专题03 定语从句（期末复习讲义）高二英语上学期沪外版

该高中英语定语从句复习讲义通过表格对比和分类梳理构建系统知识体系，清晰呈现关系代词（who/which/that等）和关系副词（when/where/why）的用法区别，结合限制性与非限制性定语从句的类型划分，明确考点分布及内在逻辑，形成从基础概念到特殊用法的完整框架。 讲义亮点在于分层练习设计与精准方法指导，通过“断找放”三字解题技巧（断句、找先行词、分析成分）提升思维品质，结合高考真题（如2023上海春考who/that填空）和语法填空、翻译等题型培养语言能力，基础通关与重难突破模块满足不同学生需求，助力教师实施针对性复习教学。

专题03 定语从句（期末复习讲义） 考点要求 考察形式 近年考题 （1）考查关系代词用法； （2）考查关系副词用法； （3）考查非限制定语从句用法 （4）考查“介词+关系代词”用法 （5）在具体语境中尤其翻译对定语从句的理解和运用。 语法填空题 句子翻译题 【2023上海春考】Young Enterprise primarily meets the needs of young people ( 23 )__________ are still at school, giving them an understanding of industry and the opportunities it may offer them in the future. 【答案】who/that 【2022年秋考】This technique may involve conducting a physical survey or reading industry specific materials Conversations with consumers also facilitate the identification of their frustrations and negative experiences, (27) ________they may use to enhance a firm. 【答案】27 which 【2022年春考】The light is called the aurora. Usually you can see it only at the very north of the earth,(23)_______it is called aurora borealis or Northerm Lights, or at the very south, where it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights. 【答案】23.where 考情分析： 考查形式：主要在语法填空中与句子翻译中考查，要求考生根据句子结构和语境，填入适当的关系词或句子翻译。 考点分布：近年来，上海高考英语对定语从句的考查涵盖了关系代词和关系副词的各种用法。如 2023 年上海秋考考查了 as 引导的非限制性定语从句和 where 引导的非限制性定语从句；2023 年上海春考考查了 who/that 引导的限制性定语从句；2022 年上海秋考考查了 which 引导的非限制性定语从句；2022 年上海春考考查了 where 引导的定语从句。 复习目标： 1.语法知识系统化：全面、系统地掌握定语从句的基本概念、关系词的用法、定语从句的类型等知识，形成完整的知识体系，能够准确判断和分析各种定语从句。 2.解题能力提升：通过专项练习和真题训练，提高在语法填空等题型中准确运用定语从句知识解题的能力，能够快速、准确地根据先行词和从句的成分选择合适的关系词。 定语从句概述 定语从句：在主从复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，在句中作定语，故又称为形容词性从句。 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常为名词（如人、物、地点、时间等），也可以是整个主句的内容。 关系词：引导定语从句，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或状语，同时替代先行词。根据其用法分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语 关系副词：when, where, why 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后句意不完整，无逗号。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，是一种补充说明，删除后不影响整个意思的表达，一般用逗号分开。 This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（无逗号，限制性定语从句） He bought a house, whose roof was painted red.（有逗号，非限制性定语从句） 作用 1.连接作用---连接先行词和定语从句。 2.替代作用---在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。 3.成分作用---在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。that which whose who whom 关系代词用法 知识点01关系代词的用法与限制 1. 基础用法 (1)who/whom：指人，who 作主语 / 宾语，whom 仅作宾语（可省略，介词后用 whom）。 (2)which：指物，作主语 / 宾语（宾语可省略）。 (3)that：指人 / 物，作主语 / 宾语 / 表语（宾语可省略）。 (4)whose：指人 / 物，作定语（=the + 名词 + of which/whom）。 (5)as：指人 / 物，作主语 / 宾语，用于 such/the same...as... 结构或固定句式（as is known to all）。 2. 特殊限制 只用 that 的情况 (1)先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, none等不定代词时。 (2)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 (3)先行词被all, only, very, no 等限定词修饰时。 (4)先行词中既为人又为表示物的名词时。 (5)主句以 who/which 开头的疑问句为了避免重复时。 (6)当先行词是the way在句中作方式状语时，后面用that或者in which或者省略that。 (7)【警告】注意关系代词that作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。 (8)【警告】注意that不能用于非限制性定语从句，前边有逗号为标志。 只用 which 的情况： (1)引导限定性定语从句（不用逗号分隔）,先行词指物，对句子意思的表达起着关键作用。 (2)引导非限定性定语从句（用逗号和主句分隔），先行词可以是一个名词，也可以指代前面整个主句的内容。 (3)用于“介词 + which”结构，这种结构较为正式，常见于书面语中。 (4)【警告】空格前出现逗号，未必后边就用关系代词which, 也可能用关系代词whom（先行词指人）或where（定语从句不缺少主语或宾语）。 解｜题｜技｜巧 1.定语从句是形容词性的，它用来修饰名词或代词； 2.掌握定语从句的分类（限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）和引导词的特点（关系代词作成分、关系副词只能充当状语）及引导词的使用限定； 3.在选择引导词时，遵循三字原则（断：断句，划分好主句和从句；找：找准先行词；放：将引导词放入从句中，同时要看好从句是否缺少成分，再选择引导词的类别 关系副词的用法 知识点01 基础用法 when：先行词为时间名词（day/year/moment），作时间状语（=on/in/at which）。 where：先行词为地点名词（city/school）或抽象地点名词（case/situation/point），作地点状语（=in/at which）。 why：先行词为 the reason，作原因状语（=for which）。 知识点02 与关系代词的辨析 因此，在定语从句中，如果从句缺少成分，我们要选择关系代词，否则就选关系副词。选关系副词时，还要注意指代的对象，是时间（when）、地点（where）、还是原因（why）。 易｜错｜点｜拨 1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking. (误) 2.介词后的关系代词不可用that和who，若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，指物时只可用which；关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) 3.定语从句中的主谓一致用法 (1)定语从句先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。 Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。 (2)定语从句先行词是one of…结构，从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 特殊结构与非限制性定语从句 知识点01 “介词 + 关系代词” 介词选择依据：先行词的固定搭配、从句动词的固定搭配、句意逻辑。 常用结构：of which/whom（表示部分与整体）、from whom/which（来源）、to whom/which（对象）。 知识点02非限制性定语从句 1.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去 掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句与主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that 引导。 2. which引导的非限制性定语从句既可修饰名词或代词，也可修饰整个句子。 e. g. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages，which surprises all the people present. (一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。） 3.as 与 which 的区别：as 引导的从句可置于句首 / 句中 / 句末，which 仅置于句末；as 有 “正如” 之意，which 无此义。 【即时检测】 一、定语从句填空（每空填合适的关系词） 1. She is the only one of the girls ______ knows English. 2. I have two brothers, both ______ are doctors. 3. The book, ______ cover is blue, is mine. 4. We arrived at a small village, in front of ______ there was a river. 5. This is the way ______ he solved the problem. 6．He often recalls his childhood, ___________he lived with his grandparents in the countryside. 7．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. （用适当的词填空） 8．The Amazon River, from the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in length -roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. (用适当的词填空) 9．I wish to thank Professor Smith, with the help of , I become who I am today. (用适当的词填空) 10．Some think of the office as the new offsite, the purpose of is to get people together so they can do the things that remote working makes harder: establishing deeper relationships or cooperating in real time on specific projects.（用适当的词填空） 二、单项选择（选出正确选项并解析） 1. The house ______ windows were broken was empty.（ ） A. whose B. which C. that D. where 2. He has three sons, none ______ is a doctor.（ ） A. of whom B. of which C. who D. which 3. The film ______ I told you about is very interesting.（ ） A. which B. that C. as D. A and B 4. This is the school ______ I studied three years ago.（ ） A. where B. when C. that D. which 5. I don’t like the way ______ you speak to your parents.（ ） A. that B. in which C. 不填 D. A, B and C 6. The reason ______ he was absent from class was that he was ill.（ ） A. why B. for which C. that D. A and B 7. We talked about the things and persons ______ we remembered in the school.（ ） A. that B. who C. which D. what 8. The factory ______ his father works is in the west of the city.（ ） A. where B. that C. which D. when 9. There is no such book ______ you mentioned just now.（ ） A. as B. that C. which D. what 10. He failed in the exam, ______ made his parents very angry.（ ） A. which B. that C. as D. what 基础通关（测试时间：10分钟） 一、语法填空 1．Have you seen the film in the leading actor is a world-famous star called Leonardo Di Caprio? (用适当的词填空) 2．While having hundreds of online “friends” is great, our real and closest connections still lie with those are a part of our daily lives. (用适当的词填空) 3．It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. (用适当的词填空) 4． Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. (用适当的词填空) 5．My mother was so proud of all I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (用适当的词填空) 6．It is normal for teenagers to be slightly overweight and there is no reason they should be worried. (用适当的词填空) 7．Since then, much has been done to help the thousands of people homes were destroyed. (用适当的词填空) 8．The best example is showed by UNES CO, runs a program to protect the world cultural heritage sites. (用适当的词填空) 9．Meetings only two languages are used may need only one interpreter. (用适当的词填空) 10．The reason he explained for his being late was unexpected. （用适当的词填空） 二、单项选择 1. —Who is the person ______ is talking to our teacher? —He is our new classmate.（ ） A. who B. whom C. that D. which 2. This is the room ______ my grandmother lived for 20 years.（ ） A. which B. where C. that D. whose 3. The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（ ） A. which B. where C. whose D. what 4. He is one of the students ______ passed the exam.（ ） A. who has B. who have C. which has D. which have 5. The reason ______ he gave for being late is not true.（ ） A. why B. which C. where D. as 6. This is the same pen ______ I lost yesterday.（ ） A. as B. which C. that D. who 7. The boy ______ father is a teacher is very clever.（ ） A. who B. whose C. which D. that 8. I don’t like the people ______ talk much but do little.（ ） A. who B. which C. whose D. whom 9. The city ______ we visited last year is very beautiful.（ ） A. where B. which C. whose D. when 10. There is nothing ______ can stop us from working hard.（ ） A. which B. that C. who D. whom 重难突破（测试时间：10分钟） 一、语篇语法填空 阅读短文，用适当的关系词填空。 Our school, 1. ______ was founded in 1950, has a long history. There is a big library in our school, 2. ______ we can borrow all kinds of books. The librarian 3. ______ we often ask for help is very kind. She introduced a book 4. ______ tells the story of a teacher 5. ______ devoted her life to education. The teacher worked in a remote village 6. ______ conditions were very hard. She helped many students 7. ______ families were poor to go to college. The book, 8. ______ I finished reading last week, made a deep impression on me. I decided to be a teacher like her, 9. ______ is my childhood dream. I believe the day 10. ______ I realize my dream will come soon. 二、单句语法填空 1. The man with ______ you talked just now is our headmaster. 2. He has three sons, two ______ whom are doctors. 3. As we all know, the earth ______ is round moves around the sun. 4. The house ______ windows face south is mine. 5. This is the factory in ______ my father used to work. 6. He failed the exam, ______ made his parents very angry. 7. Such problems ______ we met yesterday are very difficult. 8. The time ______ we spent together was wonderful. 9. She is the only one of the girls ______ knows English. 10. There are many reasons ______ people like traveling. 三、句型转换 1. He has a new car. The car is very expensive. → He has a new car ______ ______ very expensive. 2. She met a boy. His father is a famous artist. → She met a boy ______ ______ is a famous artist. 3. We visited a city. It is famous for its history. → We visited a city ______ ______ famous for its history. 4. The book is interesting. I borrowed it from the library. → The book ______ ______ borrowed from the library is interesting. 5. He lives in a room. The window of the room faces south. → He lives in a room ______ ______ faces south. 6. I know the girl. You talked to her just now. → I know the girl ______ ______ talked to just now. 7. This is the school. I studied in this school 10 years ago. → This is the school ______ ______ studied 10 years ago. 8. The reason is clear. He was late for the reason. → The reason ______ ______ was late is clear. 9. As is known to all, English is important. → English, ______ ______ known to all, is important. 10. He has two daughters. Both of them are teachers. → He has two daughters, both ______ ______ are teachers. 易混易错（测试时间：10分钟） 一、翻译句子 1. 我永远不会忘记那位教我们英语的老师，她的教学方法非常独特。(who, whose) 2. 我们上周参观的那个博物馆，展品来自世界各地，非常值得一游。(which) 3. 他送给我的那本书，讲述了一个关于友谊和勇气的故事，是我最喜欢的读物之一。(that, which) 4. 我们学校旁边有一个公园，那里有一个大湖，我们经常在周末去划船。(where) 5. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的那一天，阳光明媚，鸟儿在歌唱。(when) 6. 他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车，这让老师很生气。(why, which) 7. 这就是我们去年夏天住过的那个村庄，村民们非常友好，风景也很美。(where, whose) 8. 她正在读的那本小说，作者是一位著名的英国作家，已经被翻译成多种语言。(which, whose) 9. 昨天我在街上遇到的那个男孩，他的父亲是我们学校的数学老师，邀请我参加他的生日派对。(who, whose) 10. 我们在山顶看到的那座城市，灯火辉煌，夜景如画，给我们留下了深刻的印象。(which, whose) 二、改错（找出错误并改正，说明原因） 1. 原句：This is the book which I am looking for it. 2. 原句：He is the only one of the students who are late. 3. 原句：The reason why he gave is not true. 4. 原句： As we all know that English is widely used. 5. 原句：The city where we visited last year is very beautiful. 链接高考（测试时间：15分钟） 1.（2022 上海 秋考）This technique may involve conducting a physical survey or reading industry specific materials Conversations with consumers also facilitate the identification of their frustrations and negative experiences, (27) ________they may use to enhance a firm. 2.（2022 上海 春考）The light is called the aurora. Usually you can see it only at the very north of the earth,(23)_______it is called aurora borealis or Northerm Lights, or at the very south, where it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights. 3.（2021 上海 秋考）Scientists first recognized this problem in July 1976, by (28)_________ time 221 people had become seriously ill.. 4.（2021 上海 秋考）Otherwise, you'll need to find a local studio(25)______ can be expensive. 5.（2020 上海 秋考）This would be impossible (28)___without_____ clocks and watches, (29)________ are all around us: on walls, on our wrists, on our P Cs, and even on our mobiles and iPod's. 6.（2020 上海春考）The pair annoyed the gods of the underworld with their noisy playing and the two brothers were tricked into descending into Xibalba (the underworld) _________ (23) they were challenged to a ball game. 7.（2019 上海 秋考）Orissa is the home three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles, a species (23)threatened (threaten) with extinction, and one of the sites, Gahirmatha, (24) __________ around 70 to 80 million turtles lay eggs on the beach every year, is considered one of the world’s largest nesting sites. 8.（2019 上海 春考）So ambition and the timely realization (21) ________ he would have to determine “what’s next” on his own urged Jason to engage his future self to find direction. 9.（2018 上海 秋考）Sometimes, the parents (28 )_________complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. 10.（2018 上海 春考）The rooms (30) ______ the boys used to live look vacant. I feel sadness but also joy. 二、单项选择 1.（2023 新课标 II 卷）—What do you think of the film ______ we saw last night? —Wonderful!（ ） A. who B. which C. when D. where 2.（2024 北京卷）I still remember the day ______ I first met my English teacher.（ ） A. which B. when C. that D. where 3.（2025 浙江卷）The man ______ we talked about just now is a famous writer.（ ） A. whom B. which C. whose D. where 4.（2023 浙江卷）Such difficulties ______ we met in the project are very common.（ ） A. as B. which C. that D. what 5.（2024 新课标 I 卷）The company ______ my father works is a famous IT firm.（ ） A. which B. where C. that D. whose 三、翻译 1．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）没人知道我的祖父五十多岁时谱写了二十多首歌曲，其中大部分在50年代非常流行。（aware）(汉译英) 2．（24-25高二上·上海青浦·期末）在一个电子阅读器盛行的时代，我还是更喜欢纸质书，它能使我置身于书香之中。 (surround) (汉译英) 3．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）说不同语言的人是否会有不同的思维方式，这个问题已经争论了数千年。(What) (汉译英) 4．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）人们必须应对不同海拔位置的各种气候和环境。(vary) (汉译英) 5．（24-25高二上·上海黄浦·期末）这家科技公司推出了一款以中国古代故事为灵感的创新应用，受到了许多年轻用户的关注。（launch）(汉译英) 6．（24-25高一上·全国·随堂练习）多亏了可靠的资源，这信息才有可能为大众所用，这意味着语言塑造了我们的思维方式。（available）(汉译英) 7．（24-25高二上·上海浦东新·期末）如调查所反映的，疏于监管是网络暴力的罪魁祸首。(blame) (汉译英) 8．（24-25高二上·上海浦东新·期末）本次展览的独特之处在于它涵盖了古埃及文明的各个方面，参观者们徜徉在历史的长河中，为古人的智慧所折服。(where) (汉译英) 9．（24-25高二上·上海青浦·期末）得益于科技的迅猛发展，在线学习越来越受欢迎，学生们得以订阅那些由全球知名教授授课的教育平台，进而拓宽自身的知识视野。 (thanks to) (汉译英) 10．（23-24高二上·上海徐汇·期末）她上个月获得了年度员工的头衔，但由于前几天犯的错没能保住。 (earn) （汉译英） 11．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）虽然失去了夺冠的希望，但他依然面带微笑奋力完成比赛，这给在场的观众和线上的网友都留下了深刻印象。(which) (汉译英) 12．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）科技进步要为当今世界信任感的缺失负一部分责任，对高科技巨头的权力限制鲜有重视，也只有熟知网络的人才能分辨新闻和虚构故事。(blame) (汉译英) 13．（23-24高二上·上海奉贤·期末）那些有相同爱好的人更有可能成为好朋友。(identical)(汉译英) 14．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）正如一位记者在当地报纸上的专栏中所言，对于黑人的歧视在美国社会中埋下了战争的种子。(sow) (汉译英) 15．（23-24高二上·上海黄浦·期末）教师致力于培养孩子的创新能力, 这是教书育人的重要使命之一。(which)(汉译英) 16．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）一般来说，中国人的名有一个或两个汉字，通常承载父母对孩子的愿望。(which) (汉译英) 17．（24-25高二上·上海黄浦·期末）我觉得把时间花在能带来快乐和满足感的爱好上很值得。（worthwhile）(汉译英) 18．（23-24高二上·上海嘉定·期末）众所周知，错误的语言观会对英语学习产生负面影响。(impact) (汉译英) 19．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）总编辑敦促我向 Dan 学习， Dan 是一位勇于挑战寻找好故事的记者。 (challenge)(汉译英) 20．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）奋斗在平凡岗位的无名之辈也值得我们的学习和称赞。(credit)(汉译英) 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 定语从句（期末复习讲义） 考点要求 考察形式 近年考题 （1）考查关系代词用法； （2）考查关系副词用法； （3）考查非限制定语从句用法 （4）考查“介词+关系代词”用法 （5）在具体语境中尤其翻译对定语从句的理解和运用。 语法填空题 句子翻译题 【2023上海春考】Young Enterprise primarily meets the needs of young people ( 23 )__________ are still at school, giving them an understanding of industry and the opportunities it may offer them in the future. 【答案】who/that 【2022年秋考】This technique may involve conducting a physical survey or reading industry specific materials Conversations with consumers also facilitate the identification of their frustrations and negative experiences, (27) ________they may use to enhance a firm. 【答案】27 which 【2022年春考】The light is called the aurora. Usually you can see it only at the very north of the earth,(23)_______it is called aurora borealis or Northerm Lights, or at the very south, where it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights. 【答案】23.where 考情分析： 考查形式：主要在语法填空中与句子翻译中考查，要求考生根据句子结构和语境，填入适当的关系词或句子翻译。 考点分布：近年来，上海高考英语对定语从句的考查涵盖了关系代词和关系副词的各种用法。如 2023 年上海秋考考查了 as 引导的非限制性定语从句和 where 引导的非限制性定语从句；2023 年上海春考考查了 who/that 引导的限制性定语从句；2022 年上海秋考考查了 which 引导的非限制性定语从句；2022 年上海春考考查了 where 引导的定语从句。 复习目标： 1.语法知识系统化：全面、系统地掌握定语从句的基本概念、关系词的用法、定语从句的类型等知识，形成完整的知识体系，能够准确判断和分析各种定语从句。 2.解题能力提升：通过专项练习和真题训练，提高在语法填空等题型中准确运用定语从句知识解题的能力，能够快速、准确地根据先行词和从句的成分选择合适的关系词。 定语从句概述 定语从句：在主从复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，在句中作定语，故又称为形容词性从句。 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常为名词（如人、物、地点、时间等），也可以是整个主句的内容。 关系词：引导定语从句，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或状语，同时替代先行词。根据其用法分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语 关系副词：when, where, why 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后句意不完整，无逗号。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，是一种补充说明，删除后不影响整个意思的表达，一般用逗号分开。 This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（无逗号，限制性定语从句） He bought a house, whose roof was painted red.（有逗号，非限制性定语从句） 作用 1.连接作用---连接先行词和定语从句。 2.替代作用---在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。 3.成分作用---在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。that which whose who whom 关系代词用法 知识点01关系代词的用法与限制 1. 基础用法 (1)who/whom：指人，who 作主语 / 宾语，whom 仅作宾语（可省略，介词后用 whom）。 (2)which：指物，作主语 / 宾语（宾语可省略）。 (3)that：指人 / 物，作主语 / 宾语 / 表语（宾语可省略）。 (4)whose：指人 / 物，作定语（=the + 名词 + of which/whom）。 (5)as：指人 / 物，作主语 / 宾语，用于 such/the same...as... 结构或固定句式（as is known to all）。 2. 特殊限制 只用 that 的情况 (1)先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, none等不定代词时。 (2)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 (3)先行词被all, only, very, no 等限定词修饰时。 (4)先行词中既为人又为表示物的名词时。 (5)主句以 who/which 开头的疑问句为了避免重复时。 (6)当先行词是the way在句中作方式状语时，后面用that或者in which或者省略that。 (7)【警告】注意关系代词that作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。 (8)【警告】注意that不能用于非限制性定语从句，前边有逗号为标志。 只用 which 的情况： (1)引导限定性定语从句（不用逗号分隔）,先行词指物，对句子意思的表达起着关键作用。 (2)引导非限定性定语从句（用逗号和主句分隔），先行词可以是一个名词，也可以指代前面整个主句的内容。 (3)用于“介词 + which”结构，这种结构较为正式，常见于书面语中。 (4)【警告】空格前出现逗号，未必后边就用关系代词which, 也可能用关系代词whom（先行词指人）或where（定语从句不缺少主语或宾语）。 解｜题｜技｜巧 1.定语从句是形容词性的，它用来修饰名词或代词； 2.掌握定语从句的分类（限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）和引导词的特点（关系代词作成分、关系副词只能充当状语）及引导词的使用限定； 3.在选择引导词时，遵循三字原则（断：断句，划分好主句和从句；找：找准先行词；放：将引导词放入从句中，同时要看好从句是否缺少成分，再选择引导词的类别 关系副词的用法 知识点01 基础用法 when：先行词为时间名词（day/year/moment），作时间状语（=on/in/at which）。 where：先行词为地点名词（city/school）或抽象地点名词（case/situation/point），作地点状语（=in/at which）。 why：先行词为 the reason，作原因状语（=for which）。 知识点02 与关系代词的辨析 因此，在定语从句中，如果从句缺少成分，我们要选择关系代词，否则就选关系副词。选关系副词时，还要注意指代的对象，是时间（when）、地点（where）、还是原因（why）。 易｜错｜点｜拨 1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking. (误) 2.介词后的关系代词不可用that和who，若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，指物时只可用which；关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) 3.定语从句中的主谓一致用法 (1)定语从句先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。 Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。 (2)定语从句先行词是one of…结构，从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 特殊结构与非限制性定语从句 知识点01 “介词 + 关系代词” 介词选择依据：先行词的固定搭配、从句动词的固定搭配、句意逻辑。 常用结构：of which/whom（表示部分与整体）、from whom/which（来源）、to whom/which（对象）。 知识点02非限制性定语从句 1.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去 掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句与主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that 引导。 2. which引导的非限制性定语从句既可修饰名词或代词，也可修饰整个句子。 e. g. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages，which surprises all the people present. (一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。） 3.as 与 which 的区别：as 引导的从句可置于句首 / 句中 / 句末，which 仅置于句末；as 有 “正如” 之意，which 无此义。 【即时检测】 一、定语从句填空（每空填合适的关系词） 1. She is the only one of the girls ______ knows English. 【答案】that/who 【解析】先行词为the only one（指人），且在从句中作主语，先行词含the only修饰，可用that或who。 2. I have two brothers, both ______ are doctors. 【答案】of whom 【解析】非限制性定语从句，先行词为two brothers（指人），“both of+关系代词”结构，用whom。 3. The book, ______ cover is blue, is mine. 【答案】whose 【解析】先行词为the book，与cover构成所属关系，用whose表“……的”。 4. We arrived at a small village, in front of ______ there was a river. 【答案】which 【解析】非限制性定语从句，先行词为a small village（指物），“介词+关系代词”结构，用which。 5. This is the way ______ he solved the problem. 【答案】that/in which/不填 【解析】先行词为the way，表“方式、方法”时，关系词可用that、in which或省略。 6．He often recalls his childhood, ___________he lived with his grandparents in the countryside. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：他经常回忆起他的童年，那时他和爷爷奶奶住在乡下。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词his childhood，在从句作时间状语，故用when。故填when。 7．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这位老人有两个女儿，都是医生。分析可知，逗号后的全部内容在句中为非限制性定语从句，设空处指代先行词two daughters，作介词of的宾语，所以要用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 8．The Amazon River, from the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in length -roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：亚马孙河，雨林的名字由此而来，全长近6400公里，比长江长约100公里。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词The Amazon River，指物，关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作介词from的宾语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。 9．I wish to thank Professor Smith, with the help of , I become who I am today. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我要感谢史密斯教授，在他的帮助下，我成为了今天的我。分析句子可知，此处为介词of+关系代词whom引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词Professor Smith在从句中作of的宾语成分，和help形成所属关系。故填whom。 10．Some think of the office as the new offsite, the purpose of is to get people together so they can do the things that remote working makes harder: establishing deeper relationships or cooperating in real time on specific projects.（用适当的词填空） 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有些人认为办公室是新的异地办公场所，其目的是让人们聚在一起，做远程办公难以做到的事情：建立更深层次的关系或在特定项目上实时合作。空格处是“介词+which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词offsite是物，因此空格处是which，故填which。 二、单项选择（选出正确选项并解析） 1. The house ______ windows were broken was empty.（ ） A. whose B. which C. that D. where 【答案】A 【解析】先行词为the house，与windows构成所属关系，需用whose表“房子的”；B、C项为关系代词，需在从句中作主语或宾语，此处不适用；D项为关系副词，表地点，不符合语境。故选A项。 2. He has three sons, none ______ is a doctor.（ ） A. of whom B. of which C. who D. which 【答案】A 【解析】先行词为three sons（指人），“none of+关系代词”结构，用whom；B、D项which指代物，不符合；C项who不能用于“介词+关系代词”结构。故选A项。 3. The film ______ I told you about is very interesting.（ ） A. which B. that C. as D. A and B 【答案】D 【解析】先行词为the film（指物），从句中about后缺宾语，which和that均可作宾语，且可省略；C项as不用于此处语境。故选D项。 4. This is the school ______ I studied three years ago.（ ） A. where B. when C. that D. which 【答案】A 【解析】先行词为the school，在从句中作地点状语，用where；B项表时间，不符合；C、D项为关系代词，需在从句中作主语或宾语，此处从句主谓完整，不适用。故选A项。 5. I don’t like the way ______ you speak to your parents.（ ） A. that B. in which C. 不填 D. A, B and C 【答案】D 【解析】先行词为the way，表“方式”时，关系词可用that、in which或省略，三种形式均符合语法规则。故选D项。 6. The reason ______ he was absent from class was that he was ill.（ ） A. why B. for which C. that D. A and B 【答案】D 【解析】先行词为the reason，在从句中作原因状语，可用why或for which；C项that需在从句中作主语或宾语，此处不适用。故选D项。 7. We talked about the things and persons ______ we remembered in the school.（ ） A. that B. who C. which D. what 【答案】A 【解析】先行词既有人（persons）又有物（things），关系代词只能用that；B项who仅指代人，C项which仅指代物，D项what不能引导定语从句。故选A项。 8. The factory ______ his father works is in the west of the city.（ ） A. where B. that C. which D. when 【答案】A 【解析】先行词为the factory，在从句中作地点状语，用where；B、C项为关系代词，需在从句中作主语或宾语，此处从句主谓完整，不适用；D项表时间，不符合。故选A项。 9. There is no such book ______ you mentioned just now.（ ） A. as B. that C. which D. what 【答案】A 【解析】固定搭配such...as...，as引导定语从句，指代先行词book；B、C项不能与such搭配；D项what不能引导定语从句。故选A项。 10. He failed in the exam, ______ made his parents very angry.（ ） A. which B. that C. as D. what 【答案】A 【解析】非限制性定语从句，指代前文“考试失利”这件事，用which；B项that不能引导非限制性定语从句；C项as表“正如”，不符合语境；D项what不能引导定语从句。故选A项。 基础通关（测试时间：10分钟） 一、语法填空 1．Have you seen the film in the leading actor is a world-famous star called Leonardo DiCaprio? (用适当的词填空) 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你看过那部由世界著名影星莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥主演的电影吗？此处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是film，关系词替代先行词在从句中作介词in的宾语，in which=where，表示“在这部电影中”。故填which。 2．While having hundreds of online “friends” is great, our real and closest connections still lie with those are a part of our daily lives. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：虽然拥有数百个网络“好友”很不错，但我们真正亲密的联系仍然在于那些是我们日常生活一部分的人。此处是限定性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，先行词是those，指人，只使用关系代词who，而不用that。故填who。 3．It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：把孩子们放在一个可以让他们从不同的角度审视自己的环境中，对他们是很有帮助的。本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是situation，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。 4．Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：不活跃或是日常饮食含脂肪量高的孩子体重增长的很快。分析句子结构，who are not active和 _______   diet is high in fat是由or连接的两个并列的定语从句，先行词是Children，关系词在后一个定语从句中作定语，修饰名词“diet”，用关系代词whose引导该从句。故填whose。 5．My mother was so proud of all I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我妈妈为我所做的一切感到骄傲，她奖励我去北京旅行。空格处引导定语从句，对先行词all进行限定说明，从句中缺少宾语，且先行词是不定代词all，所以用关系代词that代替先行词在从句中作宾语。故填that。 6．It is normal for teenagers to be slightly overweight and there is no reason they should be worried. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：青少年轻微超重是正常的，他们没有理由为此担心。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，关系词将其代入定语从句中作原因状语，用关系副词why引导定语从句，故填why。 7．Since then, much has been done to help the thousands of people homes were destroyed. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词。句意：从那时起，已经做了很多工作来帮助成千上万的家园被毁的人们。此处为关系词引导定语从句，修饰先行词people，先行词与空后的名词homes之间为所属关系，所以，此处使用关系代词whose在从句中作定语。故填whose。 8．The best example is showed by UNESCO, runs a program to protect the world cultural heritage sites. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：最好的例子是由联合国教科文组织展示的，该组织运行一个保护世界文化遗产地的项目。此处为关系词引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词UNESCO，先行词在从句中作主语，且指代事物，所以应使用关系代词which。故填which。 9．Meetings only two languages are used may need only one interpreter. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句关系副词。句意：如果会议中只使用两种语言，那么可能只需要一名口译员。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，所以使用关系副词，先行词meetings指的是地点，所以此处使用关系副词where。故填where。 10．The reason he explained for his being late was unexpected. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他解释迟到的原因出乎意料。分析句子可知，这里考查定语从句，先行词The reason，为物，在从句中作宾语，所以应用关系代词that或者which。故填that/which。 二、单项选择 1. —Who is the person ______ is talking to our teacher? —He is our new classmate.（ ） A. who B. whom C. that D. which 【答案】C 【解析】主句以疑问词 who 开头，为避免重复，定语从句的关系代词用 that。 2. This is the room ______ my grandmother lived for 20 years.（ ） A. which B. where C. that D. whose 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为地点名词 room，从句中 live 为不及物动词，缺少地点状语，用关系副词 where。 3. The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（ ） A. which B. where C. whose D. what 【答案】A 【解析】先行词为物（book），从句中 borrowed 后缺少宾语，用关系代词 which。 4. He is one of the students ______ passed the exam.（ ） A. who has B. who have C. which has D. which have 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为复数名词 students（one of 后接复数名词），关系代词用 who，从句谓语动词用复数形式 have。 5. The reason ______ he gave for being late is not true.（ ） A. why B. which C. where D. as 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为 reason，从句中 gave 后缺少宾语，用关系代词 which；why 用于从句缺原因状语的情况，此处不适用。 6. This is the same pen ______ I lost yesterday.（ ） A. as B. which C. that D. who 【答案】A 【解析】先行词前有 the same 修饰，定语从句的关系代词用 as，表“和……一样的”。 7. The boy ______ father is a teacher is very clever.（ ） A. who B. whose C. which D. that 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为 boy（指人），从句中 father 缺少定语（表“男孩的”），用关系代词 whose。 8. I don’t like the people ______ talk much but do little.（ ） A. who B. which C. whose D. whom 【答案】A 【解析】先行词为人（people），从句中缺少主语，用关系代词 who。 9. The city ______ we visited last year is very beautiful.（ ） A. where B. which C. whose D. when 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为物（city），从句中 visited 后缺少宾语，用关系代词 which；where 用于从句缺地点状语的情况，此处不适用。 10. There is nothing ______ can stop us from working hard.（ ） A. which B. that C. who D. whom 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为不定代词 nothing，定语从句的关系代词只能用 that。 重难突破（测试时间：10分钟） 一、语篇语法填空 阅读短文，用适当的关系词填空。 Our school, 1. ______ was founded in 1950, has a long history. There is a big library in our school, 2. ______ we can borrow all kinds of books. The librarian 3. ______ we often ask for help is very kind. She introduced a book 4. ______ tells the story of a teacher 5. ______ devoted her life to education. The teacher worked in a remote village 6. ______ conditions were very hard. She helped many students 7. ______ families were poor to go to college. The book, 8. ______ I finished reading last week, made a deep impression on me. I decided to be a teacher like her, 9. ______ is my childhood dream. I believe the day 10. ______ I realize my dream will come soon. 1. 【答案】which 【解析】非限制性定语从句，先行词为 our school（指物），从句缺主语，用 which。 2. 【答案】where 【解析】先行词为 library（地点），从句缺地点状语，用 where 表“在图书馆里”。 3. 【答案】whom/who/that 【解析】先行词为 librarian（指人），从句中 ask for help 后缺宾语，可用 whom、who 或 that。 4. 【答案】that/which 【解析】先行词为 book（指物），从句缺主语，用 that 或 which。 5. 【答案】who/that 【解析】先行词为 teacher（指人），从句缺主语，用 who 或 that。 6. 【答案】where/in which 【解析】先行词为 village（地点），从句中 conditions were hard 缺地点状语，用 where 或 in which。 7. 【答案】whose 【解析】先行词为 students（指人），与 families 构成所属关系，用 whose 表“学生们的”。 8. 【答案】which 【解析】非限制性定语从句，先行词为 book（指物），从句缺宾语，用 which。 9. 【答案】which 【解析】非限制性定语从句，指代前文“想成为像她一样的老师”这件事，用 which。 10. 【答案】when/on which 【解析】先行词为 the day（时间），从句缺时间状语，用 when 或 on which。 二、单句语法填空 1. The man with ______ you talked just now is our headmaster. 【答案】whom 【解析】先行词为 the man（指人），“介词 with + 关系代词”结构，用 whom。 2. He has three sons, two ______ whom are doctors. 【答案】of 【解析】“two of whom”为固定结构，表“其中两人”，先行词为 three sons（指人），用 of 连接。 3. As we all know, the earth ______ is round moves around the sun. 【答案】which/that 【解析】先行词为 the earth（指物），从句缺主语，用 which 或 that，引导限制性定语从句。 4. The house ______ windows face south is mine. 【答案】whose/the windows of which 【解析】先行词为 the house，与 windows 构成所属关系，用 whose 或“the windows of which”表“房子的窗户”。 5. This is the factory in ______ my father used to work. 【答案】which 【解析】先行词为 the factory（指物），“介词 in + 关系代词”结构，用 which。 6. He failed the exam, ______ made his parents very angry. 【答案】which 【解析】非限制性定语从句，指代前文“考试失利”这件事，用 which。 7. Such problems ______ we met yesterday are very difficult. 【答案】as 【解析】先行词前有 such 修饰，定语从句用 as 引导，as 在从句中作宾语。 8. The time ______ we spent together was wonderful. 【答案】that/which 【解析】先行词为 the time（指物），从句中 spent 后缺宾语，用 that 或 which。 9. She is the only one of the girls ______ knows English. 【答案】who/that 【解析】先行词为 the only one（指人），强调“唯一”，从句谓语用单数，关系词用 who 或 that。 10. There are many reasons ______ people like traveling. 【答案】why/for which 【解析】先行词为 reasons，从句缺原因状语，用 why 或 for which。 三、句型转换 1. He has a new car. The car is very expensive. → He has a new car ______ ______ very expensive. 【答案】which/that is 【解析】合并为定语从句，先行词为 car（指物），从句缺主语，用 which 或 that，后接 is。 2. She met a boy. His father is a famous artist. → She met a boy ______ ______ is a famous artist. 【答案】whose father 【解析】先行词为 boy（指人），与 father 构成所属关系，用 whose 引导从句，作主语。 3. We visited a city. It is famous for its history. → We visited a city ______ ______ famous for its history. 【答案】which is 【解析】先行词为 city（指物），从句缺主语，用 which，后接 is，表“城市以历史闻名”。 4. The book is interesting. I borrowed it from the library. → The book ______ ______ borrowed from the library is interesting. 【答案】that/which I 【解析】先行词为 book（指物），从句缺宾语，用 that 或 which，主语为 I，构成“我借的书”。 5. He lives in a room. The window of the room faces south. → He lives in a room ______ ______ faces south. 【答案】whose window/the window of which 【解析】先行词为 room，与 window 构成所属关系，用 whose window 或 the window of which，表“房间的窗户”。 6. I know the girl. You talked to her just now. → I know the girl ______ ______ talked to just now. 【答案】whom you 【解析】先行词为 the girl（指人），从句中 talked to 后缺宾语，用 whom，主语为 you。 7. This is the school. I studied in this school 10 years ago. → This is the school ______ ______ studied 10 years ago. 【答案】where I/in which I 【解析】先行词为 school（地点），从句缺地点状语，用 where 或 in which，主语为 I。 8. The reason is clear. He was late for the reason. → The reason ______ ______ was late is clear. 【答案】why he/for which he 【解析】先行词为 reason，从句缺原因状语，用 why 或 for which，主语为 he。 9. As is known to all, English is important. → English, ______ ______ known to all, is important. 【答案】which is 【解析】转换为非限制性定语从句，指代 English，用 which，后接 is known to all，表“众所周知”。 10. He has two daughters. Both of them are teachers. → He has two daughters, both ______ ______ are teachers. 【答案】of whom 【解析】先行词为 two daughters（指人），“both of whom”为固定结构，表“两人都”，引导非限制性定语从句。 易混易错（测试时间：10分钟） 一、翻译句子 1. 我永远不会忘记那位教我们英语的老师，她的教学方法非常独特。(who, whose) 【答案】I will never forget the teacher who taught us English, whose teaching method was very unique. 【解析】考查关系代词who和whose的用法。主句"I will never forget the teacher"，定语从句"who taught us English"修饰先行词teacher（人），关系代词who在从句中作主语；第二个定语从句"whose teaching method was very unique"同样修饰teacher，表示"老师的教学方法"，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。注意时态一致性，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般过去时。 2. 我们上周参观的那个博物馆，展品来自世界各地，非常值得一游。(which) 【答案】The museum which we visited last week, whose exhibits are from all over the world, is well worth visiting. 【解析】考查关系代词which和whose的用法。主句"The museum is well worth visiting"，定语从句"which we visited last week"修饰先行词museum（物），关系代词which在从句中作宾语，可省略；第二个定语从句"whose exhibits are from all over the world"同样修饰museum，表示"博物馆的展品"，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。注意"be worth doing"结构的使用。 3. 他送给我的那本书，讲述了一个关于友谊和勇气的故事，是我最喜欢的读物之一。(that, which) 【答案】The book that he gave me, which tells a story about friendship and courage, is one of my favorite readings. 【解析】考查关系代词that和which的用法。主句"The book is one of my favorite readings"，定语从句"that he gave me"修饰先行词book（物），关系代词that在从句中作宾语，可省略；第二个定语从句"which tells a story about friendship and courage"同样修饰book，关系代词which在从句中作主语，不能省略。注意非限制性定语从句用逗号分隔，且不能用that引导。 4. 我们学校旁边有一个公园，那里有一个大湖，我们经常在周末去划船。(where) 【答案】There is a park next to our school where there is a big lake, and we often go boating there on weekends. 【解析】考查关系副词where的用法。主句"There is a park next to our school"，定语从句"where there is a big lake"修饰先行词park（地点），关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，相当于"in which"。注意句子结构，后半部分"and we often go boating there on weekends"是并列句，不是定语从句。 5. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的那一天，阳光明媚，鸟儿在歌唱。(when) 【答案】I still remember the day when I first met her, when the sun was shining and the birds were singing. 【解析】考查关系副词when的用法。主句"I still remember the day"，第一个定语从句"when I first met her"修饰先行词day（时间），关系副词when在从句中作时间状语，相当于"on which"；第二个定语从句"when the sun was shining and the birds were singing"同样修饰day，描述那天的天气情况。注意时态一致性，主句用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时和过去进行时。 6. 他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车，这让老师很生气。(why, which) 【答案】The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus, which made the teacher angry. 【解析】考查关系副词why和关系代词which的用法。主句"The reason was that he missed the early bus"，定语从句"why he was late"修饰先行词reason（原因），关系副词why在从句中作原因状语；非限制性定语从句"which made the teacher angry"修饰整个主句，表示"他迟到这件事让老师生气"，关系代词which在从句中作主语，指代前面整个句子。注意"the reason why...is that..."结构的使用。 7. 这就是我们去年夏天住过的那个村庄，村民们非常友好，风景也很美。(where, whose) 【答案】This is the village where we stayed last summer, whose villagers are very friendly and whose scenery is beautiful. 【解析】考查关系副词where和关系代词whose的用法。主句"This is the village"，定语从句"where we stayed last summer"修饰先行词village（地点），关系副词where在从句中作地点状语；两个并列的定语从句"whose villagers are very friendly"和"whose scenery is beautiful"同样修饰village，表示"村庄的村民"和"村庄的风景"，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。注意句子结构的并列性。 8. 她正在读的那本小说，作者是一位著名的英国作家，已经被翻译成多种语言。(which, whose) 【答案】The novel which she is reading, whose author is a famous British writer, has been translated into many languages. 【解析】考查关系代词which和whose的用法。主句"The novel has been translated into many languages"，定语从句"which she is reading"修饰先行词novel（物），关系代词which在从句中作宾语；定语从句"whose author is a famous British writer"同样修饰novel，表示"小说的作者"，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。注意时态一致性，主句用现在完成时的被动语态，从句用现在进行时。 9. 昨天我在街上遇到的那个男孩，他的父亲是我们学校的数学老师，邀请我参加他的生日派对。(who, whose) 【答案】The boy who I met in the street yesterday, whose father is a math teacher in our school, invited me to his birthday party. 【解析】考查关系代词who和whose的用法。主句"The boy invited me to his birthday party"，定语从句"who I met in the street yesterday"修饰先行词boy（人），关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可省略；第二个定语从句"whose father is a math teacher in our school"同样修饰boy，表示"男孩的父亲"，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。注意时态一致性，主句和从句都用一般过去时。 10. 我们在山顶看到的那座城市，灯火辉煌，夜景如画，给我们留下了深刻的印象。(which, whose) 【答案】The city which we saw from the top of the mountain, whose lights were brilliant and whose night view was picturesque, left a deep impression on us. 【解析】考查关系代词which和whose的用法。主句"The city left a deep impression on us"，定语从句"which we saw from the top of the mountain"修饰先行词city（物），关系代词which在从句中作宾语，可省略；两个并列的定语从句"whose lights were brilliant"和"whose night view was picturesque"同样修饰city，表示"城市的灯光"和"城市的夜景"，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。注意短语"leave a deep impression on sb"的使用，以及形容词brilliant和picturesque的准确运用。 二、改错（找出错误并改正，说明原因） 1. 原句：This is the book which I am looking for it. 【改正】This is the book which I am looking for. 【解析】which已指代the book，在从句中作look for的宾语，多余代词it，需去掉。 2. 原句：He is the only one of the students who are late. 【改正】He is the only one of the students who is late. 【解析】先行词为the only one（强调“唯一”），而非students，定语从句的谓语动词需与the only one保持单数一致，故将are改为is。 3. 原句：The reason why he gave is not true. 【改正】The reason which/that he gave is not true. 【解析】从句中gave后缺少宾语，why用于从句缺原因状语的情况，此处需用关系代词which或that作宾语，故将why改为which/that。 4. 原句：As we all know that English is widely used. 【改正】As we all know, English is widely used. 【解析】as引导非限制性定语从句，指代后文整个句子，从句中已有as作宾语，无需再加that，故去掉that。 5. 原句：The city where we visited last year is very beautiful. 【改正】The city which/that we visited last year is very beautiful. 【解析】从句中visited后缺少宾语，where用于从句缺地点状语的情况，此处需用关系代词which或that作宾语，故将where改为which/that。 链接高考（测试时间：15分钟） 1.（2022 上海 秋考）This technique may involve conducting a physical survey or reading industry specific materials Conversations with consumers also facilitate the identification of their frustrations and negative experiences, (27) ________they may use to enhance a firm. 27 which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。此处考查的是定语从句，their frustrations and negative experiences 在后面的从句中作宾语，属于事物，故填入which。句意:与消费者的对话也有助于识别他们的沮丧和负面体验，他们可能会利用这些来增强公司。 2.（2022 上海 春考）The light is called the aurora. Usually you can see it only at the very north of the earth,(23)_______it is called aurora borealis or Northerm Lights, or at the very south, where it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights. 23.where [解析]考查定语从句。根据后面的“or at the very south,where it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights.”可知此处同样是一个定语从句，也是用关系副词where 作后面从句的地点状语。故填入 where。句意:通常，你只能在地球的最北边看到它，在那里它被称为北极光，或者在地球的最南边，它被称为南极光。 3.（2021 上海 秋考）Scientists first recognized this problem in July 1976, by (28)_________ time 221 people had become seriously ill.. 28. which 【解析】 考查非限制性定语从句。根据句子结构分析，可知该空所在句子为非限制性定语，修饰上旬所述相关情况，再结合句意分析，此处主要强调的是相关的时间，又因为该空前有介词 by，故需要用 by which 代替 when 充当引导词，故此处填入 which。 4.（2021 上海 秋考）Otherwise, you'll need to find a local studio(25)______ can be expensive. 25.which /that 【解析】.考查定语从句。这里which/that代替前面的先行词studio在从句中作主语。句意为：“否则，你需要找到一个当地的工作室，这可能是昂贵的。” 5.（2020 上海 秋考）This would be impossible (28)___without_____ clocks and watches, (29)________ are all around us: on walls, on our wrists, on our PCs, and even on our mobiles and iPod's. 29.which [解析]考查非限制性定语从句，横线之前说到了钟表和手表，横线之后说，“在我们周围的:在墙上和我们手腕上”，可知是对前一句话的补充解说，which引导的定语从句，修饰前一句话末尾的“clocks and watches”，which 充当主语的成分。 6.（2020 上海春考）The pair annoyed the gods of the underworld with their noisy playing and the two brothers were tricked into descending into Xibalba (the underworld) _________ (23) they were challenged to a ball game. 23. where 【解析】考查定语从句。空前为主句the two brothers were tricked into... Xibalba (the underworld)，空后为定语从句they were challenged to a ball game修饰地点名词Xibalba，所以此处用关系副词where 代替in Xibalba 在从句中作状语。 7.（2019 上海 秋考）Orissa is the home three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles, a species (23)threatened (threaten) with extinction, and one of the sites, Gahirmatha, (24) __________ around 70 to 80 million turtles lay eggs on the beach every year, is considered one of the world’s largest nesting sites. 24.where [解析]考查限制性定语从句。根据句意:“奥里萨岛是奥利弗海龟的三个大规模筑巢地，这是一个濒临灭绝的物种，其中之一，盖赫马塔每年约有七千万到八千万只海龟在海滩上产卵，被认为是世界上最大的筑巢地之一。”由此句意和结构分析可知,此处缺少一个引导定语从句的关系词,又因为先行词为 Gahirmatha表示一个地点，故用关系副词 where，相当于 in which=in the place 8.（2019 上海 春考）So ambition and the timely realization (21) ________ he would have to determine “what’s next” on his own urged Jason to engage his future self to find direction. 21. that 【21题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：他自己决定自己要做什么的雄心和及时觉悟督促他自己找到未来的方向。分析句子可知，he would have to determine “what’s next” on his own为限制性定语从句修饰先行词So ambition and the timely realization，从句缺乏have 的宾语，故用关系代词that或者which。 9.（2018 上海 秋考）Sometimes, the parents (28 )_________complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. 28.that/who [解析]考查定语从句。定语从句，that 充当从句中的主语。 10.（2018 上海 春考）The rooms (30) ______ the boys used to live look vacant. I feel sadness but also joy. 30. where 30.where[解析]考查定语从句。where 引导的句子主谓宾齐全，少了地点状语用 where 作不及物动词 live 的地点状语，where 相当于 in which。因此正确答案为 where。 二、单项选择 1.（2023 新课标 II 卷）—What do you think of the film ______ we saw last night? —Wonderful!（ ） A. who B. which C. when D. where 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为 the film（指物），从句中 saw 后缺宾语，用 which；A项 who 指代人，C项 when 表时间，D项 where 表地点，均不符合语境。故选B项。 2.（2024 北京卷）I still remember the day ______ I first met my English teacher.（ ） A. which B. when C. that D. where 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为 the day（时间），从句中缺时间状语，用 when；A、C项为关系代词，需作主语或宾语，D项 where 表地点，均不符合。故选B项。 3.（2025 浙江卷）The man ______ we talked about just now is a famous writer.（ ） A. whom B. which C. whose D. where 【答案】A 【解析】先行词为 the man（指人），从句中 talked about 后缺宾语，用 whom；B项 which 指代物，C项 whose 表所属关系，D项 where 表地点，均不符合。故选A项。 4.（2023 浙江卷）Such difficulties ______ we met in the project are very common.（ ） A. as B. which C. that D. what 【答案】A 【解析】先行词受 such 修饰，定语从句固定用 as 引导；B、C项不能与 such 搭配，D项 what 不能引导定语从句。故选A项。 5.（2024 新课标 I 卷）The company ______ my father works is a famous IT firm.（ ） A. which B. where C. that D. whose 【答案】B 【解析】先行词为 the company（地点），从句中 works 后缺地点状语，用 where；A、C项为关系代词，需作主语或宾语，D项 whose 表所属关系，均不符合。故选B项。 三、翻译 1．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）没人知道我的祖父五十多岁时谱写了二十多首歌曲，其中大部分在50年代非常流行。（aware）(汉译英) 【答案】Nobody is aware that my grandfather composed more than twenty songs in his fifties, most of which were very popular in the 1950s. 【详解】考查固定结构、短语和时态。主句描述一个客观事实，时态需用一般现在时；表示“没人”应用代词nobody，作主句主语，位于句首，单词首字母需大写；表示“知道……”可用固定结构be aware that...，作主句的谓语，主语nobody为单数主语，系动词需用is；表示“我的祖父”应用名词短语my grandfather，作从句的主语，表示“谱写”应用动词compose，作从句的谓语动词；表示“二十多首歌曲”应用名词短语more than twenty songs，作从句的宾语；表示“在他五十多岁时”应用介词短语in his fifties，作从句的时间状语，故从句时态需用一般过去时，描述发生在过去的事情；主句后面接了一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为more than twenty songs，指物，关系词在从句中作宾语，需用关系代词which引导，表示“大部分”可用most of ...，故用most of which引导定语从句；表示“在50年代”可用介词短语in the 1950s，作从句的时间状语，故从句时态也需用一般过去时；表示“非常流行”可用动词短语be very popular，主语指代复数名词，故系动词需用were。故翻译为Nobody is aware that my grandfather composed more than twenty songs in his fifties, most of which were very popular in the 1950s.。 2．（24-25高二上·上海青浦·期末）在一个电子阅读器盛行的时代，我还是更喜欢纸质书，它能使我置身于书香之中。 (surround) (汉译英) 【答案】In an era when all kinds of e-reading gadgets take over, I still prefer paper books, which surround me with a variety of a sea of books. 【详解】考查动词时态和定语从句。陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，表示“在一个时代”应用in an era；表示“电子阅读器盛行”应用when all kinds of e-reading gadgets take over，when引导定语从句，修饰先行词era，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语；表示“我”应用I；表示“还是”应用still；表示“更喜欢”应用prefer；表示“纸质书”应用paper books；表示“它能使我置身于书香之中”应用which surround me with a variety of a sea of books，此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词paper books，关系词在定语从句中作主语。故翻译成：In an era when all kinds of e-reading gadgets take over, I still prefer paper books, which surround me with a variety of a sea of books.。 3．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）说不同语言的人是否会有不同的思维方式，这个问题已经争论了数千年。(What) (汉译英) 【答案】What has been discussed for thousands of years is the problem of whether those who speak different languages have different ways of thinking. 【详解】考查名词性从句和定语从句。给定句子可转换语序，将“已经争论了数千年的东西”作为句子主语，使用what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，句首单词首字母大写，“争论”discuss，由“已经”可知，从句应用现在完成时，表示动作从过去一直持续到现在，且discuss与what之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，即has been discussed，“数千年”for thousands of years；主句陈述客观事实，时态为一般现在时，谓语动词为be，what引导从句作主语，be动词使用is，表语“……的问题”译为the problem of，后接宾语从句，使用whether“是否”引导宾语从句，从句主语“说不同语言的人”those who speak different languages，其中who引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词those，谓语同样用一般现在时描述客观事实，“有”译为have，从句主语是those，谓语动词使用原形形式，后接宾语“不同的思维方式”different ways of thinking。故翻译为What has been discussed for thousands of years is the problem of whether those who speak different languages have different ways of thinking. 4．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）人们必须应对不同海拔位置的各种气候和环境。(vary) (汉译英) 【答案】People must deal with different elevation positions where climates and environment vary. 【详解】考查从句和动词短语。主语“人们”译为people，“必须”译为must，“应对”译为cope with，must后接动词原形，“不同海拔位置”翻译为 different elevation positions，表示“……的各种气候和环境”可用where引导定语从句，修饰positions，从句中作地点状语，结合提示词，可以转述为“气候和环境变化”，即从句为climates and environment vary。综上，故译为People must deal with different elevation positions where climates and environment vary. 5．（24-25高二上·上海黄浦·期末）这家科技公司推出了一款以中国古代故事为灵感的创新应用，受到了许多年轻用户的关注。（launch）(汉译英) 【答案】This technology company has launched an innovative app inspired by ancient Chinese stories, which has attracted the attention of many young users. 【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。“这家科技公司推出了一款创新应用”作主句主干，用“This technology company has launched an innovative app”来表达，“这家科技公司”是“This technology company”，作主语，“推出”用所给动词“launch”表示，句子强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时“has launched”，作谓语，“一款创新应用”是“an innovative app”，作“has launched”的宾语；“以中国古代故事为灵感的”作后置定语修饰 “应用”“app”，用过去分词短语 “inspired by ancient Chinese stories”来表达，“app” 与“inspire” 是被动关系，故用过去分词短语“inspired by…”，“中国古代故事”“ancient Chinese stories”泛指各种中国故事，“故事”“story”用复数形式“stories”；“受到了许多年轻用户的关注”用非限制性定语从句“,which has attracted the attention of many young users.”来表达，关系词用 “which”指代前面的先行词“app”，“吸引…… 的关注” 是 短语“attract the attention of...”，和主句时态保持一致，同样用现在完成时，因主语“which”代替的先行词是单数，故用“ has attracted the attention of…”来表达，作从句的谓语，“许多年轻用户”是“many young users”，作“ has attracted the attention of…”的宾语，“user”是可数名词其前有“many”修饰，故用复数形式。故整句话翻译为：This technology company has launched an innovative app inspired by ancient Chinese stories, which has attracted the attention of many young users. 6．（24-25高一上·全国·随堂练习）多亏了可靠的资源，这信息才有可能为大众所用，这意味着语言塑造了我们的思维方式。（available）(汉译英) 【答案】Thanks to reliable resources, this information has been made available to the public, which means that language shapes the way we think. 【详解】考查形容词、介词短语和定语从句。表示“多亏了”应用thanks to，为介词短语；表示“可靠的资源”应用reliable resources，作介词后宾语；表示“这信息才有可能为大众所用”中“信息”是information，“有可能为大众所用”即“使大众能获取到信息”，用make sth. available to sb.结构，因information和make是被动关系，结合语境强调信息现在处于能为大众所用的状态，强调对现在的影响，所以用现在完成时的被动语态，即has been made available to，“大众”the public；“这意味着语言塑造了我们的思维方式”用非限制性定语从句which means that...，which指代前面整个句子，means是谓语动词，后接that引导的宾语从句，从句主语“语言”language，谓语“塑造”shape，从句使用一般现在时表示客观事实，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式，后接宾语“方式”the way，the way后接省略that引导的定语从句“我们思考的”we think。故翻译为Thanks to reliable resources, this information has been made available to the public, which means that language shapes the way we think. 7．（24-25高二上·上海浦东新·期末）如调查所反映的，疏于监管是网络暴力的罪魁祸首。(blame) (汉译英) 【答案】As the survey shows, the lack of supervision is to blame for cyberbullying. 【详解】考查动词和固定句型。句子描述客观情况，用一般现在时。“如调查所反映的”可以用as引导的非限制性定语从句表示，翻译为as the survey shows，关系代词as代指下文主句的内容；“疏于监管”翻译为the lack of supervision，作主句的主语；“是……的罪魁祸首”用固定句型be to blame for表示，主语是the lack of supervision，be动词用is；“网络暴力”翻译为cyberbullying。故整句翻译为As the survey shows, the lack of supervision is to blame for cyberbullying. 8．（24-25高二上·上海浦东新·期末）本次展览的独特之处在于它涵盖了古埃及文明的各个方面，参观者们徜徉在历史的长河中，为古人的智慧所折服。(where) (汉译英) 【答案】The uniqueness of this exhibition lies in the fact that it covers all aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization, where visitors wander through the river of history and are awed by the wisdom of the ancients. 【详解】考查同位语从句和定语从句以及时态。根据句意可知，本句在陈述事实，为一般现在时。“本次展览的独特之处”为The uniqueness of this exhibition，作主语；“在于”为lie in，作谓语。“事实”为the fact。后接that引导的同位语从句。“它涵盖了古埃及文明的各个方面”为 it covers all aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization；ancient Egyptian civilization同时为先行词，在定语从句中做地点状语，关系副词为where。“参观者们徜徉在历史的长河中，为古人的智慧所折服”为visitors wander through the river of history and are awed by the wisdom of the ancients。故翻译为：The uniqueness of this exhibition lies in the fact that it covers all aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization, where visitors wander through the river of history and are awed by the wisdom of the ancients. 9．（24-25高二上·上海青浦·期末）得益于科技的迅猛发展，在线学习越来越受欢迎，学生们得以订阅那些由全球知名教授授课的教育平台，进而拓宽自身的知识视野。 (thanks to) (汉译英) 【答案】Thanks to the rapid development of technology, online learning is becoming increasingly popular. Students are able to subscribe to educational platforms that/which offer courses taught by renowned professors from around the world, thereby broadening their knowledge horizons. 【详解】考查固定短语、时态、非谓语动词。表示“幸亏，归因于”用固定短语thanks to，句首单词首字母大写。表示“科技的迅猛发展”用the rapid development of technology，作Thanks to的宾语。表示“在线学习”用online learning，作主语。表示“变得”用become，描述正在发生的事情，时态用现在进行时，谓语用is becoming；表示“越来越受欢迎”用increasingly popular。表示“使某人能够做某事”用enable sb. to do sth.，用现在分词enabling，作状语。表示“学生们”用students，作enabling的宾语。表示“订阅”用固定短语subscribe to，用不定式，作宾补。表示“教育平台”用educational platforms，作subscribe to的宾语。表示“由全球知名教授授课的”即“提供由世界各地著名教授教授的课程”，用that引导的定语从句。定语从句中：先行词是platforms，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which引导；表示“提供”用offer，作谓语；表示“课程”用course的复数，作offer的宾语；表示“教”用teach，与courses为被动关系，用过去分词，作后置定语；由by引出发出动作者；表示“来自世界各地的著名教授”renowned professors from around the world。表示“从而，由此”用thereby。表示“拓宽自身的知识视野”用broaden their knowledge horizons，用现在分词，作状语。故翻译为Thanks to the rapid development of technology, online learning is becoming increasingly popular. Students are able to subscribe to educational platforms that/which offer courses taught by renowned professors from around the world, thereby broadening their knowledge horizons. 10．（23-24高二上·上海徐汇·期末）她上个月获得了年度员工的头衔，但由于前几天犯的错没能保住。 (earn) （汉译英） 【答案】She earned the title of Employee of the Year last month, but lost it due to a mistake she made a few days ago. 【详解】考查动词，名词，介词短语，定语从句和时态。句子陈述过去发生的动作，时态用一般过去时；“她上个月获得了年度员工的头衔”，主语“她”应用代词she，句首单词首字母大写；谓语动词“获得了”用动词earn的过去式形式；宾语“年度员工的头衔”译为the title of Employee of the Year；时间状语“上个月”译为last month；其后“但”用连词but连接并列谓语，“没能保住”可理解为“失去了这个头衔”，故用动词lose的过去式lost，接it作宾语指代前文“the title of Employee of the Year”，“由于”可用介词短语due to，“前几天犯的错”可译为a mistake she made a few days ago，其中she made a few days ago为定语从句，修饰先行词a mistake，指物，关系词指代先行词在从句中作made的宾语，故可省略关系词that或which。故本句译为：She earned the title of Employee of the Year last month, but lost it due to a mistake she made a few days ago. 11．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）虽然失去了夺冠的希望，但他依然面带微笑奋力完成比赛，这给在场的观众和线上的网友都留下了深刻印象。(which) (汉译英) 【答案】Although he lost the hope of winning the championship, he still managed to finish the race with a smile on his face, which left a deep impression on the audience and online users. 【详解】考查时态、从句。根据汉语提示可知，本句为陈述过去的事实，为一般过去时。虽然为although，失去了夺冠的希望为lose the hope of winning the championship ,面带微笑奋力完成比赛为manage to finish the race with a smile on his face 。“这给在场的观众和线上的网友都留下了深刻印象”处理成which引导的非限制定语从句，翻译为which left a deep impression on the audience and online users。故翻译为：Although he lost the hope of winning the championship, he still managed to finish the race with a smile on his face, which left a deep impression on the audience and online users. 12．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）科技进步要为当今世界信任感的缺失负一部分责任，对高科技巨头的权力限制鲜有重视，也只有熟知网络的人才能分辨新闻和虚构故事。(blame) (汉译英) 【答案】Technological progress is partly to blame for the lack of trust in today’s world, as there is little attention paid to the power of high-tech giants, and only those who are familiar with the internet can distinguish between news and fiction. 【详解】考查动词、名词、原因状语从句和定语从句。根据句意可知，句子时态用一般现在时表客观情况，表示“科技进步要为当今世界信任感的缺失负一部分责任”应用Technological progress is partly to blame for the lack of trust in today’s world，其中be to blame for，表“应对……负责任”，为固定短语， the lack of ，表“缺乏”；表示“对高科技巨头的权力限制鲜有重视”可理解为“因为人们很少关注高科技巨头的权力”，用as引导原因状语从句，译为as there is little attention paid to the power of high-tech giants；表示“也只有熟知网络的人才能分辨新闻和虚构故事”用and连接并列句，译为and only those who are familiar with the internet can distinguish between news and fiction，其中who are familiar with the internet为定语从句，修饰先行词those，先行词为those且指人时，定语从句只能用who引导。故翻译为Technological progress is partly to blame for the lack of trust in today’s world, as there is little attention paid to the power of high-tech giants, and only those who are familiar with the internet can distinguish between news and fiction. 13．（23-24高二上·上海奉贤·期末）那些有相同爱好的人更有可能成为好朋友。(identical)(汉译英) 【答案】Those who have identical hobbies are more likely to become good friends. 【详解】考查短语、时态和定语从句。be likely to 有可能……；good friends成为好朋友。句中先行词为Those，代指“那些人”，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为Those who have identical hobbies are more likely to become good friends. 14．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）正如一位记者在当地报纸上的专栏中所言，对于黑人的歧视在美国社会中埋下了战争的种子。(sow) (汉译英) 【答案】As one reporter put it in a column in the local newspaper, discrimination against blacks had sown the seeds of war in American society. 【详解】考查动词时态、定语从句。根据句意可知，表示“正如……”可处理为as引导的非限制性定语从句；表示“正如一位记者在当地报纸上的专栏中所言”可译为as one reporter put it in a column in the local newspaper，此处是对过去发生的事的描述，应用一般过去时，put的过去式不变；表示“对黑人的歧视”可用discrimination against blacks；表示“在美国社会埋下了战争的种子”，根据题干要求，表示“埋下”用sow，故可译为sow the seeds of war in American society，根据句意可知，sow的动作发生在put之前，表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时had done结构。故译为“As one reporter put it in a column in the local newspaper, discrimination against blacks had sown the seeds of war in American society.”。 15．（23-24高二上·上海黄浦·期末）教师致力于培养孩子的创新能力, 这是教书育人的重要使命之一。(which)(汉译英) 【答案】Teachers are devoted/committed to cultivating children’s innovative ability, which is one of the important missions/tasks of teaching and educating people. 【详解】考查时态和定语从句。本句在陈述事实，为一般现在时，致力于做某事为“be devoted/committed to doing sth.”。培养孩子的创新能力为“cultivate children’s innovative ability”,“这”指代的前文的整个句子，用which引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句为主系表结构，是教书育人的重要使命之一为“ is one of the important missions/tasks of teaching and educating people.”。故翻译为：Teachers are devoted/committed to cultivating children’s innovative ability, which is one of the important missions/tasks of teaching and educating people. 16．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）一般来说，中国人的名有一个或两个汉字，通常承载父母对孩子的愿望。(which) (汉译英) 【答案】Generally speaking, Chinese people’s first names have one or two Chinese characters, which usually carry parents’ wishes for their children. 【详解】考查定语从句和固定短语。表示“一般来说”应译为generally speaking且位于句首，首字母要大写，“中国人的名”是主语，译为Chinese people’s first names，“一个或者两个汉字”作宾语，译为one or two Chinese characters，根据句意可知，谓语表示“有”应用一般现在时态，句子主语是复数，所以译为have，故前半句译为Generally speaking, Chinese people’s first names have one or two Chinese characters；根据提示词which和句意可知，后半句应为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语，指代先行词Chinese characters，表示“承载”译为carry作谓语，表示“父母对孩子的愿望”是宾语，应译为parents’ wishes for their children，所以后半句翻译为which usually carry parents’ wishes for their children，最后将前后两句话连接起来。故翻译为Generally speaking, Chinese people’s first names have one or two Chinese characters, which usually carry parents’ wishes for their children.。 17．（24-25高二上·上海黄浦·期末）我觉得把时间花在能带来快乐和满足感的爱好上很值得。（worthwhile）(汉译英) 【答案】I think it’s worthwhile to spend time on hobbies that can bring happiness and satisfaction. 【详解】考查短语、时态、宾语从句和定语从句。“我觉得”翻译为I think，后接宾语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用关系代词that或省略；“做……是值得的”用句型it’s worthwhile to do sth.；“把时间花在……”用短语spend time on sth.；“爱好”用名词hobby，泛指，用复数形式，后接定语从句，先行词hobbies在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导；“带来快乐和满足感”翻译为 bring happiness and satisfaction；陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。故翻译为I think it’s worthwhile to spend time on hobbies that can bring happiness and satisfaction. 18．（23-24高二上·上海嘉定·期末）众所周知，错误的语言观会对英语学习产生负面影响。(impact) (汉译英) 【答案】As we all know, incorrect language beliefs can have a negative impact on English learning. 【详解】考查短语、时态和从句。根据句意可知，本句描述现实状况，用一般现在时。“众所周知”为As we all know，为非限制性定语从句，“错误的语言观”表达为incorrect language beliefs，表示“会”应用can；“对……有负面影响”表达为 have a negative impact on，位于情态动词后使用动词原形；表示“英语学习”应用English learning。故翻译为As we all know, incorrect language beliefs can have a negative impact on English learning. 19．（23-24高二上·上海·期末）总编辑敦促我向 Dan 学习， Dan 是一位勇于挑战寻找好故事的记者。 (challenge)(汉译英) 【答案】The chief editor urged me to learn from Dan, a journalist who rose to the challenge to find good stories. 【详解】考查定语从句和时态。结合语境可知，此处陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，表示“总编”应用the chief editor；表示“敦促某人做某事”应用urge sb. to do sth.；表示“向Dan学习”应用learn from Dan，此处使用动词不定式作宾语补足语；表示“Dan 是一位勇于挑战寻找好故事的记者”应用a journalist who rose to the challenge to find good stories.，who引导定语从句，修饰先行词journalist，在定语从句中作主语。故翻译成：The chief editor urged me to learn from Dan, a journalist who rose to the challenge to find good stories. 20．（24-25高二上·上海·期末）奋斗在平凡岗位的无名之辈也值得我们的学习和称赞。(credit)(汉译英) 【答案】We should give credit to those unknown people who strive in ordinary positions for their efforts, and they are also worthy of our learning. 【详解】考查短语和定语从句。主语为we；表示“称赞”短语为give credit to sb. for sth.；表示“无名之辈”应用those unknown people；表示“奋斗在平凡岗位”可用定语从句，修饰先行词those，在从句作主语，故用who，故翻译为who strive in ordinary positions for their efforts；表示“值得我们学习”可用they are also worthy of our learning。陈述事实用一般现在时。故翻译为We should give credit to those unknown people who strive in ordinary positions for their efforts, and they are also worthy of our learning. 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $