about the underrepresentation of girls and women in STEM fields” the authors said. [5] Jessica Cantlon, professor of developmental neuroscience at Carnegie Mellon University and senior author of the paper, commented in a statement: “Science doesn’t align with folk beliefs. We see that children’s brains function similarly regardless of their gender so hopefully we can adjust expectations of what children can achieve in mathematics.” [6] “However, typical socialization can exacerbate small differences between boys and girls that can snowball into how we treat them in science and maths. We need to be cognizant of these origins to ensure we aren’t the ones causing the gender inequities.” [7] Alyssa Kersey, the first author, said: “It’s not just that boys and girls are using the maths network in the same ways but that similarities were evident across the entire brain. This is an important reminder that humans are more similar to each other than we are different. Earlier this year, a separate team of researchers concluded girls would score better in maths and science tests if exams were made longer. The scientists found female students are better at sustaining their performance over a long period and argue this should be regarded as a skill.” [8] Co-author Oosterveen said: “Our study also documents a female strength in test-taking that has largely been ignored and that deserves recognition. Gender differences in test performance in maths and science have generally been perceived as a female weakness. The findings in this study could serve as a counterbalance to the gender stereotypes shaped by this perception. 56．Which of the following can be a replacement word for the underlined word “debunked” in paragraph 1? A．supported B．disproved C．delighted D．distinguished 57．What is the author’s main purpose by making the statement in Para. 4? A．To illustrate a generally accepted scientific findings from their recent study. B．To explain why girls and women are underrepresented in many STEM fields. C．To emphasize the widely held gender difference isn’t scientifically grounded. D．To argue for more favorable policy to support women and girls in STEM fields 58．What do these “origins” (Para. 6) refer to? A．The snowball effect that can worsen the situation. B．Small differences between boys and girls. C．Gender inequities that are common in STEM field. D．How we treat the gender distinctions in science. 59．Which one of the following is NOT true about the study conducted by Alyssa’s team? A．Girls are likely to make a better performance in longer maths and science tests. B．Girls and boys showed similar brain functions while watching an educational video about maths. C．The findings could be used to argue against the commonly believed gender stereotypes. D．MRI scanner was used so the researchers were able to record information about their brain activity. 【答案】56．B 57．C 58．A 59．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍发表在《学习科学》（Science of Learning）杂志上的一项研究表明，男孩和女孩拥有相似的大脑，在理解数学方面能力相当。 56．词句猜测题。由下文“Girls and boys have similar brains and are equally able when it comes to understanding maths, according to the study published in the journal Science of Learning.(发表在《学习科学》（Science of Learning）杂志上的这项研究表明，男孩和女孩拥有相似的大脑，在理解数学方面能力相当。)”可知，科学家已经证明了男孩和女孩拥有相似的大脑，在理解数学方面能力相当，结合划线单词所在句子“Scientists have debunked the idea that women are underrepresented in the science technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) industries because of biological differences which affect their maths skills.(科学家们已经debunked女性因为生理差异影响了她们的数学技能，而使得她们在科学技术、工程和数学（STEM）领域代表性不足的观点。)”可知，科学家们通过研究已经表明，男孩女孩在数学方面的能力相当，也就是说女孩在科学技术，工程和数学领域的比例和男孩是相当的，由此可推知，科学家们证明了女性因为生理差异影响了她们的数学技能，而使得她们在科学技术、工程和数学（STEM）领域代表性不足的观点是有误的，划线单词debunked意为“证明……是错误的”，与B项disproved(反驳；证明……是错误的)意思一样，故选B。 57．推理判断题。根据第四段““Limited evidence for intrinsic, biological gender differences in mathematics ability has fueled debate about the underrepresentation of girls and women in STEM fields” the authors said.(作者说: “数学能力中内在的、生物学上的性别差异的证据有限，这加剧了关于STEM领域女孩和女性代表性不足的争论。”)”和本文第一段提出的主题句“Girls and boys have similar brains and are equally able when it comes to understanding maths, according to the study published in the journal Science of Learning.(发表在《学习科学》（Science of Learning）杂志上的这项研究表明，男孩和女孩拥有相似的大脑，在理解数学方面能力相当。)”可推知，作者在第四段提到数学能力中内在的、生物学上的性别差异的证据有限，这是为了强调广泛存在的性别差异是没有科学依据的。故选C。 58．词句猜测题。根据第六段““However, typical socialization can exacerbate small differences between boys and girls that can snowball into how we treat them in science and maths. We need to be cognizant of these origins to ensure we aren’t the ones causing the gender inequities.”(“然而，典型的社会化会加剧男孩和女孩之间的微小差异，这种差异会像滚雪球一样越滚越大，影响我们在科学和数学上对待他们的方式。我们需要认识到这些起源，以确保我们不是造成性别不平等的人。”)”可知，男孩女孩之间的微小差异像滚雪球一样越来越大，使人们对待女孩和男孩的方式有所区别，所以我们要认识到这些使情况更糟糕的雪球效应，来确保我们不是造成性别不平等的人，所以这些“起源”指的是使情况更糟糕的雪球效应。故选A。 59．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“ Earlier this year, a separate team of researchers concluded girls would score better in maths and science tests if exams were made longer.(今年早些时候，一个独立的研究小组得出结论，如果考试时间更长，女孩在数学和科学考试中的成绩会更好。)”可知，在较长的数学和科学考试中，女孩可能会取得更好的成绩这项研究不是由Alyssa团队进行的，故选A。 话题5 社区生活与季节感知 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海师范大学附属中学宝山分校、闵行分校·期末） With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation, more families are choosing to live together. The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, who lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters. Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor. “We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.” And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.” It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013. Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16%in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million. Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married. 28．Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol? A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn. D．The daughters. 29．What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law? A．Indifferent. B．Carefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling. 30．What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on? A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports. C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations. C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK. 【答案】28．B 29．B 30．C 31．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国多代同堂生活方式的上升趋势。 28．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor. (Rita Whitehead在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。)”可知，Rita主要使用布里斯托尔维多利亚房子的一楼。故选B。 29．推理判断题。由文章第五段中“From my standpoint, it all seems to work well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would. (从我的角度来看，一切似乎都很顺利。要我推荐吗？是的，我想我会的。)”可知，Nick对于和岳母同住没有烦恼。故选B。 30．推理判断题。由文章第六段中“Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013. (官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2001年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户。)”和第七段中“It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16%in 1991. The total number of all multi generational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million. (据说，25-34岁的人中约有20%与父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据估计，英国所有多代家庭的总数约为180万。)”可知，作者关于多代同堂家庭的陈述是基于公布的统计数据。故选C。 31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation,more families are choosing to live together. (由于年轻人无法负担离家出走的费用，老年人面临孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。)”可知，本文主要讲的是英国多代同堂生活方式的上升趋势。故选D。 Passage 2 （22-23学年高二上·上海市浦东新区·期末） Chemists in mid-1500s Nuremburg had discovered that bird droppings were a rich source of saltpetre, a vital ingredient in the making of gunpowder. As a consequence pigeon droppings used to be almost as valuable as silver. Understandably, by the middle of the following century, there were an estimated 26,000 pigeon houses in Britain. The practice of keeping the pigeon was introduced to Britain by the Romans. The Normans kept pigeons in specially constructed niches in castles and courtyards. When the pigeon houses in Britain were built, they were a vital source of meat and feathers. The latter were particularly prized as a source of warmth. Droppings gathered from the pigeon houses was a rich fertilizer, too. The pigeon house was not only a source of food and revenue in medieval times, but also a status symbol. The privilege of building or owning pigeon houses was reserved for the rich. Towards the end of her rule, Queen Elizabeth I decided to open pigeon-breeding to the free market. Then, pigeon houses sprang up all over the countryside. The number of pigeon houses across the British countryside was not universally welcomed. Each day the birds flew off to feed themselves on other people’s crops. By the middle of the 17th century, the problem of pigeons was so great that people feared that the destructive pigeons would turn England into a desert. Luckily, an agricultural revolutionary, Charles Townsend, had introduced the turnip to Britain around 1700, keeping farm livestock fat enough to eat through the dark winter months. Later, vast quantities of natural saltpetre were discovered in Chile and California. Keeping pigeons went out of fashion. Now, the homeless pigeons flew off to find somewhere else to live. One species discovered that Britain’s rapidly growing towns and cities were full of the sort of rock-faces they liked to rest on—humans called them “buildings”. Over time they’d become the wild urban pigeon that we know today. 86．Which of the following people in Britain would be least likely to keep pigeons in the late Middle Ages? A．Fruit growers. B．The nobles. C．Gunpowder makers. D．The miners. 87．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Farm livestock used to be too thin for lack of food in the dark months in Britain. B．Townsend revolutionized agricultural development in Britain around 1700. C．The Normans set an undesirable example of raising pigeons for the British people. D．England was once faced with the threat of disappearance because of pigeons. 88．According to the passage, why are there so many pigeons in the cities in Britain today? A．Because people think it a sign of status and keep them to show off. B．Because pigeons like to stay on hard surfaces which can be abundantly found in cities. C．Because pigeons find enough food supplies when tourists and citizens feed them in squares. D．Because the government encourages pigeon raising as a profitable investment. 89．Which is the best title of the passage? A．A brief history of pigeon houses in Britain. B．From function to fashion — the pigeon houses in Britain. C．Profitable pigeon houses in Britain. D．Pigeon houses in Britain as valuable as silver. 【答案】86．D 87．A 88．B 89．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了英国鸽子屋的历史演变以及鸽子在过去的作用。 86．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Chemists in mid-1500s Nuremburg had discovered that bird droppings were a rich source of saltpetre, a vital ingredient in the making of gunpowder.(16世纪中期纽伦堡的化学家发现鸟粪中含有丰富的硝石，而硝石是制造火药的重要原料)”可知，火药制作者会养鸽子获取硝石；第二段中“Droppings gathered from the pigeon houses was a rich fertilizer, too.(从鸽舍里收集的粪便也是一种丰富的肥料)”可知，农民会养鸽子获取肥料；以及第三段中“The privilege of building or owning pigeon houses was reserved for the rich.(建造或拥有鸽舍的特权是留给富人的)”可知富人养鸽子，因此可知在中世纪晚期，英国矿工最不可能养鸽子。故选D。 87．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Luckily, an agricultural revolutionary, Charles Townsend, had introduced the turnip to Britain around 1700, keeping farm livestock fat enough to eat through the dark winter months.(幸运的是，一位名叫查尔斯·汤森的农业革命者在1700年左右将萝卜引入了英国，使农场牲畜有足够的脂肪来吃，以度过黑暗的冬季)”可推知，在英国，在黑暗的冬季月份里，农场的牲畜因缺乏食物而过于瘦弱。故选A。 88．细节理解题。根据最后一段“One species discovered that Britain’s rapidly growing towns and cities were full of the sort of rock-faces they liked to rest on—humans called them “buildings”. Over time they’d become the wild urban pigeon that we know today.(其中一个物种发现，英国快速发展的城镇到处都是它们喜欢栖息的那种岩壁——人们称它们为“建筑物”。随着时间的推移，它们变成了我们今天所知道的野生城市鸽子。)”可知，今天英国的城市里有这么多鸽子是因为鸽子喜欢呆在坚硬的表面上，在城市里可以找到很多坚硬的建筑物。故选B。 89．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chemists in mid-1500s Nuremburg had discovered that bird droppings were a rich source of saltpetre, a vital ingredient in the making of gunpowder. As a consequence pigeon droppings used to be almost as valuable as silver. Understandably, by the middle of the following century, there were an estimated 26,000 pigeon houses in Britain.(16世纪中期纽伦堡的化学家发现鸟粪中含有丰富的硝石，而硝石是制造火药的重要原料。因此，鸽子粪便过去几乎和白银一样值钱。可以理解的是，到下个世纪中叶，英国估计有26000个鸽子屋)”并结合下文主要说明了英国鸽子屋的历史演变以及鸽子在过去的作用。可推断A选项“英国鸽子屋的简史”最符合文章标题。故选A。 话题6 语言学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·上海市建平中学·期末） Some years ago Christian Vanlare wanted to buy a “really big birthday cake” for his uncle, who was turning 88. But there was a problem. Mr. Vanlare lives in New Jersey on America’s east coast, while his uncle lives in Accra, Ghana’s capital. Icing and sponge do not travel well, and simple things like organizing a cake can be complicated in a bustling African city. Various cousins said they were too busy to buy pastries. Eventually he had a slice of luck when a friend showed kindness and went to the shops. The big uncle got his big cake. But it was a reminder of the challenges of being abroad while having commitments back home. “For those of us who live in the diaspora, this is our daily problem,” says Mr. Vanlare. So he came up with a solution. Somafour (“One who is sent” in Akan, a language spoken by most Ghanaians) is an app that connects Ghanaians in the diaspora with those in Ghana who can run errands (跑腿) on their behalf. Mr. Vanlare’s startup is unlikely to attract the attention of venture capitalists in the near future. But its very existence reflects the growing number of Africans living overseas and their economic importance to the continent. It also offers a lesson in the role of trust in getting things done. In the past five years, Ghana’s currency has been devalued, which has encouraged some in the diaspora to buy land while their dollars are worth more. One Somafour agent says he was asked to visit the land a customer had bought to check the quality of the plot. Dealing with officials at the land register office can also be part of the job. Other errands can be more personal, such as taking elderly relatives to the doctor or delivering drinking water to clients' parents. Mr. Vanlare admits, however, that business has been slow so far. Many Ghanaians are cautious about using an app rather than asking family for help, even if their kin are unreliable. In a global survey of values, just 5% of Ghanaians agreed with the statement “most people can be trusted”, a standard result for a poor country. “In the African context it is very difficult to break into family networks,” says Mr. Vanlare. 15．What problem did Christian Vanlare face when he wanted to buy a birthday cake for his uncle? A．His uncle lived too far away for a courier to deliver. B．The cake would not travel well from New Jersey to Accra. C．He was too busy to buy pastries and considered it troublesome. D．Icing and sponge are unavailable in cake shops in African cities. 16．What does “diaspora” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．People who are living in their home country. B．People who are traveling frequently between countries. C．People who have moved away from their home country. D．People who have returned to their home country after living abroad. 17．Which of the following is most likely an example of an errand performed by a Somafour agent? A．Organizing volunteer activities to help the elderly in an American nursing home. B．Helping local people to buy daily necessities at their request when they are busy. C．Visiting a land with a Ghanaian in the diaspora to check the quality of the plot. D．Attending a wedding on behalf of a client who works overseas in his hometown. 18．What can you conclude about the challenge Mr. Vanlare faces in expanding his business? A．Venture capitalists do not view this project favorably. B．The majority of Ghanaians considered their kin to be unreliable. C．There is cultural resistance to replacing family networks with technology. D．The high cost of the app's service is a barrier to potential users in poor countries. 【答案】15．B 16．C 17．D 18．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Christian Vanlare在加纳运营Somafour这一应用程序的原因和所面临的挑战。 15．细节理解题。根据第一段的句子“Some years ago Christian Vanlare wanted to buy a “really big birthday cake” for his uncle, who was turning 88. But there was a problem. Mr. Vanlare lives in New Jersey on America’s east coast, while his uncle lives in Accra, Ghana’s capital. Icing and sponge do not travel well, and simple things like organizing a cake can be complicated in a bustling African city.(几年前，Christian Vanlare想给他88岁的叔叔买一个“非常大的生日蛋糕”。但是有一个问题。Vanlare先生住在美国东海岸的新泽西州，而他的叔叔住在加纳首都阿克拉。糖霜和海绵蛋糕不适合运输，在一个熙熙攘攘的非洲城市，像制作蛋糕这样简单的事情可能会很复杂。)”可知，当Christian Vanlare想给他叔叔买生日蛋糕时，他遇到的问题是蛋糕不适合从新泽西运到阿克拉。故选B项。 16．词句猜测题。根据第二段的句子“But it was a reminder of the challenges of being abroad while having commitments back home.(但这也提醒了我，身在国外又要承担国内责任的挑战。)”和diaspora所在的句子“For those of us who live in the diaspora, this is our daily problem(对于我们这些生活在diaspora的人来说，这是我们的日常问题)”可知，diaspora指的是那些移居国外的人们，即：对于我们这些散居海外的人来说，这是我们每天所面临的问题，故选C项。 17．推理判断题。根据第三段的句子“So he came up with a solution. Somafour (“One who is sent” in Akan, a language spoken by most Ghanaians) is an app that connects Ghanaians in the diaspora with those in Ghana who can run errands (跑腿) on their behalf.(所以他想出了一个解决办法。Somafour（在大多数加纳人使用的阿坎语中是“被派遣的人”的意思）是一款应用程序，它将散居海外的加纳人与那些可以代表他们办事的加纳人联系起来。)”和第四段的句子“One Somafour agent says he was asked to visit the land a customer had bought to check the quality of the plot. Dealing with officials at the land register office can also be part of the job. Other errands can be more personal, such as taking elderly relatives to the doctor or delivering drinking water to clients' parents.( Somafour的一名代理人说，他被要求去查看一名客户购买的土地，以检查地块的质量。与土地登记办公室的官员打交道也是这份工作的一部分。其他差事可能更个人化，比如带年长的亲戚去看医生，或者给客户的父母送饮用水。)”可知，Somafour的代理是代替散居海外的加纳人在国内办理一些事务。D项（代表在海外工作的客户在家乡参加婚礼）符合，故选D项。 18．细节理解题。根据最后一段的句子“Mr. Vanlare admits, however, that business has been slow so far. Many Ghanaians are cautious about using an app rather than asking family for help, even if their kin are unreliable.(不过，Vanlare先生承认，到目前为止，生意一直很缓慢。许多加纳人在使用应用程序而不是向家人求助时都很谨慎，即使他们的亲戚不可靠。)”和““In the African context it is very difficult to break into family networks,” says Mr. Vanlare.(“在非洲的环境下，要打破家庭网络是非常困难的，”Vanlare先生说。)”可知，Vanlare先生在扩大业务时所面临的挑战是用技术代替家庭网络存在文化上的阻力。故选C项。 Passage 2 （22-23学年高二上·上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学·期末） People often imagine that a knowledge of languages is sufficient to make an interpreter. Of course it is a prerequisite, as are two hands to a professional boxer. But just as the fact of having two hands does not make a boxer, so the knowledge of different languages, be they many or few, does not make an interpreter. It is only an instrument which you must learn how to use in a particular way — for which you may or may not be gifted. The basic qualities required of the interpreter are not exceptionally rare, but their combination is very uncommon. They are: (1) A capacity for being passively receptive, i.e. for drinking in readily and without any personal reaction all that may be said by the speaker. (2) The type of quick-wittedness which makes for prompt and effective repartee (妙语), interpretation being a sort of mental game of tennis. (3) A good memory, because all the tricks of the trade are intended only to make up for its deficiencies. Two things are expected of the interpreter’s memory: first, that it should store up an exceptionally large vocabulary in the related languages and supply instantly the required word or phrase; second, that it should retain for a very brief period(seldom more than one hour) a picture as full, detailed, and accurate as possible of what has just been said after which the interpreter will be well advised to wash his mind clear of most of what he has memorized. In this latter function, the interpreter’s memory is therefore the reverse of the comedian’s. Whereas the actor has ample time to learn his part, gradually, and methodically, and is then expected to remember it over a long period and repeat it on a succession (连续) of occasions, the interpreter must wholly commit to his memory fleeting thoughts and words as they fly past, and then bring them back to mind only once, a very short while later. The work of the translator and that of the interpreter are fundamentally different and can hardly be combined. Very rare indeed are people who can do both. The reason for this is clear: the translator can or should search at leisure for the accurate term, as well as effort to express himself in the best possible grammar and style; he may re-write the same paragraph ten times or more, improving it each time; he may consult all dictionaries and reference books, and ask for help and advice. The interpreter, on the other hand, is given hardly any time to think, can consult neither books nor friends, and must “put across”, immediately and as accurately as possible, whatever the speaker wishes to convey. But he may express nuances (微妙) by varying the tone of his voice, he may paraphrase when he does not find the exact word, he may repeat, correct or add to what he has just said, if he sees that he was not properly understood. These are in reality two contrary techniques. 75．Interpretation is similar to playing tennis in that both need _________. A．two hands B．quick response C．mental fitness D．good muscle memory 76．A good memory is required of an interpreter so that he can _________. A．memorize all that is said and remember it for a long time B．memorize the important part of what is said and remember it for a long time C．memorize for a short period all that is said and then forget about it D．memorize all that is said gradually and completely 77．What is the author’s opinion of the qualities mentioned for an interpreter? A．It is not necessary for the interpreter to possess all the basic qualities. B．It is uncommon for the interpreter to possess all the basic qualities. C．Certain qualities are more important than the others. D．Only two of the qualities are actually required. 78．Which of the following can best indicate the author’s understanding of the difference between a translator and an interpreter? A．The qualities required of a translator are basically opposite what is required of an interpreter. B．Being an interpreter is more stressful because an interpreter cannot take back what has been said. C．Putting effort into combing the qualities of a translator and an interpreter can enhance their performance. D．The qualities of a translator are easier to obtain than those of an interpreter. 【答案】75．B 76．C 77．B 78．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲解了口译员需要具备的基本素质，并在文章中将口译和笔译进行了对比。 75．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“(2) The type of quick-wittedness which makes for prompt and effective repartee, interpretation being a sort of mental game of tennis.((2)快速机智的类型，使迅速和有效的回答，口译是一种心理游戏的网球)”可知，口译和打网球一样，都需要反应快。故选B项。 76．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“second, that it should retain for a very brief period(seldom more than one hour) a picture as full, detailed, and accurate as possible of what has just been said after which the interpreter will be well advised to wash his mind clear of most of what he has memorized.(第二，在很短的时间内（很少超过一个小时）保留刚才所说内容的尽可能完整、详细和准确的画面，然后建议口译者将记忆中的大部分内容洗去)”可知，口译员必须要有良好的记忆，这样他才能短时间内记住所有的东西，然后把大部分内容忘记。故选C项。 77．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The basic qualities required of the interpreter are not exceptionally rare, but their combination is very uncommon.(口译员需要具备的基本素质并不罕见，但同时具备这些素质就非常罕见了)”可推知，作为一名口译员，要具备所有的基本素质非常难、很罕见。故选B项。 78．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The interpreter, on the other hand, is given hardly any time to think, can consult neither books nor friends, and must “put across”, immediately and as accurately as possible, whatever the speaker wishes to convey. But he may express nuances by varying the tone of his voice, he may paraphrase when he does not find the exact word, he may repeat, correct or add to what he has just said, if he sees that he was not properly understood.(另一方面，译员几乎没有时间思考，既不能请教书本，也不能请教朋友，必须立即、尽可能准确地把讲话者想要表达的意思“传达”出去。但他可能会通过改变语调来表达细微差别，当他找不到确切的词时，他可能会转述，如果他发现自己没有被正确理解，他可能会重复、纠正或补充刚刚说过的话)”可推知，口译员在翻译时几乎没有时间思考，必须要快速反应进行翻译，并且话说出去之后不能撤回，只能通过重复、纠正或补充的形式进行修改，相比笔译员压力更大。故选B项。 $