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初中英语语法讲练手册 chapter 17 宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。宾语从句有三种类型:以从属连词that引导的 宾语从句、以wh- 词(连接代词或连接副词)引导的宾语从句、以从属连词whether 或if 引导的宾 语从句。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语、介词的宾语和形容词的宾语。有时可用it 代替宾语从 句,将从句置于句尾。
以 that 引 导 的 宾 语 从 句
that引导的通常是由陈述句充当的宾语从句。这里的that无实际意义,在口语和非正式文
体中可以省略。
I’m glad(that) you have come to see us.我很高兴你来看我们。
由that 引导的宾语从句,其主句的谓语动词主要是think,hope,say,tell,know,see,
hear,mean,feel,wish 等。
I hope that you can pass the exam.我希望你能通过这次考试。
We all know that success calls for hard work.我们都知道成功需要付出艰辛的劳动。
由 that 引导的宾语从句,其主句的谓语动词也可以是系动词be加afraid,sorry,sure,
glad,happy,angry,worried 等形容词。 一般而言,这些形容词大都描述主语的精神状态或
感情状态。其后的that 从句说明产生这些情绪的原因。
It's true that some ads can be very useful.确实,有时候广告很有用。
I' m afraid that you can’t smoke here.恐怕你不能在这里吸烟。
不能省略that的情况
a 从句的主语是that(this)时,that不宜省略。
The teacher said that that word was wrong.老师说那个单词是错的。
He said that this was not his book but his sister's.他说这不是他的书,而是他姐姐的书。
● 第17章
宾语从句
b 若出现两个或两个以上的that宾语从句,且由并列连词连接时,只有第一个that可以省
略,其余需保留。
She said (that) she would come and that she would also bring her son.
她说她要来,还要带她的儿子来。
c 若that从句中含有主从复合句时,则that不宜省略。
Our teachers believe that if we did that,we would concentrate more on our studies.
我们老师确信如果我们那么做,我们会更加集中精力学习。
d 主从句之间有插入语时,that不宜省略。
It says here,on this card,that it was used in plays.卡片上写着,它是以前演戏用的。
e 当it作形式宾语,后接that 引导的宾语从句时,that不宜省略。
We have made it clear that we willlearn to deal with various difficult problems.
我们已经声明,我们将学会处理各种难题。
(
以
wh-
词引导的宾语从句
)
wh-从句原为特殊疑问句,变为宾语从句后,语序由原来的疑问语序变成陈述语序,连接代 词或连接副词作引导词,且在宾语从句中充当句子成分。
常见的连接代词有what,who,whom,whose,which; 连接副词有when,where,how,why, how many,how much,how old,how long等。
回 连接代词引导的宾语从句
连接代词在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等,不能省略。
(
作
主
语
)But they are always talking about what will happen if I don't succeed. 但他们总是谈论如果我不成功会怎么样。
(
作
宾
语
)You know what you want.你知道你要什么。
You can tell which planet is Mars because it is bright red in the night sky.
(
作
定
语
)
你能分辨出哪个是火星,因为在夜空中它是鲜红色。
Could you tell me whose these books are on the desk?你能告诉我书桌上的这些书是谁的吗?
(
作
表
语
)
I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁。
(
作宾语
)
Do you know who has won the match?你知道谁赢了比赛吗?
(
作
主
语
)
连接副词引导的宾语从句
连接副词在宾语从句中作状语,不可省略。
Could you please tell me where I can get a dictionary?请告诉我在哪里可以买到字典吗?
We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.
我们决定和一些同学讨论一下他们为什么去那里。
They haven't decided how they will go to Beijing.他们还没决定如何去北京。
He didn't tell me how often he went to the cinema.他没告诉我他多久去一次电影院。
连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词
可用连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词或短语动词有see,say,tell,ask,answer, know,decide,find out,show,remember,choose,understand等。
I am beginning to understand my Chinese roots and who I am.
我开始懂得我的中国根,并知道我是谁。
They haven’t decided how they will go to Beijing. 他们还没决定如何去北京。
特殊疑问句变宾语从句的注意事项
a 在引导词上;要将疑问代词或疑问副词变为连接代词或连接副词,引导宾语从句。
Whose bike is this?Does anybody know?
→ Does anybody know whose bike this is?有谁知道这辆自行车是谁的?
b 宾语从句的时态应与主句的时态保持一致。
When will the train arrive?He asked me.
→ He asked me when the train would arrive.他问我火车什么时间到达。
c 在语序上,要将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。
Which one do you like best?She asked me.
NOTICE
→ She asked me which one I liked best.她问我最喜欢哪一个。 Who can answer the question?The teacher asked.
→ The teacher asked who could answer the question. 老师问谁能回答这个问题。
特殊疑问词在句中作主 语,变为宾语从句时语 序不变。
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d 特殊疑问句变为宾语从句后,用问号还是用句号完全取决于主句的句式。
I don't know when we shall start tomorrow.我不知道我们明天什么时候出发。 Do you know when we shall start tomorrow?你知道我们明天什么时候出发吗?
(
以
if
或
whether
引
导
的
宾
语
从
句
)
一般疑问句变为宾语从句后,语序由原来的疑问语序变成陈述语序,并由连词if或whether 引导,if 和whether 都可作宾语从句的引导词,意为“是否”,在一般情况下可以互换。
Please let us know if/whether it's best to travel by plane.请让我们知道乘飞机旅游是否最好。 Could you please tell me if/whether there are any good museums around here?
请告诉我附近是否有好的博物馆好吗?
在下列五种情况下,只能用whether, 不 能 用if:
a 在带to的不定式前。
He doesn't know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.
他不知道是去看电影还是在家看电视。
b 在介词后面。
I’m thinking of whether we should go fishing.我在想我们是否该去钓鱼。
I’m not interested in whether she'll come or not.她来不来,我不感兴趣。
c 直接与or not连用时。
I can't say whether or not he will come on time.他能否准时来我说不准。
I don't know whether or not they will come to help us.我不知道他们是否会来帮助我们。 d 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中。
We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.
我们讨论了下周是否举行运动会。
e 宾语从句提前时只能用whether。
Whether this is true or not,I can't say.这是不是真的,我说不准。
f 用if会引起歧义时。
Could you tell me whether you know the answer?
你能告诉我,你是否知道答案吗?(也可译为:你能告诉我,你是否知道答案吗?)
Could you tell me if you know the answer?如果你知道答案,你能告诉我吗?
在下面两种情况下用if, 不 用whether:
a 引导条件状语从句时。
If you say to your teacher“Where is my book?”,this will sound rude.
如果你对你的老师说“我的书在哪里?”,这听起来很不礼貌。
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If you're even fifteen minutes late,your friend may get angry.
如果你迟到15分钟,你的朋友可能会生气。
b 引导否定概念的宾语从句时一般用if 。
He asked me if I hadn't finished my homework. 他问我是否没有完成作业。
(
②
宾语从句的语序
)
在宾语从句中需用陈述句语序,不用倒装语序。
(
连接词+主语+谓语
)
连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有 that (不作成分),who/whom , what,which,how many,how much,when,why,how,where,if/whether(不作成分)等。
Excuse me,I wonder if you can help me.打扰一下,我想知道你是否能帮我。
Ads also tell you when stores are having sales.广告还能告诉你商店什么时候有特价商品。 He didn't tell me how often he went to the cinema.他没告诉我他多久去一次电影院。
(
连
接
词
+
谓
语
)
连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有who,what,which 等。 Do you know who will be our new English teacher next year?
你知道明年谁会是我们的新英语老师吗?
(
连接词+名词(+主语)+谓语
)
连接词在从句中作宾语、表语或主语的定语。常见的连接词有whose,what,which,how many,how much等。
I’m not sure which watch is better.我不确定哪块手表更好。
We haven't decided how many presents we should buy.我们还没有决定应该买多少礼物。
(
宾语从句的时态
)
宾语从句的谓语动词的时态常常受到主句谓语动词的影响,因而在使用时要注意主从
句两部分的时态保持一致。
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(
主句的谓语动词是一般现在时
)
当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。 I wonder how far it is from here to Nanjing. 我想知道从这里到南京有多远。
I feel they didn’t think at all.我感觉他们根本没考虑。
I think there will be more tall buildings.我认为将有更多的高层建筑。
(
主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
)
当主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时的时候,其宾语从句的时态一般要用某一适当的 过去时态。
I told them that I worked hard at school. 我告诉他们,在学校我努力学习。
She said she was having a party for Lana. 她说她在为拉娜举行宴会。
Lana said that she wouldn’t go to Marcia's house on Friday night.
拉娜说星期五晚上她不去马西娅家。
(
宾语从句是表示客观真理和规律的句子
)
当宾语从句是表示客观真理和规律的句子时,其时态要用一般现在时。
The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。 He said that light travels much faster than sound.他说光比声音传播得快得多。
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巧学妙记
宾语从句三注意,
时态、语序、引导词。
主句若是过去时,
主从时态要一致。
宾从表达是真理,
一般现在代过去。
引导词也不难,
宾语从句
陈述要用that连。
一般问句表“是否”,
if或whether来引导。
特殊问句作宾从,
疑问词引导就能行。 还有一点要说明,
陈述语序要记清。
连线中考
1. I can't remember I put the book,and I need it for my homework now. (广东广州)
A.where B.how C.what D.why
2. Most children are interested in amazing things,and they wonder (江苏南京) A.when can they see UFOs B.how can elephants walk on tiptoe
C.why do fish sleep with their eyes open D.why there is no plant life without lightning
3. —I wonder
—I’m afraid we'll be late. (山东青岛) A.how we can be on time B.what we are going to do
C.why we get to school late D.if we will arrive at the meeting on time
4. —Could you please tell me ?
—Sorry,you can turn to Mr Lee for help. (湖北黄冈)
A.how long can man live without water
B.whether Yao Ming would play for Rockets or not C.how I can keep myself safe from the flu
D.why did a serious landslide happen in Zhouqu,Gansu Province
5. —Do you know tomorrow?
—At 8 o'clock. (北京)
A.when did she come B.when she came
C.when will she come D.when she will come
6. —Do you know the Great Wall is?
—I think it's more than 5,000 kilometers long. (山东)
A.how deep B.how wide C.how far D.how long
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7.We'll plant trees tomorrow,and I don't know Tom will come and join us. (天津)
A.if B.which C.what D.where
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8 .I didn't see Laura at the party last night.Do you know ?
A.why didn't she come B.what happened
C.when would she arrive D.where she has been
(河南)
9. I don't know the girl in red.Could you tell me ? A.what is her name B.how old is she C.who is she
(湖北黄石)
D.where she comes from
10. —May I come in?I'm sorry I am late.
—Come in,please.But could you please tell me ? (甘肃兰州)
A.how do you come to school B.what were you doing then C.who you talked with D.why you are late again
1. He said he the teacher about it.
A.has told B.tells C.is telling D.had told
2. The teacher said that the moon the earth.
A.circles B.circled C.circling D.circle
3. She didn't tell us
A.how is the patient B.how old was the patient
C.how old the patient was D.how was the patient
4. —Do you know ?I’m going to see him.
—Sorry,I don't know.
A.where does Mr Li live B.where did Mr Li live
C.where Mr Li lives D.where Mr Li lived
5. Great changes have taken place in China.Who can tell it would be like in five years.
A.how;other B.what;more C.how;another D.what;another
6. Please tell me the Central Hospital.
A.how can I get to B.how get to
C.how I can get to D.I how get
7. Can you tell me lives in the house?
A.whom B.who C.whose D.which
8. —Have you finished the work yet?
—No.Can you tell me ?
A.how should I do next B.what I should do it next
C.how I should do it next D.what should I do next
9. —Excuse me.Could you tell me ?
—Yes.There is a video shop on River Road.
A.where can I buy some CDs B.where I can buy some CDs
C.when can I buy some CDs D.when I can buy some CDs
10. I always remember what she when I saw her for the first time.
A.does B.is doing C.was doing D.has done
(
KEY—
真题再现
)
1.A 题意:我不记得把书放在哪里了,我现在写作业需要它。宾语从句中缺少地点状语,故选A。 how表示方式;what 不作状语;why 表示原因。
2.D 题意:大多数孩子对奇特的事物感兴趣,他们想知道为什么没有闪电就没有植物生命。宾语从 句用陈述语序,排除A、B、C三项。
3.D 题意:“我想知道我们是否能按时参加会议。”“恐怕我们会迟到。”根据答语中的we'll be late
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· 第17章
宾语从句
可知,D 项“我们是否能按时参加会议”,符合题意。A项意为“我们怎样能按时赶到”,表示方 式 ;B 项意为“我们打算做什么”,表示要做的事情;C 项意为“我们为什么上学迟到”,表示 原 因 。
4.C 题意:“你能告诉我怎样才能预防流感吗?”“对不起,你可以找李先生帮忙。”宾语从句应该用 陈述语序,排除A 、D; 根据答语you can turn to Mr Lee for help可知,问句是寻求帮助,故选C。
5.D 题意:“你知道明天她什么时候来吗?”“8点。”宾语从句用陈述语序,排除A 、C; 根据时间状 语tomorrow 及主句时态可知,应该用一般将来时,故选D。
6.D 题意:“你知道长城有多长吗?”“我想它有5,000多千米长。”根据答语中的more than 5,000 kilometers long可知,询问的是长度,用how long。how deep“多深”;how wide“多宽”;how far “多远”。
7.A 题意:我们明天要种树,我不知道汤姆是否会来加入我们。宾语从句有对某情况的是否不确定 含义,故用if“是否”。which “哪一个”; what“什么”;where“什么地方;哪里”。
8.B 题意:我昨天晚上在聚会上没看到劳拉。你知道发生什么事了吗?宾语从句用陈述语序,排除
A 、C两项;D 项时态不对,故选B。
9.D 题意:我不认识那个穿红衣服的女孩。能告诉我她从哪里来吗?宾语从句用陈述语序,排除A、 B 、C三项。
10.D 题意:“我可以进来吗?很抱歉我迟到了。”“请进。但能告诉我你为什么又迟到了吗?”宾语 从句用陈述语序,故排除A 、B两项;根据主句时态判断从句用一般现在时,故选D 。could 在 此 不是过去式,而是表示客气、委婉语气。
(
KEY
—
仿真模拟
)
1.D 题意:他说他已经把这件事告诉老师了。主句是过去时态,从句应为过去的一种时态,故选D。
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2.A 题意:老师说月球绕着地球转。若宾语从句表示的是客观事实、自然现象等,从句应用一般现 在时;the moon为单数形式,谓语动词应用单数形式。
3.C 题意:她没有告诉我们这个病人的年龄。宾语从句用陈述语序,故选C项 。
4.C 题意:“你知道李先生住哪儿吗?我要去看望他。”“抱歉,我不知道。”特殊疑问句作know 的 宾语,要用陈述语序。
5.D 题意:中国已经发生了巨大变化。谁能断定5年以后会是什么样子。疑问代词what 作like的 宾 语,引导宾语从句;“another+ 基数词(one 除外)+名词复数”表示“另外的(多少)…”。
6.C 题意:请告诉我,我该如何去中心医院。宾语从句中用陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语”,故 选C。
7.B 题意:你能告诉我谁住在这所房子里吗?宾语从句的连接词要在从句中作主语,who 符合题 意 。whom 在从句中只能作宾语;whose 在从句中只能作定语;which “哪一个”,不符合题意, 故 选B。
8.C 题意:“你完成工作了吗?”“没有,你能告诉我接下来怎么做吗?”宾语从句应用陈述语序,故
排 除A 、D两项;B项what 作为连接代词在从句中作宾语,应把it 去掉;C 项how 作为连接副词在 从句中作状语,为正确的表达方式。
9.B 题意:“打扰了,你能告诉我从哪儿可以买到激光唱片吗?”“在River Road这条街上有一家音 像店。”宾语从句要用陈述句语序,根据答语可知是对地点的提问,故选B。
10.C 题意:我一直记得我第一次见她时她在做什么。表达过去某一时刻正在进行的动作用过去进 行时,故选C。
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