内容正文:
易错07 定语从句(3大易错点+易错闯关练)
目录
第一部分 易错点剖析.....................................................................................................1
易错典题 避错攻略 举一反三
易错01:关系代词与关系副词的混淆..........................................................................1
易错02:介词 + 关系代词结构...................................................................................4
易错03:as 引导的定语从句用法................................................................................6
第二部分 易错点闯关....................................................................................................10
易错01:关系代词与关系副词的混淆
易错典题
【例】
(2023·天津·高考真题)Kenny still remembers the class discussion________the teacher asked students to share what they wanted to be when they grew up.
A.why B.which C.that D.where
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:Kenny仍然记得课堂上的讨论,老师要求学生们分享他们长大后想成为什么样的人。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词the class discussion。先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,意为“在课堂讨论中”,是“模糊地点”,所以用关系副词where (相当于 “in which” 或 “during which” 的意思)引导定语从句。故选D。
【错因分析】
A. why → 表示原因,用在这里不合适,因为这里不是解释讨论的原因。
B. which → 在定语从句中,如果先行词是物,可以用 which,但此时它在从句中要充当主语或宾语,而本从句不缺主宾语,更缺的是状语(在那次讨论中)。
C. that → that 在定语从句中作主语或宾语,而不能直接当时间/地点状语,因为从句已经有主语the teacher和宾语 students,所以这里不可以用that。
避错攻略
【方法总结】
缺主/宾/表语:用关系代词(which/that/who/whom/whose)。
缺状语:用关系副词(when-时间,where-地点,why-原因)。
判断步骤:
第一步:找到先行词(被修饰的那个词)。
第二步:写出完整的定语从句(假设没有连接词)。
第三步:判断从句与先行词的关系,即“把先行词代入到从句中看充当什么角色”。
【干货必记】
· 选择关系词的关键,不是看先行词本身是什么,而是要看这个关系词在后面的定语从句中充当什么句子成分。
关系代词:在从句中充当 主语、宾语、表语。
who/whom:指人(who作主语/宾语,whom作宾语)。
which:指物。
that:指人或物。
whose:表示所属关系,相当于“...的”。
关系副词:在从句中充当 状语。
when:表示时间,相当于“介词 + which”(如 in/on/at which)。
where:表示地点,相当于“介词 + which”(如 in/on/at which)。
why:表示原因,相当于“for which”。
例1:The day ______ we spent together was wonderful.
先行词:The day 完整从句:We spent ______ together. (spent是及物动词,后面缺宾语)
判断:先行词“the day”代入后,做 spent 的宾语。
答案:关系代词 (which/that),因为从句缺宾语。
· 先行词为模糊地点
“模糊地点”不是像 “school, park” 这样的具体地点,而是抽象地、隐喻性地表示“场合、情形、阶段、方面”的名词。它们通常描绘一种情境、背景或范围,而不是物理位置。
常见“模糊地点”先行词包括:
case (情况,事例)situation (形势,处境) point (阶段,地步,观点) stage (阶段,时期)
position (处境,地位) condition (状况,条件) activity (活动) system (体系) business (行业,生意场合) discussion (讨论),scene(情景)。
如何判断用 where 还是 which/that?
核心方法依然是“代入还原法”:把先行词代入到定语从句中,看它充当什么成分。
情况一:用关系副词 where (= in/at/on which)
判断依据:先行词代入从句后,在逻辑上相当于 “在...中/上/情况下”,作地点/场合状语。
本质:从句本身主谓宾齐全,不缺主干成分,只缺一个表示“在这个范围内/情况下”的状语。
I can think of many cases where students obviously knew the rule but still made mistakes.
情况二:用关系代词 which/that
判断依据:先行词代入从句后,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
本质:从句缺少主干成分(主/宾/表)。
The situation that\which you described is very complicated.
举一反三
1.(2024·天津南开·二模)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _________ his employees enjoy their work.
A.where B.which C.when D.that
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:公司老板正在努力营造一种轻松的氛围,让他的员工在其中享受工作。根据句意及主句谓语动词is和空后谓语动词enjoy可知,空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词atmosphere“氛围”,先行词表地点或环境,空处表工作的环境或氛围,在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where来引导定语从句。故选A。
2.(2024·天津河西·二模)John is so selfish that he has reached a point ______ no one in our team wants to talk with him.
A.where B.why C.that D.which
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:约翰是如此自私,以至于他达到了一个我们团队里没有人想和他说话的地步。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词point,先行词表示模糊地点,关系词在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导从句。故选A项。
3.(2024·天津·二模)The masterpiece in the exhibition absolutely showed us a vivid scene __________ our ancestors went hunting and resisted the wild beast.
A.when B.why C.which D.where
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这次展出的这幅杰作向我们生动地展示了我们的祖先去狩猎和抵抗野兽的情景。此处引导限制性定语从句,先行词为scene,为模糊地点,从句中不缺少主语或宾语,应用关系副词where引导,作地点状语。故选D。
易错02:介词 + 关系代词结构
易错典题
【例】(2021·天津·高考真题)William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A.from which B.in which C.with whom D.for whom
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过,历史会告诉我们过去的错误,我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知,past mistakes为先行词,_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句,从句中谓语动词can learn可知,要从过去的错误中学习,learn from“从……中学习”,可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。
【错因分析】
选了 B(in which):可能混淆了 learn in 与 learn from,或者误以为先行词在从句中作地点状语(in the mistakes),但实际上 learn 与 mistakes 之间是 from 的关系,不是 in。
选了 C/D(whom):可能是看错了先行词,误以为修饰人,或者没注意先行词是 mistakes(物)。
避错攻略
【方法总结】
动/形/名搭配:介词取决于从句中与先行词相关的动词、形容词或名词的固定搭配(如:look for, be proud of, solution to)。
语义逻辑:有时需根据句意判断介词,表示时间、地点、方式等(如:the year in which)。
固定短语:关系词与介词构成非限制性定语从句中的固定表达(如:during which, without which)。
关键规则:介词后只能用 which(物)或 whom(人),绝对不能用 that 或 who。
【干货必记】
介词后只能用 which (指物) 或 whom (指人),绝对不能用 that 或 who。
选择介词的规律:
规律一:看定语从句中动词/形容词的固定搭配 (最重要)
介词与从句中的动词或形容词构成固定短语。
This is the problem about which we have talked.
→ 还原:We have talked about the problem. (talk about 是固定搭配)
如何判断:把先行词代入从句,看与哪个词构成搭配。
规律二:看先行词的固定搭配
介词与先行词构成固定搭配。
I’ll never forget the day on which we first met. (在某一天)
on the day 是固定搭配。
如何判断:将“介词 + 先行词”看作一个整体,看是否符合表达习惯。
规律三:根据从句意思需要,选用有含义的介词
当没有固定搭配时,根据句意选择表示时间、地点、方式、原因等的介词。
The tool with which he fixed the bike is mine. (用…工具)
表示“使用”工具。
规律四:在非限制性定语从句中,“介词 + which” 可指代整个主句
此时,which 指代前面整个句子,介词根据逻辑关系选择(常见的有 after, before, during, at, for, without 等)。
He passed the exam, for which he was praised. (他通过了考试,为此受到了表扬。)
for which 中的 for 表示原因。
举一反三
1.(25-26高三上·天津西青·阶段练习)The research explores the degree ________ modern technology has influenced education over the past 30 years.
A.in which B.where C.to which D.that
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这项研究探讨了在过去30年里现代技术对教育影响的程度。“ modern technology has influenced education over the past 30 years”是限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the degree,先行词在定语从句中作程度状语,表示“到……程度上”,用“to which”引导定语从句,相当于“to…degree”。故填C。
2.(24-25高三下·天津武清·月考)Although modern technology could help produce more crops, these terraces still mean a lot to local people ________ traditions hold much value.
A.on which B.with whom C.in which D.for whom
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:虽然现代技术可以帮助生产更多的农作物,但这些梯田对当地人来说仍然意义重大,因为传统对他们来说很有价值。此处引导定语从句,先行词为local people,从句的意思为“传统对当地人来说很有价值”,故应用介词for+whom引导定语从句,介词for意为“对……来说”,whom指代先行词,关系词在定语从句中作介词for的宾语。故选D。
3.(24-25高三上·天津河北·期末)Many of his ideas may seem like building castles in the air, but given the rate ______ artificial intelligence is being developed, these ideas may actually come true in the future.
A.of which B.at which C.in which D.to which
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:他的许多想法可能看起来像是空中楼阁,但考虑到人工智能的发展速度,这些想法可能在未来成为现实。at the rate是一个固定搭配,表示“以……的速度。所以这里用at which引导定语从句,修饰先行词the rate。故选B。
易错03:as 与 which 在非限制性定语从句中的区别
易错典题
【例】
(24-25高二下·天津滨海新·阶段练习)__________ Benjamin Franklin put it, “A house is not a home unless it contains food and fire for the mind as well as the body.”
A.What B.As C.Where D.Which
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:正如本杰明·富兰克林所言:“房子不是家,除非里面有食物和火,既可以供给我们的身体,也可以供给我们的心灵”。该空引导非限制性定语从句放句首,意为“正如”,用关系代词as引导从句,指代后面引号里的整个句子,并且在从句中作宾语(put 的宾语)。构成固定句型as sb. put(s) it (正如某人所说)。故选B项。
【错因分析】
A.What意思是“……的东西/事情”,引导名词性从句,在从句中作主语/宾语。但这里 Benjamin Franklin put it 已经是一个完整的主谓宾结构(it 是宾语),如果填 What,句子就变成:What Benjamin Franklin put it, “...”语法不通,因为 what 和 it 重复作宾语,且整句缺少主句动词或逻辑不通。所以排除。
C.Where引导地点状语从句或定语从句,这里没有地点的含义,排除。
D.Which引导定语从句必须修饰前面的先行词,但这里逗号前没有名词作先行词,如果 which 指代后面引号的内容,则放在句首时 which 不能这样用(which 不能放在主句之前引导一个非限制性定语从句),语法错误。
避错攻略
【方法总结】
such/same 后面跟 as,定语从句紧相连。
as 引导非限制,句首句中任我行,“正如”含义在其中。
which 只能放句后,as/which 区别要记清。
【干货必记】
as 作为关系代词,在定语从句中通常充当主语、宾语或表语。它的先行词可以是一个名词,也可以是整个主句或部分概念。这是它与 which/that 最大的不同。
as 引导限制性定语从句
1. 结构模式
先行词 + as + 从句
此时,as 的先行词是前面一个具体的名词。这类结构通常与主句中的 such, the same, so, as 等词搭配使用,构成固定搭配。
2. 常见固定句型(必须掌握)
such...as... (像……这样的……)
He is not such a fool as he looks. (他不是看起来那样的傻瓜。)
as 在从句中作 looks 的表语。
the same...as... (和……相同的……)
This is the same book as I lost yesterday. (这和我昨天丢的那本书是一样的。)
as 在从句中作 lost 的宾语。
so/as...as... (在否定或疑问句中,第一个 as 常被 so 替代)
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. (这里有一块没人能举起来的大石头。)
3. 语法功能
在这种限制性定语从句中,as 是关系代词,在从句中必须充当一个成分(主/宾/表)。不能省略。
as 引导非限制性定语从句
1. 结构模式
As + 从句, + 主句。 或 主句, + as + 从句。
此时,as 的先行词是整个主句所表达的概念。as 引导的从句位置非常灵活,可以置于主句之前、之后或之中(作插入语)。
2. 核心含义
表示 “正如……那样”,对主句内容进行附加说明、评论或引出已知信息。
3. 经典位置与例句
置于句首(最常见,有“正如所…”的意味)
As we all know, the earth is round. (众所周知,地球是圆的。)
置于句中(作插入语)
The man, as you described, was very tall. (那个人,正如你所描述的,个子很高。)
置于句末
She is very careful, as her work shows. (她非常细心,这从她的工作中可以看出。)
as\which 引导非限定性定语从句的区别:
举一反三
1.(24-25高三上·天津北辰·阶段练习)The great Pyramid is such a famous place of interest in the world ______ every tourist dreams of paying a visit to.
A.where B.that C.what D.as
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:大金字塔是世界上著名的名胜古迹,每个游客都梦想着去参观。该空引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a famous place of interest,先行词指物,关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作宾语,先行词被such修饰,应用关系代词as引导从句。故选D。
2.(2021·天津南开·模拟预测)The result is not the same they had expected, was rather disappointing.
A.what, as B.as, that C.that, which D.as, which
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:结果和他们预期的不一样,这是相当令人失望的。分析句子可知,“ they had expected”为限制性定语从句,先行词为“the same”,当先行词是the same或者先行词被the same, as much/many修饰时,关系代词应用as。“ was rather disappointing.”是非限制性定语从句,结合句意,指代前面整个句子,从句中作主语,应用which引导非限制性定语从句。综上,故选D项。
3.(19-20高三上·天津·阶段练习)Because of health problems, Peter cannot continue to work at the same full pace he has done up to now.
A.as B.which C.when D.where
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:由于健康问题,彼得不能继续像现在这样全速工作了。A. as像……一样;B. which……的那个;C. when那时;D. where在那里。分析句子可知,此处考查引导定语从句的关系词,指代先行词pace,在后面的定语从句中作宾语,但是前面有the same修饰,故应用as来引导定语从句,the same…as意为“与……相同”。故选A项。
1.(2024·天津滨海新·三模)True equality and excellent education are timeless issues ______ we should strive for and gain further insights into.
A.where B.why C.when D.which
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:真正的平等和卓越的教育是我们应该努力追求并进一步深入了解的时代课题。分析句子结构可知,空处引导限定性定语从句,修饰先行词issues。先行词指物,在定语从句中作宾语,所以用关系代词which引导该从句。故选D。
2.(2024·天津和平·一模)I know I’ve put my passport in a place ______ I thought it would be safe, but now I can’t remember it.
A.which B.that C.where D.what
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我知道我把护照放在了一个我认为安全的地方,但现在我记不起来了。分析句子结构可知,本空引导限制性定语从句,先行词是place,关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导。故选C。
3.(2024·天津河西·三模)After getting back to her hometown after graduation, Jenny finds it is no longer the village ______ it used to be.
A.that B.where
C.what D.how
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:毕业回到家乡后,珍妮发现它不再是以前的那个村庄了。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导限制性定语从句,village是先行词,从句中缺少表语,因此使用关系代词that引导定语从句,故选A项。
4.(21-22高三·天津·期末)We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A.where B.when C.which D.that
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们生活在一个信息比以往任何时候都更加容易得到的时代。空格处是定语从句,先行词是age,表示抽象的时间,在从句中缺少时间状语,因此要用when。故选B。
5.(2022·天津和平·一模)He has been preparing for the conference since last week ________ he will deliver a speech on the reform of the company.
A.where B.that C.when D.which
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:从上周开始,他一直在为会议做准备,他将在会上就公司的改革发表演讲。分析句子可知,此处引导限制性定语从句,先行词为the conference,在从句中作地点状语,意为“在会上”,所以此处用关系副词where引导从句。故选A。
6.(22-23高一上·天津红桥·期末)Eventually, the butterfly manages to reach the places ______ it will spend the winter.
A.which B.what C.where D.that
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:最后,蝴蝶设法到达它将要过冬的地方。分析句子结构可知,先行词是the places表地点,从句当中主语是it,谓语是will spend,宾语是the winter,所以从句当中应该用关系副词where来作地点状语。故选C。
7.(22-23高一上·天津红桥·期末)I still remember the day _______ I first came to senior high.
A.where B.on which C.for which D.whose
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我还记得我第一次上高中的那一天。分析句子结构,这是一个包含定语从句的复合句,先行词为day,因空白处在定语从句中作状语指时间,使用关系副词when或者“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,根据逻辑关系,定语从句与先行词之间缺少介词on,所以使用on which引导定语从句,故选B项。
8.(2023·天津·模拟预测)I have sent her several letters, ________ she hasn’t replied so far, so I feel a little sad.
A.with which B.in which C.to which D.on which
【答案】C
【详解】考查“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句意:我给她写了好几封信,她到现在还没有回信,所以我有点难过。分析句子可知,此处为“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句,其中replied to letters是固定短语,意为“回信”,故将介词to放在which前,先行词letters在从句作replied to的宾语。故选C项。
9.(2022·天津南开·一模)There are many mysteries about dinosaurs ________ we long to find explanations.
A.to which B.that C.with which D.for which
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:关于恐龙有许多谜团,我们渴望找到解释。分析句子成分可知,空处应为关系词引导定语从句,指代先行词“mysteries”,且在定语从句中充当介词for的宾语,因为固定用法explanations for sth. “……的解释”。故选D。
10.(21-22高三上·天津·期中)We will never forget the Zhugangao Grand Bridge________ we have been devoted in the past few years.
A.without which B.from which C.to which D.of which
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们永远不会忘记这几年我们为之付出的港珠澳大桥。分析句子可知,空处填介词+关系代词来引导的定语从句,先行词是 Zhugangao Grand Bridge指物,且be devoted to…“致力于……”是固定搭配,故此处将介词to提前,用to which引导该从句。故选C项。
11.(23-24高二上·天津和平·期末)Consumers think highly of this auto company, ________expense the problem cars under guarantee are repaired.
A.at which B.at whose C.for which D.for whose
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:消费者对这一汽车行业的评价很高,在保修期内的问题车都是由他们来修理的。分析句子可知,先行词是auto industry,名词expense前面缺少定语,所以用关系代词whose修饰expense作定语,at one’s expense of是固定短语,意为“由……负担费用”,此处表示由汽车行业来负责维修问题车辆的费用。故选B。
12.(2019·天津河西·一模)This was returned because the person ________ this letter was addressed had died three years ago.
A.to whom B.to which
C.which D.whom
【答案】A
【详解】考查介词+关系代词。句意:这封信被退回来是因为收信人三年前去世了。分析句子可知,the person为先行词,在后面的定语从句中,作介词的宾语,而定语从句中涉及be address to sb“给……写信”。所以介词为to。故A选项正确。
13.(23-24高二上·天津·期末)________is announced in today’s newspaper, we have launched another man-made satellite.
A.That B.As C.It D.What
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:正如今天报纸所宣布的那样,我们发射了另一颗人造卫星。分析句子结构可知,此处应为连词引导非限制性定语从句,从句中缺少主语,所以使用关系代词,结合句意,先行词为后面的主句,且此处有“正如”的意思,应用关系代词as。故选B项。
14.(2022·天津·模拟预测)The number of smokers, ______ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A.where B.which C.what D.as
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:正如报道的那样,烟民的数量已经在一年内减少了17%。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句内容,从句缺少主语,且要表达“正如”之意,应用as引导。故选D。
15.(2021·天津和平·三模)________ is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses, but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
A.As B.It C.Which D.What
【答案】A
【详解】考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意:在中东,阿拉伯人通过互摸鼻子来打招呼,这在其他文化中是不礼貌的。分析可知,________ is widely accepted在句中为定语从句,从句缺少主语,指代整个句子“in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses”,结合选项,as和which都可以指代整个句子,在引导非限制性定语从句时,which引导的非限制性定语从句置于主句之后,as引导的从句则可以置于句首。故选A。
16.(2021·天津河西·二模)Stress is everywhere and in fact it isn't such a bad thing ________ it is often supposed to be.
A.that B.as C.what D.which
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:压力无处不在,事实上它并不像人们认为的那样是一件坏事。分析句子结构以及句意可知,此空引导定语从句,先行词是a bad thing,在从句中做be后表语,结合选项,用关系代词引导,且先行词前有such修饰,所以此处只能用as引导,故选B。
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易错07 定语从句(3大易错点+易错闯关练)
目录
第一部分 易错点剖析.....................................................................................................1
易错典题 避错攻略 举一反三
易错01:关系代词与关系副词的混淆..........................................................................1
易错02:介词 + 关系代词结构...................................................................................3
易错03:as 引导的定语从句用法................................................................................5
第二部分 易错点闯关....................................................................................................8
易错01:关系代词与关系副词的混淆
易错典题
【例】
(2023·天津·高考真题)Kenny still remembers the class discussion________the teacher asked students to share what they wanted to be when they grew up.
A.why B.which C.that D.where
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:Kenny仍然记得课堂上的讨论,老师要求学生们分享他们长大后想成为什么样的人。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词the class discussion。先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,意为“在课堂讨论中”,是“模糊地点”,所以用关系副词where (相当于 “in which” 或 “during which” 的意思)引导定语从句。故选D。
【错因分析】
A. why → 表示原因,用在这里不合适,因为这里不是解释讨论的原因。
B. which → 在定语从句中,如果先行词是物,可以用 which,但此时它在从句中要充当主语或宾语,而本从句不缺主宾语,更缺的是状语(在那次讨论中)。
C. that → that 在定语从句中作主语或宾语,而不能直接当时间/地点状语,因为从句已经有主语the teacher和宾语 students,所以这里不可以用that。
避错攻略
【方法总结】
缺主/宾/表语:用关系代词(which/that/who/whom/whose)。
缺状语:用关系副词(when-时间,where-地点,why-原因)。
判断步骤:
第一步:找到先行词(被修饰的那个词)。
第二步:写出完整的定语从句(假设没有连接词)。
第三步:判断从句与先行词的关系,即“把先行词代入到从句中看充当什么角色”。
【干货必记】
· 选择关系词的关键,不是看先行词本身是什么,而是要看这个关系词在后面的定语从句中充当什么句子成分。
关系代词:在从句中充当 主语、宾语、表语。
who/whom:指人(who作主语/宾语,whom作宾语)。
which:指物。
that:指人或物。
whose:表示所属关系,相当于“...的”。
关系副词:在从句中充当 状语。
when:表示时间,相当于“介词 + which”(如 in/on/at which)。
where:表示地点,相当于“介词 + which”(如 in/on/at which)。
why:表示原因,相当于“for which”。
例1:The day ______ we spent together was wonderful.
先行词:The day 完整从句:We spent ______ together. (spent是及物动词,后面缺宾语)
判断:先行词“the day”代入后,做 spent 的宾语。
答案:关系代词 (which/that),因为从句缺宾语。
· 先行词为模糊地点
“模糊地点”不是像 “school, park” 这样的具体地点,而是抽象地、隐喻性地表示“场合、情形、阶段、方面”的名词。它们通常描绘一种情境、背景或范围,而不是物理位置。
常见“模糊地点”先行词包括:
case (情况,事例)situation (形势,处境) point (阶段,地步,观点) stage (阶段,时期)
position (处境,地位) condition (状况,条件) activity (活动) system (体系) business (行业,生意场合) discussion (讨论),scene(情景)。
如何判断用 where 还是 which/that?
核心方法依然是“代入还原法”:把先行词代入到定语从句中,看它充当什么成分。
情况一:用关系副词 where (= in/at/on which)
判断依据:先行词代入从句后,在逻辑上相当于 “在...中/上/情况下”,作地点/场合状语。
本质:从句本身主谓宾齐全,不缺主干成分,只缺一个表示“在这个范围内/情况下”的状语。
I can think of many cases where students obviously knew the rule but still made mistakes.
情况二:用关系代词 which/that
判断依据:先行词代入从句后,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
本质:从句缺少主干成分(主/宾/表)。
The situation that\which you described is very complicated.
举一反三
1.(2024·天津南开·二模)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _________ his employees enjoy their work.
A.where B.which C.when D.that
2.(2024·天津河西·二模)John is so selfish that he has reached a point ______ no one in our team wants to talk with him.
A.where B.why C.that D.which
3.(2024·天津·二模)The masterpiece in the exhibition absolutely showed us a vivid scene __________ our ancestors went hunting and resisted the wild beast.
A.when B.why C.which D.where
易错02:介词 + 关系代词结构
易错典题
【例】(2021·天津·高考真题)William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A.from which B.in which C.with whom D.for whom
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过,历史会告诉我们过去的错误,我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知,past mistakes为先行词,_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句,从句中谓语动词can learn可知,要从过去的错误中学习,learn from“从……中学习”,可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。
【错因分析】
选了 B(in which):可能混淆了 learn in 与 learn from,或者误以为先行词在从句中作地点状语(in the mistakes),但实际上 learn 与 mistakes 之间是 from 的关系,不是 in。
选了 C/D(whom):可能是看错了先行词,误以为修饰人,或者没注意先行词是 mistakes(物)。
避错攻略
【方法总结】
动/形/名搭配:介词取决于从句中与先行词相关的动词、形容词或名词的固定搭配(如:look for, be proud of, solution to)。
语义逻辑:有时需根据句意判断介词,表示时间、地点、方式等(如:the year in which)。
固定短语:关系词与介词构成非限制性定语从句中的固定表达(如:during which, without which)。
关键规则:介词后只能用 which(物)或 whom(人),绝对不能用 that 或 who。
【干货必记】
介词后只能用 which (指物) 或 whom (指人),绝对不能用 that 或 who。
选择介词的规律:
规律一:看定语从句中动词/形容词的固定搭配 (最重要)
介词与从句中的动词或形容词构成固定短语。
This is the problem about which we have talked.
→ 还原:We have talked about the problem. (talk about 是固定搭配)
如何判断:把先行词代入从句,看与哪个词构成搭配。
规律二:看先行词的固定搭配
介词与先行词构成固定搭配。
I’ll never forget the day on which we first met. (在某一天)
on the day 是固定搭配。
如何判断:将“介词 + 先行词”看作一个整体,看是否符合表达习惯。
规律三:根据从句意思需要,选用有含义的介词
当没有固定搭配时,根据句意选择表示时间、地点、方式、原因等的介词。
The tool with which he fixed the bike is mine. (用…工具)
表示“使用”工具。
规律四:在非限制性定语从句中,“介词 + which” 可指代整个主句
此时,which 指代前面整个句子,介词根据逻辑关系选择(常见的有 after, before, during, at, for, without 等)。
He passed the exam, for which he was praised. (他通过了考试,为此受到了表扬。)
for which 中的 for 表示原因。
举一反三
1.(25-26高三上·天津西青·阶段练习)The research explores the degree ________ modern technology has influenced education over the past 30 years.
A.in which B.where C.to which D.that
2.(24-25高三下·天津武清·月考)Although modern technology could help produce more crops, these terraces still mean a lot to local people ________ traditions hold much value.
A.on which B.with whom C.in which D.for whom
3.(24-25高三上·天津河北·期末)Many of his ideas may seem like building castles in the air, but given the rate ______ artificial intelligence is being developed, these ideas may actually come true in the future.
A.of which B.at which C.in which D.to which
易错03:as 与 which 在非限制性定语从句中的区别
易错典题
【例】
(24-25高二下·天津滨海新·阶段练习)__________ Benjamin Franklin put it, “A house is not a home unless it contains food and fire for the mind as well as the body.”
A.What B.As C.Where D.Which
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:正如本杰明·富兰克林所言:“房子不是家,除非里面有食物和火,既可以供给我们的身体,也可以供给我们的心灵”。该空引导非限制性定语从句放句首,意为“正如”,用关系代词as引导从句,指代后面引号里的整个句子,并且在从句中作宾语(put 的宾语)。构成固定句型as sb. put(s) it (正如某人所说)。故选B项。
【错因分析】
A.What意思是“……的东西/事情”,引导名词性从句,在从句中作主语/宾语。但这里 Benjamin Franklin put it 已经是一个完整的主谓宾结构(it 是宾语),如果填 What,句子就变成:What Benjamin Franklin put it, “...”语法不通,因为 what 和 it 重复作宾语,且整句缺少主句动词或逻辑不通。所以排除。
C.Where引导地点状语从句或定语从句,这里没有地点的含义,排除。
D.Which引导定语从句必须修饰前面的先行词,但这里逗号前没有名词作先行词,如果 which 指代后面引号的内容,则放在句首时 which 不能这样用(which 不能放在主句之前引导一个非限制性定语从句),语法错误。
避错攻略
【方法总结】
such/same 后面跟 as,定语从句紧相连。
as 引导非限制,句首句中任我行,“正如”含义在其中。
which 只能放句后,as/which 区别要记清。
【干货必记】
as 作为关系代词,在定语从句中通常充当主语、宾语或表语。它的先行词可以是一个名词,也可以是整个主句或部分概念。这是它与 which/that 最大的不同。
as 引导限制性定语从句
1. 结构模式
先行词 + as + 从句
此时,as 的先行词是前面一个具体的名词。这类结构通常与主句中的 such, the same, so, as 等词搭配使用,构成固定搭配。
2. 常见固定句型(必须掌握)
such...as... (像……这样的……)
He is not such a fool as he looks. (他不是看起来那样的傻瓜。)
as 在从句中作 looks 的表语。
the same...as... (和……相同的……)
This is the same book as I lost yesterday. (这和我昨天丢的那本书是一样的。)
as 在从句中作 lost 的宾语。
so/as...as... (在否定或疑问句中,第一个 as 常被 so 替代)
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. (这里有一块没人能举起来的大石头。)
3. 语法功能
在这种限制性定语从句中,as 是关系代词,在从句中必须充当一个成分(主/宾/表)。不能省略。
as 引导非限制性定语从句
1. 结构模式
As + 从句, + 主句。 或 主句, + as + 从句。
此时,as 的先行词是整个主句所表达的概念。as 引导的从句位置非常灵活,可以置于主句之前、之后或之中(作插入语)。
2. 核心含义
表示 “正如……那样”,对主句内容进行附加说明、评论或引出已知信息。
3. 经典位置与例句
置于句首(最常见,有“正如所…”的意味)
As we all know, the earth is round. (众所周知,地球是圆的。)
置于句中(作插入语)
The man, as you described, was very tall. (那个人,正如你所描述的,个子很高。)
置于句末
She is very careful, as her work shows. (她非常细心,这从她的工作中可以看出。)
as\which 引导非限定性定语从句的区别:
举一反三
1.(24-25高三上·天津北辰·阶段练习)The great Pyramid is such a famous place of interest in the world ______ every tourist dreams of paying a visit to.
A.where B.that C.what D.as
2.(2021·天津南开·模拟预测)The result is not the same they had expected, was rather disappointing.
A.what, as B.as, that C.that, which D.as, which
3.(19-20高三上·天津·阶段练习)Because of health problems, Peter cannot continue to work at the same full pace he has done up to now.
A.as B.which C.when D.where
1.(2024·天津滨海新·三模)True equality and excellent education are timeless issues ______ we should strive for and gain further insights into.
A.where B.why C.when D.which
2.(2024·天津和平·一模)I know I’ve put my passport in a place ______ I thought it would be safe, but now I can’t remember it.
A.which B.that C.where D.what
3.(2024·天津河西·三模)After getting back to her hometown after graduation, Jenny finds it is no longer the village ______ it used to be.
A.that B.where
C.what D.how
4.(21-22高三·天津·期末)We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A.where B.when C.which D.that
5.(2022·天津和平·一模)He has been preparing for the conference since last week ________ he will deliver a speech on the reform of the company.
A.where B.that C.when D.which
6.(22-23高一上·天津红桥·期末)Eventually, the butterfly manages to reach the places ______ it will spend the winter.
A.which B.what C.where D.that
7.(22-23高一上·天津红桥·期末)I still remember the day _______ I first came to senior high.
A.where B.on which C.for which D.whose
8.(2023·天津·模拟预测)I have sent her several letters, ________ she hasn’t replied so far, so I feel a little sad.
A.with which B.in which C.to which D.on which
9.(2022·天津南开·一模)There are many mysteries about dinosaurs ________ we long to find explanations.
A.to which B.that C.with which D.for which
10.(21-22高三上·天津·期中)We will never forget the Zhugangao Grand Bridge________ we have been devoted in the past few years.
A.without which B.from which C.to which D.of which
11.(23-24高二上·天津和平·期末)Consumers think highly of this auto company, ________expense the problem cars under guarantee are repaired.
A.at which B.at whose C.for which D.for whose
12.(2019·天津河西·一模)This was returned because the person ________ this letter was addressed had died three years ago.
A.to whom B.to which
C.which D.whom
13.(23-24高二上·天津·期末)________is announced in today’s newspaper, we have launched another man-made satellite.
A.That B.As C.It D.What
14.(2022·天津·模拟预测)The number of smokers, ______ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A.where B.which C.what D.as
15.(2021·天津和平·三模)________ is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses, but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
A.As B.It C.Which D.What
16.(2021·天津河西·二模)Stress is everywhere and in fact it isn't such a bad thing ________ it is often supposed to be.
A.that B.as C.what D.which
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