专题03 构词法（寒假复习讲义）高一英语外研版

专题03 构词法 构词法是高考英语的核心考查内容，贯穿词汇、语法、阅读等多个关键题型。 在语法填空模块中，词性转换类题目频频考查构词法知识，要求学生熟练运用词根词缀规则，精准完成动词、形容词与名词之间的转化。 而在阅读理解的词义猜测题中，构词法更是破解生词的 “金钥匙”，学生借助词根词缀的含义，就能快速推断出生词的大致意思，大幅降低解题难度，提升答题效率。 知 识 精 讲 考点一：动词、形容词转化为名词 1．动词转化为名词 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­ion ­tion ­sion ­ation 多与 “动作、状态、性质、结果” 相关 act→action 行动 graduate→graduation 毕业 expect→expectation 期望 discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 invite→invitation 邀请 ★特殊： explain→explanation 解释 pronounce→pronunciation 发音 ­er ­or 多表示“做某动作的人或工具“ clean→cleaner 清洁工；清洁器 drive→driver 司机；驾驶员 announce→announcer 广播员 conduct→conductor 售票员；导体 ­ment 核心含义是 “动作的结果、过程、状态，或具体的事物 / 产物” punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement 功绩；成就 treat→treatment 对待；治疗 equip→equipment 装备；设备 govern→government 政府 ★特殊： argue→argument 辩论；论据 ­y 少数动词加 -y 可构成抽象名词，含义为 **“与该动作相关的状态或事物” recover→recovery　　恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 ­ance ­ence 表状态、性质、行为或结果 appear→appearance　出现；外貌 perform→performance 表演；节目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 refer→reference 参考；查阅 ★特殊： guide→guidance 指引；指导 -ing 表示动作本身、动作的过程或与动作相关的抽象概念 begin→beginning　开始 ­ure/­ture 核心含义是 “动作的结果、过程、状态，或与动作相关的事物” fail→failure　失败；倒闭 press→pressure 压力 depart→departure 离开；出发 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 ★特殊： expose→exposure 暴露 其他 choose→choice　　选择 vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 用所给单词的适当形式填空 【Group 1】 1. (2023・湖北武汉高三调研) The ______ (develop) of AI technology has greatly changed people’s daily life. 2. (2022・河南郑州高三质检) The ______ (conclude) he drew from the experiment was based on solid evidence. 3. (2024・江苏南京高三二模) The ______ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday focused on how to improve students’ learning efficiency. 4. (2023・山西太原高三二模) The ______ (fail) of the project taught us a valuable lesson about careful planning. 5. (2024・山东济南高三一模) To our joy, the ______ (invent) of the new drug has helped save thousands of lives. 6. (2022・安徽合肥高三一模) The ______ (educate) of young people is one of the most important tasks of our society. 7. (2024・河北石家庄高三一模) As a professional ______ (design), she has created many popular fashion styles. 8. (2021・江西南昌高三调研) The ______ (divide) of labor makes the production process more efficient in the factory. 9. (2022・黑龙江哈尔滨高三联考) The ______ (conduct) waved his baton and the orchestra started playing. 10. (2023・广东广州高三一模) His ______ (decide) to give up the chance to study abroad surprised all of us. 【Group 2】 11. (2024・福建福州高三联考) Thomas Edison was one of the greatest ______ (invent) in the history of science. 12. (2022・湖南长沙高三联考) The ______ (celebrate) of the school’s 100th anniversary will be held next Friday. 13. (2023・辽宁沈阳高三调研) The ______ (agree) signed by the two companies will promote cooperation in technology. 14. (2022・吉林长春高三质检) The ______ (mix) of flour and water should be stirred for at least five minutes. 15. (2024・浙江杭州高三联考) The ______ (attract) of this small town lies in its peaceful natural scenery and traditional culture. 16. (2023・陕西西安高三一模) A good ______ (manage) should know how to encourage his team members to work hard. 17. (2023・四川成都高三二模) The ______ (pollute) of the river has been a serious problem that needs immediate solution. 18. (2022・内蒙古呼和浩特高三一模) The ______ (press) from work and life makes many young people feel stressed. 19. (2023・江苏南京高三二模) The ______ (organize) of the sports meeting took us nearly a month of preparation. 20. (2021・甘肃兰州高三调研) The ______ (depart) of the flight was delayed due to bad weather conditions. 2.形容词转化为名词 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­age 具有某种特征的状态、性质、程度或集合 short→shortage　不足；短缺 ­cy 具有该形容词特征的性质、状态、品质或地位”， 多对应以 -t/-nt 结尾的形容词， accurate→accuracy　准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密 efficient→efficiency 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅 ­ence ­ance -ence： 内在的抽象性质、主观特质 -ance： 行为的持续性、客观状态 different→difference　差异 confident→confidence 信心 convenient→convenience 便利 important→importance 重要 resistant→ resistance抵抗力 ­y/­ty/­ity -y：充满……的；易于……的 -ty：基础性质；状态 -ity：抽象、正式的性质、特质 honest→honesty　　诚实 safe→safety 安全 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 real→reality现实 possible→possibility　可能性 ­dom 指代抽象的身份特质或状态 free→freedom　　自由；自主　 bored→boredom 厌烦 ★特殊： wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 ­th 侧重 “性质、状态或程度” warm→warmth　温暖；热情　 deep→depth 深度 wide→width 宽度 ★特殊： strong→strength 力气；强项 ­ness 具有形容词所描述的性质、状态、特征或程度，它的功能是直接将形容词转化为抽象名词 weak→weakness　虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 【Group 1】 1. (2024・山东潍坊高三一模) To everyone's relief, the ______ (stable) of the local economy has been maintained in the past year. 2. (2023・湖北襄阳高三二模) The ______ (cruel) of the war made many people lose their homes and families. 3. (2024・江苏苏州高三联考) Her ______ (honest) won her the trust of all her classmates and teachers. 4. (2023・广东惠州高三一模) The ______ (long) of the bridge is about 500 meters, which is the longest in our city. 5. (2022・河南洛阳高三质检) We should always respect the ______ (different) of cultures around the world. 6. (2022・湖南株洲高三二模) The ______ (strong) of his body comes from regular exercise and a balanced diet. 7. (2024・浙江宁波高三调研) The ______ (possible) of finishing the task ahead of schedule depends on our joint efforts. 8. (2023・四川绵阳高三一模) The ______ (wide) of the road has been expanded to ease the traffic pressure. 9. (2022・安徽芜湖高三联考) His ______ (brave) in saving the drowning child was praised by the whole community. 10. (2021・江西赣州高三调研) The ______ (deep) of the valley is so great that we can't see the bottom clearly. 【Group 2】 11. (2024・河北唐山高三一模) The ______ (loyal) of the dog to its owner has become a moving story in the neighborhood. 12. (2023・辽宁大连高三二模) The ______ (happy) on her face showed that she had passed the important exam. 13. (2024・福建厦门高三联考) The ______ (active) of students in class is an important part of effective teaching. 14. (2023・陕西西安高三调研) The ______ (sad) in his voice made us realize that he had gone through a lot of hardships. 15. (2022・吉林长春高三一模) The ______ (pure) of the water in this river has been improved after months of treatment. 16. (2023・山西太原高三二模) The ______ (kind) she showed to the homeless man touched everyone's heart. 17. (2022・黑龙江哈尔滨高三质检) The ______ (secure) of the campus is the top priority for the school management. 18. (2024・天津和平区高三一模) The ______ (diverse) of wildlife in this area is due to the protection of the local government. 19. (2022・内蒙古呼和浩特高三联考) His ______ (weak) in math has improved a lot after taking the after-school classes. 20. (2021・甘肃兰州高三调研) The ______ (true) of the incident will be made public as soon as possible. 考点二：名词、动词转化为形容词 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­able 动词 + -able → 形容词： “能够被……的；可以被…… 的”；“易于…… 的；倾向于…… 的” 少数名词 + -able → 形容词： “具有…… 性质的；与……相关的 suit→suitable 合适的 accept→acceptable　可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的 fashion→fashionable 时髦的 reason→reasonable 有道理的 ­al 名词 + -al → 形容词： 表 “与该名词相关的；属于该事物的” music→musical　　音乐的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 个人的；私人的 center→central 中央的；中心的 nature→natural 自然的；天生的 其它常见形容词后缀 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­ful 充满……的； 具有……性质的； 能……的 hope→hopeful 充满希望的 doubt→doubtful　怀疑的 use→useful 有用的 harm→harmful 有害的 peace→peaceful 和平的 ­ed 感到……的； 被……的； scare→scared　　　感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 underline→underlined 加下划线的 ­ing 令人……的 surprise→surprising　令人惊异的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 ­ible 能够……的； 可以被……的； 易……的 resist→resistible 可抵抗的 sense→sensible 可感知的；明智的 access→accessible 容易取得的 ­ive 具有……倾向的； 有……性质的； 与……相关的 act→active　　　积极的；活跃的 create→creative 有创造力的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 ­ous 充满……的； 具有……特征的； 多……的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 ­some 易于……的； 令人……的； tire→tiresome　令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻烦的 ­y 具有……特征的； 略带……的； 充满……的 taste→tasty　　美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的 ­ern ……方向的； ……地区的 east→eastern　　东方的；向东的 west→western 西方的；向西的 ­ish 略带……的； 有点……的 red→reddish 微红的；略带红色的 child→childish　孩子气的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 【Group 1】 1. (2024・河北保定高三一模) All the students were ______ (interest) in the story told by the old man. 2. (2024・山东泰安高三一模) It's ______ (help) to read English aloud for half an hour every morning. 3. (2023・湖北荆州高三二模) The girl has a ______ (love) face and everyone likes to make friends with her. 4. (2022・湖南衡阳高三二模) This kind of plant is ______ (danger) to humans, so we should keep away from it. 5. (2024・浙江温州高三调研) The plan put forward by the manager is very ______ (practice) in our daily work. 6. (2023・陕西咸阳高三调研) The newly-built library is ______ (access) to the residents living nearby. 7. (2022・河南开封高三质检) She gave me a ______ (friend) smile when she passed by my desk. 8. (2022・黑龙江大庆高三质检) This medicine is ______ (effect) in treating colds, so it is popular among people. 9. (2023・四川南充高三一模) Her dress is a ______ (red) color, and it matches her skin very well. 10. (2022・内蒙古包头高三联考) The movie we watched last night was so ______ (bore) that many people left halfway. 【Group 2】 11. (2023・辽宁丹东高三二模) It was such an ______ (excite) match that all the audience stood up and cheered. 12. (2024・江苏南通高三联考) My grandfather is in his seventies, but he still has a ______ (youth) heart. 13. (2023・广东汕头高三一模) The ______ (east) part of our country is famous for its rich seafood resources. 14. (2024・福建泉州高三联考) The problem is so difficult that it is not ______ (solve) for middle school students. 15. (2022・吉林长春高三一模) She felt ______ (disappoint) because she didn't get the grade she expected. 16. (2023・山西大同高三二模) The lecture about environmental protection was very ______ (inform) and we learned a lot. 17. (2024・天津河西区高三一模) The task is ______ (manage) within two days if we work together. 18. (2021・江西九江高三调研) The ______ (create) design of the building won the approval of all the judges. 19. (2022・安徽蚌埠高三联考) He is an ______ (act) member of the sports club and takes part in all activities. 20. (2021・甘肃天水高三调研) The evidence he provided was ______ (believe), so we all trusted him. 考点三：形容词转化为副词的规律 类别 规则 例词 1 一般情况下 直接加­ly clear→clearly　清楚地 great→greatly 很，大大地 2 以辅音字母加­y结尾的形容词 变y为i再加­ly happy→happily高兴地 heavy→heavily 沉重地 3 词尾为­ble/­le的形容词 去掉e，再加­y terrible→terribly可怕地；极度地 gentle→gently 轻轻地 4 词尾为­ue的形容词 去掉e再加­ly true→truly　　真实地 5 词尾为­ll的形容词 直接加­y full→fully　 充分地；完全地 dull→dully 迟钝地 6 词尾为­ic的形容词 加­ally basic→basically　主要地；基本上 scientific→scientifically合乎科学地 ★注意以下形容词变副词的拼写： whole→wholly完全地；shy→shyly害羞地；dry→dryly/drily干燥地。 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 1. (2024・山东济宁高三一模) To tell the ______ (true), his performance in the match is beyond our expectation. 2. (2023・湖北荆门高三二模) She accepted the criticism ______ (whole) and decided to make a change. 3. (2024・江苏泰州高三联考) The little girl nodded ______ (shy) when the teacher asked her to speak. 4. (2023・广东中山高三一模) The expert explained the economic policy ______ (scientific) to the public. 5. (2022・河南新乡高三质检) He finished the work ______ (gentle) without making any noise. 6. (2022・湖南益阳高三二模) My grandma still remembers things ______ (clear) though she is over 80. 7. (2024・浙江绍兴高三调研) The workers carried the fragile goods ______ (terrible) and many of them were broken. 8. (2023・四川宜宾高三一模) They started the project ______ (immediate) after getting the approval. 9. (2022・安徽淮南高三联考) She can sing the song ______ (perfect) after practicing for only two days. 10. (2021・江西上饶高三调研) My father drives ______ (slow) on rainy days to ensure safety. 高 考 在 线 【Group 1】 1. （2022・全国甲卷）It is ______ (extreme) important to keep calm in an emergency. 2. （2021・新高考 Ⅰ 卷）The ______ (nation) park was set up to protect the rare animals. 3. （2020・全国 Ⅲ 卷）She gave me a ______ (determine) look, which showed she would never change her mind. 4. （2019・北京卷）The ______ (invent) of the computer has changed the world greatly. 5. （2018・天津卷）He is a ______ (hope) young man who wants to become a scientist. 6. （2017・江苏卷）The teacher praised him for his ______ (honest) in the exam. 7. （2016・全国 Ⅰ 卷）We were ______ (amaze) at the beautiful scenery in the mountains. 8. （2015・四川卷）This is a ______ (power) drug that can cure the disease effectively. 9. （2014・浙江卷）His ______ (careless) led to the failure of the experiment. 10. （2013・湖南卷）The little girl has a ______ (nature) ability to play the piano. 【Group 2】 11. （2022・新高考 Ⅱ 卷）It's ______ (fool) of you to believe what he said. 12. （2021・全国乙卷）The ______ (develop) of the Internet has made our life more convenient. 13. （2020・山东卷）She spoke to me in a ______ (friend) way, which made me feel at home. 14. （2019・浙江卷）His ______ (ill) prevented him from attending the meeting. 15. （2018・全国 Ⅱ 卷）The movie is so ______ (move) that many people cried while watching it. 16. （2017・全国 Ⅲ 卷）We need to take ______ (immediately) action to solve the problem. 17. （2016・北京卷）The ______ (explore) of the ocean is a challenging task for humans. 18. （2015・福建卷）He is a ______ (responsibility) person who always keeps his promises. 19. （2014・湖北卷）The ______ (long) of the river is about 500 kilometers. 20. （2013・江西卷）The old man lives ______ (peace) in the countryside. 综 合 提 升 练 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，共 10 个空，重点考查构词法。 In our modern society, 1. ______ (day) life is full of opportunities and challenges. For students, balancing academic pressure and personal growth requires 2. ______ (reason) thinking and proper 3. ______ (guide) from teachers and parents. Recently, there has been a 4. ______ (heat) discussion on whether students can carry electronic devices on campus, and this topic has caused a lot of 5. ______ (argue) in schools and communities. Supporters believe electronic devices are useful learning aids. With these tools, students can access educational resources conveniently, and the 6. ______ (kind) of interface design, enables them to study more 7. ______ (comfortable). For example, when meeting unfamiliar knowledge, they can search for explanations online, clarifying doubts 8. ______ (drama) more efficiently than using textbooks alone. Educational apps also help arrange study plans scientifically to improve efficiency. However, opponents are 9. ______ (strong) against it. They point out that most students lack self-control, so devices may distract them from studies. Some even cheat in exams or spread inappropriate information with devices, which is 10. ______ (honest) and harms the campus atmosphere. In my opinion, strict management rules are key rather than a simple ban to maximize advantages and avoid risks. 10 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 构词法 构词法是高考英语的核心考查内容，贯穿词汇、语法、阅读等多个关键题型。 在语法填空模块中，词性转换类题目频频考查构词法知识，要求学生熟练运用词根词缀规则，精准完成动词、形容词与名词之间的转化。 而在阅读理解的词义猜测题中，构词法更是破解生词的 “金钥匙”，学生借助词根词缀的含义，就能快速推断出生词的大致意思，大幅降低解题难度，提升答题效率。 知 识 精 讲 考点一：动词、形容词转化为名词 1．动词转化为名词 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­ion ­tion ­sion ­ation 多与 “动作、状态、性质、结果” 相关 act→action 行动 graduate→graduation 毕业 expect→expectation 期望 discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 invite→invitation 邀请 ★特殊： explain→explanation 解释 pronounce→pronunciation 发音 ­er ­or 多表示“做某动作的人或工具“ clean→cleaner 清洁工；清洁器 drive→driver 司机；驾驶员 announce→announcer 广播员 conduct→conductor 售票员；导体 ­ment 核心含义是 “动作的结果、过程、状态，或具体的事物 / 产物” punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement 功绩；成就 treat→treatment 对待；治疗 equip→equipment 装备；设备 govern→government 政府 ★特殊： argue→argument 辩论；论据 ­y 少数动词加 -y 可构成抽象名词，含义为 **“与该动作相关的状态或事物” recover→recovery　　恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 ­ance ­ence 表状态、性质、行为或结果 appear→appearance　出现；外貌 perform→performance 表演；节目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 refer→reference 参考；查阅 ★特殊： guide→guidance 指引；指导 -ing 表示动作本身、动作的过程或与动作相关的抽象概念 begin→beginning　开始 ­ure/­ture 核心含义是 “动作的结果、过程、状态，或与动作相关的事物” fail→failure　失败；倒闭 press→pressure 压力 depart→departure 离开；出发 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 ★特殊： expose→exposure 暴露 其他 choose→choice　　选择 vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 用所给单词的适当形式填空 【Group 1】 1. (2023・湖北武汉高三调研) The ______ (develop) of AI technology has greatly changed people’s daily life. 答案：development 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，develop 的名词形式为 development，表 “发展”，为抽象名词。 2. (2022・河南郑州高三质检) The ______ (conclude) he drew from the experiment was based on solid evidence. 答案：conclusion 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，conclude 的名词形式为 conclusion，表 “结论”。 3. (2024・江苏南京高三二模) The ______ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday focused on how to improve students’ learning efficiency. 答案：discussion 解析：句子缺少主语，需用名词，discuss 的名词形式为 discussion，表 “讨论”，为不可数名词。 4. (2023・山西太原高三二模) The ______ (fail) of the project taught us a valuable lesson about careful planning. 答案：failure 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，fail 的名词形式为 failure，表 “失败的事”，为可数名词。 5. (2024・山东济南高三一模) To our joy, the ______ (invent) of the new drug has helped save thousands of lives. 答案：invention 解析：定冠词 the 后需用名词，invent 的名词形式为 invention，表 “发明物”，符合语境。 6. (2022・安徽合肥高三一模) The ______ (educate) of young people is one of the most important tasks of our society. 答案：education 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，educate 的名词形式为 education，表 “教育”，为抽象名词。 7. (2024・河北石家庄高三一模) As a professional ______ (design), she has created many popular fashion styles. 答案：designer 解析：不定冠词 a 后接可数名词单数，design 表 “设计” 时，对应的 “设计者” 为 designer。 8. (2021・江西南昌高三调研) The ______ (divide) of labor makes the production process more efficient in the factory. 答案：division 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，divide 的名词形式为 division，表 “分工”，符合语境。 9. (2022・黑龙江哈尔滨高三联考) The ______ (conduct) waved his baton and the orchestra started playing. 答案：conductor 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，conduct 表 “指挥” 时，对应的 “指挥家” 为 conductor。 10. (2023・广东广州高三一模) His ______ (decide) to give up the chance to study abroad surprised all of us. 答案：decision 解析：形容词性物主代词 his 后需用名词，decide 的名词形式为 decision，表 “决定”。 【Group 2】 11. (2024・福建福州高三联考) Thomas Edison was one of the greatest ______ (invent) in the history of science. 答案：inventors 解析：one of 后接可数名词复数，invent 对应的 “发明家” 为 inventor，复数形式为 inventors。 12. (2022・湖南长沙高三联考) The ______ (celebrate) of the school’s 100th anniversary will be held next Friday. 答案：celebration 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，celebrate 的名词形式为 celebration，表 “庆祝活动”。 13. (2023・辽宁沈阳高三调研) The ______ (agree) signed by the two companies will promote cooperation in technology. 答案：agreement 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，agree 的名词形式为 agreement，表 “协议”，符合语境。 14. (2022・吉林长春高三质检) The ______ (mix) of flour and water should be stirred for at least five minutes. 答案：mixture 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，mix 的名词形式为 mixture，表 “混合物”，符合句意。 15. (2024・浙江杭州高三联考) The ______ (attract) of this small town lies in its peaceful natural scenery and traditional culture. 答案：attraction 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，attract 的名词形式为 attraction，表 “吸引力”，符合句意。 16. (2023・陕西西安高三一模) A good ______ (manage) should know how to encourage his team members to work hard. 答案：manager 解析：不定冠词 a 后接可数名词单数，manage 对应的 “管理者” 为 manager。 17. (2023・四川成都高三二模) The ______ (pollute) of the river has been a serious problem that needs immediate solution. 答案：pollution 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，pollute 的名词形式为 pollution，表 “污染”，为不可数名词。 18. (2022・内蒙古呼和浩特高三一模) The ______ (press) from work and life makes many young people feel stressed. 答案：pressure 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，press 的名词形式为 pressure，表 “压力”，为不可数名词。 19. (2023・江苏南京高三二模) The ______ (organize) of the sports meeting took us nearly a month of preparation. 答案：organization 解析：句子缺少主语，organize 的名词形式为 organization，表 “组织工作”，为抽象名词。 20. (2021・甘肃兰州高三调研) The ______ (depart) of the flight was delayed due to bad weather conditions. 答案：departure 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，depart 的名词形式为 departure，表 “起飞，出发”，符合语境。 2.形容词转化为名词 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­age 具有某种特征的状态、性质、程度或集合 short→shortage　不足；短缺 ­cy 具有该形容词特征的性质、状态、品质或地位”， 多对应以 -t/-nt 结尾的形容词， accurate→accuracy　准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密 efficient→efficiency 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅 ­ence ­ance -ence： 内在的抽象性质、主观特质 -ance： 行为的持续性、客观状态 different→difference　差异 confident→confidence 信心 convenient→convenience 便利 important→importance 重要 resistant→ resistance抵抗力 ­y/­ty/­ity -y：充满……的；易于……的 -ty：基础性质；状态 -ity：抽象、正式的性质、特质 honest→honesty　　诚实 safe→safety 安全 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 real→reality现实 possible→possibility　可能性 ­dom 指代抽象的身份特质或状态 free→freedom　　自由；自主　 bored→boredom 厌烦 ★特殊： wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 ­th 侧重 “性质、状态或程度” warm→warmth　温暖；热情　 deep→depth 深度 wide→width 宽度 ★特殊： strong→strength 力气；强项 ­ness 具有形容词所描述的性质、状态、特征或程度，它的功能是直接将形容词转化为抽象名词 weak→weakness　虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 【Group 1】 1. (2024・山东潍坊高三一模) To everyone's relief, the ______ (stable) of the local economy has been maintained in the past year. 答案：stability 解析：定冠词 the 后需填名词，stable 的名词形式为 stability，表 “稳定性”，为抽象名词。 2. (2023・湖北襄阳高三二模) The ______ (cruel) of the war made many people lose their homes and families. 答案：cruelty 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，cruel 加后缀 -ty 构成 cruelty，表 “残酷”，符合语境。 3. (2024・江苏苏州高三联考) Her ______ (honest) won her the trust of all her classmates and teachers. 答案：honesty 解析：形容词性物主代词 her 后需填名词，honest 加后缀 -y 构成 honesty，表 “诚实”。 4. (2023・广东惠州高三一模) The ______ (long) of the bridge is about 500 meters, which is the longest in our city. 答案：length 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，long 加后缀 -th 构成 length，表 “长度”，为固定转化形式。 5. (2022・河南洛阳高三质检) We should always respect the ______ (different) of cultures around the world. 答案：differences 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，different 的名词形式为 difference，表 “差异”，此处表多种文化差异，用复数形式。 6. (2022・湖南株洲高三二模) The ______ (strong) of his body comes from regular exercise and a balanced diet. 答案：strength 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，strong 加后缀 -th 构成 strength，表 “体力”，为抽象名词。 7. (2024・浙江宁波高三调研) The ______ (possible) of finishing the task ahead of schedule depends on our joint efforts. 答案：possibility 解析：定冠词 the 后需填名词，possible 加后缀 -ity 构成 possibility，表 “可能性”。 8. (2023・四川绵阳高三一模) The ______ (wide) of the road has been expanded to ease the traffic pressure. 答案：width 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，wide 加后缀 -th 构成 width，表 “宽度”，为固定转化形式。 9. (2022・安徽芜湖高三联考) His ______ (brave) in saving the drowning child was praised by the whole community. 答案：bravery 解析：形容词性物主代词 his 后接名词，brave 加后缀 -ry 构成 bravery，表 “勇敢”。 10. (2021・江西赣州高三调研) The ______ (deep) of the valley is so great that we can't see the bottom clearly. 答案：depth 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，deep 加后缀 -th 构成 depth，表 “深度”，符合句意。 【Group 2】 11. (2024・河北唐山高三一模) The ______ (loyal) of the dog to its owner has become a moving story in the neighborhood. 答案：loyalty 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，loyal 加后缀 -ty 构成 loyalty，表 “忠诚”，为抽象名词。 12. (2023・辽宁大连高三二模) The ______ (happy) on her face showed that she had passed the important exam. 答案：happiness 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，happy 变 y 为 i 加后缀 -ness 构成 happiness，表 “喜悦”。 13. (2024・福建厦门高三联考) The ______ (active) of students in class is an important part of effective teaching. 答案：activity 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，active 加后缀 -ity 构成 activity，表 “积极性”，符合语境。 14. (2023・陕西西安高三调研) The ______ (sad) in his voice made us realize that he had gone through a lot of hardships. 答案：sadness 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，sad 加后缀 -ness 构成 sadness，表 “悲伤”，为抽象名词。 15. (2022・吉林长春高三一模) The ______ (pure) of the water in this river has been improved after months of treatment. 答案：purity 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，pure 加后缀 -ity 构成 purity，表 “纯净度”，符合句意。 16. (2023・山西太原高三二模) The ______ (kind) she showed to the homeless man touched everyone's heart. 答案：kindness 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，kind 加后缀 -ness 构成 kindness，表 “善良”，为抽象名词。 17. (2022・黑龙江哈尔滨高三质检) The ______ (secure) of the campus is the top priority for the school management. 答案：security 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，secure 的名词形式为 security，表 “安全”，为固定用法。 18. (2024・天津和平区高三一模) The ______ (diverse) of wildlife in this area is due to the protection of the local government. 答案：diversity 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，diverse 加后缀 -ity 构成 diversity，表 “多样性”，符合语境。 19. (2022・内蒙古呼和浩特高三联考) His ______ (weak) in math has improved a lot after taking the after-school classes. 答案：weakness 解析：形容词性物主代词 his 后接名词，weak 加后缀 -ness 构成 weakness，表 “薄弱之处”。 20. (2021・甘肃兰州高三调研) The ______ (true) of the incident will be made public as soon as possible. 答案：truth 解析：定冠词 the 后接名词，true 加后缀 -th 构成 truth，表 “真相”，为固定转化形式。 考点二：名词、动词转化为形容词 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­able 动词 + -able → 形容词： “能够被……的；可以被…… 的”；“易于…… 的；倾向于…… 的” 少数名词 + -able → 形容词： “具有…… 性质的；与……相关的 suit→suitable 合适的 accept→acceptable　可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的 fashion→fashionable 时髦的 reason→reasonable 有道理的 ­al 名词 + -al → 形容词： 表 “与该名词相关的；属于该事物的” music→musical　　音乐的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 个人的；私人的 center→central 中央的；中心的 nature→natural 自然的；天生的 其它常见形容词后缀 后缀 核心含义 例词 ­ful 充满……的； 具有……性质的； 能……的 hope→hopeful 充满希望的 doubt→doubtful　怀疑的 use→useful 有用的 harm→harmful 有害的 peace→peaceful 和平的 ­ed 感到……的； 被……的； scare→scared　　　感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 underline→underlined 加下划线的 ­ing 令人……的 surprise→surprising　令人惊异的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 ­ible 能够……的； 可以被……的； 易……的 resist→resistible 可抵抗的 sense→sensible 可感知的；明智的 access→accessible 容易取得的 ­ive 具有……倾向的； 有……性质的； 与……相关的 act→active　　　积极的；活跃的 create→creative 有创造力的effect→effective 有效的；生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 ­ous 充满……的； 具有……特征的； 多……的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 ­some 易于……的； 令人……的； tire→tiresome　令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻烦的 ­y 具有……特征的； 略带……的； 充满……的 taste→tasty　　美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的 ­ern ……方向的； ……地区的 east→eastern　　东方的；向东的 west→western 西方的；向西的 ­ish 略带……的； 有点……的 red→reddish 微红的；略带红色的child→childish　孩子气的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 第一组 1. (2024・河北保定高三一模) All the students were ______ (interest) in the story told by the old man. 答案：interested 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，主语为 students（人），用 interested，表 “感兴趣的”。 2. (2024・山东泰安高三一模) It's ______ (help) to read English aloud for half an hour every morning. 答案：helpful 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，help 的形容词形式为 helpful，表 “有帮助的”。 3. (2023・湖北荆州高三二模) The girl has a ______ (love) face and everyone likes to make friends with her. 答案：lovely 解析：名词 face 前需填形容词作定语，love 的形容词形式为 lovely，表 “可爱的”。 4. (2022・湖南衡阳高三二模) This kind of plant is ______ (danger) to humans, so we should keep away from it. 答案：dangerous 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，danger 的形容词形式为 dangerous，表 “危险的”。 5. (2024・浙江温州高三调研) The plan put forward by the manager is very ______ (practice) in our daily work. 答案：practical 解析：副词 very 后需填形容词，practice 的形容词形式为 practical，表 “切实可行的”。 6. (2023・陕西咸阳高三调研) The newly-built library is ______ (access) to the residents living nearby. 答案：accessible 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，access 的形容词形式为 accessible，表 “可进入的；易接近的”。 7. (2022・河南开封高三质检) She gave me a ______ (friend) smile when she passed by my desk. 答案：friendly 解析：名词 smile 前需填形容词作定语，friend 的形容词形式为 friendly，表 “友好的”。 8. (2022・黑龙江大庆高三质检) This medicine is ______ (effect) in treating colds, so it is popular among people. 答案：effective 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，effect 的形容词形式为 effective，表 “有效的”。 9. (2023・四川南充高三一模) Her dress is a ______ (red) color, and it matches her skin very well. 答案：reddish 解析：名词 color 前需填形容词作定语，red 加后缀 - ish 构成 reddish，表 “略带红色的”。 10. (2022・内蒙古包头高三联考) The movie we watched last night was so ______ (bore) that many people left halfway. 答案：boring 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，主语为 movie（物），用 boring，表 “令人厌烦的”。 第二组 11. (2023・辽宁丹东高三二模) It was such an ______ (excite) match that all the audience stood up and cheered. 答案：exciting 解析：名词 match 前需填形容词作定语，主语为物，用 exciting，表 “令人兴奋的”。 12. (2024・江苏南通高三联考) My grandfather is in his seventies, but he still has a ______ (youth) heart. 答案：youthful 解析：名词 heart 前需填形容词作定语，youth 的形容词形式为 youthful，表 “年轻的；朝气蓬勃的”。 13. (2023・广东汕头高三一模) The ______ (east) part of our country is famous for its rich seafood resources. 答案：eastern 解析：名词 part 前需填形容词作定语，east 的形容词形式为 eastern，表 “东部的”。 14. (2024・福建泉州高三联考) The problem is so difficult that it is not ______ (solve) for middle school students. 答案：solvable 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，solve 的形容词形式为 solvable，表 “可解决的”。 15. (2022・吉林长春高三一模) She felt ______ (disappoint) because she didn't get the grade she expected. 答案：disappointed 解析：系动词 feel 后需填形容词作表语，主语为人，用 disappointed，表 “感到失望的”。 16. (2023・山西大同高三二模) The lecture about environmental protection was very ______ (inform) and we learned a lot. 答案：informative 解析：副词 very 后需填形容词，inform 的形容词形式为 informative，表 “提供有用信息的”。 17. (2024・天津河西区高三一模) The task is ______ (manage) within two days if we work together. 答案：manageable 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，manage 的形容词形式为 manageable，表 “可完成的；易管理的”。 18. (2021・江西九江高三调研) The ______ (create) design of the building won the approval of all the judges. 答案：creative 解析：名词 design 前需填形容词作定语，create 的形容词形式为 creative，表 “有创意的”。 19. (2022・安徽蚌埠高三联考) He is an ______ (act) member of the sports club and takes part in all activities. 答案：active 解析：名词 member 前需填形容词作定语，act 的形容词形式为 active，表 “积极的”。 20. (2021・甘肃天水高三调研) The evidence he provided was ______ (believe), so we all trusted him. 答案：believable 解析：be 动词后需填形容词作表语，believe 的形容词形式为 believable，表 “可信的”。 考点三：形容词转化为副词的规律 类别 规则 例词 1 一般情况下 直接加­ly clear→clearly　清楚地 great→greatly 很，大大地 2 以辅音字母加­y结尾的形容词 变y为i再加­ly happy→happily高兴地 heavy→heavily 沉重地 3 词尾为­ble/­le的形容词 去掉e，再加­y terrible→terribly可怕地；极度地 gentle→gently 轻轻地 4 词尾为­ue的形容词 去掉e再加­ly true→truly　　真实地 5 词尾为­ll的形容词 直接加­y full→fully　 充分地；完全地 dull→dully 迟钝地 6 词尾为­ic的形容词 加­ally basic→basically　主要地；基本上 scientific→scientifically合乎科学地 ★注意以下形容词变副词的拼写： whole→wholly完全地；shy→shyly害羞地；dry→dryly/drily干燥地。 ◆考点跟踪练习◆ 1. (2024・山东济宁高三一模) To tell the ______ (true), his performance in the match is beyond our expectation. 答案：truly 解析：规则为以 - le 结尾的形容词 true，去 e 加 - y，truly 作副词修饰动词 tell；易错点：避免写成 truey 或 truley，正确拼写为 truly。 2. (2023・湖北荆门高三二模) She accepted the criticism ______ (whole) and decided to make a change. 答案：wholly 解析：规则为以 - le 结尾的形容词 whole，去 e 加 - y，wholly 表 “完全地” 修饰动词 accepted；易错点：注意双写 l 再加 y，不要写成 holly。 3. (2024・江苏泰州高三联考) The little girl nodded ______ (shy) when the teacher asked her to speak. 答案：shyly 解析：规则为以 - y 结尾且 y 前为元音字母的形容词 shy，直接加 - ly，shyly 修饰动词 nodded；易错点：shy 变副词无需变 y 为 i，避免写成 shily。 4. (2023・广东中山高三一模) The expert explained the economic policy ______ (scientific) to the public. 答案：scientifically 解析：规则为以 - ic 结尾的形容词 scientific，加 - ally，scientifically 修饰动词 explained；易错点：必须加 ally 而非 ly，避免写成 scientificly。 5. (2022・河南新乡高三质检) He finished the work ______ (gentle) without making any noise. 答案：gently 解析：规则为以 - le 结尾的形容词 gentle，去 e 加 - y，gently 修饰动词 finished。 6. (2022・湖南益阳高三二模) My grandma still remembers things ______ (clear) though she is over 80. 答案：clearly 解析：规则为直接加 - ly，clear 变副词 clearly 修饰动词 remembers。 7. (2024・浙江绍兴高三调研) The workers carried the fragile goods ______ (terrible) and many of them were broken. 答案：terribly 解析：规则为以 - le 结尾的形容词 terrible，去 e 加 - y，terribly 修饰动词 carried。 8. (2023・四川宜宾高三一模) They started the project ______ (immediate) after getting the approval. 答案：immediately 解析：规则为以 - ate 结尾的形容词 immediate，去 e 加 - ly，immediately 修饰动词 started。 9. (2022・安徽淮南高三联考) She can sing the song ______ (perfect) after practicing for only two days. 答案：perfectly 解析：规则为直接加 - ly，perfect 变副词 perfectly 修饰动词 sing。 10. (2021・江西上饶高三调研) My father drives ______ (slow) on rainy days to ensure safety. 答案：slowly 解析：规则为直接加 - ly，slow 变副词 slowly 修饰动词 drives；易错点：slow 作副词仅用于 go slow 等固定搭配，此处必须用 slowly。请用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 高 考 在 线 【Group 1】 1. （2022・全国甲卷）It is ______ (extreme) important to keep calm in an emergency. 答案：extremely 解析：修饰形容词 important 需用副词，extreme 的副词形式为 extremely。 2. （2021・新高考 Ⅰ 卷）The ______ (nation) park was set up to protect the rare animals. 答案：national 解析：修饰名词 park 需用形容词，nation 的形容词形式为 national。 3. （2020・全国 Ⅲ 卷）She gave me a ______ (determine) look, which showed she would never change her mind. 答案：determined 解析：修饰名词 look 需用形容词，determine 的形容词形式 determined 表示 “坚定的”。 4. （2019・北京卷）The ______ (invent) of the computer has changed the world greatly. 答案：invention 解析：定冠词 The 后接名词，invent 的名词形式为 invention。 5. （2018・天津卷）He is a ______ (hope) young man who wants to become a scientist. 答案：hopeful 解析：修饰名词 man 需用形容词，hope 的形容词形式 hopeful 表示 “有希望的”。 6. （2017・江苏卷）The teacher praised him for his ______ (honest) in the exam. 答案：honesty 解析：形容词性物主代词 his 后接名词，honest 的名词形式为 honesty。 7. （2016・全国 Ⅰ 卷）We were ______ (amaze) at the beautiful scenery in the mountains. 答案：amazed 解析：修饰人 We 需用 - ed 形容词，amaze 的 - ed 形式 amazed 表示 “感到惊讶的”。 8. （2015・四川卷）This is a ______ (power) drug that can cure the disease effectively. 答案：powerful 解析：修饰名词 drug 需用形容词，power 的形容词形式为 powerful。 9. （2014・浙江卷）His ______ (careless) led to the failure of the experiment. 答案：carelessness 解析：形容词性物主代词 His 后接名词，careless 的名词形式为 carelessness。 10. （2013・湖南卷）The little girl has a ______ (nature) ability to play the piano. 答案：natural 解析：修饰名词 ability 需用形容词，nature 的形容词形式为 natural。 【Group 2】 11. （2022・新高考 Ⅱ 卷）It's ______ (fool) of you to believe what he said. 答案：foolish 解析：It's + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 为固定句型，fool 的形容词形式为 foolish。 12. （2021・全国乙卷）The ______ (develop) of the Internet has made our life more convenient. 答案：development 解析：定冠词 The 后接名词，develop 的名词形式为 development。 13. （2020・山东卷）She spoke to me in a ______ (friend) way, which made me feel at home. 答案：friendly 解析：修饰名词 way 需用形容词，friend 的形容词形式 friendly 表示 “友好的”。 14. （2019・浙江卷）His ______ (ill) prevented him from attending the meeting. 答案：illness 解析：形容词性物主代词 His 后接名词，ill 的名词形式为 illness。 15. （2018・全国 Ⅱ 卷）The movie is so ______ (move) that many people cried while watching it. 答案：moving 解析：修饰物 movie 需用 - ing 形容词，move 的 - ing 形式 moving 表示 “令人感动的”。 16. （2017・全国 Ⅲ 卷）We need to take ______ (immediately) action to solve the problem. 答案：immediate 解析：修饰名词 action 需用形容词，immediately 的形容词形式为 immediate。 17. （2016・北京卷）The ______ (explore) of the ocean is a challenging task for humans. 答案：exploration 解析：定冠词 The 后接名词，explore 的名词形式为 exploration。 18. （2015・福建卷）He is a ______ (responsibility) person who always keeps his promises. 答案：responsible 解析：修饰名词 person 需用形容词，responsibility 的形容词形式为 responsible。 19. （2014・湖北卷）The ______ (long) of the river is about 500 kilometers. 答案：length 解析：定冠词 The 后接名词，long 的名词形式为 length。 20. （2013・江西卷）The old man lives ______ (peace) in the countryside. 答案：peacefully 解析：修饰动词 lives 需用副词，peace 的副词形式为 peacefully。 综合提升练 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，共 10 个空，重点考查构词法。 In our modern society, 1. ______ (day) life is full of opportunities and challenges. For students, balancing academic pressure and personal growth requires 2. ______ (reason) thinking and proper 3. ______ (guide) from teachers and parents. Recently, there has been a 4. ______ (heat) discussion on whether students can carry electronic devices on campus, and this topic has caused a lot of 5. ______ (argue) in schools and communities. Supporters believe electronic devices are useful learning aids. With these tools, students can access educational resources conveniently, and the 6. ______ (kind) of interface design, enables them to study more 7. ______ (comfortable). For example, when meeting unfamiliar knowledge, they can search for explanations online, clarifying doubts 8. ______ (drama) more efficiently than using textbooks alone. Educational apps also help arrange study plans scientifically to improve efficiency. However, opponents are 9. ______ (strong) against it. They point out that most students lack self-control, so devices may distract them from studies. Some even cheat in exams or spread inappropriate information with devices, which is 10. ______ (honest) and harms the campus atmosphere. In my opinion, strict management rules are key rather than a simple ban to maximize advantages and avoid risks. 【答案与解析】 1. daily（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷改编） 解析：修饰名词life需用形容词，day的形容词形式为daily，意为“日常的”，“daily life”即“日常生活”，是常用搭配。 2. reasonable（2022·浙江卷改编） 解析：修饰名词thinking需用形容词，reason的形容词形式为reasonable，意为“合理的”，“reasonable thinking”表示“理性思考”，符合语境中“应对挑战需要理性思考”的语义。 3. guidance 解析：形容词proper后接名词，guide作动词时意为“指导”，其对应的名词形式为guidance（不可数名词），意为“指导、引导”，“proper guidance”即“适当的指导”，契合“学生需要老师和家长指导”的语境。 4. heated（2021·新高考Ⅱ卷改编） 解析：修饰名词argument需用形容词，heat的形容词形式为heated，意为“激烈的”，“heated argument”是固定搭配，对应后文“支持者与反对者的不同观点”，体现争论的激烈程度。 5. argument 解析：不定冠词a后接可数名词单数，argue为动词，意为“争论”，其名词形式为argument，意为“争论、辩论”，作句子的主语，符合“关于校园电子设备使用的争论出现”的语义。 6. kindness 解析：定冠词the后接名词，kind为形容词，意为“友好的、亲切的”，加ness构成名词kindness，意为“友好性、便捷性”，“the kindness of interface design”即“界面设计的友好性”，与simplicity并列作主语，进一步说明电子设备的优势，同样落实形容词加ness变名词考点。 7. comfortably（le结尾形容词变副词加ly考点） 解析：修饰动词study需用副词，comfortable为le结尾的形容词，意为“舒适的”，其变副词时直接加ly，构成comfortably，意为“舒适地、自在地”，“study more comfortably”表示“更舒适地学习”，符合语境，准确落实le结尾形容词变副词加ly的考点。 8. dramatically 解析：修饰副词efficiently需用副词，drama为名词，意为“戏剧、戏剧性事件”，先转化为形容词dramatic（戏剧性的、显著的），再加-ically构成副词dramatically，意为“显著地、急剧地”，强调电子设备让答疑效率大幅提升。 9. strongly 解析：修饰形容词against需用副词，strong为形容词，意为“强烈的”，其副词形式为strongly，意为“强烈地”，“be strongly against”表示“强烈反对”，符合反对者的态度。 10. dishonest 解析：系动词is后接形容词作表语，结合语境“考试作弊、传播不当信息”可知，此处需用honest（诚实的）的反义词，honest的否定形式为dishonest，意为“不诚实的”。 14 / 17 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $