Unit6 单元知识梳理【趣味课堂】英语新教材仁爱科普版八年级上册

该初中英语知识清单系统梳理了新仁爱八上Unit 6“Earth and Beyond”单元知识体系。从基础词汇（如surface, distance）、核心句型（如neither...nor..., so+倒装句）到语法（名词后缀-ness, 形容词比较级和最高级），再到阅读策略与口语表达，形成从语言输入到输出的递进学习支架。 知识链路按“教材原句解析-用法拓展-即时练习”逻辑呈现，通过对比表格（如alive/lively辨析）、短语归纳（如send相关短语）培养思维品质，即时练习与语法小测提升语言应用能力，助力学生构建完整知识框架，发展自主学习能力。

新仁爱八上 Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 单元知识梳理（背诵+讲解版） Preparing for the Topic Listening & Speaking 1. On clear nights, you can see them shining in the sky. 在晴朗的夜晚，你能看到它们在天空中闪闪发亮。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） on clear nights意为“在晴朗的夜晚”，具体的某一天或具体的某一天的早上、下午、晚上用on。 E.g. on August 8th, 2024 在2024年8月8日 on Children's Day 在儿童节 on a rainy day 在一个下雨天 on Sunday morning 在星期天早上 on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早上 注意：at night意为“在晚上”。 【即时练习】 —The Shenzhou XVIII returned to Earth successfully ____C____ 1:24 a.m., November 4th. —Yes, all my family were excited ________ that day. A. in; at B. in; on C. at; on D. at; / 2. It is much smaller than Earth and goes around Earth once about every 27 days. 它比地球小得多，大约每27天绕着地球转一圈。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） 1) than，介词／连词，意为“（用以引出比较的第二部分）比”。“比较级＋than＋比较对象”意为“······比······更······”。 E.g. This room is bigger than that one. 这间房间比那间房间大。 Kangkang is taller than Li Xiang. 康康比李想高。 2) smaller是small的比较级，意为“更小”。much smaller意为“小的多”，much在这里修饰 smaller。 E.g. He is much stronger than before. 他比以前强壮的多。 拓展：当表示一方超过另一方的“程度”时，还可用a lot、a little、a bit、even、far等词或短语来修饰形容词比较级。 E.g. The book is far better than that one. 这本书比那本书好的多。 3) go around 意为“绕圈；转圈；流传；传播”。 E.g. —The moon goes around the earth. 月亮围着地球转。 —Yes. 是的。 归纳：around的相关短语 look around 四下察看 run around 围绕……跑 move around 围着……移动 show(sb.) around领(某人)参观 get around四处走动 【即时练习】 1) The earth is a planet and it ____D___ the sun. A. go around B. went around C. will go around D. goes around 2) Mike is ____A____ than Tim, but he is much ________. A. younger; taller B. older; tallest C. younger; tall 3. It is the largest and brightest object in the solar system, and it gives us light and warmth. 它是太阳系最大最亮的天体，给予我们光和温暖。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） the largest and brightest意为“最大最亮的”，其中largest是large的最高级形式，brightest 是bright的最高级形式。一般情况下，形容词最高级是直接在形容词后加est。 注意：英语中，当我们要将三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较时，可以用形容词或副词的最高级形式来表达。最高级后面通常用in、of、among等来表示比较的范围。本句中 the largest和 the brightest是最高级，意为“最大”和“最亮”；范围为“in the solar system”，意为“在太阳系”。 E.g. Mumu is the tallest of the three boys. 牧牧是三个男孩中最高的。 Lulu is the youngest among the girls. 露露是女孩中最小的。 【即时练习】 1) With new glasses, everything looks ____B____ and clearer to Miss Johnson now. A. bright B. brighter C. brightest D. the brightest 2) The Tianjin Summit is ____D____ SCO summit in history. A. large B. larger C. largest D. the largest 4. It sends satellites and people into space, and it is one of the most important tools for exploring the solar system. 它将卫星和人送入太空，是探索太阳系最重要的工具之一。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） send...into意为“把······送／派遣到”。 E.g. We sent vegetables into space to do some experiments. 我们把蔬菜发射到太空中去做些实验。 拓展：send的相关短语 send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人 send sb. to do sth. 派某人去做某事 send out分发，散发 send up发射 send back寄回去 send for sb.请某人来 【即时练习】 We often write our best wishes on postcards and send ____A_____ to our friends. A. them B. us C. it 5. It's about 150,000,000 kilometers away from the earth to the sun. 地球到太阳的距离大概是1.5亿千米。 (教材P93 Activity 1 B） be far away from 意为“远离；离······远”；对其提问用how far，意为“离······多远”。 归纳：常用句型为：How far is it from A to B? / How far is B from A? 其答语常为：It’s ... meters/miles/kilometers (away). E.g. How far is it from your school to your home? 从学校到你家多远？ —It is about 5 kilometers (away). 大概5千米远。 拓展：在回答how far的提问时，一般有两种情况： 有具体数字时，常与away from连用，表示具体的距离。 没有具体数字时，应用far或者near作答。 E.g. —How far is it from the cinema to the supermarket? 从电影院到超市有多远？ —It's 30 kilometers away from the cinema to the supermarket./It is very far. 从电影院到超市有30千米。／距离很远。 【即时练习】—___D___ is it from Sunshine Town to your school? —It’s about 2 kilometers ______ our school. A. How long; far from B. How far; far away from C. How long; far away from D. How far; away from 6. The temperature at the sun's surface is about 5,526.85 degrees Celsius. 太阳表面的温度大概是5526.85摄氏度。 (教材P93 Activity 1 B） 1) surface，名词，意为“表面；表层”。at/on the surface(of sth.）意为“在（······的）表面”。 E.g. We need a flat, smooth surface to play the game on. 我们得有个平滑的表面才能玩这个游戏。 There is lots of water and trees at the surface of the earth. 地球表面有大量的水和树。 拓展：below/beneath/under the surface (of sth.）意为“在（······的）表面下”。 E.g. We could see fish swimming just below the surface. 我们能看到水面下游动的鱼儿。 2) degee Celsius意为“摄氏度”，其符号为“℃”。 E.g. The temperature is 20 degrees Celsius. 温度是20摄氏度。 注意：当温度是零下时，用minus表达。如：-5℃的表达为“minus 5 degrees Celsius”。。 拓展：对温度的提问和回答： —What's the temperature? 温度是多少？ —It is 20°C./It is 20 degrees Celsius. 是20摄氏度。 It is-20℃. = It is minus 20 degrees Celsius. 是零下20摄氏度。 Usually, water freezes at 0°C (32°F), and boils at 100℃C (212°F). 通常水在零摄氏度（32华氏度）结冰，在100摄氏度（212华氏度）沸腾。 【即时练习】这些植物漂浮在水面上。 These plants float on the surface of the water. 7. In about 3.5 billion years, the sun will be 40% brighter than it is today. 约35亿年后，太阳将比现在亮40％。 (教材P93 Activity 1 B） 40% brighter than是英语中含有百分数的比较级表达，意为“比······亮40％”。 “A+be＋百分数（倍数）＋形容词比较级＋，意为“A是B的······百分之（······倍）······”。 E.g. Your playground is 40% larger than ours. 你们的操场比我们的操场大40％。 Your playground is 4 times larger than ours. 你们的操场是我们操场的4倍大。 【即时练习】The population of our town is ____A____ than that in my cousin’s. A. much larger B. much more C. more larger Function 1. One star never appears at night. 一颗星星从来不在黑夜出现。 (教材P94 Activity 3） appear，不及物动词，意为“出现，呈现，显现；显得”。 E.g. Tigers appeared on the top of the mountain just now. 老虎刚才在山顶出现了。 拓展：appear的相关单词 appear的名词形式：appearance, 意为“外貌；外观；外表”。 appear的反义词：disappear, 不及物动词，意为“消失；失踪；灭绝；消亡”。 E.g. The dog was similar in general appearance to a spaniel. 这条狗总的来看像西班牙猎狗。 As the cloud came, the sun disappeared. 云来了，太阳消失了。 【即时练习】I love the Mid-Autumn Festival because all kinds of mooncakes ____A____ in the shops. A. appear B. appeared C. were appearing D.appears 2. Do you know what it is? 你知道它是什么吗？ (教材P94 Activity 3） 本句是含有宾语从句的主从复合句。do you know是主句，what it is 是宾语从句。宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，所以是what it is，而不是what is it. E.g. Do you know where he comes from? 你知道他来自哪里吗？ I will tell you what he is thinking about. 我将告诉你他在想什么。 【即时练习】Do you know ____C____? A. which room she lives B. which room does she live in C. which room she lives in D. where she lives in Exploring the Topic Thinking Skills & Reading Strategies 1. It has a diameter of about 1,391,400 kilometers. 它的直径约为1391400千米。 (教材P96 Activity 1） diameter，名词，意为“直径”。 a/the diameter of意为“直径为······”。 E.g. Earth has a diameter of around 13,000 kilometers. 地球的直径约为13000千米。 拓展：in diameter 意为“直径”。 E.g. The dome is 42.3 meters in diameter. 这个穹顶直径为42.3米。 【即时练习】它的直径是地球直径的53%。（完成译句） Its diameter is 53% as wide as that of the earth. 2. Asteroid Belt separates the planets into two groups—the inner planets and the outer planets. 小行星带将太阳系的行星分为两部分—内行星和外行星。 (教材P96 Activity 2） separate，动词，意为“（使）分开；划分”。separate...into...意为“把······分成／分为······”。 E.g. She separated the cake into six equal pieces. 她把蛋糕分成六等分。 拓展：separate...from...意为“把······和······分开”。 E.g. You need to separate the white clothes from other colored ones before washing. 在洗衣服前你需要把白色衣服和其他颜色的衣服分开。 【即时练习】1) I can't see them clearly.Can you help me ___A_____ green beans ________the beans? A. separate；from B. divide；into C. separate；into D. divide；from 2) Waste ____A____ different groups in some countries. A. is separated into B. are separated into C. is separated to D. are separated to 3. They are closer to the Sun. 它们离太阳更近。 (教材P96 Activity 2） be close to 意为“离······很近”；其中close也可用closer或the closest替换，意为“离······更近”或“离······最近”。 E.g. My home is close to my school. 我家离学校很近。 The classrooms are closer to the library than the gym. 教室离图书馆比离体育馆近。 链接: close作形容词时还可意为“亲密的；密切的”。 E.g. Yunyun is a very close friend of mine. 芸芸是我一个很亲密的朋友。 【即时练习】 —Which city do you think is ____D____ from Wuxi, Yantai or Qinhuangdao? —Qinhuangdao. And Wuxi is ________ to Shanghai. A. the farthest; closer B. farthest; the more close C. farther; the most close D. farther; the closest 4. The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil, while the outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside. 内行星更小，它们由岩石和土壤组成；而外行星更大，它们由气体组成，内有岩石。 (教材P96 Activity 2） while 在这里作连词，意为“（对比两件事物）······而，······然而”，表示两种情况的比较。 E.g. Li Xiang likes maths while I like English. 李想喜欢数学，然而我喜欢英语。 拓展：① while作连词时还可意为“当······的时候；与······同时”，引导时间状语从句。 注意：while引导时间状从句语时，从句的谓语动词常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词。它强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 E.g. My mother is cooking in the kitchen, while my father is reading in the study. 我妈妈正在厨房做饭，我爸爸正在书房看书。 ② while还可作名词，意为“一段时间；一会儿”。 常用短语：for a while 一会儿 after a while 过了一会儿 E.g. I only stayed for a short while. 我只待了一小会儿。 After a while, Li Li started to relax a little. 过了一会儿，李丽开始放松了一些。 【即时练习】My father was working on his project, _____B____ my mother was mopping the floor. A. as soon as B. while C. when D. after 5. There are at least two reasons: ... 至少有两个理由：······ (教材P97 Activity 1） at least意为“至少；不少于”，可用来表示数量或时间的最低限度、表达安慰或让步等。其反义短语是 at most，意为“至多；不超过”。 E.g. The doctor advised me to do exercise at least 4 times a week. 医生建议我一周至少锻炼4次。 She may be slow but at least she writes so carefully. 她也许写得慢，但至少她写得很认真。 【即时练习】The woman looks young, but in fact she is ____B_____ fifty years old. A. at most B. at least C. at less D. at more 6. The heat gives the just right temperature to the living things on the earth. 热量给了地球上的生物刚刚好的温度。 (教材P97 Activity 1） just right 意为“刚刚好；恰到好处”。此时just在这里意为“正好；恰好”。 E.g. For him, everything always has to be just right. 对他来说，一切都要恰到好处。 This jacket is just my size. 这件夹克正好是我的尺寸。 【即时练习】今天的天气正适合去野营。（完成译句） The weather today is just right for going camping. 7. It is neither too close nor too far from the sun. 它离太阳既不太近也不太远。(教材P97 Activity 3） neither...nor...是并列连词词组，意为“既不······也不······”，表示否定含义，在句中可以连接两个并列的成分。 E.g. She likes neither math nor English. 她既不喜欢数学也不喜欢英语。 This pair of pants is neither big nor small. 这条裤子不大也不小。 注意：当neither...nor...连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词要与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致，即遵循就近原则。 E.g. Neither the sons nor the father is wrong. 儿子们和父亲都没有错。 辨析：neither..nor..., both...and...和 either...or... 短语 意思 用法 neither...nor... 既不······ 也不······ 表示两者都不，连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词和最近的 主语保持一致，遵循“就近原则”。 both...and... 两者都； .....和....都 连接两个并列的成分，并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 either...or... 或者······ 或者······ 表示两者之一，连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词和最近的主语保持一致，遵循“就近原则”。 E.g. Neither I nor she is from Beijing. 我和她都不是来自北京的。 Both she and I are right. 她和我都是对的。 Either Lulu or my sisters are going to do this job. 这项工作要不露露做，要不我妹妹们做。 【即时练习】____D___her husband _______her son is so active as her．They don’t like to talk much． A. Not only，but also B. Either, nor C. Either, or D. Neither, nor 8. This helps the earth get enough light and heat from the sun. 这帮助地球从太阳那儿得到了足够的光热。 (教材P97 Activity 3） get...from...意为“从······得到······”。 E.g. I can get much happiness from this job. 我能从这份工作中得到很多快乐。 What can you get from the trip to Beijing? 北京之行你获得了什么？ 归纳：get的相关短语 E.g. She got mad when she heard the news. 当她听到了这个消息，她发疯了。 How can I get to the hospital? 我如何到达医院？ I got on the bus at 7:40 a.m. 我在上午7点40分上了公交车。 You will get off the boat at 10 o'clock. 你将在十点钟下船。 Kangkang got along/on well with his classmates. 康康和他的同学相处融洽。 【即时练习】我从父母那里拿零用钱。（完成译句） I get pocket money from my parents. Theme Reading 1. In the text, we can find most of the planets are very different from Earth,while Mars may be similar to Earth in size and temperature. 在文章中，我们发现大部分的星球和地球很不一样。然而，火星有可能在大小和温度上与地球相似。 (教材P98 Activity 2） 1) be similar to 意为“与······相似”。 E.g. Your ideas are very similar to mine. 你的观点和我的很相似。 拓展：be similar in 意为“在某方面相似”。 E.g. —The two dresses are very similar in color and design. 这两条连衣裙在颜色和设计上都很相似。—Yes. 是的。 2) in size and temperature 意为“在大小和温度方面”。此时in在这里作介词，意为“在······方面”。 E.g. They are totally different in size and design. 在大小和款式方面，它们完全不同。 【即时练习】How is your best friend similar ____A____ or different ________ you? A. to; from B. to; to C. from; to 2. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, at a distance of about 58million kilometers, while Neptune is the farthest, at a distance of about 4.5 billion kilometers. 水星离太阳最近，距离约为5800万千米；而 海王星离太阳最远，距离约45亿千米。 (教材P98 Activity 2） distance 意为“距离；间距”。at a distance of意为“在······的距离”。 E.g. This camera is positioned at a distance of 1.5 meters from the subject. 这台照相机放置在离拍摄对象1.5米远的地方。 【即时练习】easy, long distances, it’s not, to travel, with a lunch box (连词成句) ___It′s not easy to travel long distances with a lunch box_____. 3. As for Earth, it is the third closest, closer than Mars but farther away than Venus and Mercury. 至于地球，它离太阳第三近，比火星近，比金星和水星远。 (教材P98 Activity 2） the third closetest 意为“第三近的”。结构为“the＋序数词＋形容词最高级”，意为“第几······的”。 E.g. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。 She is the fourth tallest girl in my class. 她是我们班第四高的女孩。 【即时练习】—Which river is ____A____, the Yangtze River or the Yellow River? —The Yangtze River. It is the third ________ river in the world. A. longer; longest B. longest; longest C. longer; longer D. longest; longer 4. No living things can survive on these planets. 没有生物能在这些行星上存活。 (教材P99 Activity 2） survive，动词，意为“生存；存活；幸存”。 E.g. I can't survive without money. 没有钱我活不下去。 归纳：survive的相关短语 E.g. Some strange customs have survived from earlier times. 有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来的。 I can't survive on 40 yuan a week. 一星期40元钱，我无法维持生活。 拓展：survive作动词时还可意为“比······活（或存在）的时间长”。survive sb./sth.意为“比某人／某物活的长”。 E.g. She survived his husband by ten years. 丈夫死后她又活了十年。 【即时练习】The rescue team found a little girl who was still ____A____ under a building three days after the earthquake. They wondered how she was able to ________ the big earthquake. A. alive; survive B. living; survive C. alive; survive on D. living; survive in 5. As our home, Earth is alive with life because it is neither too hot nor too cold. 作为我们的家园，地球充满着生命力，因为它既不太热也不太冷。 (教材P99 Activity 2） alive，形容词，意为“活着；在世”，其反义词是dead。 be alive with 意为“充满着······”。 E.g. The blue whale is the largest animal alive today. 蓝鲸是现存的最大的动物。 The fish is still alive without water for a long time. 鱼儿离开水还能活很久。 The pool is alive with goldfish. 池塘里满是金鱼。 辨析：alive, lively, living和live 单词 词性 意思 用法 alive 形容词 活着；在世 既可指人，又可指物，侧重于生与死之间的界限。 常作表语、宾语补足语或后置定语。 lively 形容词 生机勃勃的； 鲜艳的 既可指人，又可指物。 常作定语、表语或宾语补足语 living 形容词 活着的；活的 既可指人，又可指物。 常作表语或前置定语。 live 形容词 活的， 现场直播的 一般只修饰物或场景， 不修饰人。 常作前置定语。 动词 住，居住 在句中作谓语。 E.g. He is the only man alive in the accident. 他是这场事故中唯一幸存的人。 His speech is very lively. 他的演讲很生动。 We should respect all living things. 我们应尊重所有生物。 We are watching the live football game. 我们正在观看足球比赛直播。 【即时练习】—Is water very important in our daily life?         —Yes. All ____C____ things need water to keep ________. A. alive；living B. alive；lively C. living；alive D. lively；alive 6. Together, they make up the amazing solar system. 它们一起组成了璀璨的太阳系。 (教材P99 Activity 2） make up 在此处意为“组成；形成；构成”。 E.g. 20 girls and 30 boys make up Class 11. 20个女生和30个男生组成了11班。 拓展：make up 还可意为“化妆；编造（故事、谎言等）”。 E.g. She spent too much time making up. 她花了很长时间化妆。 He made up a story for the play. 他为了这个戏剧编了一个故事。 常用短语：make up (with sb.) (与某人)言归于好 make up to sb. 献媚；奉承；讨好 E.g. In the end, I made up with my best friend, Kangkang. 最后，我和我最好的朋友康康和解了。 归纳：make的相关短语 make a difference 起作用；有影响 make a mess 弄得一团糟 make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友 make mistakes 犯错误 make plans 制定计划 make a wish 许愿 make up one's mind to do sth. 下定决心做某事 make a fire 生火 make choices 做决定 make full use of 充分利用 make peace (with sb.) （和某人）和解 make noise 制造噪声 make tums 转弯 make cards/make a card 制作卡片 【即时练习】 —What did you do in your English class today? —Mr.Brown asked us to ___A____ a story about a trip to the moon. A. make up B. dress up C. put up D. get up Grammar in Use 1. Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration. 认真和责任心在科学探索上起着很重要的作用。(教材P100 Activity 1） play a role in 意为“在······中起作用”；后接名词、代词、动词-ing形式，其中role 可用part替换。 E.g. Doing more exercise can play a role in our health. 多做运动会对我们的健康起作用。 注意：在a/an和part/role之间可以加形容词构成play a/an...part/role in，意为“在······中起······作用”。如： play an active part/role in 积极参加；发挥积极作用 play an important part/role in 在……方面起着重要的作用 E.g. She plays an active part in politics. 她积极参与政治活动。 Sleep plays an important part in our health. 睡眠在我们的健康中起着重要的作用。 【即时练习】Parents play a role in ____D____ their children. A. teach B. teaches C. to teach D. teaching 2. Fitness of the body and mind is of key importance for scientists to live and work in space. 对于科学家们来说，身心健康在他们的太空生活和工作中至关重要。 (教材P100 Activity 1） of key importance 意为“至关重要的”，相当于very important。 E.g. The ways to learn English are of key importance. 学英语的方法是很重要的。 拓展：“of＋名词”结构相当于形容词，这一结构通常用于表示抽象概念的性质或重要性。具体来说， of 后面跟一个抽象名词，可以转化为形容词，用来描述某事物的性质或重要性。 of value = valuable 有价值的 of importance = important 重要的 of significance = significant 有意义的 of help =helpful 有帮助的 of use = useful 有用的 E.g. This question is of importance. = This question is important. 这个问题很重要。 【即时练习】随着AI的出现，全世界发生了大量重要的改变。 With the arrival of AI, a large number of important changes have happened around the world. 3. The brightness of a star is related to its size. 一颗星星的亮度和它的大小有关。 (教材P100 Activity 1） related，形容词，意为“相关的；有联系的”。be related to 意为“与······有关”。 E.g. Your pay is related to your work. 你的工资和你的工作量有关。 【即时练习】Dogs and wolves ____A____ each other because they come from the same family of animals. A. are related to B. are angry with C. are famous for D. are interested in 4. The larger, the brighter. 越大度亮。 (教材P100 Activity 1） “the＋比较级，the＋比较级”，意为“越······越······”。 E.g. The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 The earlier you sleep, the healthier you are. 睡得越早身体越健康。 【即时练习】Teachers ask us to remember that ___A___ careful we are, ______ mistakes we will make. A. the more; the fewer B. the fewer; the more C. the more; the more D. the less; the fewer 5. The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration. 高花费是太空探索的一个巨大的弱点。 (教材P100 Activity 2） the high cost 意为“成本高”，其反义短语为the low cost，意为“成本低”。此时 cost 在这里作名词，意为“费用；成本”。 E.g. The cost in city is high. 城市生活的成本很高。 拓展：cost作名词时的相关短语 the cost of …的成本/代价 at a cost of sth. 以……的价格；以……为代价 cut/reduce costs 降低成本 at all cost/costs 不惜任何代价 at any cost 在任何情况下；无论如何 E.g. The cost of building a wooden house is low. 建一个木屋成本较低。 You can buy this sweater at a cost of 100 yuan. 你可以花100元钱买到这件毛衣。 We will win at all costs. 我们会不惜一切代价争取胜利。 He made up his mind to win at any cost. 他决定无论如何要争取胜利。 链接：cost还可作动词，意为“价钱为；需付费”。其用法如下： E.g. —Tickets cost ten yuan each. 每张票价为10元。 —OK. 好的。 The hospital will cost about ¥ 2 billion to build. 修建这家医院会花费约20亿元。 That one mistake almost cost him his life. 那一个差错几乎使他丧命。 【即时练习】—Mum, the camera looks so cool and you can buy me one. —Your dad doesn’t ____D____ buying one because it ________ too much. A. advise; spends B. advise; pays C. suggest; spends D. suggest; costs 6. Nature can fill our lives with real joy,peace and happiness. 大自然能为生活带来真正的快乐、安宁与幸福。(教材P100 Activity 2） fill，动词，意为“（使）充满，装满，注满，填满”。 fill...with...意为“用······装满······”。 E.g. —What you did filled my life with great joy. 你所做的让我的生命充满了快乐。 —It's my pleasure. 我的荣幸。 —Please fill the cup with water. 请往杯子装满水。 —OK. 好的。 拓展：be filled with意为“充满······；装满······”，一般可与be full of互换。 E.g. The cup is filled with water. = The cup is full of water. 这个杯子装满了水。 【即时练习】The schoolbag is filled ____A____ books. So it is very heavy. A. with B. of C. in D. on 7. Venus is the hottest planet while the surface temperature on Mercury can drop down to -173°C at night. 金星是最热的星球，而夜间水星表面的温度能降到零下173摄氏度。(教材P100 Activity 3） drop down to 意为“下降到······”。此时drop在这里作动词，意为“（使）降低，减少，变弱”。 E.g. The temperature in Hunan dropped down to-8°C today. 今天湖南的气温降低到了零下8℃。 链接：drop还可作可数名词，意为“滴；水珠”。 E.g. The first drops of rain fell. 最初的几滴雨落了下来。 【即时练习】气温将会下降到零度以下，水会变成冰。（完成译句） The temperature will drop below zero degree, and water will turn into ice. 8. Its coldness is due to its thin air. 它的寒冷是由于空气稀薄。(教材P100 Activity 3） due to 意为“由于；因为”。 E.g. —The team's success was largely due to her efforts. 这个队的成功主要是她努力的结果。 —Yes. 是的。 The delay to the flight was due to the ice on the run way. 飞机的延误原因是跑道上有冰。 链接：because of也意为“因为；由于”。because of后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式，还可接what引导的宾语从句。 E.g. Lulu is late because of the heavy rain. 露露因为大雨而迟到。 People matter because of what they are, not what they have. 人重要的不在于他们拥有什么，而在于他们是什么样的人。 【即时练习】因为坏天气，他们不得不推迟这个活动。（完成译句） They had to put off the meeting due to the bad weather. 9. The Death Valley is known as the hottest place on the earth and the driest place in North America. 死亡谷以地球上最热和北美最干燥的地方而闻名。(教材P101 Activity 3） death，名词，意为“死；死亡”。 E.g. We are sorry for his death. 我们因他的死感到抱歉。 辨析：dead,dic,death 和dying 单词 词性 意思 用法 dead 形容词 死的 可在句中作定语或表语，表状态。 die 动词 死；死亡 可在句中作谓语，为非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，过去式和过去分间均为died，现在分词为dying。 death 名词 死；死亡 可在句中作主语或宾语。 dying 形容词 垂死的 可在句中作定语或表语。 E.g. Now, the fish is dead. 现在这条鱼死了。 He died two years ago. 他两年前死了。 The death of my dog made me sad. 我狗狗的死让我伤心。 Look at the flowers. They are dying. 看看这些花儿，它们快要死了。 【即时练习】—Why does your sister look sad? —Because her cat ____A____ yesterday. The cat’s ________ makes her sad. A. died; death B. died; dead C. dead; died D. death; died 10. In 1913, the highest air temperature of 134°F (56.7℃) reached a record here. 在1913年，死亡谷创下了134华氏度（56.7摄氏度）的最高温度的纪录。(教材P101 Activity 3） reach a record意为“达到了纪录”。此时record在这里作可数名词，意为“纪录；记录；记载”。 E.g. Unemployment has reached a record high. 失业数字已经达到了历来的最高纪录。 She holds the world record for the 100 meters. 她保持着100米的世界纪录。 归纳：record的相关短语 E.g. Last summer was the wettest on record. 去年夏天是有记录以来降雨量最大的。 拓展：record还可作动词，意为“记录；记载”。 record sth. 记录某事 It is recorded that... 据记载…… E.g. You should record all your expenses during your trip. 你应该记下一路上的所有开支。 It is recorded that this summer was the wettest for 10 years. 据记载，这是10年来雨量最多的夏季。 【即时练习】我建立了一个社交媒体账户来记录我的进步。（完成译句） I set up a social media account to record my progress. Developing the Topic Oral Communication & Reading for Writing 1. The Sun rises from the east. 太阳从东方升起。(教材P102 Activity 1） rise，不及物动词，意为“升起；上升”。其过去式为rose /rəuz／。 E.g. Smoke rises from the chimney.烟从烟囱中升起。 辨析：rise和raise 单词 词性 意思 用法 rise 不及物动词 升起；上升 表示主语自身移向较高的位置，常指（日、月等）升起，（水位、价格等）上涨。 raise 及物动词 举起；提起 通常是人发出此动作，如抬头、举手等。 E.g. The sea level will rise as well. 海平线也会上升。 Please raise your hand before answering questions. 在回答问题前，请先举手。 【即时练习】The boy ___C___ his hand and asked if the sun ______ in the east every day. A. rose; rises B. rises; raises C. raised; rises 2. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common—water. 虽然两颗行星有很多区别，但是他们有共同之处-水。(教材P103 Activity 2） 1) although，从属连词，意为“虽然；尽管；即使”。引导让步状语从句，常用于句首，可与though互换，而though多用于非正式场合。 E.g. Although I am ugly, I am kind. 虽然我很丑，可是我很善良。 Though he was poor, he still got the highest score and entered a great university. 虽然他家庭贫困，但是他仍然考了最高分并考上了一所很棒的大学。 注意：although/though与but不可同时使用。 E.g. Although my English is poor, I still love it. ( √ ) 虽然我英语差，但我还是喜欢它。 Although my English is poor, but I love it. ( × ) 2) common，名词，意为“公地；公共用地”。 E.g. We went for a walk on the common. 我们在公地上散步。 All the fathers have one thing in common: they like to do sports with kids. 爸爸们都有一个共同点：他们都喜欢和孩子们做运动。 The two cultures have a lot in common. 这两种文化具有许多相同之处。 I have nothing in common with Li Jun. 我和李军毫无共同之处。 拓展：common还可作形容词，意思为： E.g. The disease is very common in young horses. 这种病很常见于马驹。 We share a common interest in sports. 我们在运动方面兴趣相投。 Shakespeare's work was popular among the common people in his day. 莎士比亚的作品在他那个年代很受平民百姓的欢迎。 【即时练习】1) ____C____ Jill isn’t feeling well today, ________ she still goes to school. A. Although; but B. But; although C. Although; / D. But; though 2) —Do you know why Fan Zhendong and Chen Meng can win gold medals? —I think they have some good habits and spirits _____B____. A. in person B. in common C. in public 3. Mars is waiting for us to explore,and so is the universe. 火星正等着我们去探索，宇宙也一样。 (教材P103 Activity 2） "So+be动词／助动词／情态动词＋名词／代词.”，是倒装句，意为“······也是／一样。”，表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体。 注意：此句be动词／助动词／情态动词的时态要与前句的时态相同、人称和数的变化要与后面的主语一致。 E.g. They are from Shanghai and so are we. 他们来自上海，我们也是。 Kangkang likes science and so does Li Xiang. 康康喜欢科学，李想也是。 They had a great time yesterday and so did I. 他们昨天玩得很开心，我也是。 She can be a great teacher one day and so can you. 某一天，她能成为一位很棒的老师，你也可以的。 拓展：① "Neither+be/助动词／情态动词＋名词／代词，”，意为“······也不。”，也可用nor来替换。 E.g. She is not good at math and neither is he 她不擅长数学，他也不擅长。 Lulu won't fly to Beijing neither will I. 露露不会乘飞机去北京，我也不会。 I have never been to England and neither has Kangkang. 我从来没去过英国，康康也没去过。 ② 如果表示赞同，用“So＋主语＋be动词／助动词／情态动词.”这一结构，意为“······的确如此。”，主语与上文指同一人或物。 E.g. —It was so cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。 —So it was. 是的，昨天的确很冷。 —How fast Mary runs! 玛丽跑得多快啊！ —So Mary does. 是的，玛丽跑得很快。 【即时练习】1) —You have ____A____ the math exam again. —________. I’ll work hard to pass it next time. A. failed; So I have B. passed; So do I C. failed; So have I D. passed; So I do 2) —____B____ the years go by, I still remember the games we played when we were school boys. —________. They were very interesting at that time. A. Though; Neither do I B. As; So do I C. While; Me too D. Since; Me neither Wrapping Up the Topic Project & Review 1. He was born in Poland on February 19th,1473. 他于1473年2月19日出生于波兰。(教材P106 Activity 1） born，动词，意为“出生”。它是bear的过去分词形式，只有被动语态，常用于一般过去时，其后可接表地点或时间的介词。 be born in＋地点／时间（某年、某月）意为“出生于······”。 E.g. He was born in a small village. 他出生在一个小村庄。 He was born in August. 他在八月出生。 归纳：born的相关短语 be born on+具体某一天 出生在…… be born with sth. 生来具有某种天赋或疾病 be born to do/be sth. 注定要做；注定会成为 E.g. She was born on August 13th,1987. 她于1987年8月13日出生。 She was born in Shanghai on February 1st,1990. 她于1990年2月1日在上海出生。 Everyone is born with the ability to learn. 每个人天生都具有学习的能力。 —Nobody is born to succeed. 没有人生来注定是成功的。 —I agree with you. 我同意你的观点。 拓展：born还可作形容词，意为“天生（有某方面才能）的”，通常作定语，修饰名词。 E.g. He is a born dancer. 他是个天生的舞者。 【即时练习】—When and where was Jack born (出生)? —He was born ____B____ the United States ________ August 23rd, 2010. A. in; in B. in; on C. at; on D. at; in 2. About sixty years later, scientists proved his ideas right. 约60年后，科学家们证明了他的观点是正确的。 (教材P106 Activity 1） prove，动词，意为“证明；证实”。 prove sb./sth.+adj./n. 意为“证明某人／某事物······”。 E.g. She wanted to prove everyone wrong. 她想证明每个人都是错的。 The other students proved your ideas right. 其他学生证明了你的观点是对的。 拓展：prove sth. (to sb.) (向某人)证明某物 E.g. Just give me a chance, and I will prove it to you. 只要给我一个机会，我会证明给你看。 【即时练习】The news proved to be ____A____. A. true B. truth C. real D. truly 句意：这消息被证明是真的。 考查形容词辨析与形容词作表语。true真实的；truth事实，名词；real真的；truly真实地，副词。根据“The news proved to be”可知，此处应用形容词作表语，因此排除B、D,此处证明消息是真实的，应用true,强调符合事实。故选A。 3. A black hole is at the center of the Milky Way. 银河系的中心有一个黑洞。 (教材P106 Activity 2） at the center of意为“在······的中心”。此时center在这里作名词，意为“中心点；中心；中央”。 E.g. There is a small island at the center of the lake. 在这个湖的中心有一个小岛。 链接：in the center of意为“在······的中央”。 E.g. There is a table in the center of the room. 房间的中央有一张桌子。 【即时练习】The teacher stood ____C____ and the students sat in a circle around her. A. on the corner B. in the front C. in the center 4. Nothing around a black hole can run away, not even light. 黑洞周围的所有物质都不能逃脱，甚至包括光。 (教材P106 Activity 2） run away 意为“逃跑；跑开”。 E.g. He just ran away when he saw some dogs.他看到几只狗就跑了。 拓展：run away from 意为“从······处跑开／逃离”。 E.g. A tiger ran away from the zoo. 一只老虎从动物园逃走了。 注意：away是副词，意为“离开，远离”，常与run、go、walk、give、take等动词搭配构成短语。如： go away走开 take away拿走 walk away走开 put away收好 give away赠送 stay/keep away from远离 【即时练习】The mouse ____A____ when I came in. A. ran away B. is running away C. run away D. runs away 5. When comets are getting closer to the sun, they will become much hotter and leave pieces of ice and rocks behind them. 当彗星接近太阳时，其温度会急剧升高，并在运行轨迹上抛洒大量冰块和岩石。 (教材P106 Activity 2） 1) get close to..．意为“靠近······”。closer 意为“更近的”，所以get closer to意为“更靠近······”。 E.g. Don't get close to fire. 别靠近火。 When the actors get closer to you, you can have a better look at their looks and expressions. 当演员靠你更近时，你可以更好地看看他们的样貌和表情。 链接：be close to意为“接近；靠近”。 E.g. Our village is close to the railway station. 我们村靠近火车站。 2) leave sb./sth. behind 意为“把······抛在后面”。 E.g. We shouldn't leave the rubbish behind before leaving our classroom. 离开教室前，我们不能把垃圾留下。 What should we take and what should we leave behind? 我们应该带走什么，留下什么呢？ Britain is being left behind in the race for new markets. 英国在开拓新市场方面正被甩在后面。 拓展：leave sb./sth. behind 还可意为“永久离开（某人或某地）；永久脱离（某状态）”。 E.g. She knew that she had left childhood behind. 她知道童年已一去不复返了。 【即时练习】1) To ____C____ nature, my friends asked me to go hiking in the mountain last Saturday. A. stay away from B. look forward to C. get close to D. take part in 2) 1954年，她在巴黎安详地去世，留下了丰富的文学遗产。 In 1954, she passed away peacefully in Paris, leaving behind a rich legacy in literature. 6. It is so cold on the planet that air would freeze into something like snow. 这个星球是如此的寒冷以至于空气都会凝结成类似雪花的东西。 (教材P107 Activity 4） 1) so...that..．意为“如此······以至于······”。其中so为副词，修饰形容词或副词；that用来引导结果状语从句。 E.g. This book is so interesting that we all want to read it. 这本书如此有趣以至于我们都想阅读它。 注意：so...that...中间的形容词或副词的使用取决于前面的动词。实义动词后用副词作状语；系动词用形容词作表语。此结构中so 不可换为too、very或quite之类的近义词。 E.g. Tom ran so quickly that we couldn't catch up with him. 汤姆跑得如此快以至于我们追不上他。 It is so hot that we have to wear cool clothes. 天那么热，我们不得不穿凉爽的衣服。 辨析：so...that...和such...that... 短语 意思 用法 so...that... 如此······以至于······ so为副词，后接形容词或副词。 such...that.. 如此······以至于······ such 为限定词，后接名词（短语）。 E.g. She is so lovely that we all like her. 她如此可爱，我们都喜欢她。 She is such a lovely girl that we all like her. 她是一个如此可爱的女孩，我们都喜欢她。 注意：① 当such后跟可数名词单数时，可跟so...that...结构互换。 E.g. He is such a clever boy that the teachers like him. = He is so clever that the teachers like him. 他很聪明，老师们都喜欢他。 ② 当名词前有many、much、little、few 等表示量的词修饰时，要用so...that..结构。即： E.g. There are so many people that we can't find a place to sit. 人太多了，我们找不到地方坐下。 There is so little money that we can't afford the toy. 我们的钱太少了，买不起这个玩具。 拓展：so that意为“以便”，引导目的状语从句。 E.g. Speak louder so that we can hear you. 大声点，以便我们能听得见。 I get up early every day so that I can catch the early bus. 我每天都早早起床，以便我能坐上早班车。 【即时练习】1) They were ____C____ tired ________ they didn’t move any more. A. such; that B. too; to C. so; that 2) —Look! What a heavy rain! —It’s ____C_____ bad weather _________ we all have to stay at home at the weekend. A. such a, that B. /, so that C. such, that D. so, that 单元语法 名词后缀 (-ness) 一、名词后缀（-ness） 后缀是一种重要的构词法，而且通常也可以通过后缀来判断一个词的词性。本单元主要学习了-ness的名词后缀。 词缀 英文 中文 -ness blindness 失明 carelessness 粗心大意 darkness 黑暗 happiness 快乐 1 illness （身体或精神上的）疾病，病 kindness 仁慈；善良 sadness 悲哀；悲伤 sickness 疾病；呕吐 形容词的比较级和最高级 二、 形容词的比较级和最高级 1．形容词的基本概念 说明人或事物的特征、性质或状态的词，常用来修饰名词或代词。 2．形容词的原级、比较级和最高级 1）概念 （1）原级：即形容词的原形。 （2）比较级：两个事物（两类事物或事物的两个方面）进行比较时，用比较级，意为“较······”或“更······一些”。 （3）最高级：三个或三个以上的事物进行比较时，用最高级，意为“最······”。 E.g. This room is bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个房间大。 The rabbit is the smallest of them. 这只兔子是它们中最小的。 3．形容词的比较级和最高级的构成 1）规则变化 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音 节词 和 少数 双音节 词 一般直接加-er 或-est high 高的 higher highest great 巨大的 greater greatest near 附近的 nearer nearest tall 高的 taller tallest 以不发音字母e结尾的词，加-r或-st late 晚的 later latest nice 好的 nicer nicest large 大的 larger largest 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把 y变i，再加-er 或-est easy 容易的 easier easiest heavy 重的 heavier heaviest busy 忙的 busier busiest angry 生气的 angrier angriest 重读闭音节且词尾 只有一个辅音字母时，双写 结尾的辅音字母再加-er或-est hot热的 hotter hottest red红色的 redder reddest thin瘦的 thinner thinnest big大的 bigger biggest fat胖的 fatter fattest wet湿的 wetter wettest 多音节 和部分 双音节词 在词前加more 或most beautiful 漂亮的 more beautiful most beautiful serious 严重的 more serious most serious interesting 有趣的 more interesting most interesting important 重要的 more important most important 口诀：比较级要变化，一般词尾加-er; 词尾若有哑音e, 直接加-r就可以； 一辅重读闭音节，辅音字母要双写； 辅音字母后加-y, 需要把-y改为-i; 最高级加-est, 前面加the莫忘记； 形容词若是多音节，只把more和most前面写。 2）不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 many/much多的 more most good/well好的 better best bad/ill坏的 worse worst far远的 farther（较远） further（进一步） farthest（最远） furthest（最大程度） old老的 older（年纪较大的） elder（较年长的） oldest（年纪最大的） eldest（最年长的） little小的 less least 口诀：合二为一有两对，“两多”与“两好”; 一分为二有两个，一个“远”来一个“老”; 还有一个双含义，只记“少”来别记“小”; bad不是最差的，worse和worst才叫糟。 3）几种特殊情况 （1）部分形容词有两种比较级和最高级形式： 原级 比较级 最高级 bitter 苦的 bitterer more bitter bitterest most bitter clever 聪明的 cleverer more clever cleverest most clever lovely 可爱的 lovelier more lovely loveliest most lovely （2）英语中有些形容词说明形状、材质等，还有些形容词没有程度可分或其本身就表示某种程度，这些形容词都没有比较级和最高级。常见的有： right正确的 wrong错误的 excellent最好的 finally最后的 last最后的 possible可能的 first最重要的 favorite最喜欢的 impossible不可能的 wooden木制的 east东方的 empty空的 golden金色的 circle圆的 square方的 （3）“较不”和“最不”的表达：在形容词前分别加上less和least。常见的有： 原级 较不 最不 difficult困难的 less difficult较不困难的 least difficult最不困难的 hard-working 勤奋的 less hard-working 较不勤奋的 least hard-working 最不勤奋的 shy腼腆的 less shy较不腼腆的 least shy最不腼腆的 4．形容词比较级和最高级的修饰语 1）比较级的修饰语 much······得多 even 甚至 still 更 any任何 far更 by far 大大地 rather 相当 a lot很 a great deal 大大地 a little 有点 a bit 有点 倍数、分数、百分数 E.g. Mumu is much more outgoing than Bingbing. 牧牧比冰冰外向得多。 We felt we might finish third. Any better would be a bonus. 我们觉得我们可能得第三名。任何更好的结果都是意外收获。 She is a little taller than you. 她比你高一点点。 练习：This movie is ___A___ interesting than that one. I like it more. A. more B. much C. very 2）最高级的修饰语 much 非常 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎 by far 大大地 far and away 大大地 one of the... ······中最······ of the three 三者中最······ the＋序数词 第······最······ E.g. This is by far the best book that I've ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书。 Lili is the oldest girl of the three. 丽丽在三个女孩中是最大的。 The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 5．形容词比较级的替代 比较的对象相同时，可用that或those 替代第二次出现的比较对象。 E.g. The winter in Chongqing is colder than that in Yunnan. 重庆的冬天比云南的冬天冷。 The books on this shelf are more expensive than those on that shelf. 这个书架上的书比那个书架上的贵。 练习：The population of China is much ____B____ of America. A. more than that B. larger than that C. larger than D. more than 6．形容词原级、比较级和最高级的用法 1）比较级的用法 （1）基本用法 “比较级＋than”，双方比较，表示一方超过一方。 E.g. He is taller than you. 他比你高。 （2）特殊用法 ①“比较级＋and＋比较级”，意为“越来越······”，这一结构表示事物本身程度的逐渐变化。 注意：如果为多音节形容词（以及部分双音节形容词），要用“more and more＋形容词原级”。 E.g. It is getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了。 The story is becoming more and more interesting. 故事越来越有意思了。 ②“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”，意为“越······越······”，表示一方的程度随着另一方程度的变化而变化。 E.g. —The more careful we are, the fewer mistakes we will make. 我们越细心，犯的错误就越少。 —Yes. 是的。 ③ A+⋯⋯+the+比较级+of the two+可数名词复数”，意为“两者中较······”。 E.g. Lili is the taller of the two girls. 丽丽是这两个女孩中较高的那个。 ④ A+⋯+基数词+times+比较级+than，表示“A比B（大／小／多／少······)······倍”。 E.g. Pluto is about 40 times farther from the Sun than Earth. 冥王星到太阳的距离比地球到太阳的距离远约40倍。 My box is three times bigger than yours. 我的盒子比你的盒子大三倍。 ⑤“Which/Who+...＋比较级，A or B？”意为“A和B哪一个／谁更······？”。 注意： 给出具体范围的选择，指物用which，指人用who。 E.g. Who is more beautiful, Lili or Yanyan? 丽丽和妍妍谁更漂亮？ ⑥比较级的单独使用：比较级单独使用时，其比较对象暗含于句中。 E.g. Are you feeling better today？你今天感觉好些了吗？ Be more careful next time. 下次更小心一些。 My mother hoped to get a better job. 我妈妈希望得到一份更好的工作。 ⑦ A.“no＋比较级＋than”，意为“和······一样不······”，表示对两者的否定，与“neither..nor...”或 “as＋相反意义的形容词或副词＋as”相似。 E.g Li Jun is no taller than his brother. = Neither Li Jun nor his brother is tall. = Li Jun is as short as his brother. 李军和他哥哥都不高（或一样矮）。 B.“not＋比较级＋than”，意为“并不比······更······”。 注意：not只否定前者，表示前者不如后者。 E.g. Li Jun is not taller than his brother. 李军没有他哥哥高。 注意：使用比较级的常见错误 ① more不可修饰比较级，但much可以，意为“······得多，更······”。 (判断正误) E.g. He is much better this year. 今年他好得多。（✓） He is more better this year. 今年他好得多。（x） ② 两者进行比较时，比较的对象要一致，相比较的两者必须是同一类。 (判断正误) E.g. The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Chongqing. 北京的天气比重庆的天气冷。（✓） The weather in Beijing is colder than in Chongqing. 北京的天气比重庆的天气冷。（x） （错误的原因是将北京的天气与重庆这个城市进行对比） ③ 形容词比较级要避免与自身进行比较。要用“比较级＋than any other＋单数名词”或“比较级＋than+anyone/anybody/anything+else＂来表示“比其他的任何······都······”。 E.g. Wang Junfeng is taller than any other student in the class. 王俊峰比班上的其他任何同学都高。 Lili studies harder than anyone else in her class. 丽丽比班上其他任何人都学习刻苦。 2）最高级的用法 （1）基本用法 ① “the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋表示范围的短语或从句”，意为“······中最······的”。比较范围常用of、 in、among引导的短语表达。 注意：如果在一定的地域空间内进行比较用in；如果在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of。 E.g. China is the largest country in Asia. 中国是亚洲最大的国家。 China is the largest one of all the Asian countries. 中国是亚洲所有国家中最大的。 She is the eldest among them. 她是她们当中年纪最大的。 ② “Which/Who+...+the＋形容词最高级，A, B or C？”，用来询问在三者或三者以上的人或物中“哪一个最······？”。 E.g. Which do you like best, math, English or Chinese? 你最喜欢什么，数学、英语还是语文？ （2）特殊用法 ① "one of+the+最高级+名词复数", 意为“最······的······之一”。 E.g. Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海是中国最大的城市之一。 ② “the＋序数词＋最高级”，意为“第······最······”。 E.g. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长的河流。 Li Xiang is the third tallest in our class. 李想是我们班身高第三高的。 ③ 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，但此时不能加定冠词the。 E.g. She is my best friend. 她是我最好的朋友。 Yesterday is Yanyan's happiest day. 昨天是妍妍最开心的一天。 ④ “否定词＋比较级”可表达最高级含义。 E.g. I have never read a more interesting story. = This story is the most interesting that I have ever read. 我从未读过比这更有趣的故事。 Nothing is more important than time. = Time is the most important thing. 没有比时间更重要的东西了。 数" = "比较级+than+the other+名词复数", 意为“比其它······都······”，可表达最高级含义。 E.g. China is bigger than any other country in Asia. = China is bigger than the other countries in Asia. = China is the biggest country in Asia. 中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。 ⑥ 在一定的上下文中，形容词最高级后的名词（所谓的中心词）可省去。 E.g. He is the tallest in the class. 他是班上最高的（学生）。 3）常见的比较级之间的转换 （1）原级与比较级转换的常见结构。 ① not+so/as+单音节形容词+as = 单音节形容词的反义词比较级＋than E.g. Kangkang is not so/as heavy as his brother. = Kankang is lighter than his brother. 康康比他哥哥轻。 ② not+so/as+多音节形容词+as = 1ess+多音节形容词原级＋than E.g. Kangkang is not so/as careful as his brother. = Kangkang is less careful than his brother. 康康不如他哥哥细心。 （2） 比较级之间的转换：常改变比较对象的位置并使用形容词的反义词。 E.g. Kankang is heavier than Xiaohui. = Xiaohui is lighter than Kangkang. 康康比晓辉重。 （3）比较级与最高级转换的常见结构。 ① 比较级＋than+any other + 单数名词 E.g. Lili is cleverer than any other student in the class. = Lili is the cleverest student in the class. 丽丽比班上任何一位学生都聪明。 ② 比较级＋than+the other＋复数名词 E.g. Wang Junfeng is older than the other boys in his class. = WangJunfeng is the oldest boy in his class. = Wang Junfeng is older than any other boy in his class. 王俊峰是班上年龄最大的。 ③ 比较级＋than+anyone/anybody／anything+else E.g. Xiao Ya is taller than anyone else in her class. = Xiao Ya is the tallest in her class. 肖雅是班上最高的。 语法知识点小测： 一、选词填空：选用方框内的单词或词组填空，其中有一个单词或词组是多余选项。 as often as possible   method   worse   offering   correctly   reducing 1．Emma found a new ___ to remember English words—she writes them on cards and reads them every day. 2．The problem will become than before when you keep it to yourself. 3．We all look forward to plastic waste in our daily life by using reusable bags. 4．If you can answer this question , you will reach the final. 5．To practise your English speaking, use it . 【答案】1．method 2．worse 3．reducing 4．correctly 5．as often as possible 【解析】1．句意：艾玛找到了一种记忆英语单词的新方法——她把单词写在卡片上，每天都读。根据“a new”和“写卡片记忆单词”的具体方式可知，此处表示一个新“方法”，method“方法”符合语境，故填method。 2．句意：如果你把问题藏在心里，它会变得比以前更糟。根据“than”可知，此处需用比较级，结合“把问题藏起来”的后果，worse“更糟的”符合语境，故填worse。 3．句意：我们都期待通过使用可重复使用的袋子，在日常生活中减少塑料垃圾。“look forward to doing sth”意为“期待做某事”，此处表示“减少塑料垃圾”，reducing“减少”符合语法规则和语义，故填reducing。 4．句意：如果你能正确回答这个问题，你就能进入决赛。根据“answer this question”可知，此处需用副词修饰动词，结合“进入决赛”的条件，correctly“正确地”符合语境，故填correctly。 5．句意：要练习英语口语，尽可能经常使用它。根据“practise your English speaking”的目的和备选词可知，as often as possible意为“尽可能经常地”，符合此处“多使用以练习口语”的语境，故填as often as possible。 二、单项选择（词汇辨析）。 ( ) 1．Mary’s hair is longer than ________ in her class. A． any other student B．the other students C．any other student’s D．the other student’s 【答案】C 【详解】句意：玛丽的头发比她班上其他任何学生的头发长。 考查所有格在比较级中的用法。any other student其他任何一个学生；the other students其余的学生们；any other student’s其他任何一个学生的（所有格形式，此处指代“头发”）；the other student’s另一个学生的（单数所有格形式，the other常隐含 “两者中的另一个”的含义）。根据“Mary’s hair is longer than...”可知，句子比较的是头发长度，所以此处需使用所有格形式指代“其他学生的头发”。故选C。 ( ) 2．The Sun ________ space ________ light and heat, which helps life exist on Earth. A．fills; with B．looks; at C．turns; on D．puts; up 【答案】A 【详解】句意：太阳用光和热填充空间，这帮助生命在地球上存在。 考查动词短语辨析。fills...with用……填充；looks at看；turns...on打开；puts...up张贴，搭建。根据“The Sun...space...light and heat”可知，太阳用光和热填充空间。故选A。 ( ) 3．________ a planet is to the Sun, ________ its surface temperature usually is. A．The close; the high B．The closer; the higher C．The near; the hot D．The nearer; the hotter 【答案】B 【详解】句意：一颗行星离太阳越近，它的表面温度通常就越高。 考查“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构。根据“...a planet is to the Sun, ...its surface temperature usually is.”可知，此处是“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构，表示“越……就越……”，且行星离太阳越近，温度应该是越高。故选B。 ( ) 4．The temperature of a planet ________ its distance from the Sun. A．is afraid of B．is full of C．is related to D．is made of 【答案】C 【详解】句意：行星的温度与它离太阳的距离相关。 考查短语辨析。is afraid of害怕；is full of充满；is related to与……相关；is made of由……制成。根据“The temperature of a planet ... its distance from the Sun.”及常识可知，行星的温度与它离太阳的距离有关。故选C。 ( ) 5．No clothes are ________ than those in Dream Clothes. The clothes there are ________ in our town. A．bad; bad B．the worst; worse C．worst; worse D．worse; the worst 【答案】D 【详解】句意：没有衣服比Dream Clothes店的衣服更差。那里的衣服在我们镇上是最差的。 考查形容词比较级和最高级。bad形容词原形；worse比较级；the worst最高级。第一空前有“than”，表示比较，需用比较级“worse”；第二空后有“in our town”，表示范围，需用最高级“the worst”。故选D。 ( ) 6．To keep healthy, we had better eat ________ sweets and do ________ exercise. A．more; less B．less; more C．fewer; more D．more; fewer 【答案】C 【详解】句意：为了保持健康，我们最好少吃甜食和多做运动。 考查形容词比较级。more更多的，less更少的，修饰不可数名词；fewer更少的，修饰可数名词复数。根据“sweets”可知，其为可数名词，用fewer修饰表示“更少的”；根据“exercise”可知，此处为不可数名词，用more修饰表示“更多的”。逻辑上，保持健康需要减少甜食摄入和增加运动量。故选C。 ( ) 7．I believe the more carefully you listen in class, ________ grades you’ll get in exams. A．better B．the good C．the better D．the best 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我相信你在课堂上听得越仔细，在考试中取得的成绩就越好。 考查形容词比较级。根据“the more carefully you listen in class, ... grades you’ll get in exams.”可知，此处是“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构，表示“越……，就越……”。故选C。 ( ) 8．Which one do you think is ________, the cake or the bread? A．much delicious B．delicious C．most delicious D．more delicious 【答案】D 【详解】句意：你认为蛋糕和面包哪一个更美味？ 考查形容词比较级。much delicious错误结构，much修饰比较级；delicious美味的，形容词原级；most delicious最美味的，形容词最高级；more delicious更美味的，形容词比较级。根据“the cake or the bread”可知，此处指两者之间进行比较，应该用比较级形式，故选D。 ( ) 9．Basketball is ________ than swimming among students because it is a team sport. A．popular B．more popular C．most popular D．the most popular 【答案】B 【详解】句意：篮球在学生中比游泳更受欢迎，因为它是一项团队运动。 考查形容词比较级。根据“than swimming”可知，此处指篮球和游泳两者之间的比较，应使用形容词比较级，popular为多音节词，其比较级为more popular。故选B。 ( ) 10．This storybook about environmental protection is ________ interesting than that one. I like it better. A．much B．more C．most D．the most 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这本关于环境保护的故事书比那一本更有趣。我更喜欢它。 考查形容词比较级。much常用于修饰比较级；more比较级形式；most最高级；the most最高级。interesting为多音节形容词，其比较级形式为more interesting；句中than表示两者比较，需用比较级。故选B。 ( ) 11．My little sister is much ________ than me, but she eats more ________ than I do. A．short; healthy B．shorter; healthily C．shorter; healthy D．short; healthily 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我的小妹妹比我矮得多，但她比我吃得更健康。 考查形容词和副词的比较级。short矮的，healthy健康的；shorter比较矮的；healthily健康地；根据“is much…than me”，可知，第一空填形容词比较级shorter，排除选项A和D；根据“she eats more…than I do”可知，第二空填副词修饰“eats”。故选B。 ( ) 12．Mike is ________ than Tim, but he is much ________. A．younger; taller B．older; tallest C．younger; tall 【答案】A 【详解】句意：迈克比蒂姆年纪小，但他高得多。 考查形容词比较级的用法。younger更年轻的；taller更高的；older更年长的；tallest最高的；tall高的。第一空后有“than”，这是比较级的标志性词，所以此处需用形容词的比较级形式；第二空前有“much”，“much”常用来修饰形容词比较级，表程度“……得多”；结合语义逻辑，“younger; taller”能正确表达“年龄更小但身高更高”的对比关系。故选A。 ( ) 13．Of the two dresses, I’d like to take ________ one to save some money for a hat. A．the cheaper B．cheaper C．the more expensive D．the most expensive 【答案】A 【详解】句意：这两件连衣裙中，我想买较便宜的那件，为了省点钱买顶帽子。 考查形容词比较级和定冠词用法。the cheaper较便宜的，the+形容词比较级；cheaper较便宜的，形容词比较级；the more expensive较贵的，the+形容词比较级；the most expensive最贵的，the+形容词最高级。根据“Of the two dresses”可知，两者比较需用比较级，又根据“to save some money”可知，此处表明会选择便宜的，且特指两者中较便宜的那件，比较级前需加定冠词the。故选A。 ( ) 14．My brother is ________ than me, but I’m as ________ as him. We both need to eat more healthy food. A．thinner; taller B．thinner; tall C．thin; taller D．thinnest; tall 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我的兄弟比我瘦，但我和他一样高。我们都需要吃更健康的食物。 考查形容词比较级和原级用法。第一个空后有“than”，需用比较级“thinner”；第二个空为“as...as”结构，需用原级“tall”。故选B。 ( ) 15．I really want to have ________ homework so that I can have ________ time to do my favorite things on weekends. A．fewer; more B．less; less C．less; more D．fewer; fewer 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我真的很想有更少的作业，这样我就可以有更多的时间在周末做我喜欢的事情。 考查形容词比较级。fewer更少，修饰可数名词；more更多，修饰可数名词和不可数名词；less更少，修饰不可数名词。根据“have … homework so that I can have … time to do my favorite things on weekends”可知，是想少做作业，有更多的时间做自己喜欢的事。“homework”和“time”均为不可数名词，第一空用less表示“更少的作业”，第二空用more表示“更多的时间”。故选C。 三、完成译句 （根据汉语提示，完成下列句子，每空一词。） 1．太阳在使地球上的生命成为可能方面发挥着重要作用。 The Sun making life possible on Earth. 【答案】plays an important role in 【详解】根据中英文对照可知，英文句子缺少“在……方面发挥着重要作用”，其英文表达是play an important role in，动词短语，此处表示客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语“The Sun”是第三人称单数，所以动词play应变成第三人称单数形式plays。故填plays an important role in。 2．火星任务的成功归功于许多科学家的辛勤工作。 The success of the Mars mission was the hard work of many scientists. 【答案】due to 【详解】对比所给中英文可知，设空处为“归功于”，due to“归功于”，是固定搭配。故填due to。 3．水对地球上所有生物都至关重要。 Water for all living things on Earth. 【答案】is of key importance 【详解】“be of+抽象名词”相当于形容词；主语是water，be动词用is；key“关键的”。故填is of key importance。 4．我比你矮，但是我跳舞比你好。 I am than you, but I can dance than you. 【答案】 shorter better 【详解】第一空，short“矮的”，是形容词作表语，结合“than”可知，此处应填对应的比较级形式shorter；第二空，此处应填副词well“好”，修饰动词dance，结合“than”可知，此处应填对应的比较级形式better。故填shorter；better。 5．他比班里的任何同学更小心（细心）。 He is than any other student in his class. 【答案】 more careful 【详解】对比所给中英文可知，设空处为“更小心（细心）”，careful“小心的，细心的”，比较级形式是more careful。故填more；careful。 6．Jack didn’t get to school as early as I did. (改为同义句) I got to school Jack did. 【答案】 earlier than 【详解】句意：杰克没有我那么早到学校。原句表示“我比杰克早到学校”，可用比较级结构“earlier than”来改写同义句。故填earlier；than。 7．中国的人口比美国多。 The population of China is that of America. 【答案】 larger than 【详解】根据中英文对照可知，此处缺少“比……多”。人口的“多”通常用“large”，因此“更多”应用比较级“larger”，后接“than”引出比较对象。故填larger；than。 8．Tony is the tallest in his class. (变为同义句) Tony is anyone else in his class. 【答案】 taller than 【详解】句意：托尼是他们班最高的。改为同义句，最高级“A is the + 形容词最高级 + 范围”可转换为“A is + 形容词比较级 + than + anyone else + 范围”，意为“A比范围内的其他任何人都更……”，tallest的比较级为taller，后跟than。故填taller；than。 9．Tom is stronger than any other student in his class. (改为同义句) Tom is stronger than students in his class. 【答案】 the other 【详解】句意：汤姆比他班上任何其他学生都强壮。原句表示“汤姆比班上其他任何一个学生都强壮”，强调“排除汤姆自身的其余全部学生”。“any other + 单数名词”与“the other + 复数名词”是同义替换结构，均表示“同一范围内除自身外的其余全部”。故填the；other。 10．Peter’s brother is not as strong as Peter.（同义句） Peter is his brother. 【答案】 stronger than 【详解】句意：彼得的哥哥不如彼得强壮。根据“Peter’s brother is not as strong as Peter.”可知彼得比他的哥哥强壮，应用比较级结构“形容词比较级 + than”。strong的比较级形式为stronger，表示“更强壮的”，than用于引出比较对象。故填stronger；than。 四、完形填空 Every summer, I usually visit my grandfather for two weeks. I always have fun and learn something new from 1 . Grandpa knows a lot about everything. Last year, he showed me how to put up a tent and make a fire. And this summer, he 2 me how to find one special star. “If you can find this star,” Grandpa said. “You will never get lost.” “What a great idea!” I thought. Maps and compasses (指南针) can 3 me which way to go and how to get there. 4 what could I do if I am lost and don’t have a map or a compass? It was 5 for me to find the answer to this question. So I asked my grandfather for help. Grandpa got some books and read them carefully to me. He pointed at the main constellation (星座) in the books and showed me how the stars move to 6 places. However, he told me there is one special star. It always 7 in the sky at the same place. After reading these 8 , Grandpa opened the door and said, “It’s time to 9 and take a look. Let’s go!” The night was dark. The sky was full of stars. “See it there,” said Grandpa. “Look! That group of stars looks like a ladle (长柄勺). Follow the dipper, you can 10 find the North Star. It 11 points to the north. If you find this star at night, you’ll know 12 you are and never get lost.” After hearing my grandpa’s 13 , it took me a while to find it. There it was for sure—the North Star! Grandpa says the North Star is always in the same place. This summer, my grandfather shows me the most 14 thing. Now I know how to find my way using only the stars 15 my guide. ( ) 1．A．me B．her C．him D．us ( ) 2．A．taught B．woke C．bought D．lost ( ) 3．A．call B．tell C．expect D．thank ( ) 4．A．But B．Until C．Because D．Although ( ) 5．A．boring B．disappointed C．serious D．difficult ( ) 6．A．large B．different C．popular D．terrible ( ) 7．A．sits B．breaks C．adds D．guides ( ) 8．A．diaries B．results C．prizes D．books ( ) 9．A．sit down B．go out C．turn around D．clean up ( ) 10．A．loudly B．freshly C．easily D．seriously ( ) 11．A．never B．hardly C．sometimes D．always ( ) 12．A．how B．when C．where D．who ( ) 13．A．grades B．words C．songs D．stories ( ) 14．A．wonderful B．expensive C．dangerous D．colourful ( ) 15．A．on B．as C．after D．before 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．D 12．C 13．B 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文讲述作者每年夏天拜访祖父，学习新知识，今年祖父教他通过北极星辨别方向的故事。 1．句意：我总是很开心，从他那里学到新的东西。 me我；her她；him他；us我们。根据“Grandpa knows a lot”可知学习对象是祖父，用him指代。故选C。 2．句意：今年夏天，他教我如何找到一颗特殊的星星。 taught教；woke叫醒；bought买；lost丢失。根据“how to find”可知是教学行为。故选A。 3．句意：地图和指南针可以告诉我该走哪条路以及如何到达那里。 call打电话；tell告诉；expect期待；thank感谢。根据“which way to go and how to get there”可知是告诉我信息。故选B。 4．句意：但是如果我迷路了，又没有地图或指南针，我该怎么办呢？ But但是；Until直到；Because因为；Although尽管。根据“Maps and compasses (指南针) can ... me which way to go and how to get there.”和“what could I do if I am lost and don’t have a map or a compass?”可知，前后句为转折关系。故选A。 5．句意：我很难找到这个问题的答案。 boring无聊的；disappointed失望的；serious严肃的；difficult困难的。根据“asked for help”可知问题有难度。故选D。 6．句意：他指着书中的主星座，告诉我星星是如何移动到不同的地方的。 large大的；different不同的；popular流行的；terrible可怕的。根据“stars move”强调位置变化。故选B。 7．句意：它总是在天空的同一个地方。 sits坐落在；breaks打破；adds增加；guides引导。根据“in the sky at the same place”可知坐落在同一个地方。故选A。 8．句意：看完这些书，祖父打开门说：“该出去看看了。我们走吧!” diaries日记；results结果；prizes奖品；books书。前文提到“He pointed at the main constellation (星座) in the books and showed me ...”可知看的是书。故选D。 9．句意：看完这些书，祖父打开门说：“该出去看看了。我们走吧!” sit down坐下；go out出去；turn around转身；clean up清理。根据“Let’s go”和“The sky was full of stars.”可知是出去。故选B。 10．句意：跟着北斗七星走，你可以很容易地找到北极星。 loudly大声地；freshly新鲜地；easily容易地；seriously严肃地。根据“Follow the dipper, you can ... find the North Star.”可知，到北极星的方法很简单。故选C。 11．句意：它总是指向北方。 never从不；hardly几乎不；sometimes有时；always总是。根据“the North Star”和常识可知，北极星总是指向北方。故选D。 12．句意：如果你在晚上找到这颗星，你就知道你在哪里，永远不会迷路。 how如何；when何时；where何地；who谁。根据“never get lost.”可知，知道了位置才不迷路。故选C。 13．句意：听了爷爷的话，我花了好一会儿才找到。 grades成绩；words话语；songs歌曲；stories故事。根据“Grandpa said”可知前文是祖父的话。故选B。 14．句意：今年夏天，爷爷给我展示了最精彩的事情。 wonderful精彩的；expensive昂贵的；dangerous危险的；colourful多彩的。根据前文可知，祖父教我通过北极星辨别方向，这是一件很精彩的事情。故选A。 15．句意：现在我知道如何找到我的路，只用星星作为我的向导。 on在……上；as作为；after在……后；before在……前。根据“using only the stars ... my guide”可知，用星星当作向导。故选B。 五、短文填空 阅读下面短文，填入一个适当的词。 Except for Pluto, there 1 eight planets in the solar system now, including Earth. By the distance from the Sun, from close to far, they are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto used to be known as 2 smallest planet in our solar system and the furthest planet from the Sun. Pluto was discovered in 1930, and was named by an eleven-year-old girl from England. Pluto is only half 3 wide as the United States. This planet takes 248 Earth years to travel around the Sun. It means we need 6.5 Earth days to spend a day on Pluto. Pluto is about 40 times farther 4 the Sun than Earth is. Pluto is in an area of space called the Kuiper Belt that has thousands of small, icy objects. The temperature on Pluto is 5 low that Earth air would turn into ice soon. The gravity on Pluto is less strong than that on Earth. So fat persons may prefer to move there; they would weigh much less on Pluto. 【答案】1．are 2．the 3．as 4．from 5．so 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了太阳系中除冥王星外有八大行星，并详细描述了冥王星的特点，包括其大小、轨道周期、距离太阳的远近、温度及重力等。 1．句意：除了冥王星，太阳系现在有八颗行星，包括地球。此句为there be句型，主语“eight planets”为复数，且描述客观事实用一般现在时，be动词用复数形式的are。故填are。 2．句意：冥王星曾被认为是太阳系中最小的行星，也是离太阳最远的行星。“smallest”是形容词最高级，前面需加定冠词the，特指冥王星是最小的行星。故填the。 3．句意：冥王星的宽度仅为美国的一半。根据“wide as the United States.”可知，此处指与美国的一半一样宽。half as wide as“宽度是……的一半”。故填as。 4．句意：冥王星离太阳的距离大约是地球离太阳距离的40倍。根据“Pluto is about 40 times farther”可知，此处指离太阳的距离。far from“离……远”，此处比较冥王星和地球与太阳的距离。故填from。 5．句意：冥王星上的温度是如此的低，以至于地球上的空气很快就会结冰。根据“that Earth air would turn into ice soon”可知，此处表示低温的结果是空气会结冰。“low”为形容词，用so…that引导结果状语从句。故填so。 1 $ 新仁爱八上 Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 单元知识梳理（练习版） Preparing for the Topic Listening & Speaking 1. On clear nights, you can see them shining in the sky. 在晴朗的夜晚，你能看到它们在天空中闪闪发亮。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） on clear nights意为“在晴朗的夜晚”，具体的某一天或具体的某一天的早上、下午、晚上用on。 E.g. on August 8th, 2024 在2024年8月8日 on Children's Day 在儿童节 on a rainy day 在一个下雨天 on Sunday morning 在星期天早上 on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早上 注意：at night意为“在晚上”。 【即时练习】 —The Shenzhou XVIII returned to Earth successfully ________ 1:24 a.m., November 4th. —Yes, all my family were excited ________ that day. A. in; at B. in; on C. at; on D. at; / 2. It is much smaller than Earth and goes around Earth once about every 27 days. 它比地球小得多，大约每27天绕着地球转一圈。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） 1) than，介词／连词，意为“（用以引出比较的第二部分）比”。“比较级＋than＋比较对象”意为“······比······更······”。 E.g. This room is bigger than that one. 这间房间比那间房间大。 Kangkang is taller than Li Xiang. 康康比李想高。 2) smaller是small的比较级，意为“更小”。much smaller意为“小的多”，much在这里修饰 smaller。 E.g. He is much stronger than before. 他比以前强壮的多。 拓展：当表示一方超过另一方的“程度”时，还可用a lot、a little、a bit、even、far等词或短语来修饰形容词比较级。 E.g. The book is far better than that one. 这本书比那本书好的多。 3) go around 意为“绕圈；转圈；流传；传播”。 E.g. —The moon goes around the earth. 月亮围着地球转。 —Yes. 是的。 归纳：around的相关短语 look around 四下察看 run around 围绕……跑 move around 围着……移动 show(sb.) around领(某人)参观 get around四处走动 【即时练习】 1) The earth is a planet and it ________ the sun. A. go around B. went around C. will go around D. goes around 2) Mike is ________ than Tim, but he is much ________. A. younger; taller B. older; tallest C. younger; tall 3. It is the largest and brightest object in the solar system, and it gives us light and warmth. 它是太阳系最大最亮的天体，给予我们光和温暖。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） the largest and brightest意为“最大最亮的”，其中largest是large的最高级形式，brightest 是bright的最高级形式。一般情况下，形容词最高级是直接在形容词后加est。 注意：英语中，当我们要将三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较时，可以用形容词或副词的最高级形式来表达。最高级后面通常用in、of、among等来表示比较的范围。本句中 the largest和 the brightest是最高级，意为“最大”和“最亮”；范围为“in the solar system”，意为“在太阳系”。 E.g. Mumu is the tallest of the three boys. 牧牧是三个男孩中最高的。 Lulu is the youngest among the girls. 露露是女孩中最小的。 【即时练习】 1) With new glasses, everything looks ________ and clearer to Miss Johnson now. A. bright B. brighter C. brightest D. the brightest 2) The Tianjin Summit is ________ SCO summit in history. A. large B. larger C. largest D. the largest 4. It sends satellites and people into space, and it is one of the most important tools for exploring the solar system. 它将卫星和人送入太空，是探索太阳系最重要的工具之一。 (教材P92 Activity 1 B） send...into意为“把······送／派遣到”。 E.g. We sent vegetables into space to do some experiments. 我们把蔬菜发射到太空中去做些实验。 拓展：send的相关短语 send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人 send sb. to do sth. 派某人去做某事 send out分发，散发 send up发射 send back寄回去 send for sb.请某人来 【即时练习】 We often write our best wishes on postcards and send ________ to our friends. A. them B. us C. it 5. It's about 150,000,000 kilometers away from the earth to the sun. 地球到太阳的距离大概是1.5亿千米。 (教材P93 Activity 1 B） be far away from 意为“远离；离······远”；对其提问用how far，意为“离······多远”。 归纳：常用句型为：How far is it from A to B? / How far is B from A? 其答语常为：It’s ... meters/miles/kilometers (away). E.g. How far is it from your school to your home? 从学校到你家多远？ —It is about 5 kilometers (away). 大概5千米远。 拓展：在回答how far的提问时，一般有两种情况： 有具体数字时，常与away from连用，表示具体的距离。 没有具体数字时，应用far或者near作答。 E.g. —How far is it from the cinema to the supermarket? 从电影院到超市有多远？ —It's 30 kilometers away from the cinema to the supermarket./It is very far. 从电影院到超市有30千米。／距离很远。 【即时练习】—________ is it from Sunshine Town to your school? —It’s about 2 kilometers ______ our school. A. How long; far from B. How far; far away from C. How long; far away from D. How far; away from 6. The temperature at the sun's surface is about 5,526.85 degrees Celsius. 太阳表面的温度大概是5526.85摄氏度。 (教材P93 Activity 1 B） 1) surface，名词，意为“表面；表层”。at/on the surface(of sth.）意为“在（······的）表面”。 E.g. We need a flat, smooth surface to play the game on. 我们得有个平滑的表面才能玩这个游戏。 There is lots of water and trees at the surface of the earth. 地球表面有大量的水和树。 拓展：below/beneath/under the surface (of sth.）意为“在（······的）表面下”。 E.g. We could see fish swimming just below the surface. 我们能看到水面下游动的鱼儿。 2) degee Celsius意为“摄氏度”，其符号为“℃”。 E.g. The temperature is 20 degrees Celsius. 温度是20摄氏度。 注意：当温度是零下时，用minus表达。如：-5℃的表达为“minus 5 degrees Celsius”。。 拓展：对温度的提问和回答： —What's the temperature? 温度是多少？ —It is 20°C./It is 20 degrees Celsius. 是20摄氏度。 It is-20℃. = It is minus 20 degrees Celsius. 是零下20摄氏度。 Usually, water freezes at 0°C (32°F), and boils at 100℃C (212°F). 通常水在零摄氏度（32华氏度）结冰，在100摄氏度（212华氏度）沸腾。 【即时练习】这些植物漂浮在水面上。 These plants float on the ________ of the water. 7. In about 3.5 billion years, the sun will be 40% brighter than it is today. 约35亿年后，太阳将比现在亮40％。 (教材P93 Activity 1 B） 40% brighter than是英语中含有百分数的比较级表达，意为“比······亮40％”。 “A+be＋百分数（倍数）＋形容词比较级＋，意为“A是B的······百分之（······倍）······”。 E.g. Your playground is 40% larger than ours. 你们的操场比我们的操场大40％。 Your playground is 4 times larger than ours. 你们的操场是我们操场的4倍大。 【即时练习】The population of our town is ________ than that in my cousin’s. A. much larger B. much more C. more larger Function 1. One star never appears at night. 一颗星星从来不在黑夜出现。 (教材P94 Activity 3） appear，不及物动词，意为“出现，呈现，显现；显得”。 E.g. Tigers appeared on the top of the mountain just now. 老虎刚才在山顶出现了。 拓展：appear的相关单词 appear的名词形式：appearance, 意为“外貌；外观；外表”。 appear的反义词：disappear, 不及物动词，意为“消失；失踪；灭绝；消亡”。 E.g. The dog was similar in general appearance to a spaniel. 这条狗总的来看像西班牙猎狗。 As the cloud came, the sun disappeared. 云来了，太阳消失了。 【即时练习】I love the Mid-Autumn Festival because all kinds of mooncakes ________ in the shops. A. appear B. appeared C. were appearing D.appears 2. Do you know what it is? 你知道它是什么吗？ (教材P94 Activity 3） 本句是含有宾语从句的主从复合句。do you know是主句，what it is 是宾语从句。宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，所以是what it is，而不是what is it. E.g. Do you know where he comes from? 你知道他来自哪里吗？ I will tell you what he is thinking about. 我将告诉你他在想什么。 【即时练习】Do you know ________? A. which room she lives B. which room does she live in C. which room she lives in D. where she lives in Exploring the Topic Thinking Skills & Reading Strategies 1. It has a diameter of about 1,391,400 kilometers. 它的直径约为1391400千米。 (教材P96 Activity 1） diameter，名词，意为“直径”。 a/the diameter of意为“直径为······”。 E.g. Earth has a diameter of around 13,000 kilometers. 地球的直径约为13000千米。 拓展：in diameter 意为“直径”。 E.g. The dome is 42.3 meters in diameter. 这个穹顶直径为42.3米。 【即时练习】它的直径是地球直径的53%。（完成译句） Its ________ is 53% as wide as that of the earth. 2. Asteroid Belt separates the planets into two groups—the inner planets and the outer planets. 小行星带将太阳系的行星分为两部分—内行星和外行星。 (教材P96 Activity 2） separate，动词，意为“（使）分开；划分”。separate...into...意为“把······分成／分为······”。 E.g. She separated the cake into six equal pieces. 她把蛋糕分成六等分。 拓展：separate...from...意为“把······和······分开”。 E.g. You need to separate the white clothes from other colored ones before washing. 在洗衣服前你需要把白色衣服和其他颜色的衣服分开。 【即时练习】1) I can't see them clearly.Can you help me ________ green beans ________the beans? A. separate；from B. divide；into C. separate；into D. divide；from 2) Waste ________ different groups in some countries. A. is separated into B. are separated into C. is separated to D. are separated to 3. They are closer to the Sun. 它们离太阳更近。 (教材P96 Activity 2） be close to 意为“离······很近”；其中close也可用closer或the closest替换，意为“离······更近”或“离······最近”。 E.g. My home is close to my school. 我家离学校很近。 The classrooms are closer to the library than the gym. 教室离图书馆比离体育馆近。 链接: close作形容词时还可意为“亲密的；密切的”。 E.g. Yunyun is a very close friend of mine. 芸芸是我一个很亲密的朋友。 【即时练习】 —Which city do you think is ________ from Wuxi, Yantai or Qinhuangdao? —Qinhuangdao. And Wuxi is ________ to Shanghai. A. the farthest; closer B. farthest; the more close C. farther; the most close D. farther; the closest 4. The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil, while the outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside. 内行星更小，它们由岩石和土壤组成；而外行星更大，它们由气体组成，内有岩石。 (教材P96 Activity 2） while 在这里作连词，意为“（对比两件事物）······而，······然而”，表示两种情况的比较。 E.g. Li Xiang likes maths while I like English. 李想喜欢数学，然而我喜欢英语。 拓展：① while作连词时还可意为“当······的时候；与······同时”，引导时间状语从句。 注意：while引导时间状从句语时，从句的谓语动词常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词。它强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 E.g. My mother is cooking in the kitchen, while my father is reading in the study. 我妈妈正在厨房做饭，我爸爸正在书房看书。 ② while还可作名词，意为“一段时间；一会儿”。 常用短语：for a while 一会儿 after a while 过了一会儿 E.g. I only stayed for a short while. 我只待了一小会儿。 After a while, Li Li started to relax a little. 过了一会儿，李丽开始放松了一些。 【即时练习】My father was working on his project, ________ my mother was mopping the floor. A. as soon as B. while C. when D. after 5. There are at least two reasons: ... 至少有两个理由：······ (教材P97 Activity 1） at least意为“至少；不少于”，可用来表示数量或时间的最低限度、表达安慰或让步等。其反义短语是 at most，意为“至多；不超过”。 E.g. The doctor advised me to do exercise at least 4 times a week. 医生建议我一周至少锻炼4次。 She may be slow but at least she writes so carefully. 她也许写得慢，但至少她写得很认真。 【即时练习】The woman looks young, but in fact she is ________ fifty years old. A. at most B. at least C. at less D. at more 6. The heat gives the just right temperature to the living things on the earth. 热量给了地球上的生物刚刚好的温度。 (教材P97 Activity 1） just right 意为“刚刚好；恰到好处”。此时just在这里意为“正好；恰好”。 E.g. For him, everything always has to be just right. 对他来说，一切都要恰到好处。 This jacket is just my size. 这件夹克正好是我的尺寸。 【即时练习】今天的天气正适合去野营。（完成译句） The weather today is________ ________ for going camping. 7. It is neither too close nor too far from the sun. 它离太阳既不太近也不太远。(教材P97 Activity 3） neither...nor...是并列连词词组，意为“既不······也不······”，表示否定含义，在句中可以连接两个并列的成分。 E.g. She likes neither math nor English. 她既不喜欢数学也不喜欢英语。 This pair of pants is neither big nor small. 这条裤子不大也不小。 注意：当neither...nor...连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词要与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致，即遵循就近原则。 E.g. Neither the sons nor the father is wrong. 儿子们和父亲都没有错。 辨析：neither..nor..., both...and...和 either...or... 短语 意思 用法 neither...nor... 既不······ 也不······ 表示两者都不，连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词和最近的 主语保持一致，遵循“就近原则”。 both...and... 两者都； .....和....都 连接两个并列的成分，并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 either...or... 或者······ 或者······ 表示两者之一，连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词和最近的主语保持一致，遵循“就近原则”。 E.g. Neither I nor she is from Beijing. 我和她都不是来自北京的。 Both she and I are right. 她和我都是对的。 Either Lulu or my sisters are going to do this job. 这项工作要不露露做，要不我妹妹们做。 【即时练习】________ her husband _______ her son is so active as her．They don’t like to talk much． A. Not only，but also B. Either, nor C. Either, or D. Neither, nor 8. This helps the earth get enough light and heat from the sun. 这帮助地球从太阳那儿得到了足够的光热。 (教材P97 Activity 3） get...from...意为“从······得到······”。 E.g. I can get much happiness from this job. 我能从这份工作中得到很多快乐。 What can you get from the trip to Beijing? 北京之行你获得了什么？ 归纳：get的相关短语 E.g. She got mad when she heard the news. 当她听到了这个消息，她发疯了。 How can I get to the hospital? 我如何到达医院？ I got on the bus at 7:40 a.m. 我在上午7点40分上了公交车。 You will get off the boat at 10 o'clock. 你将在十点钟下船。 Kangkang got along/on well with his classmates. 康康和他的同学相处融洽。 【即时练习】我从父母那里拿零用钱。（完成译句） I________ pocket money ________ my parents. Theme Reading 1. In the text, we can find most of the planets are very different from Earth,while Mars may be similar to Earth in size and temperature. 在文章中，我们发现大部分的星球和地球很不一样。然而，火星有可能在大小和温度上与地球相似。 (教材P98 Activity 2） 1) be similar to 意为“与······相似”。 E.g. Your ideas are very similar to mine. 你的观点和我的很相似。 拓展：be similar in 意为“在某方面相似”。 E.g. —The two dresses are very similar in color and design. 这两条连衣裙在颜色和设计上都很相似。—Yes. 是的。 2) in size and temperature 意为“在大小和温度方面”。此时in在这里作介词，意为“在······方面”。 E.g. They are totally different in size and design. 在大小和款式方面，它们完全不同。 【即时练习】How is your best friend similar ________ or different ________ you? A. to; from B. to; to C. from; to 2. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, at a distance of about 58million kilometers, while Neptune is the farthest, at a distance of about 4.5 billion kilometers. 水星离太阳最近，距离约为5800万千米；而 海王星离太阳最远，距离约45亿千米。 (教材P98 Activity 2） distance 意为“距离；间距”。at a distance of意为“在······的距离”。 E.g. This camera is positioned at a distance of 1.5 meters from the subject. 这台照相机放置在离拍摄对象1.5米远的地方。 【即时练习】easy, long distances, it’s not, to travel, with a lunch box (连词成句) _________________________________________________________. 3. As for Earth, it is the third closest, closer than Mars but farther away than Venus and Mercury. 至于地球，它离太阳第三近，比火星近，比金星和水星远。 (教材P98 Activity 2） the third closetest 意为“第三近的”。结构为“the＋序数词＋形容词最高级”，意为“第几······的”。 E.g. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。 She is the fourth tallest girl in my class. 她是我们班第四高的女孩。 【即时练习】—Which river is ________, the Yangtze River or the Yellow River? —The Yangtze River. It is the third ________ river in the world. A. longer; longest B. longest; longest C. longer; longer D. longest; longer 4. No living things can survive on these planets. 没有生物能在这些行星上存活。 (教材P99 Activity 2） survive，动词，意为“生存；存活；幸存”。 E.g. I can't survive without money. 没有钱我活不下去。 归纳：survive的相关短语 E.g. Some strange customs have survived from earlier times. 有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来的。 I can't survive on 40 yuan a week. 一星期40元钱，我无法维持生活。 拓展：survive作动词时还可意为“比······活（或存在）的时间长”。survive sb./sth.意为“比某人／某物活的长”。 E.g. She survived his husband by ten years. 丈夫死后她又活了十年。 【即时练习】The rescue team found a little girl who was still ________ under a building three days after the earthquake. They wondered how she was able to ________ the big earthquake. A. alive; survive B. living; survive C. alive; survive on D. living; survive in 5. As our home, Earth is alive with life because it is neither too hot nor too cold. 作为我们的家园，地球充满着生命力，因为它既不太热也不太冷。 (教材P99 Activity 2） alive，形容词，意为“活着；在世”，其反义词是dead。 be alive with 意为“充满着······”。 E.g. The blue whale is the largest animal alive today. 蓝鲸是现存的最大的动物。 The fish is still alive without water for a long time. 鱼儿离开水还能活很久。 The pool is alive with goldfish. 池塘里满是金鱼。 辨析：alive, lively, living和live 单词 词性 意思 用法 alive 形容词 活着；在世 既可指人，又可指物，侧重于生与死之间的界限。 常作表语、宾语补足语或后置定语。 lively 形容词 生机勃勃的； 鲜艳的 既可指人，又可指物。 常作定语、表语或宾语补足语 living 形容词 活着的；活的 既可指人，又可指物。 常作表语或前置定语。 live 形容词 活的， 现场直播的 一般只修饰物或场景， 不修饰人。 常作前置定语。 动词 住，居住 在句中作谓语。 E.g. He is the only man alive in the accident. 他是这场事故中唯一幸存的人。 His speech is very lively. 他的演讲很生动。 We should respect all living things. 我们应尊重所有生物。 We are watching the live football game. 我们正在观看足球比赛直播。 【即时练习】—Is water very important in our daily life?         —Yes. All ________ things need water to keep ________. A. alive；living B. alive；lively C. living；alive D. lively；alive 6. Together, they make up the amazing solar system. 它们一起组成了璀璨的太阳系。 (教材P99 Activity 2） make up 在此处意为“组成；形成；构成”。 E.g. 20 girls and 30 boys make up Class 11. 20个女生和30个男生组成了11班。 拓展：make up 还可意为“化妆；编造（故事、谎言等）”。 E.g. She spent too much time making up. 她花了很长时间化妆。 He made up a story for the play. 他为了这个戏剧编了一个故事。 常用短语：make up (with sb.) (与某人)言归于好 make up to sb. 献媚；奉承；讨好 E.g. In the end, I made up with my best friend, Kangkang. 最后，我和我最好的朋友康康和解了。 归纳：make的相关短语 make a difference 起作用；有影响 make a mess 弄得一团糟 make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友 make mistakes 犯错误 make plans 制定计划 make a wish 许愿 make up one's mind to do sth. 下定决心做某事 make a fire 生火 make choices 做决定 make full use of 充分利用 make peace (with sb.) （和某人）和解 make noise 制造噪声 make tums 转弯 make cards/make a card 制作卡片 【即时练习】 —What did you do in your English class today? —Mr.Brown asked us to ________ a story about a trip to the moon. A. make up B. dress up C. put up D. get up Grammar in Use 1. Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration. 认真和责任心在科学探索上起着很重要的作用。(教材P100 Activity 1） play a role in 意为“在······中起作用”；后接名词、代词、动词-ing形式，其中role 可用part替换。 E.g. Doing more exercise can play a role in our health. 多做运动会对我们的健康起作用。 注意：在a/an和part/role之间可以加形容词构成play a/an...part/role in，意为“在······中起······作用”。如： play an active part/role in 积极参加；发挥积极作用 play an important part/role in 在……方面起着重要的作用 E.g. She plays an active part in politics. 她积极参与政治活动。 Sleep plays an important part in our health. 睡眠在我们的健康中起着重要的作用。 【即时练习】Parents play a role in ________ their children. A. teach B. teaches C. to teach D. teaching 2. Fitness of the body and mind is of key importance for scientists to live and work in space. 对于科学家们来说，身心健康在他们的太空生活和工作中至关重要。 (教材P100 Activity 1） of key importance 意为“至关重要的”，相当于very important。 E.g. The ways to learn English are of key importance. 学英语的方法是很重要的。 拓展：“of＋名词”结构相当于形容词，这一结构通常用于表示抽象概念的性质或重要性。具体来说， of 后面跟一个抽象名词，可以转化为形容词，用来描述某事物的性质或重要性。 of value = valuable 有价值的 of importance = important 重要的 of significance = significant 有意义的 of help =helpful 有帮助的 of use = useful 有用的 E.g. This question is of importance. = This question is important. 这个问题很重要。 【即时练习】随着AI的出现，全世界发生了大量重要的改变。 With the arrival of AI, a large number of ________ ________ have happened around the world. 3. The brightness of a star is related to its size. 一颗星星的亮度和它的大小有关。 (教材P100 Activity 1） related，形容词，意为“相关的；有联系的”。be related to 意为“与······有关”。 E.g. Your pay is related to your work. 你的工资和你的工作量有关。 【即时练习】Dogs and wolves ________ each other because they come from the same family of animals. A. are related to B. are angry with C. are famous for D. are interested in 4. The larger, the brighter. 越大度亮。 (教材P100 Activity 1） “the＋比较级，the＋比较级”，意为“越······越······”。 E.g. The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 The earlier you sleep, the healthier you are. 睡得越早身体越健康。 【即时练习】Teachers ask us to remember that ________ careful we are, ______ mistakes we will make. A. the more; the fewer B. the fewer; the more C. the more; the more D. the less; the fewer 5. The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration. 高花费是太空探索的一个巨大的弱点。 (教材P100 Activity 2） the high cost 意为“成本高”，其反义短语为the low cost，意为“成本低”。此时 cost 在这里作名词，意为“费用；成本”。 E.g. The cost in city is high. 城市生活的成本很高。 拓展：cost作名词时的相关短语 the cost of …的成本/代价 at a cost of sth. 以……的价格；以……为代价 cut/reduce costs 降低成本 at all cost/costs 不惜任何代价 at any cost 在任何情况下；无论如何 E.g. The cost of building a wooden house is low. 建一个木屋成本较低。 You can buy this sweater at a cost of 100 yuan. 你可以花100元钱买到这件毛衣。 We will win at all costs. 我们会不惜一切代价争取胜利。 He made up his mind to win at any cost. 他决定无论如何要争取胜利。 链接：cost还可作动词，意为“价钱为；需付费”。其用法如下： E.g. —Tickets cost ten yuan each. 每张票价为10元。 —OK. 好的。 The hospital will cost about ¥ 2 billion to build. 修建这家医院会花费约20亿元。 That one mistake almost cost him his life. 那一个差错几乎使他丧命。 【即时练习】—Mum, the camera looks so cool and you can buy me one. —Your dad doesn’t ________ buying one because it ________ too much. A. advise; spends B. advise; pays C. suggest; spends D. suggest; costs 6. Nature can fill our lives with real joy,peace and happiness. 大自然能为生活带来真正的快乐、安宁与幸福。(教材P100 Activity 2） fill，动词，意为“（使）充满，装满，注满，填满”。 fill...with...意为“用······装满······”。 E.g. —What you did filled my life with great joy. 你所做的让我的生命充满了快乐。 —It's my pleasure. 我的荣幸。 —Please fill the cup with water. 请往杯子装满水。 —OK. 好的。 拓展：be filled with意为“充满······；装满······”，一般可与be full of互换。 E.g. The cup is filled with water. = The cup is full of water. 这个杯子装满了水。 【即时练习】The schoolbag is filled ________ books. So it is very heavy. A. with B. of C. in D. on 7. Venus is the hottest planet while the surface temperature on Mercury can drop down to -173°C at night. 金星是最热的星球，而夜间水星表面的温度能降到零下173摄氏度。(教材P100 Activity 3） drop down to 意为“下降到······”。此时drop在这里作动词，意为“（使）降低，减少，变弱”。 E.g. The temperature in Hunan dropped down to-8°C today. 今天湖南的气温降低到了零下8℃。 链接：drop还可作可数名词，意为“滴；水珠”。 E.g. The first drops of rain fell. 最初的几滴雨落了下来。 【即时练习】气温将会下降到零度以下，水会变成冰。（完成译句） The temperature will ________ below zero degree, and water will turn into ice. 8. Its coldness is due to its thin air. 它的寒冷是由于空气稀薄。(教材P100 Activity 3） due to 意为“由于；因为”。 E.g. —The team's success was largely due to her efforts. 这个队的成功主要是她努力的结果。 —Yes. 是的。 The delay to the flight was due to the ice on the run way. 飞机的延误原因是跑道上有冰。 链接：because of也意为“因为；由于”。because of后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式，还可接what引导的宾语从句。 E.g. Lulu is late because of the heavy rain. 露露因为大雨而迟到。 People matter because of what they are, not what they have. 人重要的不在于他们拥有什么，而在于他们是什么样的人。 【即时练习】因为坏天气，他们不得不推迟这个活动。（完成译句） They had to put off the meeting ________ ________ the bad weather. 9. The Death Valley is known as the hottest place on the earth and the driest place in North America. 死亡谷以地球上最热和北美最干燥的地方而闻名。(教材P101 Activity 3） death，名词，意为“死；死亡”。 E.g. We are sorry for his death. 我们因他的死感到抱歉。 辨析：dead,dic,death 和dying 单词 词性 意思 用法 dead 形容词 死的 可在句中作定语或表语，表状态。 die 动词 死；死亡 可在句中作谓语，为非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，过去式和过去分间均为died，现在分词为dying。 death 名词 死；死亡 可在句中作主语或宾语。 dying 形容词 垂死的 可在句中作定语或表语。 E.g. Now, the fish is dead. 现在这条鱼死了。 He died two years ago. 他两年前死了。 The death of my dog made me sad. 我狗狗的死让我伤心。 Look at the flowers. They are dying. 看看这些花儿，它们快要死了v。 【即时练习】—Why does your sister look sad? —Because her cat ________ yesterday. The cat’s ________ makes her sad. A. died; death B. died; dead C. dead; died D. death; died 10. In 1913, the highest air temperature of 134°F (56.7℃) reached a record here. 在1913年，死亡谷创下了134华氏度（56.7摄氏度）的最高温度的纪录。(教材P101 Activity 3） reach a record意为“达到了纪录”。此时record在这里作可数名词，意为“纪录；记录；记载”。 E.g. Unemployment has reached a record high. 失业数字已经达到了历来的最高纪录。 She holds the world record for the 100 meters. 她保持着100米的世界纪录。 归纳：record的相关短语 E.g. Last summer was the wettest on record. 去年夏天是有记录以来降雨量最大的。 拓展：record还可作动词，意为“记录；记载”。 record sth. 记录某事 It is recorded that... 据记载…… E.g. You should record all your expenses during your trip. 你应该记下一路上的所有开支。 It is recorded that this summer was the wettest for 10 years. 据记载，这是10年来雨量最多的夏季。 【即时练习】我建立了一个社交媒体账户来记录我的进步。（完成译句） I set up a social media account to ________ my progress. Developing the Topic Oral Communication & Reading for Writing 1. The Sun rises from the east. 太阳从东方升起。(教材P102 Activity 1） rise，不及物动词，意为“升起；上升”。其过去式为rose /rəuz／。 E.g. Smoke rises from the chimney.烟从烟囱中升起。 辨析：rise和raise 单词 词性 意思 用法 rise 不及物动词 升起；上升 表示主语自身移向较高的位置，常指（日、月等）升起，（水位、价格等）上涨。 raise 及物动词 举起；提起 通常是人发出此动作，如抬头、举手等。 E.g. The sea level will rise as well. 海平线也会上升。 Please raise your hand before answering questions. 在回答问题前，请先举手。 【即时练习】The boy ________ his hand and asked if the sun ______ in the east every day. A. rose; rises B. rises; raises C. raised; rises 2. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common—water. 虽然两颗行星有很多区别，但是他们有共同之处-水。(教材P103 Activity 2） 1) although，从属连词，意为“虽然；尽管；即使”。引导让步状语从句，常用于句首，可与though互换，而though多用于非正式场合。 E.g. Although I am ugly, I am kind. 虽然我很丑，可是我很善良。 Though he was poor, he still got the highest score and entered a great university. 虽然他家庭贫困，但是他仍然考了最高分并考上了一所很棒的大学。 注意：although/though与but不可同时使用。 E.g. Although my English is poor, I still love it. ( √ ) 虽然我英语差，但我还是喜欢它。 Although my English is poor, but I love it. ( × ) 2) common，名词，意为“公地；公共用地”。 E.g. We went for a walk on the common. 我们在公地上散步。 All the fathers have one thing in common: they like to do sports with kids. 爸爸们都有一个共同点：他们都喜欢和孩子们做运动。 The two cultures have a lot in common. 这两种文化具有许多相同之处。 I have nothing in common with Li Jun. 我和李军毫无共同之处。 拓展：common还可作形容词，意思为： E.g. The disease is very common in young horses. 这种病很常见于马驹。 We share a common interest in sports. 我们在运动方面兴趣相投。 Shakespeare's work was popular among the common people in his day. 莎士比亚的作品在他那个年代很受平民百姓的欢迎。 【即时练习】1) ________ Jill isn’t feeling well today, ________ she still goes to school. A. Although; but B. But; although C. Although; / D. But; though 2) —Do you know why Fan Zhendong and Chen Meng can win gold medals? —I think they have some good habits and spirits ________. A. in person B. in common C. in public 3. Mars is waiting for us to explore,and so is the universe. 火星正等着我们去探索，宇宙也一样。 (教材P103 Activity 2） "So+be动词／助动词／情态动词＋名词／代词.”，是倒装句，意为“······也是／一样。”，表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体。 注意：此句be动词／助动词／情态动词的时态要与前句的时态相同、人称和数的变化要与后面的主语一致。 E.g. They are from Shanghai and so are we. 他们来自上海，我们也是。 Kangkang likes science and so does Li Xiang. 康康喜欢科学，李想也是。 They had a great time yesterday and so did I. 他们昨天玩得很开心，我也是。 She can be a great teacher one day and so can you. 某一天，她能成为一位很棒的老师，你也可以的。 拓展：① "Neither+be/助动词／情态动词＋名词／代词，”，意为“······也不。”，也可用nor来替换。 E.g. She is not good at math and neither is he 她不擅长数学，他也不擅长。 Lulu won't fly to Beijing neither will I. 露露不会乘飞机去北京，我也不会。 I have never been to England and neither has Kangkang. 我从来没去过英国，康康也没去过。 ② 如果表示赞同，用“So＋主语＋be动词／助动词／情态动词.”这一结构，意为“······的确如此。”，主语与上文指同一人或物。 E.g. —It was so cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。 —So it was. 是的，昨天的确很冷。 —How fast Mary runs! 玛丽跑得多快啊！ —So Mary does. 是的，玛丽跑得很快。 【即时练习】1) —You have ________ the math exam again. —________. I’ll work hard to pass it next time. A. failed; So I have B. passed; So do I C. failed; So have I D. passed; So I do 2) —_________ the years go by, I still remember the games we played when we were school boys. —________. They were very interesting at that time. A. Though; Neither do I B. As; So do I C. While; Me too D. Since; Me neither Wrapping Up the Topic Project & Review 1. He was born in Poland on February 19th,1473. 他于1473年2月19日出生于波兰。(教材P106 Activity 1） born，动词，意为“出生”。它是bear的过去分词形式，只有被动语态，常用于一般过去时，其后可接表地点或时间的介词。 be born in＋地点／时间（某年、某月）意为“出生于······”。 E.g. He was born in a small village. 他出生在一个小村庄。 He was born in August. 他在八月出生。 归纳：born的相关短语 be born on+具体某一天 出生在…… be born with sth. 生来具有某种天赋或疾病 be born to do/be sth. 注定要做；注定会成为 E.g. She was born on August 13th,1987. 她于1987年8月13日出生。 She was born in Shanghai on February 1st,1990. 她于1990年2月1日在上海出生。 Everyone is born with the ability to learn. 每个人天生都具有学习的能力。 —Nobody is born to succeed. 没有人生来注定是成功的。 —I agree with you. 我同意你的观点。 拓展：born还可作形容词，意为“天生（有某方面才能）的”，通常作定语，修饰名词。 E.g. He is a born dancer. 他是个天生的舞者。 【即时练习】—When and where was Jack born (出生)? —He was born ________ the United States ________ August 23rd, 2010. A. in; in B. in; on C. at; on D. at; in 2. About sixty years later, scientists proved his ideas right. 约60年后，科学家们证明了他的观点是正确的。 (教材P106 Activity 1） prove，动词，意为“证明；证实”。 prove sb./sth.+adj./n. 意为“证明某人／某事物······”。 E.g. She wanted to prove everyone wrong. 她想证明每个人都是错的。 The other students proved your ideas right. 其他学生证明了你的观点是对的。 拓展：prove sth. (to sb.) (向某人)证明某物 E.g. Just give me a chance, and I will prove it to you. 只要给我一个机会，我会证明给你看。 【即时练习】The news proved to be ________. A. true B. truth C. real D. truly 句意：这消息被证明是真的。 考查形容词辨析与形容词作表语。true真实的；truth事实，名词；real真的；truly真实地，副词。根据“The news proved to be”可知，此处应用形容词作表语，因此排除B、D,此处证明消息是真实的，应用true,强调符合事实。故选A。 3. A black hole is at the center of the Milky Way. 银河系的中心有一个黑洞。 (教材P106 Activity 2） at the center of意为“在······的中心”。此时center在这里作名词，意为“中心点；中心；中央”。 E.g. There is a small island at the center of the lake. 在这个湖的中心有一个小岛。 链接：in the center of意为“在······的中央”。 E.g. There is a table in the center of the room. 房间的中央有一张桌子。 【即时练习】The teacher stood ________ and the students sat in a circle around her. A. on the corner B. in the front C. in the center 4. Nothing around a black hole can run away, not even light. 黑洞周围的所有物质都不能逃脱，甚至包括光。 (教材P106 Activity 2） run away 意为“逃跑；跑开”。 E.g. He just ran away when he saw some dogs.他看到几只狗就跑了。 拓展：run away from 意为“从······处跑开／逃离”。 E.g. A tiger ran away from the zoo. 一只老虎从动物园逃走了。 注意：away是副词，意为“离开，远离”，常与run、go、walk、give、take等动词搭配构成短语。如： go away走开 take away拿走 walk away走开 put away收好 give away赠送 stay/keep away from远离 【即时练习】The mouse ________ when I came in. A. ran away B. is running away C. run away D. runs away 5. When comets are getting closer to the sun, they will become much hotter and leave pieces of ice and rocks behind them. 当彗星接近太阳时，其温度会急剧升高，并在运行轨迹上抛洒大量冰块和岩石。 (教材P106 Activity 2） 1) get close to..．意为“靠近······”。closer 意为“更近的”，所以get closer to意为“更靠近······”。 E.g. Don't get close to fire. 别靠近火。 When the actors get closer to you, you can have a better look at their looks and expressions. 当演员靠你更近时，你可以更好地看看他们的样貌和表情。 链接：be close to意为“接近；靠近”。 E.g. Our village is close to the railway station. 我们村靠近火车站。 2) leave sb./sth. behind 意为“把······抛在后面”。 E.g. We shouldn't leave the rubbish behind before leaving our classroom. 离开教室前，我们不能把垃圾留下。 What should we take and what should we leave behind? 我们应该带走什么，留下什么呢？ Britain is being left behind in the race for new markets. 英国在开拓新市场方面正被甩在后面。 拓展：leave sb./sth. behind 还可意为“永久离开（某人或某地）；永久脱离（某状态）”。 E.g. She knew that she had left childhood behind. 她知道童年已一去不复返了。 【即时练习】1) To ________ nature, my friends asked me to go hiking in the mountain last Saturday. A. stay away from B. look forward to C. get close to D. take part in 2) 1954年，她在巴黎安详地去世，留下了丰富的文学遗产。 In 1954, she passed away peacefully in Paris, ________ ________ a rich legacy in literature. 6. It is so cold on the planet that air would freeze into something like snow. 这个星球是如此的寒冷以至于空气都会凝结成类似雪花的东西。 (教材P107 Activity 4） 1) so...that..．意为“如此······以至于······”。其中so为副词，修饰形容词或副词；that用来引导结果状语从句。 E.g. This book is so interesting that we all want to read it. 这本书如此有趣以至于我们都想阅读它。 注意：so...that...中间的形容词或副词的使用取决于前面的动词。实义动词后用副词作状语；系动词用形容词作表语。此结构中so 不可换为too、very或quite之类的近义词。 E.g. Tom ran so quickly that we couldn't catch up with him. 汤姆跑得如此快以至于我们追不上他。 It is so hot that we have to wear cool clothes. 天那么热，我们不得不穿凉爽的衣服。 辨析：so...that...和such...that... 短语 意思 用法 so...that... 如此······以至于······ so为副词，后接形容词或副词。 such...that.. 如此······以至于······ such 为限定词，后接名词（短语）。 E.g. She is so lovely that we all like her. 她如此可爱，我们都喜欢她。 She is such a lovely girl that we all like her. 她是一个如此可爱的女孩，我们都喜欢她。 注意：① 当such后跟可数名词单数时，可跟so...that...结构互换。 E.g. He is such a clever boy that the teachers like him. = He is so clever that the teachers like him. 他很聪明，老师们都喜欢他。 ② 当名词前有many、much、little、few 等表示量的词修饰时，要用so...that..结构。即： E.g. There are so many people that we can't find a place to sit. 人太多了，我们找不到地方坐下。 There is so little money that we can't afford the toy. 我们的钱太少了，买不起这个玩具。 拓展：so that意为“以便”，引导目的状语从句。 E.g. Speak louder so that we can hear you. 大声点，以便我们能听得见。 I get up early every day so that I can catch the early bus. 我每天都早早起床，以便我能坐上早班车。 【即时练习】1) They were ________ tired ________ they didn’t move any more. A. such; that B. too; to C. so; that 2) —Look! What a heavy rain! —It’s ________ bad weather _________ we all have to stay at home at the weekend. A. such a, that B. /, so that C. such, that D. so, that 单元语法 名词后缀 (-ness) 一、名词后缀（-ness） 后缀是一种重要的构词法，而且通常也可以通过后缀来判断一个词的词性。本单元主要学习了-ness的名词后缀。 词缀 英文 中文 -ness blindness 失明 carelessness 粗心大意 darkness 黑暗 happiness 快乐 1 illness （身体或精神上的）疾病，病 kindness 仁慈；善良 sadness 悲哀；悲伤 sickness 疾病；呕吐 形容词的比较级和最高级 二、 形容词的比较级和最高级 1．形容词的基本概念 说明人或事物的特征、性质或状态的词，常用来修饰名词或代词。 2．形容词的原级、比较级和最高级 1）概念 （1）原级：即形容词的原形。 （2）比较级：两个事物（两类事物或事物的两个方面）进行比较时，用比较级，意为“较······”或“更······一些”。 （3）最高级：三个或三个以上的事物进行比较时，用最高级，意为“最······”。 E.g. This room is bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个房间大。 The rabbit is the smallest of them. 这只兔子是它们中最小的。 3．形容词的比较级和最高级的构成 1）规则变化 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音 节词 和 少数 双音节 词 一般直接加-er 或-est high 高的 higher highest great 巨大的 greater greatest near 附近的 nearer nearest tall 高的 taller tallest 以不发音字母e结尾的词，加-r或-st late 晚的 later latest nice 好的 nicer nicest large 大的 larger largest 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把 y变i，再加-er 或-est easy 容易的 easier easiest heavy 重的 heavier heaviest busy 忙的 busier busiest angry 生气的 angrier angriest 重读闭音节且词尾 只有一个辅音字母时，双写 结尾的辅音字母再加-er或-est hot热的 hotter hottest red红色的 redder reddest thin瘦的 thinner thinnest big大的 bigger biggest fat胖的 fatter fattest wet湿的 wetter wettest 多音节 和部分 双音节词 在词前加more 或most beautiful 漂亮的 more beautiful most beautiful serious 严重的 more serious most serious interesting 有趣的 more interesting most interesting important 重要的 more important most important 口诀：比较级要变化，一般词尾加-er; 词尾若有哑音e, 直接加-r就可以； 一辅重读闭音节，辅音字母要双写； 辅音字母后加-y, 需要把-y改为-i; 最高级加-est, 前面加the莫忘记； 形容词若是多音节，只把more和most前面写。 2）不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 many/much多的 more most good/well好的 better best bad/ill坏的 worse worst far远的 farther（较远） further（进一步） farthest（最远） furthest（最大程度） old老的 older（年纪较大的） elder（较年长的） oldest（年纪最大的） eldest（最年长的） little小的 less least 口诀：合二为一有两对，“两多”与“两好”; 一分为二有两个，一个“远”来一个“老”; 还有一个双含义，只记“少”来别记“小”; bad不是最差的，worse和worst才叫糟。 3）几种特殊情况 （1）部分形容词有两种比较级和最高级形式： 原级 比较级 最高级 bitter 苦的 bitterer more bitter bitterest most bitter clever 聪明的 cleverer more clever cleverest most clever lovely 可爱的 lovelier more lovely loveliest most lovely （2）英语中有些形容词说明形状、材质等，还有些形容词没有程度可分或其本身就表示某种程度，这些形容词都没有比较级和最高级。常见的有： right正确的 wrong错误的 excellent最好的 finally最后的 last最后的 possible可能的 first最重要的 favorite最喜欢的 impossible不可能的 wooden木制的 east东方的 empty空的 golden金色的 circle圆的 square方的 （3）“较不”和“最不”的表达：在形容词前分别加上less和least。常见的有： 原级 较不 最不 difficult困难的 less difficult较不困难的 least difficult最不困难的 hard-working 勤奋的 less hard-working 较不勤奋的 least hard-working 最不勤奋的 shy腼腆的 less shy较不腼腆的 least shy最不腼腆的 4．形容词比较级和最高级的修饰语 1）比较级的修饰语 much······得多 even 甚至 still 更 any任何 far更 by far 大大地 rather 相当 a lot很 a great deal 大大地 a little 有点 a bit 有点 倍数、分数、百分数 E.g. Mumu is much more outgoing than Bingbing. 牧牧比冰冰外向得多。 We felt we might finish third. Any better would be a bonus. 我们觉得我们可能得第三名。任何更好的结果都是意外收获。 She is a little taller than you. 她比你高一点点。 练习：This movie is ________ interesting than that one. I like it more. A. more B. much C. very 2）最高级的修饰语 much 非常 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎 by far 大大地 far and away 大大地 one of the... ······中最······ of the three 三者中最······ the＋序数词 第······最······ E.g. This is by far the best book that I've ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书。 Lili is the oldest girl of the three. 丽丽在三个女孩中是最大的。 The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 5．形容词比较级的替代 比较的对象相同时，可用that或those 替代第二次出现的比较对象。 E.g. The winter in Chongqing is colder than that in Yunnan. 重庆的冬天比云南的冬天冷。 The books on this shelf are more expensive than those on that shelf. 这个书架上的书比那个书架上的贵。 练习：The population of China is much ________ of America. A. more than that B. larger than that C. larger than D. more than 6．形容词原级、比较级和最高级的用法 1）比较级的用法 （1）基本用法 “比较级＋than”，双方比较，表示一方超过一方。 E.g. He is taller than you. 他比你高。 （2）特殊用法 ①“比较级＋and＋比较级”，意为“越来越······”，这一结构表示事物本身程度的逐渐变化。 注意：如果为多音节形容词（以及部分双音节形容词），要用“more and more＋形容词原级”。 E.g. It is getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了。 The story is becoming ______________________. 故事越来越有意思了。 ②“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”，意为“越······越······”，表示一方的程度随着另一方程度的变化而变化。 E.g. —The ______ careful we are, the ______ mistakes we will make. 我们越细心，犯的错误就越少。 —Yes. 是的。 ③ A+⋯⋯+the+比较级+of the two+可数名词复数”，意为“两者中较······”。 E.g. Lili is the taller of the two girls. 丽丽是这两个女孩中较高的那个。 ④ A+⋯+基数词+times+比较级+than，表示“A比B（大／小／多／少······)······倍”。 E.g. Pluto is about 40 times farther from the Sun than Earth. 冥王星到太阳的距离比地球到太阳的距离远约40倍。 My box is three times bigger than yours. 我的盒子比你的盒子大三倍。 ⑤“Which/Who+...＋比较级，A or B？”意为“A和B哪一个／谁更······？”。 注意： 给出具体范围的选择，指物用which，指人用who。 E.g. _______ is more beautiful, Lili or Yanyan? 丽丽和妍妍谁更漂亮？ ⑥比较级的单独使用：比较级单独使用时，其比较对象暗含于句中。 E.g. Are you feeling ________ today？你今天感觉好些了吗？ Be more careful next time. 下次更小心一些。 My mother hoped to get a better job. 我妈妈希望得到一份更好的工作。 ⑦ A.“no＋比较级＋than”，意为“和······一样不······”，表示对两者的否定，与“neither..nor...”或 “as＋相反意义的形容词或副词＋as”相似。 E.g Li Jun is no taller than his brother. = Neither Li Jun nor his brother is tall. = Li Jun is as _______ as his brother. 李军和他哥哥都不高（或一样矮）。 B.“not＋比较级＋than”，意为“并不比······更······”。 注意：not只否定前者，表示前者不如后者。 E.g. Li Jun is not taller than his brother. 李军没有他哥哥高。 注意：使用比较级的常见错误 ① more不可修饰比较级，但much可以，意为“······得多，更······”。 (判断正误) E.g. He is much better this year. 今年他好得多。（ ） He is more better this year. 今年他好得多。（ ） ② 两者进行比较时，比较的对象要一致，相比较的两者必须是同一类。 (判断正误) E.g. The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Chongqing. 北京的天气比重庆的天气冷。（ ） The weather in Beijing is colder than in Chongqing. 北京的天气比重庆的天气冷。（ ） ③ 形容词比较级要避免与自身进行比较。要用“比较级＋than any other＋单数名词”或“比较级＋than+anyone/anybody/anything+else＂来表示“比其他的任何······都······”。 E.g. Wang Junfeng is taller than any other ______ in the class. 王俊峰比班上的其他任何同学都高。 Lili studies harder than anyone ______ in her class. 丽丽比班上其他任何人都学习刻苦。 2）最高级的用法 （1）基本用法 ① “the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋表示范围的短语或从句”，意为“······中最······的”。比较范围常用of、 in、among引导的短语表达。 注意：如果在一定的地域空间内进行比较用in；如果在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of。 E.g. China is the largest country ______ Asia. 中国是亚洲最大的国家。 China is the largest one ______ all the Asian countries. 中国是亚洲所有国家中最大的。 She is the eldest among them. 她是她们当中年纪最大的。 ② “Which/Who+...+the＋形容词最高级，A, B or C？”，用来询问在三者或三者以上的人或物中“哪一个最······？”。 E.g. Which do you like best, math, English or Chinese? 你最喜欢什么，数学、英语还是语文？ （2）特殊用法 ① "one of+the+最高级+名词复数", 意为“最······的······之一”。 E.g. Shanghai is ________________________ in China. 上海是中国最大的城市之一。 ② “the＋序数词＋最高级”，意为“第······最······”。 E.g. The Yellow River is _________________ river in China. 黄河是中国第二长的河流。 Li Xiang is the third tallest in our class. 李想是我们班身高第三高的。 ③ 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，但此时不能加定冠词the。 E.g. She is _______ best friend. 她是我最好的朋友。 Yesterday is Yanyan's happiest day. 昨天是妍妍最开心的一天。 ④ “否定词＋比较级”可表达最高级含义。 E.g. I have never read a more interesting story. = This story is __________ interesting that I have ever read. 我从未读过比这更有趣的故事。 Nothing is more important than time. = Time is the most important thing. 没有比时间更重要的东西了。 数" = "比较级+than+the other+名词复数", 意为“比其它······都······”，可表达最高级含义。 E.g. China is bigger than any other _________ in Asia. = China is higger than the other _________ in Asia. = China is the biggest country in Asia. 中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。 ⑥ 在一定的上下文中，形容词最高级后的名词（所谓的中心词）可省去。 E.g. He is the tallest in the class. 他是班上最高的（学生）。 3）常见的比较级之间的转换 （1）原级与比较级转换的常见结构。 ① not+so/as+单音节形容词+as = 单音节形容词的反义词比较级＋than E.g. Kangkang is not so/as heavy as his brother. = Kankang is _________ than his brother. 康康比他哥哥轻。 ② not+so/as+多音节形容词+as = 1ess+多音节形容词原级＋than E.g. Kangkang is not so/as careful as his brother. = Kangkang is _______ careful _______ his brother. 康康不如他哥哥细心。 （2） 比较级之间的转换：常改变比较对象的位置并使用形容词的反义词。 E.g. Kankang is heavier than Xiaohui. = Xiaohui is lighter than Kangkang. 康康比晓辉重。 （3）比较级与最高级转换的常见结构。 ① 比较级＋than+any other + 单数名词 E.g. Lili is cleverer than any other student in the class. = Lili is the cleverest student in the class. 丽丽比班上任何一位学生都聪明。 ② 比较级＋than+the other＋复数名词 E.g. Wang Junfeng is older than the other boys in his class. = WangJunfeng is the oldest boy in his class. = Wang Junfeng is older than any other boy in his class. 王俊峰是班上年龄最大的。 ③ 比较级＋than+anyone/anybody／anything+else E.g. Xiao Ya is taller than anyone else in her class. = Xiao Ya is the tallest in her class. 肖雅是班上最高的。 语法知识点小测： 一、选词填空：选用方框内的单词或词组填空，其中有一个单词或词组是多余选项。 as often as possible   method   worse   offering   correctly   reducing 1．Emma found a new ___ to remember English words—she writes them on cards and reads them every day. 2．The problem will become than before when you keep it to yourself. 3．We all look forward to plastic waste in our daily life by using reusable bags. 4．If you can answer this question , you will reach the final. 5．To practise your English speaking, use it . 二、单项选择（词汇辨析）。 ( ) 1．Mary’s hair is longer than ________ in her class. A． any other student B．the other students C．any other student’s D．the other student’s ( ) 2．The Sun ________ space ________ light and heat, which helps life exist on Earth. A．fills; with B．looks; at C．turns; on D．puts; up ( ) 3．________ a planet is to the Sun, ________ its surface temperature usually is. A．The close; the high B．The closer; the higher C．The near; the hot D．The nearer; the hotter ( ) 4．The temperature of a planet ________ its distance from the Sun. A．is afraid of B．is full of C．is related to D．is made of ( ) 5．No clothes are ________ than those in Dream Clothes. The clothes there are ________ in our town. A．bad; bad B．the worst; worse C．worst; worse D．worse; the worst ( ) 6．To keep healthy, we had better eat ________ sweets and do ________ exercise. A．more; less B．less; more C．fewer; more D．more; fewer ( ) 7．I believe the more carefully you listen in class, ________ grades you’ll get in exams. A．better B．the good C．the better D．the best ( ) 8．Which one do you think is ________, the cake or the bread? A．much delicious B．delicious C．most delicious D．more delicious ( ) 9．Basketball is ________ than swimming among students because it is a team sport. A．popular B．more popular C．most popular D．the most popular ( ) 10．This storybook about environmental protection is ________ interesting than that one. I like it better. A．much B．more C．most D．the most ( ) 11．My little sister is much ________ than me, but she eats more ________ than I do. A．short; healthy B．shorter; healthily C．shorter; healthy D．short; healthily ( ) 12．Mike is ________ than Tim, but he is much ________. A．younger; taller B．older; tallest C．younger; tall ( ) 13．Of the two dresses, I’d like to take ________ one to save some money for a hat. A．the cheaper B．cheaper C．the more expensive D．the most expensive ( ) 14．My brother is ________ than me, but I’m as ________ as him. We both need to eat more healthy food. A．thinner; taller B．thinner; tall C．thin; taller D．thinnest; tall ( ) 15．I really want to have ________ homework so that I can have ________ time to do my favorite things on weekends. A．fewer; more B．less; less C．less; more D．fewer; fewer 三、完成译句 （根据汉语提示，完成下列句子，每空一词。） 1．太阳在使地球上的生命成为可能方面发挥着重要作用。 The Sun making life possible on Earth. 2．火星任务的成功归功于许多科学家的辛勤工作。 The success of the Mars mission was the hard work of many scientists. 3．水对地球上所有生物都至关重要。 Water for all living things on Earth. 4．我比你矮，但是我跳舞比你好。 I am than you, but I can dance than you. 5．他比班里的任何同学更小心（细心）。 He is than any other student in his class. 6．Jack didn’t get to school as early as I did. (改为同义句) I got to school Jack did. 7．中国的人口比美国多。 The population of China is that of America. 8．Tony is the tallest in his class. (变为同义句) Tony is anyone else in his class. 9．Tom is stronger than any other student in his class. (改为同义句) Tom is stronger than students in his class. 10．Peter’s brother is not as strong as Peter.（同义句） Peter is his brother. 四、完形填空 Every summer, I usually visit my grandfather for two weeks. I always have fun and learn something new from 1 . Grandpa knows a lot about everything. Last year, he showed me how to put up a tent and make a fire. And this summer, he 2 me how to find one special star. “If you can find this star,” Grandpa said. “You will never get lost.” “What a great idea!” I thought. Maps and compasses (指南针) can 3 me which way to go and how to get there. 4 what could I do if I am lost and don’t have a map or a compass? It was 5 for me to find the answer to this question. So I asked my grandfather for help. Grandpa got some books and read them carefully to me. He pointed at the main constellation (星座) in the books and showed me how the stars move to 6 places. However, he told me there is one special star. It always 7 in the sky at the same place. After reading these 8 , Grandpa opened the door and said, “It’s time to 9 and take a look. Let’s go!” The night was dark. The sky was full of stars. “See it there,” said Grandpa. “Look! That group of stars looks like a ladle (长柄勺). Follow the dipper, you can 10 find the North Star. It 11 points to the north. If you find this star at night, you’ll know 12 you are and never get lost.” After hearing my grandpa’s 13 , it took me a while to find it. There it was for sure—the North Star! Grandpa says the North Star is always in the same place. This summer, my grandfather shows me the most 14 thing. Now I know how to find my way using only the stars 15 my guide. ( ) 1．A．me B．her C．him D．us ( ) 2．A．taught B．woke C．bought D．lost ( ) 3．A．call B．tell C．expect D．thank ( ) 4．A．But B．Until C．Because D．Although ( ) 5．A．boring B．disappointed C．serious D．difficult ( ) 6．A．large B．different C．popular D．terrible ( ) 7．A．sits B．breaks C．adds D．guides ( ) 8．A．diaries B．results C．prizes D．books ( ) 9．A．sit down B．go out C．turn around D．clean up ( ) 10．A．loudly B．freshly C．easily D．seriously ( ) 11．A．never B．hardly C．sometimes D．always ( ) 12．A．how B．when C．where D．who ( ) 13．A．grades B．words C．songs D．stories ( ) 14．A．wonderful B．expensive C．dangerous D．colourful ( ) 15．A．on B．as C．after D．before 五、短文填空 阅读下面短文，填入一个适当的词。 Except for Pluto, there 1 eight planets in the solar system now, including Earth. By the distance from the Sun, from close to far, they are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto used to be known as 2 smallest planet in our solar system and the furthest planet from the Sun. Pluto was discovered in 1930, and was named by an eleven-year-old girl from England. Pluto is only half 3 wide as the United States. This planet takes 248 Earth years to travel around the Sun. It means we need 6.5 Earth days to spend a day on Pluto. Pluto is about 40 times farther 4 the Sun than Earth is. Pluto is in an area of space called the Kuiper Belt that has thousands of small, icy objects. The temperature on Pluto is 5 low that Earth air would turn into ice soon. The gravity on Pluto is less strong than that on Earth. So fat persons may prefer to move there; they would weigh much less on Pluto. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $