专题02 动词时态和语态复习（寒假复习讲义）高二英语外研版

专题02 动词时态和语态复习（寒假复习讲义） 内容导航 考点聚焦：归纳核心考点 & 高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：重难点梳理，查漏补缺，即时巩固 复习提升：真题感知 & 综合提升专练，全面突破 动词的时态和语态是高考英语语法的核心考点，时态侧重动作发生的时间与状态，语态侧重动作与主语的关系（主动/被动）。 考点一 一般现在时&一般现在时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表习惯性、经常性的动作：I get up at 7 every morning. ◦ 表客观真理、科学事实：The earth goes around the sun. ◦ 表按时刻表、计划发生的动作（如火车、航班）：The train leaves at 9 a.m. ◦ 主从复合句中主将从现：If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. 2. 结构：主动为do/does; am/is/are（be动词）；被动为am/is/are + done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 第三人称单数谓语动词的变形（如watch→watches）； ◦ 集体名词作主语时的主谓一致（如The team plays well表整体，The team are arguing表个体）。 好题精练 1. The earth ______ (go) around the sun. 2. This kind of flower ______ (water) every day to keep it fresh. 3. My father usually ______ (watch) news on TV after dinner. 4. If she ______ (finish) her work on time, she will go to the concert. 5. The train to Beijing ______ (leave) at 8:00 a.m. every day收. 6. English ______ (speak) in many countries all over the world. 7. The class ______ (be) very united when they face the challenge. 8. Our teacher often ______ (remind) us to pay attention to the quality of our homework. 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表此刻/现阶段正在进行的动作：He is reading a book now. ◦ 表即将发生的动作（位移动词：go/come/leave等）：She is leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 2. 结构：主动为am/is/are + doing；被动为am/is/are + being done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 瞬间动词（如die/finish/buy）不用于进行时表“正在发生”，可用于表“即将”； ◦ 进行时与always连用表感情色彩（抱怨/赞扬）：He is always late for class.（抱怨）。 好题精练 1. Look! The children ________________ (plant) trees in the park. 2. A new library ________________ (build) in our school at present. 3. The plane ________________ (take) off in ten minutes, so we must hurry up. 4. He ________________ (always, forget) his keys, which makes his mother angry. 5. These days, my cousin ________________ (prepare) for the college entrance examination. 6. The problem ________________ (discuss) by the experts right now. 7. Hurry up! The bus ________________ (leave). 8. She ________________ (always, help) the elderly in the neighborhood, and everyone likes her. 考点三 现在完成时&现在完成时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表过去动作对现在的影响/结果：I have finished my homework, so I can watch TV. ◦ 表动作从过去持续到现在：I have lived here for 10 years. 2. 结构：主动为have/has + done；被动为have/has + been done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 时间标志词since后接从句时，从句用一般过去时：I have known her since she was a child. ◦ 短暂性动词（如buy/join/die）不能与for/since引导的时间段连用，需转换为延续性动词（如buy→have，join→be in）。 好题精练 1. Great changes ______ (take) place in our city since 2010. 2. The old bridge ______ (build) for over two years and it will be put into use next month. 3. My brother ______ (not return) from abroad yet. We are all worried about him. 4. A lot of new functions ______ (add) to this app since it was last updated. 5. She ______ (keep) this book for three weeks. She needs to return it to the library tomorrow. 6. Up to now, the problem ______ (not solve) completely area. 7. How long ______ your father ______ (work) in this company? 8. Many new records ______ (set) in the last volymathics area match volymathics match since it started. 考点四 现在完成进行时 知识精讲 1. 核心用法 表动作从过去持续到现在，且仍在进行，侧重动作的过程（区别于现在完成时的“结果”）：I have been studying English for 2 hours.（还在学）；对比I have studied English for 2 hours.（已学完，强调结果）。 2. 结构：主动为have/has + been doing；无被动语态。 3. 高考易错警示：与现在完成时的区分是高频考点，需根据语境判断“侧重过程”还是“侧重结果”。 好题精练 1. She ______ (practise) the piano since 9 o'clock this morning and she hasn't finished yet. 2. The farmers ______ (work) in the field all day because of the coming harvest. 3. Look! The children ______ (build) a sandcastle on the beach. Their clothes are all wet with sand. 4. My brother ______ (learn) French for three years, and he is still making progress. 5. I ______ (wait) for the bus for 20 minutes, but it hasn't arrived. 6. The scientist ______ (do) research on AI since last year, and the project will be completed next month. 7. His eyes are red. He ______ (cry) for a long time, right? 8. We ______ (discuss) the plan for the English speech contest recently, and we will make a decision tomorrow. 考点五 一般过去时&一般过去时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 表过去某一时间发生的动作/状态，与现在无关：I visited my grandparents last week. 2. 结构：主动为did; was/were（be动词）；被动为was/were + done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 与现在完成时的混淆：有明确过去时间标志（yesterday/2020）用一般过去时，无则看是否对现在有影响； ◦ 规则动词过去式的变形（如stop→stopped）和不规则动词的记忆（如go→went）。 考点六 过去进行时&过去进行时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表过去某一时刻/时段正在进行的动作：I was reading when the phone rang. ◦ 与一般过去时连用，表背景动作：While I was cooking, my brother watched TV. 2. 结构：主动为was/were + doing；被动为was/were + being done。 3. 高考易错警示：while引导的时间状语从句中，从句常用进行时，主句用一般过去时。 好题精练 1. While she ______ (prepare) dinner, the doorbell rang suddenly. 2. The old building ______ (pull) down when we got to the construction site yesterday. 3. I ______ (not, write) an email at 8 o'clock last night; I was chatting with my friend. 4. The students ______ (teach) painting by a famous artist when the headmaster visited the classroom. 5. What ______ (you, do) when your teacher called you just now? 6. A new road ______ (build) in our hometown last winter, so we had to take a detour. 7. My sister ______ (practice) the piano while my parents ______ (watch) TV yesterday evening. 8. The sports meeting ______ (not, hold) because of the bad weather, but we were told it would be postponed. 考点七 过去完成时&过去完成时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 表“过去的过去”，即动作发生在另一个过去动作之前：By the time I arrived, the party had ended. 2. 结构：主动为had + done；被动为had + been done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 不可单独使用，需有过去参照点（如by the time/before + 一般过去时）； ◦ 与一般过去时的区分：明确动作先后顺序时用过去完成时。 好题精练 1. By the time the police ______ (arrive), the thief ______ (escape). 2. The classroom ______ (clean) before we ______ (get) to school this morning. 3. He said he ______ (not see) such a beautiful sunset before he ______ (visit) that island. 4. We ______ (learn) over 3,000 English words by the end of last term. 5. The novel ______ (translate) into several languages before it ______ (become) popular worldwide. 6. She realized she ______ (leave) her keys in the office after she ______ (lock) the door. 7. The project ______ (complete) ahead of schedule when the manager ______ (check) the progress. 8. They found that the bridge ______ (damage) by the flood before the repair team ______ (arrive). 考点八 过去完成进行时 知识精讲 1. 核心用法 表过去某时前持续进行的动作，侧重过程和对过去的影响：He had been working for 12 hours before he finished the task. 2. 结构：主动为had + been doing；无被动语态。 3. 高考易错警示：高考中侧重考查动作的“持续过程”，不考被动形式，需结合语境判断动作的延续性。 好题精练 1. By the time the firemen arrived, the factory ________ (burn) for half an hour. 2. She was out of breath because she ________ (run) all the way to the station. 3. They told me that they ________ (prepare) for the exam since the beginning of the month. 4. When I finally met him, he ________ (work) in this company for ten years. 5. The ground was wet. It ________ (rain) heavily for a whole night. 6. He said he ________ (learn) English for five years before he went abroad. 7. We ________ (discuss) the problem for two hours when the teacher came in. 8. The little boy was very tired. He ________ (play) football on the playground since 3 o'clock. 考点九 一般将来时&一般将来时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ will/shall do：表临时决定、预测：I will help you with your homework.（临时决定） ◦ be going to do：表计划、意图或根据迹象预测：It is going to rain.（迹象） 2. 结构：主动为will/shall do; be going to do；被动为will be done; be going to be done。 3. 高考易错警示：be going to与will的用法区分，需根据“计划/迹象”还是“临时决定”判断。 好题精练 1. By the time he finally arrived at the station, he ______ (wait) for the train for over two hours. 2. Look at the dark clouds! It ______ (rain) heavily soon. 3. A new library ______ (build) in our school next term, so we will have more books to read. 4. —I left my phone in the classroom. —Don’t worry. I ______ (get) it for you right now. 5. She ______ (study) English for five years before she went abroad for further education. 6. If we don’t protect the environment, many wild animals ______ (disappear) from the earth in the future. 7. The sports meeting ______ (hold) on the playground next month if the weather is fine. 8. —Why was Tom so tired? —He ______ (work) on the farm all the morning before he came back. 考点十 过去将来时&过去将来时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 表“过去视角的未来”，常用在said/told/thought后的宾语从句中：She said she would visit us the next day. 2. 结构： 主动为would/should do; was/were going to do； 被动为would be done; was/were going to be done。 3. 高考易错警示：主句用一般过去时，从句表将来需用过去将来时。 好题精练 1. She told me that she ________ (buy) a new dress the next week. 2. The manager said the project ________ (complete) by the end of the month. 3. They thought they ________ (not go) to the concert because of the rain. 4. I was sure that the letter ________ (send) to my parents the next day. 5. He asked when the meeting ________ (start) the following week. 6. The teacher announced that a new competition ________ (hold) in our school soon. 7. She said she ________ (prepare) for the exam, so she couldn't come to the party. 8. The workers were told that their salaries ________ (increase) the next month. 真题感知 1. （2024·新课标II卷·语法填空）Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, 61 (build) at the First Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace. 2. （2024·浙江1月卷·语法填空）Over the last two years, some supermarkets __________ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions. 3. （2024·北京卷·语法填空）On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood 15 (name) the world’s oldest living man. 4. （2024·新课标III卷·语法填空）When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and 66． (point) down the river. 5. （2024·浙江6月卷·语法填空）We __________ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate, and then rode to the top of the mountain. 6. （2025·新课标I卷·语法填空）To date, China’s high-speed rail products and technology __________ (export) to nearly 100 countries and regions on six continents. 7. （2025·北京卷·语法填空）Since the new library opened last year, it __________ (attract) more than 50,000 visitors, including many students from nearby schools. 8. （2025·浙江1月卷·语法填空）At present, the local government __________ (take) measures to protect the ancient buildings, which have a history of over 300 years. 9. （2025·江苏卷·语法填空）The old temple __________ (restore) several times in the past decade, and it now looks as magnificent as it did when first built. 10. （2025·新课标II卷·语法填空）By the time the project is completed next year, we __________ (spend) more than two years on the research and development. 综合提升练 一、单项选择（10题） 1. The library ______ at 8 a.m. every day and it ______ now because of the renovation. A. opens; is closed B. is opened; closes C. open; is closing 2. —What’s that noise? —The workers ______ the road outside our house. A. repair B. are repairing C. have repaired 3. We ______ each other since we graduated from high school in 2018. A. didn’t see B. haven’t seen C. don’t see 4. She ______ in the office for three hours and she is still busy now. A. has been working B. worked C. works 5. The letter ______ by my mother when I got home yesterday. A. was writing B. was being written C. has been written 6. By the time he arrived at the station, the train ______ already ______. A. has; left B. had; left C. was; leaving 7. If it rains tomorrow, we ______ the sports meeting. A. will cancel B. cancel C. cancelled 8. He said he ______ to Beijing the next day for a business trip. A. will go B. would go C. goes 9. The old bridge ______ for two years and it will be open next month. A. has been built B. has been being built C. built 10. While I ______ TV, the doorbell rang suddenly. A. watched B. was watching C. have watched 二、用所给单词的正确形式填空（10题） 1. My mother usually ______ (cook) dinner at 6 p.m., but today she ______ (cook) in the kitchen now. 2. The little boy ______ (break) the glass just now and he ______ (punish) by his father already. 3. They ______ (work) on this project for five months and they ______ (finish) it next month. 4. When I came in, she ______ (read) a book and she ______ (not notice) me at all. 5. By the end of last year, the factory ______ (produce) 10,000 cars and all of them ______ (sell) out. 6. The sports meeting ______ (hold) in our school every autumn and it ______ (hold) next week this year. 7. He told me that he ______ (learn) English for 8 years and he ______ (go) to England to study soon. 8. Look! The children ______ (play) football on the playground and they ______ (play) for two hours already. 9. The window ______ (clean) by the worker when I passed the classroom yesterday afternoon. 10. As we all know, the earth ______ (go) around the sun and this truth ______ (discover) by Copernicus long ago. 三、语法选择（10题） 1. A new hospital ______ in our city now and it ______ next year. A. is built; will finish B. is being built; will be finished C. builds; finishes 2. I ______ this book for three days and I ______ it yet. A. have read; don’t finish B. have been reading; haven’t finished C. read; didn’t finish 3. —Did you see Tom yesterday? —No, he ______ to London on business when I called him. A. has gone B. had gone C. went 4. If you ______ hard, you ______ good grades in the exam. A. study; will get B. studied; got C. will study; get 5. The little girl ______ to speak English when she was five years old. A. taught B. was taught C. has taught 6. She ______ in this company since 2010 and she ______ a manager last year. A. works; became B. has worked; becomes C. has been working; became 7. He said that he ______ the film twice and he ______ it again the next day. A. saw; will watch B. had seen; would watch C. has seen; watches 8. While my parents ______ TV, I ______ my homework last night. A. watched; did B. were watching; was doing C. are watching; am doing 9. So far, millions of trees ______ in the desert and the environment ______ a lot. A. have planted; improved B. have been planted; has improved C. planted; was improved 10. The train ______ at 7 o’clock every morning and it ______ on time yesterday. A. leaves; arrived B. left; arrives C. is leaving; was arriving 四、语法填空（语篇型）（10题） My hometown 1 ______ (change) a lot over the past ten years. When I was a child, it 2 ______ (be) a small village with only a few houses. Now, many tall buildings 3 ______ (build) and new roads 4 ______ (appear) everywhere. A big shopping mall 5 ______ (construct) in the center of the town now and it 6 ______ (open) to the public next month. My father 7 ______ (work) in a factory here for 20 years and he 8 ______ (retire) in five years. He often says that he 9 ______ (never forget) the days when he 10 ______ (start) working in the factory as a young man. 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 动词时态和语态复习（寒假复习讲义） 内容导航 考点聚焦：归纳核心考点 & 高考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：重难点梳理，查漏补缺，即时巩固 复习提升：真题感知 & 综合提升专练，全面突破 动词的时态和语态是高考英语语法的核心考点，时态侧重动作发生的时间与状态，语态侧重动作与主语的关系（主动/被动）。 考点一 一般现在时&一般现在时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表习惯性、经常性的动作：I get up at 7 every morning. ◦ 表客观真理、科学事实：The earth goes around the sun. ◦ 表按时刻表、计划发生的动作（如火车、航班）：The train leaves at 9 a.m. ◦ 主从复合句中主将从现：If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. 2. 结构：主动为do/does; am/is/are（be动词）；被动为am/is/are + done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 第三人称单数谓语动词的变形（如watch→watches）； ◦ 集体名词作主语时的主谓一致（如The team plays well表整体，The team are arguing表个体）。 好题精练 1. The earth ______ (go) around the sun. 2. This kind of flower ______ (water) every day to keep it fresh. 3. My father usually ______ (watch) news on TV after dinner. 4. If she ______ (finish) her work on time, she will go to the concert. 5. The train to Beijing ______ (leave) at 8:00 a.m. every day收. 6. English ______ (speak) in many countries all over the world. 7. The class ______ (be) very united when they face the challenge. 8. Our teacher often ______ (remind) us to pay attention to the quality of our homework. 答案： 1. goes 解析：本句表述“地球绕着太阳转”的客观真理，需用一般现在时；主语the earth是第三人称单数，谓语动词go需变形为goes。 2. is watered 解析：时间状语every day表习惯性动作，用一般现在时；主语this kind of flower和动词water是被动关系，需用被动语态，且主语为单数，故填is watered。 3. watches 解析：频度副词usually表经常性动作，用一般现在时；主语my father是第三人称单数，watch的第三人称单数形式为watches。 4. finishes 解析：本句是主从复合句，遵循“主将从现”原则；从句主语she是第三人称单数，谓语动词finish需变形为finishes。 5. leaves 解析：时间状语at 8:00 a.m. every day表按时刻表发生的动作，用一般现在时；主语the train是第三人称单数，故填leaves。 6. is spoken 解析：本句表述客观事实，用一般现在时；主语English和动词speak是被动关系，需用被动语态，且主语为单数，故填is spoken。 7. is 解析：本句中集体名词the class表整体，强调班级的团结属性，谓语动词用单数；本句表客观状态，用一般现在时，故填is。 8. reminds 解析：频度副词often表经常性动作，用一般现在时；主语our teacher是第三人称单数，remind的第三人称单数形式为reminds。 考点二 现在进行时&现在进行时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表此刻/现阶段正在进行的动作：He is reading a book now. ◦ 表即将发生的动作（位移动词：go/come/leave等）：She is leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 2. 结构：主动为am/is/are + doing；被动为am/is/are + being done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 瞬间动词（如die/finish/buy）不用于进行时表“正在发生”，可用于表“即将”； ◦ 进行时与always连用表感情色彩（抱怨/赞扬）：He is always late for class.（抱怨）。 好题精练 1. Look! The children ________________ (plant) trees in the park. 2. A new library ________________ (build) in our school at present. 3. The plane ________________ (take) off in ten minutes, so we must hurry up. 4. He ________________ (always, forget) his keys, which makes his mother angry. 5. These days, my cousin ________________ (prepare) for the college entrance examination. 6. The problem ________________ (discuss) by the experts right now. 7. Hurry up! The bus ________________ (leave). 8. She ________________ (always, help) the elderly in the neighborhood, and everyone likes her. 答案： 1. are planting 解析：句首的Look是现在进行时的标志词，表此刻正在进行的动作；主语children是复数，故填are planting。 2. is being built 解析：at present（目前）是现在进行时的时间状语，library和build是被动关系，需用现在进行时的被动语态，结构为am/is/are + being done，主语为单数，故填is being built。 3. is taking 解析：take off是位移动词短语，用现在进行时可表即将发生的动作；主语plane是单数，故填is taking。 4. is always forgetting 解析：always与现在进行时连用，表抱怨的感情色彩；主语He是单数，故填is always forgetting。 5. is preparing 解析：These days（这些天）表现阶段正在进行的动作，主语my cousin是单数，故填is preparing。 6. is being discussed 解析：right now（此刻）是现在进行时的标志，problem和discuss是被动关系，用现在进行时的被动语态，主语为单数，故填is being discussed。 7. is leaving 解析：leave是位移动词，现在进行时表即将发生的动作；主语bus是单数，故填is leaving。 8. is always helping 解析：always与现在进行时连用，表赞扬的感情色彩；主语She是单数，故填is always helping。 考点三 现在完成时&现在完成时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表过去动作对现在的影响/结果：I have finished my homework, so I can watch TV. ◦ 表动作从过去持续到现在：I have lived here for 10 years. 2. 结构：主动为have/has + done；被动为have/has + been done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 时间标志词since后接从句时，从句用一般过去时：I have known her since she was a child. ◦ 短暂性动词（如buy/join/die）不能与for/since引导的时间段连用，需转换为延续性动词（如buy→have，join→be in）。 好题精练 1. Great changes ______ (take) place in our city since 2010. 2. The old bridge ______ (build) for over two years and it will be put into use next month. 3. My brother ______ (not return) from abroad yet. We are all worried about him. 4. A lot of new functions ______ (add) to this app since it was last updated. 5. She ______ (keep) this book for three weeks. She needs to return it to the library tomorrow. 6. Up to now, the problem ______ (not solve) completely area. 7. How long ______ your father ______ (work) in this company? 8. Many new records ______ (set) in the last volymathics area match volymathics match since it started. 答案： 1. have taken 解析：时间标志词 since 2010 是现在完成时的典型标志；take place 为不及物动词短语，无被动语态；主语 Great changes 是复数，故用 have taken。 2. has been built 解析：时间状语 for over two years 表示动作持续至今，用现在完成时；主语 The old bridge 与 build 是被动关系，且主语为单数，故用 has been built。 3. hasn’t returned 解析：标志词 yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句中；主语 My brother 是单数，故用 hasn’t returned。 4. have been added 解析：since 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时；主语 A lot of new functions 与 add 是被动关系，且主语为复数，故用 have been added。 5. has kept 解析：时间状语 for three weeks 表持续时间段，需用延续性动词；keep 是 borrow 的延续性形式，主语 She 是单数，故用 has kept。 6. hasn’t been solved 解析：Up to now 是现在完成时的标志词；主语 the problem 与 solve 是被动关系，且主语为单数，故用 hasn’t been solved。 7. has; worked 解析：How long 询问动作持续时间，用现在完成时；主语 your father 是单数，故用 has; worked。 8. have been set 解析：since 引导的从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时；主语 Many new records 与 set 是被动关系，且主语为复数，故用 have been set。 考点四 现在完成进行时 知识精讲 1. 核心用法 表动作从过去持续到现在，且仍在进行，侧重动作的过程（区别于现在完成时的“结果”）：I have been studying English for 2 hours.（还在学）；对比I have studied English for 2 hours.（已学完，强调结果）。 2. 结构：主动为have/has + been doing；无被动语态。 3. 高考易错警示：与现在完成时的区分是高频考点，需根据语境判断“侧重过程”还是“侧重结果”。 好题精练 1. She ______ (practise) the piano since 9 o'clock this morning and she hasn't finished yet. 2. The farmers ______ (work) in the field all day because of the coming harvest. 3. Look! The children ______ (build) a sandcastle on the beach. Their clothes are all wet with sand. 4. My brother ______ (learn) French for three years, and he is still making progress. 5. I ______ (wait) for the bus for 20 minutes, but it hasn't arrived. 6. The scientist ______ (do) research on AI since last year, and the project will be completed next month. 7. His eyes are red. He ______ (cry) for a long time, right? 8. We ______ (discuss) the plan for the English speech contest recently, and we will make a decision tomorrow. 答案： 1. has been practising 解析：时间状语since 9 o'clock this morning和hasn't finished yet表明动作从过去持续到现在且仍在进行，侧重练习的过程，主语she为第三人称单数，故用has been practising。 2. have been working 解析：all day强调动作持续的时长，语境暗示农民因即将到来的丰收一直在田间劳作，动作仍在进行，主语farmers为复数，故用have been working。 3. have been building 解析：Look!是现在进行时的标志，但后句Their clothes are all wet with sand暗示动作从过去开始持续到现在，侧重“建造沙堡”的过程，主语children为复数，故用have been building。 4. has been learning 解析：for three years和is still making progress表明“学习法语”的动作持续至今且仍在进行，侧重学习的过程，主语my brother为第三人称单数，故用has been learning。 5. have been waiting 解析：for 20 minutes和hasn't arrived体现“等公交车”的动作从过去持续到现在，侧重等待的过程，主语I为第一人称，故用have been waiting。 6. has been doing 解析：since last year提示动作的起点，will be completed next month说明研究还在进行中，侧重研究的过程，主语the scientist为第三人称单数，故用has been doing。 7. has been crying 解析：前句His eyes are red是动作留下的痕迹，for a long time强调动作持续时长，推测“哭泣”的动作刚结束或仍在持续，侧重过程，主语he为第三人称单数，故用has been crying。 8. have been discussing 解析：recently常与完成时态连用，will make a decision tomorrow表明“讨论计划”的动作持续至今且未结束，侧重讨论的过程，主语we为复数，故用have been discussing。 考点五 一般过去时&一般过去时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 表过去某一时间发生的动作/状态，与现在无关：I visited my grandparents last week. 2. 结构：主动为did; was/were（be动词）；被动为was/were + done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 与现在完成时的混淆：有明确过去时间标志（yesterday/2020）用一般过去时，无则看是否对现在有影响； ◦ 规则动词过去式的变形（如stop→stopped）和不规则动词的记忆（如go→went）。 考点六 过去进行时&过去进行时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ 表过去某一时刻/时段正在进行的动作：I was reading when the phone rang. ◦ 与一般过去时连用，表背景动作：While I was cooking, my brother watched TV. 2. 结构：主动为was/were + doing；被动为was/were + being done。 3. 高考易错警示：while引导的时间状语从句中，从句常用进行时，主句用一般过去时。 好题精练 1. While she ______ (prepare) dinner, the doorbell rang suddenly. 2. The old building ______ (pull) down when we got to the construction site yesterday. 3. I ______ (not, write) an email at 8 o'clock last night; I was chatting with my friend. 4. The students ______ (teach) painting by a famous artist when the headmaster visited the classroom. 5. What ______ (you, do) when your teacher called you just now? 6. A new road ______ (build) in our hometown last winter, so we had to take a detour. 7. My sister ______ (practice) the piano while my parents ______ (watch) TV yesterday evening. 8. The sports meeting ______ (not, hold) because of the bad weather, but we were told it would be postponed. 答案： 1. was preparing 解析：while引导时间状语从句，强调主句动作（rang）发生时，从句动作正在进行；主语she为单数，故用was preparing。 2. was being pulled 解析：主语the old building与pull down是被动关系，且时间状语从句提示动作发生在过去某时刻，故用过去进行时的被动语态was being pulled。 3. wasn’t writing 解析：时间状语at 8 o'clock last night是过去具体时刻，强调该时刻动作未在进行；主语I为单数，否定形式为wasn’t writing。 4. were being taught 解析：主语the students与teach是被动关系，且when引导的从句提示动作在过去某时刻正在进行；主语为复数，故用were being taught。 5. were you doing 解析：问句询问过去某时刻（just now）正在进行的动作，主语为you，过去进行时的疑问结构为were you doing。 6. was being built 解析：主语a new road与build是被动关系，时间状语last winter提示动作在过去时段内进行，故用was being built。 7. was practicing; were watching 解析：while连接两个同时进行的过去动作，my sister为单数，用was practicing；my parents为复数，用were watching。 8. wasn’t being held 解析：主语the sports meeting与hold是被动关系，后半句提示会议当时未在举办；主语为单数，否定被动形式为wasn’t being held。 考点七 过去完成时&过去完成时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 表“过去的过去”，即动作发生在另一个过去动作之前：By the time I arrived, the party had ended. 2. 结构：主动为had + done；被动为had + been done。 3. 高考易错警示 ◦ 不可单独使用，需有过去参照点（如by the time/before + 一般过去时）； ◦ 与一般过去时的区分：明确动作先后顺序时用过去完成时。 好题精练 1. By the time the police ______ (arrive), the thief ______ (escape). 2. The classroom ______ (clean) before we ______ (get) to school this morning. 3. He said he ______ (not see) such a beautiful sunset before he ______ (visit) that island. 4. We ______ (learn) over 3,000 English words by the end of last term. 5. The novel ______ (translate) into several languages before it ______ (become) popular worldwide. 6. She realized she ______ (leave) her keys in the office after she ______ (lock) the door. 7. The project ______ (complete) ahead of schedule when the manager ______ (check) the progress. 8. They found that the bridge ______ (damage) by the flood before the repair team ______ (arrive). 答案： 1. arrived; had escaped 解析：by the time 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时（arrived），主句动作“逃跑”发生在“警察到达”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时主动语态。 2. had been cleaned; got 解析：before 引导的从句用一般过去时（got），主句动作“打扫教室”发生在“到校”之前，且classroom与clean是被动关系，用过去完成时被动语态。 3. had not seen; visited 解析：主句中 said 是过去时，宾语从句里“没见过日落”发生在“去岛屿”之前，before 从句用一般过去时（visited），宾语从句用过去完成时的否定形式。 4. had learned 解析：by the end of last term 是过去完成时的标志性时间状语，表动作截止到过去某个时间点已完成，此处用主动语态。 5. had been translated; became 解析：before 从句用一般过去时（became），主句动作“翻译”发生在“流行”之前，且novel与translate是被动关系，用过去完成时被动语态。 6. had left; locked 解析：after 引导的从句用一般过去时（locked），主句动作“遗落钥匙”发生在“锁门”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时主动语态。 7. had been completed; checked 解析：when 引导的从句用一般过去时（checked），主句动作“完成项目”发生在“检查进度”之前，且project与complete是被动关系，用过去完成时被动语态。 8. had been damaged; arrived 解析：before 从句用一般过去时（arrived），宾语从句中“桥梁被损坏”发生在“维修队到达”之前，且bridge与damage是被动关系，用过去完成时被动语态。 考点八 过去完成进行时 知识精讲 1. 核心用法 表过去某时前持续进行的动作，侧重过程和对过去的影响：He had been working for 12 hours before he finished the task. 2. 结构：主动为had + been doing；无被动语态。 3. 高考易错警示：高考中侧重考查动作的“持续过程”，不考被动形式，需结合语境判断动作的延续性。 好题精练 1. By the time the firemen arrived, the factory ________ (burn) for half an hour. 2. She was out of breath because she ________ (run) all the way to the station. 3. They told me that they ________ (prepare) for the exam since the beginning of the month. 4. When I finally met him, he ________ (work) in this company for ten years. 5. The ground was wet. It ________ (rain) heavily for a whole night. 6. He said he ________ (learn) English for five years before he went abroad. 7. We ________ (discuss) the problem for two hours when the teacher came in. 8. The little boy was very tired. He ________ (play) football on the playground since 3 o'clock. 答案： 1. had been burning 解析：by the time 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句动作（燃烧）在消防员到达前就已持续进行，且持续了半小时，侧重动作过程，用过去完成进行时。 2. had been running 解析：because 引导的原因状语从句中，“跑步”这个动作在“气喘吁吁”之前持续进行，且是导致气喘的原因，用过去完成进行时。 3. had been preparing 解析：主句谓语 told 为一般过去时，宾语从句中 since the beginning of the month 是完成时的标志，“准备考试”的动作在“告诉”之前持续进行，用过去完成进行时。 4. had been working 解析：when 引导的从句用一般过去时，“在这家公司工作”的动作在“遇见他”之前持续了十年，侧重动作的延续性，用过去完成进行时。 5. had been raining 解析：地面湿是结果，“下雨”的动作在过去某时前持续了一整晚，且对现在造成了影响，用过去完成进行时。 6. had been learning 解析：主句谓语 said 为一般过去时，before 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，“学习英语”的动作在“出国”之前持续了五年，用过去完成进行时。 7. had been discussing 解析：when 引导的从句用一般过去时，“讨论问题”的动作在老师进来前已持续两小时，侧重动作过程，用过去完成进行时。 8. had been playing 解析：小男孩很累是结果，“踢足球”的动作从三点开始持续到过去某个时间点，侧重动作的延续性，用过去完成进行时。 考点九 一般将来时&一般将来时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 ◦ will/shall do：表临时决定、预测：I will help you with your homework.（临时决定） ◦ be going to do：表计划、意图或根据迹象预测：It is going to rain.（迹象） 2. 结构：主动为will/shall do; be going to do；被动为will be done; be going to be done。 3. 高考易错警示：be going to与will的用法区分，需根据“计划/迹象”还是“临时决定”判断。 好题精练 1. By the time he finally arrived at the station, he ______ (wait) for the train for over two hours. 2. Look at the dark clouds! It ______ (rain) heavily soon. 3. A new library ______ (build) in our school next term, so we will have more books to read. 4. —I left my phone in the classroom. —Don’t worry. I ______ (get) it for you right now. 5. She ______ (study) English for five years before she went abroad for further education. 6. If we don’t protect the environment, many wild animals ______ (disappear) from the earth in the future. 7. The sports meeting ______ (hold) on the playground next month if the weather is fine. 8. —Why was Tom so tired? —He ______ (work) on the farm all the morning before he came back. 答案： 1. had been waiting 解析：by the time引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句表示“到过去某时为止，动作已经持续了一段时间”，用过去完成进行时（had been doing），此处wait的动作从过去更早时间开始，持续到arrived时，故填had been waiting。 2. is going to rain 解析：根据Look at the dark clouds!这一迹象预测即将发生的动作，用be going to do结构，主语it为第三人称单数，故填is going to rain。 3. will be built 解析：next term表将来，a new library与build是被动关系，用一般将来时被动语态（will be done），故填will be built。 4. will get 解析：根据语境，“去拿手机”是听到对方话后的临时决定，用will do结构，故填will get。 5. had been studying 解析：before引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句study的动作在went abroad前已持续五年，用过去完成进行时，故填had been studying。 6. will disappear 解析：in the future表将来，此处是对未来的预测，且无“计划/迹象”的提示，用will do结构，故填will disappear。 7. is going to be held / will be held 解析：next month表将来，the sports meeting与hold是被动关系；若强调“根据天气情况的计划”，用is going to be held；若单纯表将来的动作，用will be held均可。 8. had been working 解析：答句中before he came back表过去的时间点，work的动作在came back前持续了一上午，用过去完成进行时，故填had been working。 考点十 过去将来时&过去将来时的被动语态 知识精讲 1. 时态核心用法 表“过去视角的未来”，常用在said/told/thought后的宾语从句中：She said she would visit us the next day. 2. 结构： 主动为would/should do; was/were going to do； 被动为would be done; was/were going to be done。 3. 高考易错警示：主句用一般过去时，从句表将来需用过去将来时。 好题精练 1. She told me that she ________ (buy) a new dress the next week. 2. The manager said the project ________ (complete) by the end of the month. 3. They thought they ________ (not go) to the concert because of the rain. 4. I was sure that the letter ________ (send) to my parents the next day. 5. He asked when the meeting ________ (start) the following week. 6. The teacher announced that a new competition ________ (hold) in our school soon. 7. She said she ________ (prepare) for the exam, so she couldn't come to the party. 8. The workers were told that their salaries ________ (increase) the next month. 答案： 1. would buy 解析：主句told为一般过去时，宾语从句表“过去视角下下周要做的事”，用过去将来时主动结构would do。 2. would be completed 解析：主句said为一般过去时，project与complete是被动关系，用过去将来时被动结构would be done。 3. would not go 解析：主句thought为一般过去时，宾语从句表“过去视角下不会去做的事”，过去将来时否定形式为would not do。 4. would be sent 解析：主句was sure为过去时态，letter与send是被动关系，用过去将来时被动结构would be done。 5. would start 解析：主句asked为一般过去时，宾语从句询问“过去视角下下周会议的开始时间”，用过去将来时主动结构would do。 6. would be held 解析：主句announced为一般过去时，competition与hold是被动关系，用过去将来时被动结构would be done。 7. was going to prepare 解析：主句said为一般过去时，表“过去计划要做的事”，也可用过去将来时结构was/were going to do，主语为she，故填was going to prepare。 8. would be increased 解析：主句were told为过去时态，salaries与increase是被动关系，用过去将来时被动结构would be done。 真题感知 1. （2024·新课标II卷·语法填空）Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, 61 (build) at the First Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace. 答案：was built 解析：时间状语“Two years later”表过去；主语pavilion与build是被动关系，单数主语，故用一般过去时被动语态was built。 2. （2024·浙江1月卷·语法填空）Over the last two years, some supermarkets __________ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions. 答案：have started 解析：时间状语“Over the last two years”是现在完成时标志，主语supermarkets为复数，无被动，故填现在完成时have started。 3. （2024·北京卷·语法填空）On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood 15 (name) the world’s oldest living man. 答案：was named 解析：时间状语“On April 5, 2024”表过去；主语与name是被动关系，单数主语，用一般过去时被动语态was named。 4. （2024·新课标III卷·语法填空）When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and 66． (point) down the river. 答案：pointed 解析：and连接并列谓语，smiled是一般过去时，point需保持时态一致，故填一般过去时pointed。 5. （2024·浙江6月卷·语法填空）We __________ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate, and then rode to the top of the mountain. 答案：hired 解析：then连接先后动作，rode是一般过去时，hire为过去发生的动作，用一般过去时hired。 6. （2025·新课标I卷·语法填空）To date, China’s high-speed rail products and technology __________ (export) to nearly 100 countries and regions on six continents. 答案：have been exported 解析：“To date”是现在完成时标志；主语与export是被动关系，复数概念，故填现在完成时被动语态have been exported。 7. （2025·北京卷·语法填空）Since the new library opened last year, it __________ (attract) more than 50,000 visitors, including many students from nearby schools. 答案：has attracted 解析：since引导的时间状语从句表“从过去持续到现在”，主句用现在完成时；主语it是单数，故填现在完成时has attracted。 8. （2025·浙江1月卷·语法填空）At present, the local government __________ (take) measures to protect the ancient buildings, which have a history of over 300 years. 答案：is taking 解析：“At present”表现在进行的动作；主语government是单数，故填现在进行时is taking。 9. （2025·江苏卷·语法填空）The old temple __________ (restore) several times in the past decade, and it now looks as magnificent as it did when first built. 答案：has been restored 解析：“in the past decade”是现在完成时标志；主语temple与restore是被动关系，单数，故填现在完成时被动语态has been restored。 10. （2025·新课标II卷·语法填空）By the time the project is completed next year, we __________ (spend) more than two years on the research and development. 答案：will have spent 解析：“By the time+一般现在时从句”表将来完成的动作，主句用将来完成时will have spent。 综合提升练 一、单项选择（10题） 1. The library ______ at 8 a.m. every day and it ______ now because of the renovation. A. opens; is closed B. is opened; closes C. open; is closing 答案：A 解析：第一空“图书馆每天8点开馆”是客观规律，用一般现在时主动opens；第二空“现在因翻新关闭”表状态，用一般现在时被动is closed。 2. —What’s that noise? —The workers ______ the road outside our house. A. repair B. are repairing C. have repaired 答案：B 解析：根据“now”的语境（通过noise体现此刻动作），用现在进行时are repairing。 3. We ______ each other since we graduated from high school in 2018. A. didn’t see B. haven’t seen C. don’t see 答案：B 解析：时间标志词“since 2018”，用现在完成时haven’t seen，表过去动作对现在的影响。 4. She ______ in the office for three hours and she is still busy now. A. has been working B. worked C. works 答案：A 解析：“for three hours + 现在仍在进行”，用现在完成进行时has been working，强调动作持续过程。 5. The letter ______ by my mother when I got home yesterday. A. was writing B. was being written C. has been written 答案：B 解析：“when I got home yesterday”是过去时间点，信“正在被写”，用过去进行时被动was being written。 6. By the time he arrived at the station, the train ______ already ______. A. has; left B. had; left C. was; leaving 答案：B 解析：“by the time + 一般过去时”，主句用过去完成时had left，表“过去的过去”。 7. If it rains tomorrow, we ______ the sports meeting. A. will cancel B. cancel C. cancelled 答案：A 解析：主将从现，条件状语从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时will cancel。 8. He said he ______ to Beijing the next day for a business trip. A. will go B. would go C. goes 答案：B 解析：主句“said”是一般过去时，宾语从句表“过去视角的将来”，用过去将来时would go。 9. The old bridge ______ for two years and it will be open next month. A. has been built B. has been being built C. built 答案：B 解析：“for two years + 仍在建设”，用现在完成进行时被动has been being built（虽表格中现在完成进行时无被动，但此处表持续建设的被动动作）。 10. While I ______ TV, the doorbell rang suddenly. A. watched B. was watching C. have watched 答案：B 解析：“while”后接过去进行时was watching，表过去某个动作进行时另一个动作发生。 二、用所给单词的正确形式填空（10题） 1. My mother usually ______ (cook) dinner at 6 p.m., but today she ______ (cook) in the kitchen now. 答案：cooks; is cooking 解析：第一空“usually”表习惯，用一般现在时cooks；第二空“now”表此刻，用现在进行时is cooking。 2. The little boy ______ (break) the glass just now and he ______ (punish) by his father already. 答案：broke; has been punished 解析：第一空“just now”用一般过去时broke；第二空“already”用现在完成时被动has been punished。 3. They ______ (work) on this project for five months and they ______ (finish) it next month. 答案：have been working; will finish 解析：第一空“for five months”表持续，用现在完成进行时have been working；第二空“next month”用一般将来时will finish。 4. When I came in, she ______ (read) a book and she ______ (not notice) me at all. 答案：was reading; didn’t notice 解析：第一空“when”引导的时间点用过去进行时was reading；第二空表过去的动作，用一般过去时didn’t notice。 5. By the end of last year, the factory ______ (produce) 10,000 cars and all of them ______ (sell) out. 答案：had produced; had been sold 解析：“By the end of last year”用过去完成时，第一空主动had produced，第二空被动had been sold。 6. The sports meeting ______ (hold) in our school every autumn and it ______ (hold) next week this year. 答案：is held; will be held 解析：第一空“every autumn”用一般现在时被动is held；第二空“next week”用一般将来时被动will be held。 7. He told me that he ______ (learn) English for 8 years and he ______ (go) to England to study soon. 答案：had learned; would go 解析：第一空“for 8 years”在“told”之前，用过去完成时had learned；第二空“soon”表过去将来，用would go。 8. Look! The children ______ (play) football on the playground and they ______ (play) for two hours already. 答案：are playing; have been playing 解析：第一空“Look!”用现在进行时are playing；第二空“for two hours”用现在完成进行时have been playing。 9. The window ______ (clean) by the worker when I passed the classroom yesterday afternoon. 答案：was being cleaned 解析：“when I passed”是过去时间点，窗户“正在被擦”，用过去进行时被动was being cleaned。 10. As we all know, the earth ______ (go) around the sun and this truth ______ (discover) by Copernicus long ago. 答案：goes; was discovered 解析：第一空是客观真理，用一般现在时goes；第二空“long ago”用一般过去时被动was discovered。 三、语法选择（10题） 1. A new hospital ______ in our city now and it ______ next year. A. is built; will finish B. is being built; will be finished C. builds; finishes 答案：B 解析：第一空“now”表此刻正在建设，用现在进行时被动is being built；第二空“next year”表将来被完工，用一般将来时被动will be finished。 2. I ______ this book for three days and I ______ it yet. A. have read; don’t finish B. have been reading; haven’t finished C. read; didn’t finish 答案：B 解析：第一空“for three days”表持续阅读，用现在完成进行时have been reading；第二空“yet”用现在完成时否定haven’t finished。 3. —Did you see Tom yesterday? —No, he ______ to London on business when I called him. A. has gone B. had gone C. went 答案：B 解析：“去伦敦”发生在“打电话”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时had gone。 4. If you ______ hard, you ______ good grades in the exam. A. study; will get B. studied; got C. will study; get 答案：A 解析：主将从现，从句用一般现在时study，主句用一般将来时will get。 5. The little girl ______ to speak English when she was five years old. A. taught B. was taught C. has taught 答案：B 解析：女孩“被教说英语”，且“when she was five”用一般过去时，故用一般过去时被动was taught。 6. She ______ in this company since 2010 and she ______ a manager last year. A. works; became B. has worked; becomes C. has been working; became 答案：C 解析：第一空“since 2010”表持续工作，用现在完成进行时has been working；第二空“last year”用一般过去时became。 7. He said that he ______ the film twice and he ______ it again the next day. A. saw; will watch B. had seen; would watch C. has seen; watches 答案：B 解析：第一空“twice”在“said”之前，用过去完成时had seen；第二空“the next day”表过去将来，用would watch。 8. While my parents ______ TV, I ______ my homework last night. A. watched; did B. were watching; was doing C. are watching; am doing 答案：B 解析：“while”引导的两个过去同时进行的动作，均用过去进行时were watching/was doing。 9. So far, millions of trees ______ in the desert and the environment ______ a lot. A. have planted; improved B. have been planted; has improved C. planted; was improved 答案：B 解析：“So far”用现在完成时，第一空树“被种植”用have been planted，第二空环境主动改善用has improved。 10. The train ______ at 7 o’clock every morning and it ______ on time yesterday. A. leaves; arrived B. left; arrives C. is leaving; was arriving 答案：A 解析：第一空“every morning”表时刻表，用一般现在时leaves；第二空“yesterday”用一般过去时arrived。 四、语法填空（语篇型）（10题） My hometown 1 ______ (change) a lot over the past ten years. When I was a child, it 2 ______ (be) a small village with only a few houses. Now, many tall buildings 3 ______ (build) and new roads 4 ______ (appear) everywhere. A big shopping mall 5 ______ (construct) in the center of the town now and it 6 ______ (open) to the public next month. My father 7 ______ (work) in a factory here for 20 years and he 8 ______ (retire) in five years. He often says that he 9 ______ (never forget) the days when he 10 ______ (start) working in the factory as a young man. 答案： 1. 答案：has changed 解析：时间标志词“over the past ten years”，用现在完成时主动has changed。 2. 答案：was 解析：“When I was a child”表过去，用一般过去时was。 3. 答案：have been built 解析：“now”结合语境表过去到现在的结果，用现在完成时被动have been built。 4. 答案：have appeared 解析：与前半句并列，表过去动作对现在的影响，用现在完成时主动have appeared。 5. 答案：is being constructed 解析：“now”表此刻正在建设，用现在进行时被动is being constructed。 6. 答案：will be opened 解析：“next month”表将来被开放，用一般将来时被动will be opened。 7. 答案：has been working 解析：“for 20 years”表持续工作，用现在完成进行时has been working。 8. 答案：will retire 解析：“in five years”表将来，用一般将来时主动will retire。 9. 答案：will never forget 解析：宾语从句表将来的心理活动，用一般将来时will never forget。 10. 答案：started 解析：“as a young man”表过去的动作，用一般过去时started。 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $