Unit 1 Period 1 Welcome to the unit & Reading（分层作业）英语译林版必修第三册

Unit 1 Period 1 Welcome to the unit & Reading分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、英汉互译 1．set out 2．upside down 3．look after 4．break down 5．at work   6．达到，直到，不多于 7．除了……以外（还有） 8．相比之下 9．换句话说，也就是说 10．同意，支持 二、选词填空 account for;  in response to;  figure out;  shoot up;  break down 1． his father’s constant criticism (批评), the boy would shut himself in his room for hours. 2．It’s difficult for parents and teenagers to a new way to communicate when the old methods no longer seem to work. 3．A heartfelt apology from her son finally the wall of their cold battle between them. 4．Extracurricular (课外) activities a large part of a student’s school life. 5．You may feel anxious that you are developing at a different rate to your friends, in height or getting left far behind. 三、完成句子 1．政府不遗余力的帮助了那些家园遭受破坏的人们。(effort, whose引导的定语从句) The government to help people . 2．Football can (消除隔阂) and unit e people globally. （根据汉语提示完成句子） 3．One of the team members informed his best friend of the news, who, (转而) told a reporter. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 4．His policies had a profound (国内影响力), improving millions of lives. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 5．我真的希望我们都尽我们最大的努力使我们的地球宜人和平，不仅是为了野生动物，也是为了我们人类。(not only…but also…) I do hope we all try our best to make our earth pleasant and peaceful, . 四、单句语法填空 1．The (long) of the bridge is approximately 2.5 kilometers, making it one of the longest in the region. 2．After months of trials, six (variety) of bread were launched, priced at about 10 yuan a piece. 3．Due to the sudden rainstorm, many volunteers (help) the residents move their belongings to safe places. 4．When the repairman arrived, the car (damage) badly in the accident an hour earlier. 5．In the remote mountain village, the age-old custom of making glutinous rice cakes (survive) for centuries. 五、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Shunan Bamboo Sea in Yibin, Sichuan, a natural forest, 1 (be) a popular tourist attraction since scenes from a famous martial arts movie were shot there. This 120-square-kilometer forest is the largest old bamboo park in China, and 2 (it) average temperature seldom drops below 0 ℃ in winter, even when many parts of the country are covered 3 snow and ice. 4 (know) as one of China’s most beautiful forests, the Bamboo Sea covers more than 500 hills. The ocean of green is dotted with lakes, waterfalls and lively spring scenery. 5 area has an average temperature of about 16℃ every year. 6 it is tiring for visitors to hike in the Bamboo Sea, sometimes, they can feel more light-hearted because of the 7 (calm) and beauty. Bamboo began to grow there about 3,000 years ago. In ancient times, bamboo was 8 (extreme) important to the locals. And it is still used 9 (build) houses, make tools, and make musical instruments. A must for visitors to the Bamboo Sea is the museum 10 they can gain a deeper understanding of this amazing site. The nature of bamboo explains Chinese people’s long admiration for the plant, which inspires their lives and arts. 六、阅读理解 A Let’s look at some cost-saving ways to keep your garden watered during the hot months of summer. The Time of Watering The best time to water plants is in the morning. This lets the water go deeply into the soil before the weather gets too hot. If you water later in the day, the water will just evaporate (蒸发) from the surface. If you water in the evening, the plants stay too wet overnight. The risk of mold, mildew and fungal diseases increases. The Ways of Watering If you water quickly every day, it does not help the roots, which can extend over 30 centimetres into the soil. Water the soil less often, but deeply. Be careful when watering very dry soil as the water will just run off without getting into the soil. Go slow and make sure the water is absorbing. Catch and Reuse Water One way to help keep costs low for watering is to use recycled water. Instead of pouring water out after boiling foods, keep it and reuse it to water plants. Just make sure the water does not have salt in it. Choose Native Plants Drought-resistant plants should not be overwatered when trying to keep thirstier plants watered. It is also best to use plants that are native to the area where you live. These plants tend to be resistant to drought. They just need regular watering their first two years. After that, they can live on just rainwater except for during times of extreme heat. Keep Moisture(水分) In Adding 5 to 8 centimetres of mulch (覆盖物) around the plants can reduce the evaporation of water and reduce weed growth. Make sure the soil is warm before adding the mulch. Create a 7-to-8-centimetre border away from the base of the plants. 1．Which suggestion best reflects the concept of water recycling? A．Keep Moisture In. B．The Time of Watering. C．Choose Native Plants. D．Catch and Reuse Water. 2．What is the biggest benefits of planting local plants? A．Reducing weed growth. B．Being watered freely. C．Tolerance to drought. D．Reducing fungal diseases. 3．Who is the most recommended reader for this article? A．Gardeners. B．Plant experts. C．Environmentalists. D．Landscape architects. B Scientists have shown how plants can protect themselves against genetic damage caused by environmental stresses. The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in-built mechanism that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected, avoiding passing on faulty DNA． Plants have small populations of stem cells at the tips of their roots and shoots, which enable them to continuously grow and produce new tissues throughout their lifetime. These stem cells serve as ancestors for plant tissues and organs. However, any genetic faults present in the stem cells will continue to exist and be passed on permanently throughout the plant’s life, which could last thousands of years. Given the critical role of stem cells and their exposure to potentially dangerous environments at the growing tips of roots and shoots, safeguards are necessary to prevent stem cell faults from becoming fixed. Researchers Nick Fulcher and Robert Sablowski, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, aimed to uncover these protective mechanisms. Through experiments involving X-rays and chemicals, they discovered that stem cells were more sensitive to DNA damage compared to other cells. When DNA damage occurs, the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die, preventing the propagation of the damaged genetic code to the rest of the plant tissues. This process has similarities to the safeguard mechanism found in animal cells, which has been broadly studied due to its relevance in preventing cancer. The identification of a similar protective system in plants is of great interest in the field of plant development. It also helps scientists develop plants that can better handle environmental stress. So knowledge of how plants deal with these stresses is of fundamental significance to agricultural science’s response to climate change. 1．What is the function of the in-built mechanism in plants? A．To produce more roots and shoots. B．To increase the overall lifetime of the plant. C．To enhance plant growth and nutrient intake. D．To stop genetic faults in stem cells passing on. 2．What can we know about stem cells in plants according to the text? A．They are relatively abundant in quantity. B．They are resistant to environmental stresses. C．They make quick response to DNA damage. D．They have the ability to repair damaged DNA． 3．What does the underlined word “propagation” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Spread. B．Change. C．Existence. D．Self-repair. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The introduction to the growth and lifespan of plant stems and roots. B．The comparison between plant stem cells and animal cells in preventing cancer. C．The efforts to develop stress-resistant plants for agricultural improvement. D．The discovery of a cell death mechanism protecting plants from faulty DNA． 七、七选五阅读 In early October, Travis Gienger transported a huge pumpkin from his home in Minnesota to the World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off in California. His pumpkin set the record for the biggest one ever grown in North America. How do competitive growers get their pumpkins to grow to massive sizes? 1 Gienger, who teaches horticulture (园艺学) at Anoka Technical College, begins growing his pumpkins in mid-April, starting with seeds that he grows indoors for the first few weeks, when Minnesota’s soil is too icy. 2 They can absorb sunlight, nutrients from the soil, and water there. “At their peak, you’re watering them with at least 600 liters a day,” he says. Depending on the variety, pumpkin plants can grow up to a dozen fruits on a single vine (藤蔓). But to maximize size, growers remove all but one or two of these pumpkins in order to decrease each individual fruit’s competition for resources. 3 But what exactly happens inside a pumpkin as it grows? Two factors drive natural growth: cell division and cell expansion. Cell division accounts for most of the growth at the beginning of a fruit’s life. This period lasts for about 20 days in pumpkin plants. 4 Pumpkin cells will expand until around 50 or 60 days after pollination (授粉). 5 Some varieties of pumpkins have been bred specifically to maximize their size. Still, there is genetic variation even among pumpkins of the same variety. This has led to competition for the best seeds. Following each harvest, many growers auction off (拍卖掉) the seeds from their biggest pumpkins, which will then be used for the following year’s plantings. A．Biology has the answers. B．Genetics also influences pumpkin growth. C．The following tips will give you a head start. D．When it stops, cell expansion will then take effect. E．Once it warms up, the plants are transferred outside. F．Growers extend the growth period for as long as possible. G．Growers also remove the weeds in the area for the same reason. 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Period 1 Welcome to the unit & Reading分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、英汉互译 1．set out 2．upside down 3．look after 4．break down 5．at work   6．达到，直到，不多于 7．除了……以外（还有） 8．相比之下 9．换句话说，也就是说 10．同意，支持 【答案】 1．出发；开始 2．颠倒；倒转；乱七八糟 3．照顾；照料 4．出故障；分解；失败；垮掉；（使）精神崩溃 5．在工作；在运转；起作用 6．up to 7．in addition to 8．by contrast 9．in other words 10．in favor of 【解析】1．“set out”汉语意思为 “出发；开始”。故填：出发；开始。 2．“upside down”汉语意思为“颠倒；倒转；乱七八糟”。故填：颠倒；倒转；乱七八糟。 3．“look after”汉语意思为“照顾；照料”。故填：照顾；照料。 4．“break down”汉语意思为“出故障；分解；失败；垮掉；（使）精神崩溃”。故填：出故障；分解；失败；垮掉；（使）精神崩溃。 5．“at work”意思是“在工作；在运转；起作用”。故填：在工作；在运转；起作用。 6．短语“达到，直到，不多于”，英文表达是“up to”。故填：up to。 7．短语“除了……以外（还有）”，英文表达是“in addition to”。故填：in addition to。 8．短语“相比之下”，英文表达是“by contrast”。故填：by contrast。 9．短语“换句话说，也就是说”，英文表达是“in other words”。故填：in other words。 10．短语“同意，支持”，英文表达是“in favor of”。故填：in favor of。 二、选词填空 account for;  in response to;  figure out;  shoot up;  break down 1． his father’s constant criticism (批评), the boy would shut himself in his room for hours. 2．It’s difficult for parents and teenagers to a new way to communicate when the old methods no longer seem to work. 3．A heartfelt apology from her son finally the wall of their cold battle between them. 4．Extracurricular (课外) activities a large part of a student’s school life. 5．You may feel anxious that you are developing at a different rate to your friends, in height or getting left far behind. 【答案】1．In response to 2．figure out 3．broke down 4．account for 5．shooting up 【解析】1．考查固定短语。句意：由于父亲不断地对他进行批评，这个男孩就会把自己关在房间里好几个小时。根据“his father’s constant criticism”以及句意“为应对……”可知应填in response to，首字母大写。故填In response to。 2．考查固定短语。句意：当原有的沟通方式不再奏效时，父母和青少年往往难以找到新的沟通方式。根据“a new way to communicate”以及句意“找到”可知应填figure out，此处为不定式作真正主语，it作形式主语。故填figure out。 3．考查固定短语。句意：她儿子的一番诚挚道歉终于打破了他们之间冷战的僵局。根据“the wall of their cold battle between them”以及句意“打破”可知应填break down，发生在过去用一般过去时。故填broke down。 4．考查固定短语。句意：课外活动占据了学生在校生活的重要部分。根据“a large part of a student’s school life”以及句意“占据”可知应填account for，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为activities，谓语用原形。故填account for。 5．考查固定短语。句意：你可能会感到焦虑，担心自己的成长速度与朋友们有所不同，比如身高突飞猛进，或者被远远地甩在后面。根据“in height or getting left far behind”以及句意“突飞猛进”可知应填shoot up，与you构成主动关系用现在分词作状语。故填shooting up。 三、完成句子 1．政府不遗余力的帮助了那些家园遭受破坏的人们。(effort, whose引导的定语从句) The government to help people . 【答案】 spared no effort to whose homes had been damaged 【详解】考查短语和定语从句。“不遗余力的做某事”用短语spare no effort to do sth.；句中先行词为people，在定语从句中作名词homes的定语，表示所属关系，所以用关系代词whose引导；“家园”用名词homes，“破坏”用动词damage，与homes之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。主句陈述过去事实，用一般过去时；定语从句中“家园遭受破坏”这个动作发生在“政府帮助” 之前，所以从句用过去完成时。故填spared no effort to; whose homes had been damaged。 2．Football can (消除隔阂) and unit e people globally. （根据汉语提示完成句子） 【答案】 break down barriers 【详解】考查固定短语、情态动词。句意：足球可以消除隔阂，将全球的人们团结在一起。根据汉语提示“消除隔阂”可知，用固定短语break down barriers，且情态动词can后跟动词原形。故填break down barriers。 3．One of the team members informed his best friend of the news, who, (转而) told a reporter. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 【答案】 in turn 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：团队中的一名成员将这一消息告知了他的好朋友，而他的好朋友又将此事告诉了一名记者。根据汉语提示可知短语为in turn。故填in turn。 4．His policies had a profound (国内影响力), improving millions of lives. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 【答案】domestic impact 【详解】考查名词短语。句意：他的政策产生了深远的国内影响力，改善了数百万人的生活。，“domestic”（国内的）为形容词，修饰名词“impact”（影响），冠词a提示impact用单数，“a profound domestic impact”在句中作宾语。故填domestic impact。 5．我真的希望我们都尽我们最大的努力使我们的地球宜人和平，不仅是为了野生动物，也是为了我们人类。(not only…but also…) I do hope we all try our best to make our earth pleasant and peaceful, . 【答案】not only for the wildlife but also for our human beings 【详解】考查连词和固定搭配。对比中英文句子可知，空格处意为“不仅是为了野生动物，也是为了我们人类”，“不仅……也是……”是固定搭配not only…but also…，“为了野生动物”是for the wildlife，“为了我们人类”是for our human beings，“不仅是为了野生动物，也是为了我们人类”表达为not only for the wildlife but also for our human beings。故填not only for the wildlife but also for our human beings。 四、单句语法填空 1．The (long) of the bridge is approximately 2.5 kilometers, making it one of the longest in the region. 【答案】length 【详解】考查名词词性转换。句意：这座桥的长度大约是1.5公里，使其成为该地区最长的桥梁之一。此空在句中用作主语，应该用名词形式。形容词long的名词形式为length“长度”。故填length。 2．After months of trials, six (variety) of bread were launched, priced at about 10 yuan a piece. 【答案】varieties 【详解】考查名词的数。句意：经过数月的试验，六款面包上市，单价约10元。数词six后接可数名词复数，variety表“种类”，此处应用复数形式varieties。故填varieties。 3．Due to the sudden rainstorm, many volunteers (help) the residents move their belongings to safe places. 【答案】helped/are helping 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：由于突如其来的暴雨，许多志愿者帮助/ 正在帮助居民将他们的财物转移到安全的地方。根据题干语境分析，本题存在两种合理时态：  1. 若将“Due to the sudden rainstorm(由于突如其来的暴雨)”理解为对过去事件的陈述背景，描述已完成的援助行为，则谓语动词需用一般过去时，即填helped。 2. 若语境为现场报道或实时描述，强调说话时正在进行的救援行动，则需用现在进行时“am/is/are doing”，主语“many volunteers”为复数，be动词用are，help的现在分词为helping，即填are helping。故填helped/are helping。 4．When the repairman arrived, the car (damage) badly in the accident an hour earlier. 【答案】had been damaged 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：修理工赶到时，那辆车在一小时前的事故中已经严重损坏了。根据arrived可知，“修理工到达”这一动作发生在过去，“车辆损坏”发生在“修理工到达”之前，属于“过去的过去”，需用过去完成时，且主语the car与动词damage之间为被动关系，所以用过去完成时的被动语态，结构为“had been + 过去分词”。故填had been damaged。 5．In the remote mountain village, the age-old custom of making glutinous rice cakes (survive) for centuries. 【答案】has survived 【详解】考查时态。句意：在偏远的山村，制作糯米糕的古老习俗已经留存了几个世纪。根据时间状语“for centuries”可知，survive“存活，继续存在”这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，时态应用现在完成时，又因主语the age-old custom of making glutinous rice cakes是第三人称单数，所以助动词用has。故填has survived。 五、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Shunan Bamboo Sea in Yibin, Sichuan, a natural forest, 1 (be) a popular tourist attraction since scenes from a famous martial arts movie were shot there. This 120-square-kilometer forest is the largest old bamboo park in China, and 2 (it) average temperature seldom drops below 0 ℃ in winter, even when many parts of the country are covered 3 snow and ice. 4 (know) as one of China’s most beautiful forests, the Bamboo Sea covers more than 500 hills. The ocean of green is dotted with lakes, waterfalls and lively spring scenery. 5 area has an average temperature of about 16℃ every year. 6 it is tiring for visitors to hike in the Bamboo Sea, sometimes, they can feel more light-hearted because of the 7 (calm) and beauty. Bamboo began to grow there about 3,000 years ago. In ancient times, bamboo was 8 (extreme) important to the locals. And it is still used 9 (build) houses, make tools, and make musical instruments. A must for visitors to the Bamboo Sea is the museum 10 they can gain a deeper understanding of this amazing site. The nature of bamboo explains Chinese people’s long admiration for the plant, which inspires their lives and arts. 【答案】 1．has been 2．its 3．with/by 4．Known 5．The 6．Though/Although/While 7．calmness 8．extremely 9．to build 10．where 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了四川宜宾蜀南竹海成为热门景点的原因、特色及竹子对当地人的重要性。 1．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：四川宜宾的蜀南竹海是一片天然森林，自从一部著名武侠电影在那里取景以来，它就成了热门旅游景点。根据时间状语“since scenes from a famous martial arts movie were shot there”可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语“The Shunan Bamboo Sea”是第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has been。 2．考查代词。句意：这片120平方公里的森林是中国最大的古老竹园，即使在冬季，当全国许多地方都被冰雪覆盖时，它的平均气温也很少低于0℃。修饰名词temperature应用形容词性物主代词its，表示“它的”。故填its。 3．考查介词。句意：这片120平方公里的森林是中国最大的古老竹园，即使在冬季，当全国许多地方都被冰雪覆盖时，它的平均气温也很少低于0℃。be covered with/by为固定短语，意为“被……覆盖”。故填with/by。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：竹海被誉为中国最美丽的森林之一，覆盖着500多座山丘。句子谓语动词是covers，空格处是非谓语动词，know与其逻辑主语the Bamboo Sea之间是被动关系，be known as为固定短语，意为“被誉为”，此处省略be动词，用过去分词短语作状语，句首首字母需大写。故填Known。 5．考查冠词。句意：该地区年平均气温约为16℃。此处特指上文提到的蜀南竹海这个地区，应用定冠词the，句首首字母需大写。故填The。 6．考查连词。句意：虽然在竹海徒步旅行对游客来说很累，但有时，由于宁静和美丽，他们会感到更轻松。根据句意可知，“it is tiring for visitors to hike in the Bamboo Sea”和“they can feel more light-hearted”之间存在转折关系，应用连词though/although/while引导让步状语从句，句首首字母需大写。故填Though/Although/While。 7．考查名词。句意：虽然在竹海徒步旅行对游客来说很累，但有时，由于宁静和美丽，他们会感到更轻松。根据“and beauty”可知，空处应用名词calmness“宁静”，与beauty并列作宾语。故填calmness。 8．考查副词。句意：在古代，竹子对当地人极为重要。修饰形容词“important”应用副词extremely，表示“极其，非常”。故填extremely。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：它仍然被用来建造房屋、制作工具和乐器。be used to do sth.为固定短语，意为“被用来做某事”，所以空处应用动词不定式。故填to build。 10．考查定语从句。句意：游客到竹海必去的地方是博物馆，在那里他们可以更深入地了解这个令人惊叹的地方。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the museum，指地点，且在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。 六、阅读理解 A Let’s look at some cost-saving ways to keep your garden watered during the hot months of summer. The Time of Watering The best time to water plants is in the morning. This lets the water go deeply into the soil before the weather gets too hot. If you water later in the day, the water will just evaporate (蒸发) from the surface. If you water in the evening, the plants stay too wet overnight. The risk of mold, mildew and fungal diseases increases. The Ways of Watering If you water quickly every day, it does not help the roots, which can extend over 30 centimetres into the soil. Water the soil less often, but deeply. Be careful when watering very dry soil as the water will just run off without getting into the soil. Go slow and make sure the water is absorbing. Catch and Reuse Water One way to help keep costs low for watering is to use recycled water. Instead of pouring water out after boiling foods, keep it and reuse it to water plants. Just make sure the water does not have salt in it. Choose Native Plants Drought-resistant plants should not be overwatered when trying to keep thirstier plants watered. It is also best to use plants that are native to the area where you live. These plants tend to be resistant to drought. They just need regular watering their first two years. After that, they can live on just rainwater except for during times of extreme heat. Keep Moisture(水分) In Adding 5 to 8 centimetres of mulch (覆盖物) around the plants can reduce the evaporation of water and reduce weed growth. Make sure the soil is warm before adding the mulch. Create a 7-to-8-centimetre border away from the base of the plants. 1．Which suggestion best reflects the concept of water recycling? A．Keep Moisture In. B．The Time of Watering. C．Choose Native Plants. D．Catch and Reuse Water. 2．What is the biggest benefits of planting local plants? A．Reducing weed growth. B．Being watered freely. C．Tolerance to drought. D．Reducing fungal diseases. 3．Who is the most recommended reader for this article? A．Gardeners. B．Plant experts. C．Environmentalists. D．Landscape architects. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了炎热夏季节省成本保持花园浇水的各种方法。 1．细节理解题。根据Catch and Reuse Water部分的“One way to help keep costs low for watering is to use recycled water. Instead of pouring water out after boiling foods, keep it and reuse it to water plants. Just make sure the water does not have salt in it.(降低灌溉成本的一种方法是使用循环水。不要在煮完食物后倒水，而是保存起来，再用来浇灌植物。只要确保水里没有盐就行了。)”可知，Catch and Reuse Water这个建议最能反映水循环利用的概念。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据Choose Native Plants部分的“It is also best to use plants that are native to the area where you live. These plants tend to be resistant to drought.(最好使用你所居住地区的原生植物。这些植物往往抗旱。)”可知，种植本地植物的最大好处是耐旱性。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Let’s look at some cost-saving ways to keep your garden watered during the hot months of summer.(让我们来看看一些省钱的方法，让你的花园在炎热的夏天保持浇水。)”可推知，文章主要介绍给拥有花园的人。故选A。 B Scientists have shown how plants can protect themselves against genetic damage caused by environmental stresses. The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in-built mechanism that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected, avoiding passing on faulty DNA． Plants have small populations of stem cells at the tips of their roots and shoots, which enable them to continuously grow and produce new tissues throughout their lifetime. These stem cells serve as ancestors for plant tissues and organs. However, any genetic faults present in the stem cells will continue to exist and be passed on permanently throughout the plant’s life, which could last thousands of years. Given the critical role of stem cells and their exposure to potentially dangerous environments at the growing tips of roots and shoots, safeguards are necessary to prevent stem cell faults from becoming fixed. Researchers Nick Fulcher and Robert Sablowski, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, aimed to uncover these protective mechanisms. Through experiments involving X-rays and chemicals, they discovered that stem cells were more sensitive to DNA damage compared to other cells. When DNA damage occurs, the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die, preventing the propagation of the damaged genetic code to the rest of the plant tissues. This process has similarities to the safeguard mechanism found in animal cells, which has been broadly studied due to its relevance in preventing cancer. The identification of a similar protective system in plants is of great interest in the field of plant development. It also helps scientists develop plants that can better handle environmental stress. So knowledge of how plants deal with these stresses is of fundamental significance to agricultural science’s response to climate change. 1．What is the function of the in-built mechanism in plants? A．To produce more roots and shoots. B．To increase the overall lifetime of the plant. C．To enhance plant growth and nutrient intake. D．To stop genetic faults in stem cells passing on. 2．What can we know about stem cells in plants according to the text? A．They are relatively abundant in quantity. B．They are resistant to environmental stresses. C．They make quick response to DNA damage. D．They have the ability to repair damaged DNA． 3．What does the underlined word “propagation” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Spread. B．Change. C．Existence. D．Self-repair. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The introduction to the growth and lifespan of plant stems and roots. B．The comparison between plant stem cells and animal cells in preventing cancer. C．The efforts to develop stress-resistant plants for agricultural improvement. D．The discovery of a cell death mechanism protecting plants from faulty DNA． 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家们已经展示了植物如何保护自己免受环境压力造成的遗传损害，即植物拥有内建机制，来阻止干细胞中的基因缺陷遗传下去。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in-built mechanism that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected, avoiding passing on faulty DNA. (植物根和芽的生长点有一种内在机制，如果检测到DNA损伤，就会导致细胞死亡，避免有缺陷的DNA传递下去。)”可知，植物内在机制的作用是阻止干细胞中的基因缺陷传递下去。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Through experiments involving X-rays and chemicals, they discovered that stem cells were more sensitive to DNA damage compared to other cells. (通过涉及X射线和化学物质的实验，他们发现与其他细胞相比，干细胞对DNA损伤更敏感。)”以及第四段“When DNA damage occurs, the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die, preventing the propagation of the damaged genetic code to the rest of the plant tissues. (当DNA损伤发生时，细胞有能力检测到它并导致程序性细胞死亡，防止受损的遗传密码传播到植物的其他组织。)”可知，植物干细胞对DNA损伤反应迅速。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“When DNA damage occurs, the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die, preventing the propagation of the damaged genetic code to the rest of the plant tissues. (当DNA损伤发生时，细胞有能力检测到它并导致程序性细胞死亡，防止受损的遗传密码 到植物的其他组织。)”可知细胞有能力检测到它并导致程序性细胞死亡，所以就可以防止受损的遗传密码传播到植物的其他组织，所以“propagation”意为“传播”，与A项“Spread.（传播）”意思一致。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists have shown how plants can protect themselves against genetic damage caused by environmental stresses. The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in-built mechanism that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected, avoiding passing on faulty DNA. (科学家们已经展示了植物如何保护自己免受环境压力造成的遗传损伤。植物根和芽的生长点有一种内在机制，如果检测到DNA损伤，就会导致细胞死亡，避免有缺陷的DNA传递下去。)”以及下文对这一机制的详细介绍可知，本文主要介绍了科学家发现的一种保护植物免受有缺陷DNA侵害的细胞死亡机制。故选D项。 七、七选五阅读 In early October, Travis Gienger transported a huge pumpkin from his home in Minnesota to the World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off in California. His pumpkin set the record for the biggest one ever grown in North America. How do competitive growers get their pumpkins to grow to massive sizes? 1 Gienger, who teaches horticulture (园艺学) at Anoka Technical College, begins growing his pumpkins in mid-April, starting with seeds that he grows indoors for the first few weeks, when Minnesota’s soil is too icy. 2 They can absorb sunlight, nutrients from the soil, and water there. “At their peak, you’re watering them with at least 600 liters a day,” he says. Depending on the variety, pumpkin plants can grow up to a dozen fruits on a single vine (藤蔓). But to maximize size, growers remove all but one or two of these pumpkins in order to decrease each individual fruit’s competition for resources. 3 But what exactly happens inside a pumpkin as it grows? Two factors drive natural growth: cell division and cell expansion. Cell division accounts for most of the growth at the beginning of a fruit’s life. This period lasts for about 20 days in pumpkin plants. 4 Pumpkin cells will expand until around 50 or 60 days after pollination (授粉). 5 Some varieties of pumpkins have been bred specifically to maximize their size. Still, there is genetic variation even among pumpkins of the same variety. This has led to competition for the best seeds. Following each harvest, many growers auction off (拍卖掉) the seeds from their biggest pumpkins, which will then be used for the following year’s plantings. A．Biology has the answers. B．Genetics also influences pumpkin growth. C．The following tips will give you a head start. D．When it stops, cell expansion will then take effect. E．Once it warms up, the plants are transferred outside. F．Growers extend the growth period for as long as possible. G．Growers also remove the weeds in the area for the same reason. 【答案】1．A 2．E 3．G 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过种植者Travis Gienger的案例，从生物学角度解释了巨型南瓜的培育方法。 1．前文“His pumpkin set the record for the biggest one ever grown in North America. How do competitive growers get their pumpkins to grow to massive sizes? (他的南瓜创造了北美有史以来最大南瓜的记录。有竞争力的种植者是如何让他们的南瓜长得很大的呢？)”提问如何种出巨型南瓜，后面段落主要从生物学角度进行解释，因此A项“Biology has the answers. (生物学有答案。)”符合语境，给出问题的回答，承接前文的问题，统领后文的具体解释。故选A。 2．前文“Gienger, who teaches horticulture (园艺学) at Anoka Technical College, begins growing his pumpkins in mid-April, starting with seeds that he grows indoors for the first few weeks, when Minnesota’s soil is too icy. (在Anoka技术学院教授园艺学的Gienger从四月中旬开始种植南瓜，在明尼苏达州土壤过于冰冷的前几周，他先在室内种植种子。)”提到天气寒冷时Gienger先在室内培育种子，后文“They can absorb sunlight, nutrients from the soil, and water there. (它们在那里可以吸收阳光，并从土壤中吸收养分和水分。)”描述植物在户外的生长细节，因此E项“Once it warms up, the plants are transferred outside. (一旦天气变暖，植物会被移栽到室外。)”符合语境，提到天气变暖时移栽这一步，承接前文的室内培育，过渡到后文的描述，其中的the plants是后文They指代的对象。故选E。 3．前文“Depending on the variety, pumpkin plants can grow up to a dozen fruits on a single vine (藤蔓). But to maximize size, growers remove all but one or two of these pumpkins in order to decrease each individual fruit’s competition for resources. (根据品种的不同，南瓜植株可以在一根藤上长出12个果实。但为了最大限度地扩大南瓜的大小，种植者只保留一两个南瓜，以减少每个果实对资源的竞争。)”提到种植者只保留1到2个南瓜以减少资源竞争，因此G项“Growers also remove the weeds in the area for the same reason. (出于同样原因，种植者也会清除杂草。)”符合语境，提到清除杂草这一做法，和前文构成递进关系，其中的the same reason指代前文的“减少资源竞争”。故选G。 4．前文“Cell division accounts for most of the growth at the beginning of a fruit’s life. This period lasts for about 20 days in pumpkin plants. (细胞分裂是果实生长初期的主要过程。这个时期在南瓜植株中持续大约20天。)”指出南瓜生长初期依赖细胞分裂，后文“Pumpkin cells will expand until around 50 or 60 days after pollination (授粉). (南瓜的细胞会一直扩张，直到授粉后大约50～60天)”转而介绍南瓜的细胞扩张，因此D项“When it stops, cell expansion will then take effect. (当它停止后，细胞扩张开始起作用。)”符合语境，介绍细胞扩张的开始时间，承前启后，其中的it指代前文的Cell division。故选D。 5．后文“Some varieties of pumpkins have been bred specifically to maximize their size. Still, there is genetic variation even among pumpkins of the same variety. (一些品种的南瓜是专门培育的，以最大限度地提高它们的大小。尽管如此，即使在同一品种的南瓜之间也存在遗传变异。)”讨论南瓜品种选育和基因竞争，因此B项“Genetics also influences pumpkin growth. (遗传因素也影响南瓜生长。)”符合语境，指出遗传因素的影响，统领后文的讨论。故选B。 1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Period 1 Welcome to the unit & Reading分层练习 参考答案 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、英汉互译 1．出发；开始 2．颠倒；倒转；乱七八糟 3．照顾；照料 4．出故障；分解；失败；垮掉；（使）精神崩溃 5．在工作；在运转；起作用 6．up to 7．in addition to 8．by contrast 9．in other words 10．in favor of 二、选词填空 1．In response to 2．figure out 3．broke down 4．account for 5．shooting up 三、完成句子 1．spared no effort to whose homes had been damaged 2．break down barriers 3．in turn 4．domestic impact 5．not only for the wildlife but also for our human beings 四、单句语法填空 1．length 2．varieties 3．helped/are helping 4．had been damaged 5．has survived 五、语法填空 1．has been 2．its 3．with/by 4．Known 5．The 6．Though/Although/While 7．calmness 8．extremely 9．to build 10．where 六、阅读理解 A 1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了炎热夏季节省成本保持花园浇水的各种方法。 1．细节理解题。根据Catch and Reuse Water部分的“One way to help keep costs low for watering is to use recycled water. Instead of pouring water out after boiling foods, keep it and reuse it to water plants. Just make sure the water does not have salt in it.(降低灌溉成本的一种方法是使用循环水。不要在煮完食物后倒水，而是保存起来，再用来浇灌植物。只要确保水里没有盐就行了。)”可知，Catch and Reuse Water这个建议最能反映水循环利用的概念。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据Choose Native Plants部分的“It is also best to use plants that are native to the area where you live. These plants tend to be resistant to drought.(最好使用你所居住地区的原生植物。这些植物往往抗旱。)”可知，种植本地植物的最大好处是耐旱性。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Let’s look at some cost-saving ways to keep your garden watered during the hot months of summer.(让我们来看看一些省钱的方法，让你的花园在炎热的夏天保持浇水。)”可推知，文章主要介绍给拥有花园的人。故选A。 B 1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家们已经展示了植物如何保护自己免受环境压力造成的遗传损害，即植物拥有内建机制，来阻止干细胞中的基因缺陷遗传下去。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in-built mechanism that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected, avoiding passing on faulty DNA. (植物根和芽的生长点有一种内在机制，如果检测到DNA损伤，就会导致细胞死亡，避免有缺陷的DNA传递下去。)”可知，植物内在机制的作用是阻止干细胞中的基因缺陷传递下去。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Through experiments involving X-rays and chemicals, they discovered that stem cells were more sensitive to DNA damage compared to other cells. (通过涉及X射线和化学物质的实验，他们发现与其他细胞相比，干细胞对DNA损伤更敏感。)”以及第四段“When DNA damage occurs, the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die, preventing the propagation of the damaged genetic code to the rest of the plant tissues. (当DNA损伤发生时，细胞有能力检测到它并导致程序性细胞死亡，防止受损的遗传密码传播到植物的其他组织。)”可知，植物干细胞对DNA损伤反应迅速。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“When DNA damage occurs, the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die, preventing the propagation of the damaged genetic code to the rest of the plant tissues. (当DNA损伤发生时，细胞有能力检测到它并导致程序性细胞死亡，防止受损的遗传密码 到植物的其他组织。)”可知细胞有能力检测到它并导致程序性细胞死亡，所以就可以防止受损的遗传密码传播到植物的其他组织，所以“propagation”意为“传播”，与A项“Spread.（传播）”意思一致。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists have shown how plants can protect themselves against genetic damage caused by environmental stresses. The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in-built mechanism that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected, avoiding passing on faulty DNA. (科学家们已经展示了植物如何保护自己免受环境压力造成的遗传损伤。植物根和芽的生长点有一种内在机制，如果检测到DNA损伤，就会导致细胞死亡，避免有缺陷的DNA传递下去。)”以及下文对这一机制的详细介绍可知，本文主要介绍了科学家发现的一种保护植物免受有缺陷DNA侵害的细胞死亡机制。故选D项。 七、七选五阅读 1．A 2．E 3．G 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过种植者Travis Gienger的案例，从生物学角度解释了巨型南瓜的培育方法。 1．前文“His pumpkin set the record for the biggest one ever grown in North America. How do competitive growers get their pumpkins to grow to massive sizes? (他的南瓜创造了北美有史以来最大南瓜的记录。有竞争力的种植者是如何让他们的南瓜长得很大的呢？)”提问如何种出巨型南瓜，后面段落主要从生物学角度进行解释，因此A项“Biology has the answers. (生物学有答案。)”符合语境，给出问题的回答，承接前文的问题，统领后文的具体解释。故选A。 2．前文“Gienger, who teaches horticulture (园艺学) at Anoka Technical College, begins growing his pumpkins in mid-April, starting with seeds that he grows indoors for the first few weeks, when Minnesota’s soil is too icy. (在Anoka技术学院教授园艺学的Gienger从四月中旬开始种植南瓜，在明尼苏达州土壤过于冰冷的前几周，他先在室内种植种子。)”提到天气寒冷时Gienger先在室内培育种子，后文“They can absorb sunlight, nutrients from the soil, and water there. (它们在那里可以吸收阳光，并从土壤中吸收养分和水分。)”描述植物在户外的生长细节，因此E项“Once it warms up, the plants are transferred outside. (一旦天气变暖，植物会被移栽到室外。)”符合语境，提到天气变暖时移栽这一步，承接前文的室内培育，过渡到后文的描述，其中的the plants是后文They指代的对象。故选E。 3．前文“Depending on the variety, pumpkin plants can grow up to a dozen fruits on a single vine (藤蔓). But to maximize size, growers remove all but one or two of these pumpkins in order to decrease each individual fruit’s competition for resources. (根据品种的不同，南瓜植株可以在一根藤上长出12个果实。但为了最大限度地扩大南瓜的大小，种植者只保留一两个南瓜，以减少每个果实对资源的竞争。)”提到种植者只保留1到2个南瓜以减少资源竞争，因此G项“Growers also remove the weeds in the area for the same reason. (出于同样原因，种植者也会清除杂草。)”符合语境，提到清除杂草这一做法，和前文构成递进关系，其中的the same reason指代前文的“减少资源竞争”。故选G。 4．前文“Cell division accounts for most of the growth at the beginning of a fruit’s life. This period lasts for about 20 days in pumpkin plants. (细胞分裂是果实生长初期的主要过程。这个时期在南瓜植株中持续大约20天。)”指出南瓜生长初期依赖细胞分裂，后文“Pumpkin cells will expand until around 50 or 60 days after pollination (授粉). (南瓜的细胞会一直扩张，直到授粉后大约50～60天)”转而介绍南瓜的细胞扩张，因此D项“When it stops, cell expansion will then take effect. (当它停止后，细胞扩张开始起作用。)”符合语境，介绍细胞扩张的开始时间，承前启后，其中的it指代前文的Cell division。故选D。 5．后文“Some varieties of pumpkins have been bred specifically to maximize their size. Still, there is genetic variation even among pumpkins of the same variety. (一些品种的南瓜是专门培育的，以最大限度地提高它们的大小。尽管如此，即使在同一品种的南瓜之间也存在遗传变异。)”讨论南瓜品种选育和基因竞争，因此B项“Genetics also influences pumpkin growth. (遗传因素也影响南瓜生长。)”符合语境，指出遗传因素的影响，统领后文的讨论。故选B。 1 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $