内容正文:
专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期末复习讲义)
年份
卷别
考点
考情分析
2025
北京卷
名词性从句;定语从句
【考向透视】
分析近年高考及期末真题可知,句子成分与基本句型是英语语法的核心基础,贯穿全卷各类题型:听力中侧重句子功用理解,阅读理解、七选五和完形填空中需依托句子结构快速拆解长难句,语法填空中每年必考并列句、复合句(定语从句、名词性从句)的成分辨析与连接词使用,写作中则要求写出结构正确、逻辑连贯的句子。期末考查更侧重综合性,常将句子成分、基本句型与短语(名词 / 形容词 / 副词短语)、时态(如现在进行时表将来)、附加疑问句等期中后所学知识点结合,形成长难句或语境化题目,占比约 70%;基础知识点(如基本成分、简单句型)占比约 30%。
【复习目标】
1. 掌握句子成分、句子的基本结构和类型。
2.熟练运用表示不同逻辑关系的并列连词。
3..强化在复杂语境中理解长难句的能力。
新高考I卷
定语从句;and
新高考II卷
定语从句
浙江卷
定语从句
2024
新高考II卷
and ;定语从句
新高考I卷
名词性从句
浙江卷
名词性从句;定语从句
全国甲卷
定语从句
2023
新高考I卷
or
新高考II卷
and;名词性从句
浙江卷
名词性从句
全国乙卷
and; but;定语从句
句子成分
知识点01 核心成分
主语:句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分),常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。除基础形式外,重点关注名词短语作主语(Most of the little children are curious.)、从句作主语(What you said made me happy.)。
谓语:谓语,对主语进行描述,通常位于句子后面(部分),谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当,必须体现为某一时态形式。必须体现时态 / 语态,注意主谓一致(The number of students is large.),避免非谓语动词作谓语。
表语:表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份、状态或所处的位置等,它必须与系动词连用,共同构成句子的谓语部分(系表结构),通常位于系动词之后。常见的系动词有 be 动词、感官动词(look, sound, smell, taste, feel)、变化类动词(become, get, turn, grow)以及表示状态持续的动词(remain, stay, keep)等。可充当表语的有形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。
重点掌握形容词短语作表语(The movie is quite exciting.)、介词短语作表语(They are in the classroom.)。
宾语:宾语是动作的承受者,通常位于及物动词或介词之后,用于补充说明动作作用的对象。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语,直接宾语指动作直接作用的对象,间接宾语指动作受益的对象或动作的方向。能充当宾语的词或结构与主语类似,包括名词、代词、动名词、不定式和从句等。
区分双宾语(give sb. sth.)与宾语补足语(make sb. happy),重点关注从句作宾语(I don’t know if he will come.)。
知识点02 修饰成分
定语:定语用于修饰、限定名词或代词,说明其性质、特征、数量、所属等信息,使被修饰的名词或代词更加具体明确。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语,前置定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、数词等充当,位于被修饰词之前;后置定语通常由介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、定语从句等充当,位于被修饰词之后。
重点突破后置定语(介词短语:the book on the desk;分词短语:the girl standing there;定语从句:the man who helped me)、名词短语作定语(a shoe store)。
状语:状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、程度、条件、让步、目的、结果等情况,使句子的表达更加丰富、准确。状语的位置比较灵活,可位于句首、句中或句末,常见的形式有副词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、状语从句等。
核心考查副词短语作状语(He runs very fast.)、状语从句(Because he was ill, he stayed at home.),明确时间、地点、原因等状语的位置特征。
知识点03补充成分
宾语补足语:宾语补足语用于补充说明宾语的性质、状态、特征或动作,与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系,它通常位于宾语之后,常见的结构为 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”。能充当宾语补足语的有形容词、名词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
注意与双宾语的区别(双宾语:buy sb. sth.;宾补:keep sb. busy),重点掌握形容词、不定式作宾补(ask sb. to do)。
同位语:同位语用于对前面的名词或代词进行解释、说明或补充,使其内容更加具体、明确,同位语与被解释的名词或代词在语法地位上平等,所指内容相同。同位语通常由名词、名词短语、从句等充当,可位于被修饰词之后,有时也会用逗号、破折号等与被修饰词隔开。
识别名词短语 / 从句作同位语(My friend Tom is coming.;The fact that he failed surprised us.)。
易|错|点|拨
1.形式主语(形式上的主语)和真正主语(真正的主语)
原因:常用作形式主语的是代词it。当主语过长时,可以先用代词it作为形式上的主语,而把真正的主语放在句子尾部,避免句子“头重脚轻”,影响平衡美感。
例句:It is no good for oneself pretending to work hard in front of others.
It is a fact that we have to work more than ten hours every day.
2.形式宾语
注意:不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语,常用it作形式宾语,则把真正的宾语放在句后。
Some students find it difficult to study English.
Most of us think it no use arguing with her.
句子结构
句型01 基本句型(巩固核心,关联语境)
主谓(SV):谓语为不及物动词(The sun rises.)
主谓宾(SVO):谓语为及物动词(We learn English.)
主系表(SVP):系动词 + 表语(She looks beautiful.)
主谓双宾(SVOO):间接宾语(人)+ 直接宾语(物)(He told us a story.)
主谓宾补(SVOC):宾语 + 补语(We keep the room clean.)
主谓状(SVA):谓语 + 状语(They lived here.)
主谓宾状(SVOA):宾语 + 状语(She likes reading in the library.)。
句型02 特殊句型(期末高频)
(1)There be 句型:表存在(There are many books on the shelf.),注意主谓一致(There is a pen and two books.)。
(2)现在进行时表将来:表计划好的动作(We are leaving tomorrow.),需结合时间状语判断。
(3)并列句:用 and/but/or 连接两个简单句(He is tired, but he keeps working.)。
(4)复合句基本结构:主句 + 从句(定语从句:The book that I read is interesting.;名词性从句:What he said is true.)。
(5)附加疑问句
结构:前肯后否 / 前否后肯(He likes sports, doesn’t he?;She didn’t come, did she?)。
语调:疑问部分升调表不确定,降调表确认(You are coming, aren’t you? ↓)。
【即时检测】
指出画线部分的句子成分:
① The boy standing under the tree is my brother. ()
② She found the film quite moving. ()
③ We will visit the city where your father worked. (__________)
【答案】①定语 ②宾语补足语 ③状语
判断下列句子的基本句型:
① My mother bought me a new coat. ()
② They are playing football on the playground. ()
③ It is important to learn English well. (__________)
【答案】①SVOO ②SVOA ③SVP
易|错|点|拨
1.主谓一致
o单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词。
o例句: Social media distracts(非distract)teenagers.
2.连词误用
o区分并列连词(and/but)和从属连词(because/when)。
o错误:He is tired, because he stayed up late.(应去掉逗号)
3.句子成分残缺
o避免缺少主语或谓语。
o错误:Important to manage time.(缺主语,改为 It’s important...)
4.定语从句关系词选择
o指人用who/whom,指物用which/that,地点用where,时间用when。
o例句:
The club where we meet is cozy.(非which)
基础通关(测试时间:10分钟)
一、单项选择
1.In the sentence “Lily reads books every day.”, the subject is _____.
A.Lily B.reads
C.books D.every day
【答案】A
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:莉莉每天都读书。此句句子结构是:主谓宾状,Lily是句子的主语(subject),reads是谓语动词,books是宾语,every day作时间状语。故选A项。
2.Which of the following sentences belongs to the Subject + Predicate structure?
A.He is a good boy. B.Birds fly.
C.She likes apples. D.My mother bought me a dress.
【答案】B
【详解】考查句子成分。问题句意:以下哪个句子属于主语+谓语结构?分析句子可知,Subject + Predicate(主谓结构)是指主语发出动作,且谓语是不及物动词,仅靠主语和谓语句子意思就完整。A 选项 “He is a good boy” 是主系表结构,有系动词 “is”;C 选项 “She likes apples” 是主谓宾结构,“likes(喜欢)” 是及物动词,后面有宾语 “apples”;D 选项 “My mother bought me a dress” 是主谓双宾结构。而 B 选项 “Birds fly” 中,“Birds(鸟)” 是主语,“fly(飞)” 是不及物动词作谓语,符合主谓结构特点。故选B项。
3.In the sentence “The flower looks beautiful.”, the predicative is _____.
A.The flower B.looks
C.beautiful D.None of them
【答案】C
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:这朵花看起来很美。此句为主系表结构,在此句子结构中,表语用于说明主语的样子、特征或状态等情况,位于系动词之后。此句中,The flower作主语,looks(看起来)是系动词,beautiful(漂亮的)用于说明主语The flower的特征,作表语。故选C。
4.The sentence “He gave his sister a toy.” belongs to the structure of _____.
A.Subject + Predicate + Object
B.Subject + Linking Verb + Predicative
C.Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct Object
D.Subject + Predicate + Object + Complement
【答案】C
【详解】考查句子结构。句意:他给了妹妹一个玩具。在这个句子里,“He”是主语;“gave”是谓语动词;“his sister”是间接宾语;“a toy”是直接宾语。所以该句是“主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语”的结构。故选C项。
5.What’s the object in the sentence “I love music.”?
A.I. B.love.
C.music. D.None of them.
【答案】C
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:我喜欢音乐。在这个句子中,I为主语,“love” 是及物动词,“music”是“love”这个动作所指向的对象,所以宾语是“music”。故选C。
6.In the sentence “We made the room clean.”, the complement is _____.
A.We B.made
C.the room D.clean
【答案】D
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:我们把房间打扫干净了。在主谓宾补结构中,补语用于补充说明宾语的情况,使句子意思更完整。此句中,we(我们)是主语,the room(房间) 是宾语,clean(干净的) 用于说明宾语the room的状态,所以补语是clean。故选D项。
7.The sentence “There is a book on the desk.” is a(n) _____.
A.Subject + Predicate structure B.Subject + Linking Verb + Predicative structure
C.Subject + Predicate + Object structure D.There be structure
【答案】D
【详解】考查句型结构。句意:桌子上有一本书。此处为“There be +主语+地点状语”的结构,用于表示某地存在某物。故选D。
8.In the sentence “She looks happy.”, the linking verb is _____.
A.She B.looks
C.happy D.None of them
【答案】B
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:她看起来高兴。系动词用于连接主语和表语,在 “She looks happy.” 中,looks起到连接主语She和表语happy的作用,说明主语的状态,所以系动词是looks。故选B项。
重难突破(测试时间:10分钟)
一、画出下列各句中的名词/形容词/副词短语并写出其功能
1.All the students are invited to take part in the English speech contest.
【答案】All the students are invited to take part in the English speech contest.
NP(主语) NP(宾语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:所有的学生都被邀请参加英语演讲比赛。分析句子结构可知,“All the students”是名词短语,作主语;“the English speech contest”是名词短语,作宾语。故答案为All the students (NP(主语)),the English speech contest (NP(宾语))。
2.Most of the little children are naturally curious about everything around them.
【答案】Most of the little children are naturally curious about everything around
them.
NP(主语) AdjP(表语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:大多数小孩子天生对周围的一切都好奇。分析句子结构可知,“Most of the little children”是名词短语,作主语;由系动词可知,“naturally curious about everything around them”是形容词短语,作表语。故答案为Most of the little children(NP(主语)),naturally curious about everything around them(AdjP(表语))。
3.Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.
【答案】Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.
AdjP(状语) NP(宾语) NP(宾语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:无论晴雨,他六点钟起床,到公园里散步。分析句子结构可知,“Wet or fine”是形容词短语,作状语;“a walk”是名词短语,作宾语;“the park”是名词短语,作宾语。故答案为Wet or fine(AdjP(状语)),a walk(NP(宾语)),the park(NP(宾语))。
4.I found maths quite easy and enjoyable because the teaching material was less advanced in the UK than in China.
【答案】I found maths quite easy and enjoyable because the teaching material was less advanced in the UK than in China.
AdjP(宾补) NP(主语) AdjP(表语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:我发现数学非常简单和有趣,因为英国的教材没有中国先进。分析句子结构可知,“quite easy and enjoyable”是形容词短语,作宾语补足语;“the teaching material”是名词短语,作主语;由系动词可知,“less advanced”是形容词短语,作表语。故答案为quite easy and enjoyable(AdjP(宾补) ),the teaching material( NP(主语)),less advanced(AdjP(表语))。
5.It was raining very heavily on the day we moved.
【答案】It was raining very heavily on the day we moved.
AdvP(修饰动词was raining) NP(宾语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:我们搬家的那天雨下得很大。分析句子结构可知,“very heavily”是副词短语,作状语,修饰was raining;“the day we moved”是名词短语,作宾语。故答案为very heavily(AdvP(修饰动词was raining)),the day we moved(NP(宾语))。
6.The boy entered a shoe store which was big and tidy and bought a pair of shoes.
【答案】The boy entered a shoe store which was big and tidy and bought a pair of shoes.
NP(主语) NP(宾语) AdjP(表语) NP(宾语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:男孩走进一家又大又整洁的鞋店,买了一双鞋。分析句子结构可知,“The boy”是名词短语,作主语;“a shoe store”是名词短语,作宾语;由系动词可知,“big and tidy”是形容词短语,作表语;“a pair of shoes”是名词短语,作宾语。故答案为The boy(NP(主语)),a shoe store(NP(宾语)),big and tidy(AdjP(表语)),a pair of shoes(NP(宾语))。
7.The boy is too young to understand clearly enough what his mother has said.
【答案】The boy is too young to understand clearly enough what his mother has said.
NP(主语) AdjP(表语) AdvP(修饰动词understand) NP(主语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:这个男孩太小,听不懂他妈妈说的话。分析句子结构可知,“The boy”是名词短语,作主语;由系动词可知,“too young”是形容词短语,作表语;“clearly enough”是副词短语,作状语,修饰动词understand;“his mother”是名词短语,作what引导的宾语从句中的主语。故答案为The boy(NP(主语)),too young(AdjP(表语)),clearly enough(AdvP(修饰动词understand)),his mother(NP(主语))。
8.Mr Smith, the head teacher of our school, is to attend a meeting to be held next Friday.
【答案】Mr Smith, the head teacher of our school, is to attend a meeting to be held next Friday.
NP(同位语) NP(宾语)
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:我们学校的校长史密斯先生将出席下星期五举行的一个会议。分析句子结构可知,“the head teacher of our school”是名词短语,作Mr Smith的同位语;“a meeting to be held next Friday”是名词短语,作宾语。故答案为the head teacher of our school(NP(同位语)),a meeting to be held next Friday(NP(宾语))。
二、选出下面句子的基本句型,把正确选项字母写在横线上。
A.主谓宾宾(SVOO) B.主谓宾补(SVOC)
C.主系表(SVP) D.主谓状(SVA)
E.主谓宾状(SVOA)
1.Your flight will leave at 5:00 pm.
【答案】D
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:您的航班将于下午5点起飞。分析句子可知,Your flight 为主语;will leave为谓语;at 5:00 pm为时间状语。故选D项。
2.She loves the library because she loves books.
【答案】E
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:她喜欢图书馆,因为她喜欢书。分析句子可知,She为主语;loves 为谓语;the library 为宾语;because she loves books为原因状语。故选E项。
3.Our grandpa often tells us stories about Chairman Mao on Sundays.
【答案】A
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:我们爷爷经常在星期天告诉我们讲毛主席的故事。分析句子可知,Our grandpa为主语; tells为谓语; us为间接宾语;stories about Chairman Mao 为直接宾语。故选A项。
4.To do today’s homework without the teacher’s help is very difficult.
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:没有老师的帮助做今天的家庭作业很难。分析句子可知,To do today’s homework without the teacher’s help 为主语;is为系动词; very difficult为表语。故选C项。
5.She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:她喜欢孩子们在阅览室看报纸和书。分析句子可知,She为主语; likes为谓语; the children 为宾语; to read newspapers and books in the reading-room为宾补。故选B项。
易混易错(测试时间:10分钟)
一、单项选择(选出下列句子中成分或句型判断错误的选项)
1.下列关于句子成分判断错误的一项是( )
A.He gave me a book yesterday.(me:间接宾语;a book:直接宾语)
B.She found the story interesting.(interesting:宾语补足语)
C.The man in a black coat is my father.(in a black coat:状语)
D.It is important to learn English well.(to learn English well:主语)
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分判断。选项 C 中,“The man in a black coat is my father”(穿黑色外套的男人是我爸爸),“in a black coat” 用于修饰主语 “The man”,说明男人的穿着,作定语,而非状语,该选项判断错误;选项 A、B、D 成分判断均正确。故选 C。
2.下列关于句子基本句型判断错误的一项是( )
A.The sun rises in the east.(主谓状,SVA)
B.They elected him president.(主谓宾补,SVOC)
C.She looks beautiful today.(主谓宾,SVO)
D.My mother cooked me a delicious meal.(主谓宾宾,SVOO)
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子基本句型判断。选项 C 中,“She looks beautiful today”(她今天看起来很漂亮),“looks” 为系动词,“beautiful” 为表语,该句型为主系表(SVP),而非主谓宾(SVO),判断错误;选项 A、B、D 句型判断均正确。故选 C。
3.下列句子中,主谓一致错误的一项是( )
A.A number of students are playing on the playground.
B.The number of books in this library is very large.
C.His family is going to have a trip next month.
D.Three quarters of the land are covered with trees.
【答案】D
【解析】考查主谓一致。选项 D 中,“Three quarters of the land are covered with trees”(四分之三的土地被树木覆盖),“land” 是不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数,应将 “are” 改为 “is”,该句主谓一致错误;选项 A(“a number of + 名词” 作主语,谓语用复数)、B(“the number of + 名词” 作主语,谓语用单数)、C(“family” 指 “家庭” 整体时,谓语用单数)主谓一致均正确。故选 D。
4.下列句子中,对宾语补足语和双宾语区分错误的一项是( )
A.He made her a beautiful dress.(her:间接宾语;a beautiful dress:直接宾语)
B.I call him Tom.(Tom:宾语补足语)
C.She told me a funny story.(me:宾语补足语;a funny story:宾语)
D.We keep the room clean.(clean:宾语补足语)
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语补足语与双宾语区分。选项 C 中,“She told me a funny story”(她给我讲了一个有趣的故事),“told” 是双宾动词,“me” 是间接宾语,“a funny story” 是直接宾语,两者是 “人” 和 “物” 的关系,无逻辑主谓关系,并非 “me” 是宾语补足语,该选项区分错误;选项 A、B、D 区分均正确。故选 C。
5.下列句子中,系动词使用错误的一项是( )
A.The flowers smell sweet.
B.The milk went bad yesterday.
C.He looks happily today.
D.The cloth feels soft.
【答案】C
【解析】考查系动词的用法。系动词后面应接形容词作表语,选项 C 中,“He looks happily today”(他今天看起来很开心),“looks” 是系动词,后面应接形容词 “happy”,而非副词 “happily”,该句系动词使用错误;选项 A(“smell” 是系动词,接形容词 “sweet”)、B(“go” 是系动词,接形容词 “bad”)、D(“feel” 是系动词,接形容词 “soft”)均正确。故选 C。
二、语法填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The University Science Camp, 1 week-long event in Beijing 2 attracted more than 2,000 students and teachers from Chinese 3 (university ), including Peking University, Tsinghua University, China Agricultural University and the University Of Science & Technology Beijing, ended 4 Friday.
More than 50 lectures 5 (give) by experts from 6 (difference) academic institutions (学术机构), including the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who shared 7 (interest) stories with the young students.
During the event, 11 camps were provided, which 8 (obvious) encouraged students 9 (learn) more about science.
Students were also offered the opportunity to learn about the latest technologies in AI, the aerospace industry (航空航天工业) 10 food technology.
【答案】
1.a 2.which/that 3.universities 4.on 5.were given 6.different 7.interesting 8.obviously 9.to learn 10.and
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了在北京举行的为期一周的大学科学营吸引了2000多名师生,提供了多场讲座和科技体验活动。
1.考查冠词。句意:为期一周的北京大学科学营于周五结束,吸引了来自北京大学、清华大学、中国农业大学和北京科技大学等中国大学的2000多名学生和教师。event为可数名词单数,此处表泛指,且week-long为辅音音素开头的单词,需用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。
2.考查定语从句。句意:为期一周的北京大学科学营于周五结束,吸引了来自北京大学、清华大学、中国农业大学和北京科技大学等中国大学的2000多名学生和教师。空处引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词event,且在从句中作主语,指物,需用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
3.考查名词的数。句意:为期一周的北京大学科学营于周五结束,吸引了来自北京大学、清华大学、中国农业大学和北京科技大学等中国大学的2000多名学生和教师。university为可数名词,根据空后“including Peking University, Tsinghua University, China Agricultural University and the University Of Science & Technology Beijing”可知,这里提到的是多所大学,需要用复数形式作宾语。故填universities。
4.考查介词。句意:为期一周的北京大学科学营于周五结束,吸引了来自北京大学、清华大学、中国农业大学和北京科技大学等中国大学的2000多名学生和教师。根据空后“Friday”可知,此处表示具体某一天,需用介词on。故填on。
5.考查时态语态。句意:50多位来自不同学术机构的专家进行了讲座,包括中国工程院和中国科学院的专家,他们与年轻学生分享了有趣的故事。空处是句子的谓语动词,此处陈述过去发生的事情,需用一般过去时,lectures与give之间为被动关系,需用一般过去时的被动语态,主语lectures为复数,be动词用were。故填were given。
6.考查形容词。句意:50多位来自不同学术机构的专家进行了讲座,包括中国工程院和中国科学院的专家,他们与年轻学生分享了有趣的故事。空处作定语修饰名词academic institutions,需用形容词different“不同的”。故填different。
7.考查形容词。句意:50多位来自不同学术机构的专家进行了讲座,包括中国工程院和中国科学院的专家,他们与年轻学生分享了有趣的故事。空处作定语修饰名词stories,需用形容词interesting,表示“有趣的”。故填interesting。
8.考查副词。句意:活动期间,共设11个营地,这显然鼓励学生更多地了解科学。空处作状语修饰动词encouraged,需用副词obviously“显然,明显地”。故填obviously。
9.考查非谓语动词。句意:活动期间,共设11个营地,这显然鼓励学生更多地了解科学。根据空前“encouraged students”可知,空处应填不定式形式to learn,构成固定搭配encourage sb to do sth表示“鼓励某人做某事”。故填to learn。
10.考查连词。句意:学生们还有机会了解人工智能、航空航天工业和食品技术的最新技术。空处连接并列的名词短语AI,the aerospace industry和food technology,需用连词and。故填and。
链接高考(测试时间:15分钟)
1. (2025浙江1月卷) Customers today look past the fact that something is secondhand and focus instead on the fact that they have something unique to wear are not overstuffing their own wardrobes (衣柜) or contributing to landfill.
【答案】and
【解析】考查并列连词。句意为:如今的顾客不再在意衣物是否二手,而是关注这样的事实:他们有独特的衣服穿,同时还不会让自己的衣柜过于拥挤,也不会为垃圾填埋场制造垃圾。结合句意及分析句子结构可知,空白处缺少连词连接两个并列成分have和are not overstuffing,故填and。
2.(2025全国一卷)An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, originated in China more than 4,000 years ago.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:上海久事美术馆正在举办一场展览,展出的艺术品灵感来自围棋(中文称为“围棋”),它起源4000多年前的中国。本空引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词为Go, or weiqi in Chinese,指物,且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
3.(2025浙江1月卷)Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, __ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period.
【答案】 which
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,此处是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词clothing,并在从句中作package和offer的宾语,故填which。
4.(2025北京卷)However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists _ (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, __ accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024.
【答案】 which
【解析】考查定语从句关系代词。句意:然而,根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告,去年游客留下了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾,约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。此句为非限制性定语从句,先行词是“1.3 billion tons of food waste”,指物,关系词在从句中作主语,用which引导。故填which。
5.(2024新课标I卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route __ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
【答案】which/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:Mark Woodruff补充说:“这是当代设计的最高成就,在丝绸之路的尽头,中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场,这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国,定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词design,先行词指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。
6.(2023年天津6月卷)_________ you are old enough to make your own judgement, you should start to pursue your career.
A.Even if B.As though
C.Ever since D.Now that
【答案】D
【解析】考查原因状语从句。句意:既然你已经长大了,可以自己做判断了,你应该开始追求你的事业了。A. Even if即使;B. As though好像;C. Ever since自从;D. Now that既然。根据“you should start to pursue your career.”可知,主从句之间为因果关系,所以此处使用“既然”符合逻辑,表示“既然你已经长大,有能力自己做判断”,故选D项。
7.(2023新课标II卷)It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop __ to see the pandas settle into their new home.
【答案】 and
【解析】考查并列连词。句意:我很荣幸能看到熊猫项目的发展,看到熊猫们在新家安顿下来。分析句子结构可知,“to watch the panda programme develop”和“to see the pandas settle into their new home”两者是并列关系,应该用and连接。故填and。
8.(2022新课标II卷)He hung on for a few minutes _________ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
【答案】and
【解析】考查并列连词。句意:他坚持了几分钟,尖叫喊着他的父亲,但他的父亲没有听到他。根据句子结构,设空处应该填写连词,连接hung和screamed两个动作。根据句意,此处表示并列关系。故填and。
9.(2022全国乙卷)The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued (发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation _________ cultural exchanges.
【答案】and
【解析】考查并列连词。句意:仪式上发布的“首个国际茶日万里茶道合作倡议”呼吁茶业人士团结起来,促进国际合作和文化交流。名词international cooperation和cultural exchanges为并列成分,作动词promote的宾语。故填and。
10.(2021全国I卷)Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure _________offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
【答案】 and
【解析】考查并列连词。句意为:虽然这是你上山途中唯一不自然的事情,但它仍然突出了整个冒险,并提供了一个地方,你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的腿。前后是并列关系,所以用and连接,故填and.
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专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期末复习讲义)
年份
卷别
考点
考情分析
2025
北京卷
名词性从句;定语从句
【考向透视】
分析近年高考及期末真题可知,句子成分与基本句型是英语语法的核心基础,贯穿全卷各类题型:听力中侧重句子功用理解,阅读理解、七选五和完形填空中需依托句子结构快速拆解长难句,语法填空中每年必考并列句、复合句(定语从句、名词性从句)的成分辨析与连接词使用,写作中则要求写出结构正确、逻辑连贯的句子。期末考查更侧重综合性,常将句子成分、基本句型与短语(名词 / 形容词 / 副词短语)、时态(如现在进行时表将来)、附加疑问句等期中后所学知识点结合,形成长难句或语境化题目,占比约 70%;基础知识点(如基本成分、简单句型)占比约 30%。
【复习目标】
1. 掌握句子成分、句子的基本结构和类型。
2.熟练运用表示不同逻辑关系的并列连词。
3..强化在复杂语境中理解长难句的能力。
新高考I卷
定语从句;and
新高考II卷
定语从句
浙江卷
定语从句
2024
新高考II卷
and ;定语从句
新高考I卷
名词性从句
浙江卷
名词性从句;定语从句
全国甲卷
定语从句
2023
新高考I卷
or
新高考II卷
and;名词性从句
浙江卷
名词性从句
全国乙卷
and; but;定语从句
句子成分
知识点01 核心成分
主语:句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分),常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。除基础形式外,重点关注名词短语作主语(Most of the little children are curious.)、从句作主语(What you said made me happy.)。
谓语:谓语,对主语进行描述,通常位于句子后面(部分),谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当,必须体现为某一时态形式。必须体现时态 / 语态,注意主谓一致(The number of students is large.),避免非谓语动词作谓语。
表语:表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份、状态或所处的位置等,它必须与系动词连用,共同构成句子的谓语部分(系表结构),通常位于系动词之后。常见的系动词有 be 动词、感官动词(look, sound, smell, taste, feel)、变化类动词(become, get, turn, grow)以及表示状态持续的动词(remain, stay, keep)等。可充当表语的有形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。
重点掌握形容词短语作表语(The movie is quite exciting.)、介词短语作表语(They are in the classroom.)。
宾语:宾语是动作的承受者,通常位于及物动词或介词之后,用于补充说明动作作用的对象。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语,直接宾语指动作直接作用的对象,间接宾语指动作受益的对象或动作的方向。能充当宾语的词或结构与主语类似,包括名词、代词、动名词、不定式和从句等。
区分双宾语(give sb. sth.)与宾语补足语(make sb. happy),重点关注从句作宾语(I don’t know if he will come.)。
知识点02 修饰成分
定语:定语用于修饰、限定名词或代词,说明其性质、特征、数量、所属等信息,使被修饰的名词或代词更加具体明确。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语,前置定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、数词等充当,位于被修饰词之前;后置定语通常由介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、定语从句等充当,位于被修饰词之后。
重点突破后置定语(介词短语:the book on the desk;分词短语:the girl standing there;定语从句:the man who helped me)、名词短语作定语(a shoe store)。
状语:状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、程度、条件、让步、目的、结果等情况,使句子的表达更加丰富、准确。状语的位置比较灵活,可位于句首、句中或句末,常见的形式有副词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、状语从句等。
核心考查副词短语作状语(He runs very fast.)、状语从句(Because he was ill, he stayed at home.),明确时间、地点、原因等状语的位置特征。
知识点03补充成分
宾语补足语:宾语补足语用于补充说明宾语的性质、状态、特征或动作,与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系,它通常位于宾语之后,常见的结构为 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”。能充当宾语补足语的有形容词、名词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
注意与双宾语的区别(双宾语:buy sb. sth.;宾补:keep sb. busy),重点掌握形容词、不定式作宾补(ask sb. to do)。
同位语:同位语用于对前面的名词或代词进行解释、说明或补充,使其内容更加具体、明确,同位语与被解释的名词或代词在语法地位上平等,所指内容相同。同位语通常由名词、名词短语、从句等充当,可位于被修饰词之后,有时也会用逗号、破折号等与被修饰词隔开。
识别名词短语 / 从句作同位语(My friend Tom is coming.;The fact that he failed surprised us.)。
易|错|点|拨
1.形式主语(形式上的主语)和真正主语(真正的主语)
原因:常用作形式主语的是代词it。当主语过长时,可以先用代词it作为形式上的主语,而把真正的主语放在句子尾部,避免句子“头重脚轻”,影响平衡美感。
例句:It is no good for oneself pretending to work hard in front of others.
It is a fact that we have to work more than ten hours every day.
2.形式宾语
注意:不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语,常用it作形式宾语,则把真正的宾语放在句后。
Some students find it difficult to study English.
Most of us think it no use arguing with her.
句子结构
句型01 基本句型(巩固核心,关联语境)
主谓(SV):谓语为不及物动词(The sun rises.)
主谓宾(SVO):谓语为及物动词(We learn English.)
主系表(SVP):系动词 + 表语(She looks beautiful.)
主谓双宾(SVOO):间接宾语(人)+ 直接宾语(物)(He told us a story.)
主谓宾补(SVOC):宾语 + 补语(We keep the room clean.)
主谓状(SVA):谓语 + 状语(They lived here.)
主谓宾状(SVOA):宾语 + 状语(She likes reading in the library.)。
句型02 特殊句型(期末高频)
(1)There be 句型:表存在(There are many books on the shelf.),注意主谓一致(There is a pen and two books.)。
(2)现在进行时表将来:表计划好的动作(We are leaving tomorrow.),需结合时间状语判断。
(3)并列句:用 and/but/or 连接两个简单句(He is tired, but he keeps working.)。
(4)复合句基本结构:主句 + 从句(定语从句:The book that I read is interesting.;名词性从句:What he said is true.)。
(5)附加疑问句
结构:前肯后否 / 前否后肯(He likes sports, doesn’t he?;She didn’t come, did she?)。
语调:疑问部分升调表不确定,降调表确认(You are coming, aren’t you? ↓)。
【即时检测】
指出画线部分的句子成分:
① The boy standing under the tree is my brother. ()
② She found the film quite moving. ()
③ We will visit the city where your father worked. (__________)
判断下列句子的基本句型:
① My mother bought me a new coat. ()
② They are playing football on the playground. ()
③ It is important to learn English well. (__________)
易|错|点|拨
1.主谓一致
o单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词。
o例句: Social media distracts(非distract)teenagers.
2.连词误用
o区分并列连词(and/but)和从属连词(because/when)。
o错误:He is tired, because he stayed up late.(应去掉逗号)
3.句子成分残缺
o避免缺少主语或谓语。
o错误:Important to manage time.(缺主语,改为 It’s important...)
4.定语从句关系词选择
o指人用who/whom,指物用which/that,地点用where,时间用when。
o例句:
The club where we meet is cozy.(非which)
基础通关(测试时间:10分钟)
一、单项选择
1.In the sentence “Lily reads books every day.”, the subject is _____.
A.Lily B.reads
C.books D.every day
2.Which of the following sentences belongs to the Subject + Predicate structure?
A.He is a good boy. B.Birds fly.
C.She likes apples. D.My mother bought me a dress.
3.In the sentence “The flower looks beautiful.”, the predicative is _____.
A.The flower B.looks
C.beautiful D.None of them
4.The sentence “He gave his sister a toy.” belongs to the structure of _____.
A.Subject + Predicate + Object
B.Subject + Linking Verb + Predicative
C.Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct Object
D.Subject + Predicate + Object + Complement
5.What’s the object in the sentence “I love music.”?
A.I. B.love.
C.music. D.None of them.
6.In the sentence “We made the room clean.”, the complement is _____.
A.We B.made
C.the room D.clean
7.The sentence “There is a book on the desk.” is a(n) _____.
A.Subject + Predicate structure B.Subject + Linking Verb + Predicative structure
C.Subject + Predicate + Object structure D.There be structure
8.In the sentence “She looks happy.”, the linking verb is _____.
A.She B.looks
C.happy D.None of them
重难突破(测试时间:10分钟)
一、画出下列各句中的名词/形容词/副词短语并写出其功能
1.All the students are invited to take part in the English speech contest.
2.Most of the little children are naturally curious about everything around them.
3.Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.
4.I found maths quite easy and enjoyable because the teaching material was less advanced in the UK than in China.
5.It was raining very heavily on the day we moved.
6.The boy entered a shoe store which was big and tidy and bought a pair of shoes.
7.The boy is too young to understand clearly enough what his mother has said.
8.Mr Smith, the head teacher of our school, is to attend a meeting to be held next Friday.
二、选出下面句子的基本句型,把正确选项字母写在横线上。
A.主谓宾宾(SVOO) B.主谓宾补(SVOC)
C.主系表(SVP) D.主谓状(SVA)
E.主谓宾状(SVOA)
1.Your flight will leave at 5:00 pm.
2.She loves the library because she loves books.
3.Our grandpa often tells us stories about Chairman Mao on Sundays.
4.To do today’s homework without the teacher’s help is very difficult.
5.She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
易混易错(测试时间:10分钟)
一、单项选择(选出下列句子中成分或句型判断错误的选项)
1.下列关于句子成分判断错误的一项是( )
A.He gave me a book yesterday.(me:间接宾语;a book:直接宾语)
B.She found the story interesting.(interesting:宾语补足语)
C.The man in a black coat is my father.(in a black coat:状语)
D.It is important to learn English well.(to learn English well:主语)
2.下列关于句子基本句型判断错误的一项是( )
A.The sun rises in the east.(主谓状,SVA)
B.They elected him president.(主谓宾补,SVOC)
C.She looks beautiful today.(主谓宾,SVO)
D.My mother cooked me a delicious meal.(主谓宾宾,SVOO)
3.下列句子中,主谓一致错误的一项是( )
A.A number of students are playing on the playground.
B.The number of books in this library is very large.
C.His family is going to have a trip next month.
D.Three quarters of the land are covered with trees.
4.下列句子中,对宾语补足语和双宾语区分错误的一项是( )
A.He made her a beautiful dress.(her:间接宾语;a beautiful dress:直接宾语)
B.I call him Tom.(Tom:宾语补足语)
C.She told me a funny story.(me:宾语补足语;a funny story:宾语)
D.We keep the room clean.(clean:宾语补足语)
5.下列句子中,系动词使用错误的一项是( )
A.The flowers smell sweet.
B.The milk went bad yesterday.
C.He looks happily today.
D.The cloth feels soft.
二、语法填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The University Science Camp, 1 week-long event in Beijing 2 attracted more than 2,000 students and teachers from Chinese 3 (university ), including Peking University, Tsinghua University, China Agricultural University and the University Of Science & Technology Beijing, ended 4 Friday.
More than 50 lectures 5 (give) by experts from 6 (difference) academic institutions (学术机构), including the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who shared 7 (interest) stories with the young students.
During the event, 11 camps were provided, which 8 (obvious) encouraged students 9 (learn) more about science.
Students were also offered the opportunity to learn about the latest technologies in AI, the aerospace industry (航空航天工业) 10 food technology.
链接高考(测试时间:15分钟)
1. (2025浙江1月卷) Customers today look past the fact that something is secondhand and focus instead on the fact that they have something unique to wear are not overstuffing their own wardrobes (衣柜) or contributing to landfill.
2.(2025全国一卷)An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, originated in China more than 4,000 years ago.
3.(2025浙江1月卷)Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, __ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period.
4.(2025北京卷)However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists _ (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, __ accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024.
5.(2024新课标I卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route __ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
6.(2023年天津6月卷)_________ you are old enough to make your own judgement, you should start to pursue your career.
A.Even if B.As though
C.Ever since D.Now that
7.(2023新课标II卷)It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop __ to see the pandas settle into their new home.
8.(2022新课标II卷)He hung on for a few minutes _________ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
9.(2022全国乙卷)The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued (发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation _________ cultural exchanges.
10.(2021全国I卷)Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure _________offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
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