专题08 阅读理解长难句分析（专题专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

题型综合练08 阅读理解长难句分析 目录 第一部分 风向速递 洞察考向，感知前沿 第二部分 分层突破 固本培优，精准提分 A组·保分基础练 考向01 考查长难句结构分析 考向02 考查长难句在阅读理解中运用 B组·抢分能力练 第三部分 真题验证 对标高考，感悟考法 例 1：2026 年静安区一模（C 篇：威廉・史密斯与地质学发展） 原文 Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks, William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks that he found. 中文翻译 凭借对岩石形成的新见解，威廉走遍大不列颠，意在对他所发现的各类奇妙岩石进行勘测与分类。 句式结构解析 该句为 “主句 + 多层修饰成分” 结构，包含 3 类非谓语结构和 1 个定语从句，修饰关系层层嵌套，需从核心主句向外拆解： 1.核心主句：William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain（主谓宾结构，“walked” 为谓语动词，“the length and breadth of Great Britain” 作宾语，表 “走遍英国各地”）； 2.过去分词短语作伴随状语：Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks（“armed with” 表 “凭借、具备”，逻辑主语为 William，说明威廉行动时的 “前提条件 / 伴随状态”；“into the birth of rocks” 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “insight”，明确 “见解的领域是岩石形成”）； 3.介词短语作目的状语：with the intention of surveying and categorizing...（“with the intention of” 表 “目的是”，后接并列动名词 “surveying and categorizing”，说明威廉 “走遍英国” 的核心目的；“all the wonderfully different types of rocks” 作 “surveying and categorizing” 的宾语，表 “勘测与分类的对象”）； 4.定语从句修饰名词：that he found（修饰先行词 “rocks”，“that” 在从句中作 “found” 的宾语，限定 “岩石是威廉实际发现的”，而非泛指所有岩石）。 例 2：2026 年虹口区一模（C 篇：好莱坞编剧与 AI 合同博弈） 原文 For instance, if the studios were allowed to use Chat GPT to generate a 100,000-word novel and then ask writers to adapt it, “That would be a loophole (漏洞) for them to reduce the wages of screenwriters,” he said. “We’re not allowing that.” 中文翻译 例如，他表示：“若制片厂被允许使用 Chat GPT 生成一部 10 万字的小说，再要求编剧改编，这将成为他们降低编剧薪酬的漏洞。我们不会允许这种情况发生。” 句式结构解析 该句为 “插入语 + 条件状语从句 + 直接引语” 复合结构，包含假设逻辑、并列动作和引语嵌套，是 “情景举例 + 观点表达” 的典型复杂句式： 1.插入语（举例标记）：For instance（位于句首，表 “举例说明”，衔接前文提到的 “AI 使用漏洞”，引出具体场景）； 2.条件状语从句（假设场景）：if the studios were allowed to use...and then ask...（“if” 引导虚拟条件句，表 “假设的情况”；从句谓语为 “were allowed to”（被动语态），后接两个并列不定式 “to generate...and then ask...”，说明 “制片厂被允许做的两个动作”—— 生成小说、要求改编；“it” 指代 “a 100,000-word novel”）； 3.主句（引语承载）：he said（主谓结构，承载后续两个直接引语，是 “观点输出” 的核心框架）； 4.直接引语（观点内容）： 第一处引语：That would be a loophole for them to reduce the wages of screenwriters（主系表结构，“that” 指代前文 “AI 生成小说再让编剧改编” 的情况；“for them to reduce...” 为不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 “loophole”，明确 “漏洞的作用是降低薪酬”）； 第二处引语：We’re not allowing that（主谓宾结构，“that” 复指前文的 “loophole 情况”，表 “否定态度”，与前一句引语形成 “指出问题 + 明确立场” 的逻辑衔接）。 例 3：2026 年松江区一模（C 篇：AI 的能耗与环保价值） 原文 The IEA notes that arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks, making them better matched to renewable power. 中文翻译 国际能源署指出，安排在不同时段在各数据中心之间转移工作量，可减轻压力并助力平衡能源网络，从而使其更适配可再生能源。 句式结构解析 该句为 “主句 + 宾语从句 + 结果状语” 结构，宾语从句内部包含 “动名词作主语 + 并列谓语”，结尾叠加现在分词作结果，逻辑链（观点 + 具体措施 + 效果）完整且复杂： 1.核心主句：The IEA notes that...（主谓宾结构，“notes” 为谓语动词，“that” 引导的宾语从句作 “notes” 的宾语，表 “国际能源署提出的观点”）； 2.宾语从句（观点核心）：arranging to shift...could reduce...and help balance...（从句为主谓宾结构，需重点拆解： 主语：arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times（动名词短语作主语，“arranging to do” 表 “安排做某事”；“among data centers” 和 “at different times” 为两个介词短语作状语，分别限定 “转移工作量的范围” 和 “时间”）； 并列谓语：could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks（“reduce” 和 “help balance” 为并列谓语，表 “转移工作量带来的两个效果”—— 减轻压力、平衡能源网络；“help balance” 中 “help” 后接动词原形，为固定用法）； 3.现在分词作结果状语：making them better matched to renewable power（“making” 为现在分词，表 “前文措施自然带来的结果”；“them” 指代前文的 “energy networks”；“better matched to...” 为 “make + 宾语 + 宾语补足语” 结构，“matched” 为过去分词，表 “能源网络与可再生能源的适配状态”）。 01长难句结构分析 1. To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 【句子结构分析】此句为复合句，主句为the most likely explanation appears to be，表语从句that the basis lies in their living with humans，其中which非限制性定语从句指代their living with humans。 【翻译】对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，它们与人类生活在一起，这让它们有机会接触到人类的面部表情。 2. Science can't explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 【句子结构分析】本句是由表转折but连接的并列句。前一分句是一个简单句，but的后一分句中，主干是many studies have shown that, that引导一个宾语从句，而这个宾语从句又是由一个较为复杂的简单句构成：动词help后面接的是四个省略to的并列宾语lower…and raise…, reduce…and spread…。 【翻译】科学无法解释宠物的力量，不过很多研究表明，有宠物的陪伴能帮助降低血压和增加心脏病发作后康复的机会，减少孤独感，并向周围传递喜悦的心情。 3. Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theatre, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 【句子结构分析】本句中“once less recognized”为省略句，省略了it was；此外还含有一个with sth. on结构，on在此处意为“上演”，“it last”是定语从句，修饰先行词21days。 【翻译】曾经不被怎么人们认可的“艺穗节”如今的规模已经远远超越了艺术节，在艺为期21天的活动中，每天要上演约1500场戏剧、音乐和舞蹈。 4. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons –a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 【句子结构分析】本句在“It be+过去分词+that从句”结构；从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句；3 billion passenger pigeons和 a number equal…是同位关系。此外，还有一个现在分词短语“making…”作结果状语。 【翻译】据统计，当旅鸽数量达到最多时，曾超过了30亿只，这个数量相当于美国鸟类总数的24%-40%，使旅鸽成为世界上数量最为庞大的鸟类。 5. This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 【句子结构分析】本句中because引导的是原因状语从句，从句中while引导的是时间状语从句；此外，which引导宾语从句，作about的宾语；who引导宾语从句，修饰先行词people。 【翻译】这让我陷入无休无止的烦恼之中，因为当所有的专家们都在忙着辩论哪个选择最好时，那些想改善自己生活的人们却被所有这些矛盾的信息弄得困惑不堪。 02长难句在阅读理解中运用 【例1】What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？ A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful. C. Respectful. D. Supportive. 主要答题依据： This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 分析：本句是一个包含because原因状语从句的复合句。because原因状语从句是一个包含while引导的时间状语从句的复合句，这个复合句的主句主语和谓语之间插入了who 引导的定语从句，主句的谓语使用的是leave sb/sth adj.（使……处于某种状态）的被动语态。本句可翻译为：当所有的专家忙于争辩哪个是最好的选择时，那些想要改善自己生活的人依然被诸多相互矛盾的信息困扰着，这让我感到无限沮丧。因此作者对专家们的态度是怀疑的，故本题选B。 【例2】What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？ A. They were unsure of themselves. B. They were eager to raise more children. C. They wanted to live away from their parents. D. They had little respect for their grandparents. 主要答题依据： “In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents . 分析：本題主要考查对引号中句子的理解。这个句子的结构并不复杂，第一个分句是主系表结构；第二个分句是省略了主语的主谓宾结构，其后再加far和fast及动词不定式作状语。本句难就难在考查了一个特殊的语法结构 “cant/couldn’t ...enough...”表示“越……越好”，所以引号中句子的意思是 “在20世纪60年代我们都有一点疯狂，为了证明我们可以独立，我们认为离家越远越好，越快越好。” 故本题选C。 【例3】What made the authors getting up early worthwhile？ A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air. C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmers market. 主要答题依据：Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets （at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part—particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. 分析：这个句子是一个长句，但本句其实就是一个由but连接的转折并列句。第一个分句是一个主谓宾简单句“Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets filled the weekend”；第二个分句是个主系表简单句“the best part was a 7 a.m. adventure”。第一个分句的主语后加了插入语对pink sunsets 补充说明；第二个分句的主谓之间也用破折号加入了插入语，表语“ a 7 a.m. adventure”后带了介词短语作定语和分隔式定语从句。定语从句“that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call”中的that指代 adventure， 再根据adventure后的定语可知，这次冒险是指早起去Sarasota当地的农贸市场，因此本题答案选D。 【例4】What was the author going to do that evening？ A. Go to a farm. B. Check into a hotel. C. Eat in a restaurant. D. Buy fresh vegetables. 主要答题依据：Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night. 分析：本句是一个复杂的主从复合句。主句为主谓结构的简单句“my happiness deepened”，其前面是一个as引导的倒装结构的让步状语从句，其后是when引导的时间状语从句，这个时间状语从句中又包含一个that 引导的主系表结构的宾语从句， 这个宾语从句中有一个介词短语for Jack Dusty作状语，其后接“a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton”作Jack Dusty的同位语， 补充说明Jack Dusty是一家新开的餐馆，然后再由where引导非限制性定语从句补充说明我打算要在那天晚上在Jack Dusty这家新开的餐馆里吃饭， 故答案选C。 【例5】 In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons_______. A. were the biggest bird in the world B. lived mainly in the south of America C. did great harm to the natural environment D. were the largest bird population in the US 主要答题依据： It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point， there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. 分析：本句是一個由that引导的主语从句的复合句。that引导的主语从句中包含一个由when引导的时间状语从句的复合句， 这个复合句的主句是there be 句型， 其主语“more than 3 billion passenger pigeons”后由破折号引出同位语a number， 然后再接定语从句 “which is equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States ”的省略形式（省略了which is） 作a number的后置定语，最后这个there be 句型后又跟了一个V-ing形式的结果状语。根据这个句子的意思及仔细比较四个选项, 可知本题选D。 【例6】 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of tough trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular goodness in doing things the way they have always been done.” Wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?” The creative approach begins with the proposal that nothing be as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are sure to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 43. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph? A. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. B. A person who has had no education. C. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. D. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. 44. According to the author, what differs innovators from non-innovators? A. The way they present their findings. B. The way they deal with problems. C. The intelligence they possess. D. The variety of ideas they have. 45. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________. A. unwilling to follow common ways of doing things B. diligent in pursuing their goals C. concerned about the advance of society D. devoted to the progress of science 46. The most suitable title for this passage might be ________. A. The Relation Between Creation and Diligence B. To Be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human Creativity C. What Are So Special about Creative Individuals D. Discoveries and Innovation 重点长难句： 1."Discoveries in science and technology are thought by 'untaught minds' to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents." 翻译：科学技术的发现被“未受过教育的头脑”认为是突然而至的闪现或因戏剧性意外而产生的结果。 分析：该句子为复杂句，主语为"Discoveries"，谓语为"are thought"，连接宾语从句"by 'untaught minds' to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents"。从句中包含两个并列的不定式短语作后置定语修饰"discoveries"，其中第一个不定式短语"to come in blinding flashes"中的"to"为不定式符号，连接动词不定式"come"和介词短语"in blinding flashes"作目的状语；第二个不定式短语"as the result of dramatic accidents"中的"as"为连词，引导并列结构，连接名词短语"the result of dramatic accidents"作介词短语"of"的补语。 2."The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity." 翻译：关键是得分最高的球员是那些射门次数最多的球员——这在任何领域的创新中都是如此。 分析：该句子为复合句，由两个并列分句构成。第一个分句为"The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal"，其中，“is”为谓语动词，连接名词性从句“that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal”，从句中的“are”为谓语动词，连接名词性从句的主谓结构。第二个分句为"so it goes with innovation in any field of activity"，其中，“goes”为谓语动词，连接名词性从句“it goes with innovation in any field of activity”。整个句子涉及了并列分句和名词性从句的使用。 3."Despite facing numerous challenges and encountering setbacks along the way, the team of scientists persisted in their research, driven by their unwavering commitment to unravel the mysteries of the universe and make groundbreaking discoveries that would revolutionize our understanding of the cosmos." 翻译：尽管在探索过程中面临许多挑战并遭遇了挫折，但这个科学家团队坚持进行研究，他们出于对揭开宇宙奥秘和做出革命性发现的不懈承诺的驱动。 分析：该句子为复杂句，主句为"The team of scientists persisted in their research"，谓语为"persisted"，宾语为"in their research"。主句前面有一个时间状语从句"Despite facing numerous challenges and encountering setbacks along the way"，其中的"Despite"为介词，引导时间状语从句；从句中的"facing"为动词的现在分词形式，与"challenges"构成动宾关系；从句中的"encountering"为动词的现在分词形式，与"setbacks"构成动宾关系；从句中的"along the way"为介词短语，作状语修饰主句。整个句子通过使用时间状语从句、并列结构和分词短语，同时运用了平行结构和插入语，展示了科学家团队面临挑战但仍然坚持研究的决心。 【答案】43. D 44. B 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了有创造力的人有什么特别之处。 【43题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery.(亚历山大·弗莱明爵士并没有像传说中那样，看着一块奶酪上的霉菌就立刻想到了青霉素。他对抗菌物质进行了9年的实验才有了这一发现。)”可知，科学技术上的发现被“未受教育的人”认为是一眨眼的功夫或戏剧性事故的结果。由此可知划线词的意思是“一个对实验中涉及的艰苦工作一无所知的人”。故选D。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.(创新与其他事物的主要区别在于方法。每个人都有想法，但革新者有意识地在他们的想法上工作，他们遵循他们的想法，直到他们证明可行或不可行。普通人眼中的天马行空的抽象概念，在专业创新者眼中却是实实在在的可能性。)”可知，根据作者的观点，创新者和非创新者处理问题的方式不同。故选B。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are sure to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.(创新者会寻找其他路线，从长远来看，这些路线可能更容易，而且即使走入死胡同，也肯定更有趣、更具挑战性。极具创造力的人确实是与众不同的。)”可知，短语march to a different drummer表明极具创造力的人不愿意遵循通常的做事方式。故选A。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Inventions and innovations almost always come out of tough trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.(发明和创新几乎总是来自艰难的尝试和错误。创新就像足球;即使是最好的球员也会错失进球机会，他们的射门被阻挡的次数也远远多于进球次数。)”和第四段最后一句“Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.(极具创造力的人确实是与众不同的。)”可知，这篇文章最适合的题目可能是“有创造力的人有什么特别之处”。故选C。 Passage 1（【来源】上海市敬业中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题） Have you ever met someone who looks almost exactly like you? Scientists call such people doppelgängers, or “twin strangers.” Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related. In fact, the chances are higher than you might think that someone out there looks remarkably like you. A geneticist in Spain, Manel Esteller, decided to study this mystery. He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings. Using advanced facial algorithms (算法) — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. When they compared their genomes (基因组), they discovered that these unrelated people actually shared distinct parts of their genetic makeup. Certain genes linked to facial structure and skin color turned out to influence how their faces looked. Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. Other scientists became interested in whether doppelgängers might also share personalities. Psychologist Nancy Segal from California studied Brunelle’s lookalikes and gave them personality questionnaires. She compared their results with those of twins, including twins raised apart. Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside. Still, people are fascinated by their “living reflections.” Some online platforms now allow users to find their own lookalikes from anywhere in the world. Yet Segal warns that many will be disappointed: looking like someone doesn’t mean you’ll be anything alike. Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “It tells us something about human nature,” Segal says. “We all long for similarity. That’s why even children often invent imaginary friends who are just like them.” 1．What can we learn about doppelgängers from the passage? A．They show both appearance and personality similarities. B．Their physical similarities may result from shared genes. C．They are more common among people from the same area. D．Their similarities are mainly caused by lifestyle and habits. 2．How did Esteller’s team carry out their study? A．They took new photos for Brunelle’s project. B．They studied Brunelle’s photos for face shapes. C．They interviewed the lookalikes about their lives. D．They compared DNA from Brunelle’s lookalike pairs. 3．By “they don’t determine who we are inside”, they writer means that ________. A．personality is not shaped by our genes B．people with similar genes may think alike C．appearance reflects a person’s inner world D．genes decide both our looks and our thoughts 4．Why are we interested in finding “living reflections”? A．We take delight in comparing different faces. B．We are naturally drawn to people like ourselves. C．We hope to meet someone with the same personality. D．We want to find out why kids invent imaginary friends. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍“长相酷似者”（doppelgängers）的相关研究：其外貌相似源于共同基因，但性格无关联，人们因天生渴望相似性而对此着迷。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related.(研究表明，那些最能与他人完美“模仿”相像的人，其基因特征也颇为相似，尽管他们之间并无生物学上的亲缘关系)”可知，“长相酷似者”的外貌相似可能源于共同的基因。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings.(布伦内尔协助埃斯特勒与世界各地的数十对“孪生陌生人”取得了联系。志愿者们通过邮件寄送了基因样本，而埃斯特勒的团队则花费了四年时间来收集和比对这些数据，最终发表了他们的研究成果)”可知，埃斯特勒的团队通过对比布鲁内尔项目中 “长相酷似者” 的 DNA 展开研究。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside.(塞格尔发现，长相相似的人在性格特征上没有特别的相似之处——他们就像陌生人一样不同。这表明，虽然基因塑造了我们的外表，但they don’t determine who we are inside)”可知，长相相似的人在性格特征上没有特别的相似之处，由此可推知，基因不决定我们的内在性格，即性格并非由基因塑造。作者说“它们并不能决定我们内在的本质”，意思是说性格并非由我们的基因所决定的。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves.(即便如此，人类天生就会倾向于被与自己长相相似的人所吸引)”可知，人们对寻找长相酷似者感兴趣的原因是“天生会被与自己相似的人吸引”。故选B。 长难句 1 原文：He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. 中文翻译：他研究了加拿大摄影师弗朗索瓦・布鲁内尔长期开展的 “我不是替身！” 项目中那些长相酷似者的基因相似性 —— 该项目自 1999 年以来，一直在拍摄那些没有血缘关系却长相相似的人。 句式结构解析： 主句核心结构为 “主谓宾”：He（主语）+ examined（谓语）+ the genetic similarities（宾语）； “among the lookalikes” 作后置定语，限定 “相似性” 的范围，说明是 “长相酷似者之间的” 相似性； “featured in...project” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “lookalikes”，表示 “被纳入该项目的” 长相酷似者； “I’m Not a Look-Alike!” 是同位语，直接补充说明 “project” 的具体名称； 非限制性定语从句 “which has photographed...since 1999” 修饰先行词 “project”，从句中 “which” 作主语，“has photographed” 用现在完成时体现项目从 1999 年持续至今的动作，“unrelated but similar-looking” 是并列形容词短语修饰 “people”。 长难句 2 原文：Using advanced facial algorithms — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. 中文翻译：借助先进的面部识别算法 —— 与警方和机场使用的算法类型相同 —— 埃斯特勒的研究团队筛选出了那些相似度堪比真正双胞胎的长相酷似者组合。 句式结构解析： 开头 “Using advanced facial algorithms” 是现在分词短语作方式状语，说明研究团队筛选对象的手段； 破折号之间的 “the same type used by police and airports” 是插入语，补充说明 “algorithms” 的属性，其中 “used by police and airports” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the same type”； 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：Esteller’s research team（主语）+ selected（谓语）+ the pairs（宾语）； 定语从句 “that were almost as identical as real twins” 修饰 “the pairs”，“that” 在从句中作主语，“as...as...” 结构表示 “和…… 一样”，体现筛选出的组合与真正双胞胎的相似度。 长难句 3 原文：Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. 中文翻译：尽管他们体内的微生物群和人生经历大相径庭，但他们的外貌却由相似的 DNA 模式所塑造。 句式结构解析： “Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管存在某种情况”，“internal bacteria and life histories” 是并列名词短语，作 “having” 的宾语； 主句为被动语态的 “主谓” 结构：their appearance（主语）+ was shaped（谓语）+ by similar DNA patterns（状语），“by” 引出动作的执行者 “similar DNA patterns”，说明外貌是由该因素塑造的。 Passage 2（【来源】上海市卢湾高级中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试卷） Scientists have discovered what they believe to be a massive underground reservoir of ancient water ice buried beneath the equator of Mars. Layers of frozen water, some more than two miles thick, are thought to lie within the 3,100-mile long Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF), one of Mars’s most geologically intriguing features. Studies of the area first hinted at the presence of mysterious underground deposits in 2007 but their composition was unclear. Now, more than 15 years later, data gathered by the European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter appears to confirm that it is frozen water — the largest deposit yet found at the Martian equator. “We’ve explored the MFF again using newer data from Mars Express’s Marsis [Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding instrument, and we found the deposits to be even thicker than we thought,” said Thomas Watters, a senior scientist at the Smithsonian Institution’s Center. “Excitingly, the radar signals match what we expect to see from layered ice and are similar to signals we see from Mars’s polar caps, which we know to be very ice-rich.” Were it liquid, the water would be enough to cover all of Mars in an ocean some 9ft deep. The finding is significant to research into how and why, over billions of years, the planet changed from a once warm, lush waterworld into a frigid desert. Understanding the history of water on Mars will also help to guide studies into the possibility of whether microbial life existed in the once abundant lakes and oceans. It was unclear, until now, whether the vast deposits detected below the surface of the MFF — a once volcanically active region may simply have been ash and dust. However, the new observations by Marsis found the density was too low for that to be the case. “Given how deep it is, if the MFF was simply a giant pile of dust we’d expect it to become compacted under its own weight. This would create something far denser than what we actually see with Marsis,” Andrea Cicchetti, of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics, said. The latest finding has implications for the future exploration of Mars. Human missions will be reliant on having water sources in situ both for life support and, once the molecules’ hydrogen and oxygen atoms are separated, for manufacturing rocket fuel. Putting MFF’s water to use is not likely in the short term, however. “Unfortunately these MFF deposits are covered by hundreds of meters of dust, making them inaccessible for at least the next few decades,” Wilson said. 5．What did the 2007 studies find according to the passage? A．Two-mile-thick frozen water was supposed to exist within Mars’s polar caps. B．Scientists recognized Medusae Fossae Formation as one of Mars’s most mysterious features. C．A massive underground reservoir of ancient water ice buried beneath the equator of Mars. D．There were unclear underground deposits at the Martian equator. 6．What can we learn from Thomas Watters’ comment in Paragraph Three? A．Radar signals from Mars Express’s Marsis are strong enough to see through the deposits. B．The deposits below the surface of the MFF were thicker than those from Mars’s polar caps. C．The radar signals from the MFF and those from Mars’s polar caps looked alike. D．Layered ice is common to detect in Mars’s polar cap. 7．What does Paragraph Five mainly talk about? A．the advanced instruments applied in research. B．the future plan about the Mars exploration. C．the further implication about the research. D．another assumption about the huge deposits under the MFF. 8．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The future exploration of Mars is undermined with resource deprivation. B．Abundant water exists beneath the equator of Mars. C．Human missions on Mars should be delayed at present. D．How to make water available on Mars? 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．D 8．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述科学家们发现了火星赤道附近埋藏着大量冰水。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Studies of the area first hinted at the presence of mysterious underground deposits in 2007 but their composition was unclear.(2007年，对该地区的研究首次暗示了神秘地下沉积物的存在，但其成分尚不清楚)”可知，2007年的研究发现火星赤道有不清楚的地下沉积物，故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Excitingly, the radar signals match what we expect to see from layered ice and are similar to signals we see from Mars’s polar caps, which we know to be very ice-rich.(令人兴奋的是，雷达信号与我们期望从分层冰中看到的信号相匹配，并且与我们从火星极地冰盖中看到的信号相似，我们知道那里富含冰)”可知，来自MFF的雷达信号和来自火星极地冰盖的雷达信号看起来很相似，故选C。 7．主旨大意题。根据第五段“It was unclear, until now, whether the vast deposits detected below the surface of the MFF — a once volcanically active region-may simply have been ash and dust. However, the new observations by Marsis found the density was too low for that to be the case. “Given how deep it is, if the MFF was simply a giant pile of dust we’d expect it to become compacted under its own weight. This would create something far denser than what we actually see with Marsis,” Andrea Cicchetti, of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics, said.(直到现在，人们还不清楚MFF（曾经的火山活动区）表面下探测到的大量沉积物是否仅仅是灰烬和灰尘。然而，马西斯号的新观测发现，密度太低，不可能出现这种情况。“考虑到它的深度，如果MFF只是一堆巨大的灰尘，我们预计它会在自身重量的作用下被压缩。意大利国家天体物理研究所的Andrea Cicchetti说：“这将创造出比我们在Marsis上实际看到的密度大得多的东西。”)”可知，本段通过密度分析排除火山灰假说，所以本段主要是关于另一个关于MFF下巨大沉积物的假说，故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“Scientists have discovered what they believe to be a massive underground reservoir of ancient water ice buried beneath the equator of Mars.(科学家们在火星赤道下发现了一个巨大的地下水库，他们认为这是一个古老的水冰)”可知，本文主要讲述科学家们发现了火星赤道附近埋藏着大量冰水。B项“火星赤道下存在着丰富的水”最适合作为标题，故选B。 长难句 1 原文：Layers of frozen water, some more than two miles thick, are thought to lie within the 3,100-mile long Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF), one of Mars’s most geologically intriguing features. 中文翻译：一些厚度超过两英里的冰层，被认为存在于长达 3100 英里的美杜莎槽沟层（MFF）中 —— 这是火星上在地质方面最令人着迷的地貌特征之一。 句式结构解析： 主句核心为 “主系表” 结构的被动形式：Layers of frozen water（主语）+ are thought（系表结构，表 “被认为”）+ to lie within...（不定式短语作真正宾语）； “some more than two miles thick” 是插入语，属于 “代词 + 形容词短语” 构成的独立主格结构，补充说明 “Layers of frozen water” 的厚度； “one of Mars’s most geologically intriguing features” 是同位语，修饰 “Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF)”，“geologically” 是副词，修饰形容词 “intriguing”，说明 “令人着迷” 的领域是 “地质方面”。 长难句 2 原文：The finding is significant to research into how and why, over billions of years, the planet changed from a once warm, lush waterworld into a frigid desert. 中文翻译：这一发现对于研究火星在数十亿年间如何、以及为何从一个曾经温暖湿润、生机盎然的水世界演变成一片冰封沙漠，具有重要意义。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主系表” 结构：The finding（主语）+ is（系动词）+ significant（表语）+ to research（状语，表 “对某事有意义”）； “into how and why...a frigid desert” 作后置定语，修饰 “research”，说明研究的具体内容； “over billions of years” 是插入语，补充说明时间范围，分隔 “how and why” 与后面的宾语从句； 宾语从句 “how and why the planet changed...into a frigid desert” 作 “into” 的宾语，从句中 “change from...into...” 是固定结构，表 “从…… 转变为……”，“warm, lush” 是并列形容词，修饰 “waterworld”，描述其曾经的状态。 长难句 3 原文：Human missions will be reliant on having water sources in situ both for life support and, once the molecules’ hydrogen and oxygen atoms are separated, for manufacturing rocket fuel. 中文翻译：人类的火星任务将依赖于就地获取水源 —— 这些水源一方面用于生命维持，另一方面，一旦水分子中的氢原子和氧原子被分离，还可用于制造火箭燃料。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主系表” 结构：Human missions（主语）+ will be（系动词）+ reliant（表语）+ on having water sources in situ（状语，“be reliant on” 表 “依赖……”，“having water sources in situ” 作介词 “on” 的宾语）； “both for life support and...for manufacturing rocket fuel” 是并列的介词短语作目的状语，表 “水源的两个用途”； “once the molecules’ hydrogen and oxygen atoms are separated” 是插入语，作条件状语从句，“once” 表 “一旦”，从句用被动语态，说明 “制造火箭燃料” 的前提条件。 Passage 3（【来源】上海市上进才中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题） Children who don’t read proficiently (熟练地) by the end of the third grade are far more likely to be left behind in many ways. The first thing to know about early literacy is that it is critically important; the next is that it connects to a whole lot of other conditions and challenges. But the best thing to know is that there are solutions to the problem of poor reading skills and some smart people working toward them. They could use your help. “It’s more than an education issue, more than a reading issue,” says Arianne Weldon, director of the Get Georgia Reading Campaign, a nonprofit organization founded in 2013. “Getting more kids to read takes more than good schools, more than great teachers, more than loving families. It really does take all of us working together.” Only 42 percent of Georgia public school children are now reading proficiently by the end of the third grade, according to 2019 Georgia Department of Education (DOE) figures — not a great number, but an improvement over the 37 percent recorded in 2015 and lower scores prior to that. Weldon says children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school and, further, that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity. “By the end of the third grade,” says Mindy Binderman, executive director of Georgia Early Education Alliance for Ready Students, a nonprofit organization concerned with early learning, “if children are not reading at grade level, they are less likely to be successful in school, less likely to graduate on time, and more likely to engage in risky behavior. The third-grade reading marker is such an important indicator of all that comes later and, frankly, all that came before.” A key national study released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 2010 highlighted the reading problem, especially among students from low- income families; the following research has strengthened the relationship between poverty and both reading ability and failure to graduate from high school. Clearly, poverty plays a key role in children’s reading proficiency, influencing the schools they attend and the community resources they can make use of. Parents’ education level, especially mothers’, is a factor as well. “Maternal education and maternal literacy are a huge predictor of child literacy and educational outcomes,” says Dana Rickman, vice president of the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education, established to promote and support education. “We’ve got a pretty high adult illiteracy rate in Georgia that a lot of people don’t like talking about.” Improving adult literacy eventually impacts children’s reading ability. 9．According to the passage, early literacy is important mainly because it________. A．indicates how well a child’s brain has been developing B．explains the reasons why a child drops out of high school C．tells whether a child may become successful as an adult D．reports the average educational level of a certain region 10．According to Arianne Weldon, what is the most possible consequence of poor reading skills? A．Entering schools with fewer resources. B．Suffering from serious mental disorders. C．Earning less than they otherwise would. D．Causing more risks in future life. 11．From what Dana Rickman says, we can infer that________. A．parents can predict their children’s early literacy based on their resources B．exposing children to reading tasks at an earlier age is part of family support C．illiteracy rate can be greatly reduced by upgrading children’s communities D．improving mothers’ education is useful for bettering children’s reading ability 12．If this passage has several remaining paragraphs, which of the following is the most probable topic they will cover? A．Why third grade is seen by experts as a critical period. B．How the government may improve parents’ education level. C．Why adult illiteracy rate is higher in Georgia than in other places. D．How poverty may influence a child’s future academic development. 【答案】9．C 10．C 11．D 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了早期读写能力的重要性，包括其与后续学业、人生发展的关联，影响因素(贫困、父母教育水平等)，以及改善读写能力的必要性等。 9．细节理解题。根据第五段“Weldon says children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school and, further, that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity. (韦尔登说，没有达到这一熟练程度的孩子在高中辍学的可能性是其他人的四倍，而且每个没有完成学业的学生估计会损失26万美元的收入和生产力)”可知，早期读写能力重要主要是因为它能说明孩子成年后是否可能成功。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段“Weldon says children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school and, further, that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity. (韦尔登说，没有达到这一熟练程度的孩子在高中辍学的可能性是其他人的四倍，而且每个没有完成学业的学生估计会损失26万美元的收入和生产力)”可知，韦尔登认为，阅读能力差最可能的后果是未来生活中收入比原本应得的少。故选C。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Parents’ education level, especially mothers’, is a factor as well. “Maternal education and maternal literacy are a huge predictor of child literacy and educational outcomes,” says Dana Rickman (父母的受教育水平，尤其是母亲的受教育水平，也是一个因素。达娜·里克曼说：“母亲的教育和读写能力是孩子读写能力和教育成果的重要预测因素。”)”以及“Improving adult literacy eventually impacts children’s reading ability. (提高成人的读写能力最终会影响孩子的阅读能力)”可知，我们可以推断出提高母亲的教育水平有助于提高孩子的阅读能力。故选D。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Parents’ education level, especially mothers’, is a factor as well. “Maternal education and maternal literacy are a huge predictor of child literacy and educational outcomes,” says Dana Rickman (父母的受教育水平，尤其是母亲的受教育水平，也是一个因素。达娜·里克曼说：“母亲的教育和读写能力是孩子读写能力和教育成果的重要预测因素。”)”以及“Improving adult literacy eventually impacts children’s reading ability. (提高成人的读写能力最终会影响孩子的阅读能力)”可知，文章最后聚焦于父母教育水平，尤其是母亲，与成人读写能力对孩子的影响，因此接下来最可能探讨如何提高父母的教育水平。故选B。 长难句 1 原文：A key national study released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 2010 highlighted the reading problem, especially among students from low-income families; the following research has strengthened the relationship between poverty and both reading ability and failure to graduate from high school. 中文翻译：安妮・E・凯西基金会于 2010 年发布的一项重要全国性研究，凸显了这一阅读问题 —— 尤其是在低收入家庭的学生中；后续的研究则进一步证实了贫困与阅读能力不足、高中毕业率低下之间的关联。 句式结构解析： 分句 1 为 “主谓宾” 结构：A key national study（主语）+ highlighted（谓语）+ the reading problem（宾语）； “released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 2010” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “study”，说明研究的发布机构和时间； “especially among students from low-income families” 是状语，补充说明 “reading problem” 在 “低收入家庭学生” 中更为突出； 分句 2 为 “主谓宾” 结构：the following research（主语）+ has strengthened（谓语，现在完成时表动作结果）+ the relationship（宾语）； “between poverty and both reading ability and failure to graduate from high school” 作后置定语，修饰 “relationship”，“both...and...” 连接两个并列名词短语，说明贫困与 “阅读能力不足” 和 “高中毕业率低下” 这两个现象的关联。 长难句 2 原文：Weldon says children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school and, further, that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity. 中文翻译：韦尔登表示，未能达到这一熟练水平的孩子，高中辍学的概率是其他孩子的四倍；此外，每个未能完成高中学业的学生，估计会造成 26 万美元的收入损失和生产力下降。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主谓” 结构：Weldon（主语）+ says（谓语），后接两个并列的宾语从句； 宾语从句 1：children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school； 主语 “children” 后接后置定语 “not in that proficiency group”，限定 “未达到熟练水平的孩子”； 核心结构 “be more likely to do” 表 “更可能做某事”，“four times” 修饰程度，表 “四倍概率”； 宾语从句 2：that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity； “that” 不可省略，与前一个宾语从句并列； “who doesn’t finish” 是定语从句，修饰 “student”，“doesn’t finish” 后省略宾语 “high school”； “in lost earnings and productivity” 是状语，说明 “26 万美元损失” 的具体类型。 长难句 3 原文：“Maternal education and maternal literacy are a huge predictor of child literacy and educational outcomes,” says Dana Rickman, vice president of the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education, established to promote and support education. 中文翻译：“母亲的教育水平和读写能力，是预测孩子读写能力及教育成果的重要指标，” 佐治亚州卓越教育合作组织副总裁达娜・里克曼表示 —— 该组织成立的宗旨是促进和支持教育事业的发展。 句式结构解析： 直接引语部分为主句，“主系表” 结构：Maternal education and maternal literacy（主语，并列名词短语）+ are（系动词）+ a huge predictor（表语）； “of child literacy and educational outcomes” 作后置定语，修饰 “predictor”，说明预测的对象是 “孩子的读写能力和教育成果”； 主句主体：says Dana Rickman，为 “主谓倒装” 结构，因直接引语前置； “vice president of the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education” 是同位语，补充说明 Dana Rickman 的身份； “established to promote and support education” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education”，说明该组织的成立目的。 Passage 4（【来源】上海市位育中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 ） Live concerts are becoming a vital part of youth culture in China. In 2024 alone, large-scale shows generated over 26 billion yuan from ticket sales, with nearly 30 million fans filling arenas. But what exactly makes these events so appealing? I think it’s the unique, multi-sensory experience that digital performances or your playlists just can’t provide. A live gig’s immersive atmosphere — the shared physical presence, vibrant visuals, and raw energy of the crowd — easily outshines digital experiences. I will never forget my first concert on a warm spring evening. The moment my friends and I stepped into the arena, I felt the air buzzing with excitement. Thousands of people were waiting expectantly, many wearing T-shirts with the singer’s name and holding glowing light sticks. Everyone was smiling, chatting and ready for something amazing. When the lights went out, the crowd roared. A single spotlight lit up the stage, and then — boom — the music started. The sound was so powerful that it seemed to pass right through me. Every note was remarkably clear, and the bass made my heart pound. Then the singer’s voice came through, dynamic and transporting, far better than I could ever have imagined. Every line was filled with emotion, as if it were telling my very own story. What struck me most profoundly, though, was the connection between that vast crowd of strangers. Apart from my friends, I didn’t know the people standing on either side of me, but we sang the same lyrics, moved to the same beat, and waved our arms in unison. At that moment, it didn’t matter who we were or where we came from; we were all part of one big family. Then the stage quieted and so did we. As a slow song began, I looked around and saw thousands of glowing lights, the audience swaying together and singing softly. It felt simply magical. I thought about how, in our busy lives, we rarely stop to share moments like these and how much we should. On the journey home, my voice was hoarse from singing and my legs tired from dancing, yet my heart was full and content. That night gave me more than just music; it gifted me a cherished memory that would stay with me forever. The same holds true for countless young fans, because concerts are not merely events; they are significant milestones on a personal journey. This is why live concerts have gained in popularity across China: They create shared experiences that bring people together and make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive. 13．What is the primary reason the author proposes for the growing popularity of live concerts in China? A．The superior sound quality compared to digital music. B．The opportunity to see famous singers in person. C．The creation of shared emotional experiences that unite people. D．The extensive marketing and advertising campaigns for concerts. 14．Beyond the music itself, what did the author suggest was the most significant personal gain from the concert experience? A．A cherished and lasting personal memory. B．Improved understanding of stage production. C．A collection of photos and videos to share online. D．Stronger personal friendships with companions. 15．Based on the author’s experience, what can be inferred about the psychological need that live concerts fulfill for young people? A．The need to escape from busy daily routines and experience emotional release. B．The desire to collect merchandise and show support for favorite artists. C．The practical need to learn about new music trends. D．The financial motivation to invest in valuable concert memories. 16．How would the author likely characterize the social function of live concerts in modern Chinese society? A．As commercial events that primarily benefit the music industry. B．As temporary communities where strangers become connected through shared emotion. C．As competitive spaces where fans demonstrate their loyalty to artists. D．As educational opportunities to learn about musical techniques. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．A 16．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国演唱会已成青年文化重要部分，2024年票房亮眼。其独特沉浸式体验与陌生人的情感联结，带来珍贵回忆，是受年轻人欢迎的核心原因。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I think it’s the unique, multi-sensory experience that digital performances or your playlists just can’t provide. A live gig’s immersive atmosphere — the shared physical presence, vibrant visuals, and raw energy of the crowd — easily outshines digital experiences. (我认为这是一种独特的、多感官的体验，是数字表演或播放列表无法提供的。现场演出的沉浸式氛围——共享的实体存在、充满活力的视觉效果和人群的原始能量——很容易超越数字体验。)”以及最后一段中“This is why live concerts have gained in popularity across China: They create shared experiences that bring people together and make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive. (这就是为什么现场音乐会在中国越来越受欢迎的原因：它们创造了共同的体验，把人们聚集在一起，让生活变得更丰富、更光明、更有活力。)”可知，现场演唱会在中国越来越受欢迎的主要原因是创造共同的情感体验，将人们联系起来。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“That night gave me more than just music; it gifted me a cherished memory that would stay with me forever. The same holds true for countless young fans, because concerts are not merely events; they are significant milestones on a personal journey. (那晚带给我的不仅仅是音乐；它给了我一段珍贵的记忆，将永远留在我身边。这同样适用于无数的年轻歌迷，因为音乐会不仅仅是活动；它们是个人旅程中的重要里程碑。)”可知，除了音乐本身，作者认为从音乐会经历中获得的最重要的是一段珍贵而持久的个人记忆。故选A项。 15．推理判断题。根据第四段中“As a slow song began, I looked around and saw thousands of glowing lights, the audience swaying together and singing softly. It felt simply magical. I thought about how, in our busy lives, we rarely stop to share moments like these and how much we should. (当一首缓慢的歌曲响起时，我环顾四周，看到成千上万的灯光，观众们一起摇摆着，轻轻地唱着歌。感觉简直不可思议。我在想，在我们忙碌的生活中，我们很少停下来分享这样的时刻，我们应该分享多少。)”可知，根据作者的经历，我们可以推断出现场音乐会满足年轻人需要逃离繁忙的日常生活，体验情感释放的心理需求。故选A项。 16．推理判断题。根据第四段中“What struck me most profoundly, though, was the connection between that vast crowd of strangers. Apart from my friends, I didn’t know the people standing on either side of me, but we sang the same lyrics, moved to the same beat, and waved our arms in unison. At that moment, it didn’t matter who we were or where we came from; we were all part of one big family. (然而，最令我印象深刻的是这一大群陌生人之间的联系。除了我的朋友，我不认识站在我两边的人，但我们唱着同样的歌词，跟着同样的节奏移动，一起挥舞着手臂。在那一刻，我们是谁、来自哪里都不重要了；我们都是一个大家庭的成员。)”可知，作者重点描述“成千上万陌生人因共同的音乐体验，不分身份背景，成为一个大家庭”，体现了演唱会“临时社群、情感联结”的社会功能。故选B项。 长难句 1 原文：A live gig’s immersive atmosphere — the shared physical presence, vibrant visuals, and raw energy of the crowd — easily outshines digital experiences. 中文翻译：现场演出所营造的沉浸式氛围 —— 那种人与人之间真实的共处感、鲜活生动的视觉效果以及人群中迸发的原始能量 —— 远比数字体验更具感染力。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：A live gig’s immersive atmosphere（主语）+ outshines（谓语）+ digital experiences（宾语）； 破折号之间的 “the shared physical presence, vibrant visuals, and raw energy of the crowd” 是插入语，由三个并列名词短语构成，补充解释 “immersive atmosphere” 的具体构成要素； 修饰成分：“shared” 修饰 “physical presence”，“vibrant” 修饰 “visuals”，“raw” 修饰 “energy”，均为形容词作前置定语；“of the crowd” 修饰 “energy”，表 “人群的能量”。 长难句 2 原文：Apart from my friends, I didn’t know the people standing on either side of me, but we sang the same lyrics, moved to the same beat, and waved our arms in unison. 中文翻译：除了我的朋友，我并不认识站在我身旁的其他人，但我们唱着相同的歌词，跟着相同的节拍律动，整齐划一地挥舞着手臂。 句式结构解析： “Apart from my friends” 是介词短语作状语，表 “排除朋友之外的情况”； 分句 1 为 “主谓宾” 结构：I（主语）+ didn’t know（谓语）+ the people（宾语）； “standing on either side of me” 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the people”，表 “正站在我身旁的人”； 分句 2 由 “but” 引导，表转折，为 “主谓宾 / 主谓” 结构：we（主语）+ 三个并列谓语动词（sang、moved、waved），分别对应 “唱歌词”“跟节拍”“挥手臂” 三个连贯动作；“in unison” 是状语，修饰 “waved our arms”，表 “整齐划一” 的动作状态。 长难句 3 原文：This is why live concerts have gained in popularity across China: They create shared experiences that bring people together and make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive. 中文翻译：这就是现场演唱会在中国风靡的原因：它们创造了一种共同的体验 —— 这种体验让人们凝聚在一起，让生活变得更加丰富、更加明媚、更具生命力。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主系表” 结构：This（主语）+ is（系动词）+ why live concerts have gained in popularity across China（表语从句，“why” 引导，表 “…… 的原因”）； 表语从句中，“live concerts”（主语）+ “have gained in popularity”（谓语，“gained in popularity” 表 “变得流行”）+ “across China”（状语，表范围）； 冒号后内容为同位语，补充解释 “风靡的具体原因”： 主句：They（指代 live concerts）+ create（谓语）+ shared experiences（宾语）； 定语从句 “that bring people together and make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive” 修饰 “shared experiences”，“that” 在从句中作主语，后接两个并列谓语 “bring” 和 “make”； “make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive” 中，“richer, brighter, and more alive” 是形容词比较级并列，作宾语补足语，补充说明 “life” 的感受。 Passage 5（【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题） Sarcasm (讽刺) and jazz have something surprisingly in common: You know them when you hear them. Sarcasm is mostly understood through tone of voice, which is used to portray the opposite of the literal words. For example, when someone says, “Well, that’s exactly what I need right now,” their tone can tell you it’s not what they need at all. Most frequently, sarcasm highlights an irritation or is, quite simply, mean. If you want to be happier and improve your relationships, cut out sarcasm. Why? Because sarcasm is actually hostility disguised as humor. Despite smiling outwardly, many people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and often think the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible (可鄙的). Indeed, it’s not surprising that the origin of the word sarcasm derives from the Greek word “sarkazein” which literally means “to tear or strip the flesh off.” Hence, it’s no wonder that sarcasm is often used after the word “cutting” and that it hurts. What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity. After all, when you come right down to it, sarcasm can be used as a subtle form of bullying—and most bullies are angry, insecure, or cowardly. Alternatively, when a person stops voicing negative comments, especially sarcastic ones, they may soon start to feel happier and more self-confident. Also, other people in their life benefit even more because they no longer have to hear the emotionally hurtful language of sarcasm. Now, I’m not saying all sarcasm is bad. It may just be better used sparingly—like a powerful spice in cooking. Too much of the spice, and the dish will be overwhelmed by it. Similarly, an occasional dash of sarcastic wit can spice up a chat and add an element of humor to it. But a big or steady serving of sarcasm will overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation and can taste very bitter to its recipient. So, tone down the sarcasm and work on clever wit instead, which is usually without any hostility and thus more appreciated by those you’re communicating with. In essence, sarcasm is easy while true, harmless wit takes talent. Thus, the main difference between wit and sarcasm is that, as already stated, sarcasm is often hostility disguised as humor. It can be intended to hurt and is often bitter and biting. Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule. Sarcastic statements are expressed in a cutting manner; witty remarks are delivered with undisguised and harmless humor. 17．Why does the author say sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common? A．Both are recognized when heard. B．Both have exactly the same tone. C．Both mean the opposite of what they appear to. D．Both have hidden in them an evident irritation. 18．What happens when a person consistently acts sarcastically? A．They feel their dignity greatly heightened. B．They feel increasingly insecure and hostile. C．They endure hostility under the disguise of humor. D．They taste bitterness even in pleasant interactions. 19．What does the author say about people quitting sarcastic comments? A．It makes others happier and more self-confident. B．It restrains them from being irritating and bullying. C．It benefits not only themselves but also those around them. D．It shields them from negative comments and outright hostility. 20．What is the chief difference between a speaker’s wit and sarcasm? A．Their intention. B．Their appreciation. C．Their emphasis. D．Their clarity. 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．C 20．A 【导语】本文为议论文。文章通过类比讽刺与爵士乐的共性引入主题，论证 "减少讽刺、倡导善意机智" 的观点，剖析讽刺的本质危害、与机智的核心区别，最终给出沟通建议。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“Sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common: You know them when you hear them.(讽刺和爵士乐之间竟有着惊人的相似之处：当你听到它们的时候，就能立刻辨别出来。)”可知，讽刺和爵士乐之间的相似之处在于“一听就能识别出来”。故选A项。 18．细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容“What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity.(此外，由于行为会极大地影响思想和情感，如果一个人总是以讽刺的方式行事，这可能只会加剧他们内心深处的敌意和不安感。)”可知，持续讽刺行为会强化内在的敌意和不安全感。故选B项。 19．细节理解题。根据文章第六段内容“Alternatively, when a person stops voicing negative comments, especially sarcastic ones, they may soon start to feel happier and more self-confident. Also, other people in their life benefit even more because they no longer have to hear the emotionally hurtful language of sarcasm.(另外，当一个人不再发表负面评论（尤其是带有讽刺意味的评论）时，他们很快就会开始感到更加快乐和自信。而且，他们生活中的其他人也会受益更多，因为他们不再需要听到那种充满情感伤害的讽刺话语了。)”可知，停止讽刺后，本人更快乐自信，周围人因免受伤害而获益更多，即，对自己，对周围的人都有益处。故选C项。 20．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“Thus, the main difference between wit and sarcasm is that, as already stated, sarcasm is often hostility disguised as humor. It can be intended to hurt and is often bitter and biting. Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule.(因此，机智与讽刺的主要区别在于：正如我们之前所说，讽刺往往是以幽默的形式来掩饰敌意的。它的目的往往在于伤害他人，并且通常带有尖刻和刺耳的意味。机智的言论通常是对他人无益的言论或行为的回应，其目的在于通过强调其荒谬之处来理清并阐明问题。)”可知，讽刺是“伪装成幽默的敌意”，意图伤人；机智则“无恶意且幽默”，无敌意，意图理清问题。由此推知，二者的主要区别在于意图不同。故选A项。 长难句 1 原文：Despite smiling outwardly, many people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and often think the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible. 中文翻译：尽管表面上笑容满面，但许多收到讽刺性评论的人都会感到被贬低，并且常常认为说讽刺话的人既粗鲁又可鄙。 句式结构解析： “Despite smiling outwardly” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管表面上有笑容”； 主句为 “主谓宾 / 主谓补” 结构：many people（主语）+ feel（谓语 1）+ put down（宾语补足语，表 “被贬低”）+ and（并列连词）+ often think（谓语 2）； “who receive sarcastic comments” 是定语从句，修饰 “many people”，“who” 在从句中作主语； “the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible” 是宾语从句，作 “think” 的宾语，从句中 “rude” 和 “contemptible” 是并列形容词，作表语。 长难句 2 原文：What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity. 中文翻译：此外，由于行为会极大地影响思想和情感，因此当一个人持续以讽刺的方式行事时，这只会加剧他们内心深处的敌意和不安感。 句式结构解析： “What’s more” 是插入语，表 “递进关系”，意为 “此外”； “since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings” 是原因状语从句，“since” 表 “因为”，从句为 “主谓宾” 结构，说明后续结论的原因； “when a person consistently acts sarcastically” 是时间状语从句，“when” 表 “当…… 时”，从句为 “主谓” 结构，描述动作发生的时间背景； 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：it（指代 “持续讽刺行为”）+ may only serve to heighten（谓语，“serve to do” 表 “起到…… 作用”）+ their underlying hostility and insecurity（宾语，并列名词短语）。 长难句 3 原文：Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule. 中文翻译：机智的言论通常是对他人无益的言论或行为的回应，其目的是通过强调问题的荒谬之处，来理清并阐明问题的本质。 句式结构解析： 分句 1 为 “主系表” 结构：Witty statements（主语）+ are usually（系动词）+ in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors（表语，“in response to” 表 “对…… 的回应”）； “unhelpful” 是形容词，修饰 “remarks or behaviors”，表 “无益的”； 分句 2 为 “主系表” 结构：the intent（主语）+ is（系动词）+ to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule（表语，不定式短语表 “目的”）； “untangle and clarify” 是并列谓语动词，表 “理清并阐明”； “by emphasizing its ridicule” 是方式状语，表 “通过强调问题的荒谬之处”，“its” 指代前文的 “the issue”。 （2023年1月上海春季高考） To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 【答案】63-66CABD 【导读】文章主要大意：本文主要介绍了地质学家通过研究化石来确定地层岩石的年代，并解释了化石在确定地球历史发展和时间上的重要作用。文章还指出了恐龙只是地球上生物化石中的一小部分，大部分化石是由动植物微观遗骸和贝壳类动物组成。最后，文章提到了早期地质学家通过化石研究地层岩石和制作地质图的重要贡献。 【解析】 63.C【解析]根据文章第一段第一句To tell the age of most layered rocks,scientists study the fossils these rocks contain.可知，此处句意为:“为了告诉大多数层状岩石的年龄，科学家们研究了这些岩石所包含的化石”，即科学家研究层状岩石的目的是研究其年龄，换言之就是在研究层状岩石的存在时间，故选C。 64.A【解析]根据文章第二段最后一句The reasons for and the rapidity of their extinction are a matter of intense debate among scientists.可知，恐龙灭绝的原因和速度是科学家们激烈争论的问题，换言之，恐龙灭绝之谜至今仍然未有答案，A项表述正确:根据文章第二段第三句These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous.可知，恐龙在晚三叠世至晚白垩世的一百多万年间是地球上的主要动物，B项表述有误:根据文章第二段倒数第二句By around 65 million years ago all dinosaurs were extinct.可知，大约到了6500万年前，所有的恐龙都灭绝了，C项表述有误:根据第二段第一句The word“fossil”makes many people think of dinosaurs.以及下文相关内容可推知，恐龙和化石之间存在一定关联，D项表述有误。故选A。 65.B【解析】根据文章倒数第二段倒数第二句Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils.可知，威廉·史密斯经常可以通过检查被山坡岩石侵蚀的化石或者挖一个小洞寻找化石来判断地表以下可能有什么样的岩石，结合选项分析，B项表述正确，故选B。 66.D【解析]根据文章标题以及整篇文章讲述的相关内容可知，本文讲述的内容与与“化石和岩石”相关，再根据相关选项分析，可以排除A项和C项，而B项是文章所举的一个相对典型的例子，相比之下D项表述符合文章讲述的内容，故选 D。 1 / 25 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 题型综合练08 阅读理解长难句分析 目录 第一部分 风向速递 洞察考向，感知前沿 第二部分 分层突破 固本培优，精准提分 A组·保分基础练 考向01 考查长难句结构分析 考向02 考查长难句在阅读理解中运用 B组·抢分能力练 第三部分 真题验证 对标高考，感悟考法 例 1：2026 年静安区一模（C 篇：威廉・史密斯与地质学发展） 原文 Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks, William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks that he found. 中文翻译 凭借对岩石形成的新见解，威廉走遍大不列颠，意在对他所发现的各类奇妙岩石进行勘测与分类。 句式结构解析 该句为 “主句 + 多层修饰成分” 结构，包含 3 类非谓语结构和 1 个定语从句，修饰关系层层嵌套，需从核心主句向外拆解： 1.核心主句：William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain（主谓宾结构，“walked” 为谓语动词，“the length and breadth of Great Britain” 作宾语，表 “走遍英国各地”）； 2.过去分词短语作伴随状语：Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks（“armed with” 表 “凭借、具备”，逻辑主语为 William，说明威廉行动时的 “前提条件 / 伴随状态”；“into the birth of rocks” 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “insight”，明确 “见解的领域是岩石形成”）； 3.介词短语作目的状语：with the intention of surveying and categorizing...（“with the intention of” 表 “目的是”，后接并列动名词 “surveying and categorizing”，说明威廉 “走遍英国” 的核心目的；“all the wonderfully different types of rocks” 作 “surveying and categorizing” 的宾语，表 “勘测与分类的对象”）； 4.定语从句修饰名词：that he found（修饰先行词 “rocks”，“that” 在从句中作 “found” 的宾语，限定 “岩石是威廉实际发现的”，而非泛指所有岩石）。 例 2：2026 年虹口区一模（C 篇：好莱坞编剧与 AI 合同博弈） 原文 For instance, if the studios were allowed to use Chat GPT to generate a 100,000-word novel and then ask writers to adapt it, “That would be a loophole (漏洞) for them to reduce the wages of screenwriters,” he said. “We’re not allowing that.” 中文翻译 例如，他表示：“若制片厂被允许使用 Chat GPT 生成一部 10 万字的小说，再要求编剧改编，这将成为他们降低编剧薪酬的漏洞。我们不会允许这种情况发生。” 句式结构解析 该句为 “插入语 + 条件状语从句 + 直接引语” 复合结构，包含假设逻辑、并列动作和引语嵌套，是 “情景举例 + 观点表达” 的典型复杂句式： 1.插入语（举例标记）：For instance（位于句首，表 “举例说明”，衔接前文提到的 “AI 使用漏洞”，引出具体场景）； 2.条件状语从句（假设场景）：if the studios were allowed to use...and then ask...（“if” 引导虚拟条件句，表 “假设的情况”；从句谓语为 “were allowed to”（被动语态），后接两个并列不定式 “to generate...and then ask...”，说明 “制片厂被允许做的两个动作”—— 生成小说、要求改编；“it” 指代 “a 100,000-word novel”）； 3.主句（引语承载）：he said（主谓结构，承载后续两个直接引语，是 “观点输出” 的核心框架）； 4.直接引语（观点内容）： 第一处引语：That would be a loophole for them to reduce the wages of screenwriters（主系表结构，“that” 指代前文 “AI 生成小说再让编剧改编” 的情况；“for them to reduce...” 为不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 “loophole”，明确 “漏洞的作用是降低薪酬”）； 第二处引语：We’re not allowing that（主谓宾结构，“that” 复指前文的 “loophole 情况”，表 “否定态度”，与前一句引语形成 “指出问题 + 明确立场” 的逻辑衔接）。 例 3：2026 年松江区一模（C 篇：AI 的能耗与环保价值） 原文 The IEA notes that arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks, making them better matched to renewable power. 中文翻译 国际能源署指出，安排在不同时段在各数据中心之间转移工作量，可减轻压力并助力平衡能源网络，从而使其更适配可再生能源。 句式结构解析 该句为 “主句 + 宾语从句 + 结果状语” 结构，宾语从句内部包含 “动名词作主语 + 并列谓语”，结尾叠加现在分词作结果，逻辑链（观点 + 具体措施 + 效果）完整且复杂： 1.核心主句：The IEA notes that...（主谓宾结构，“notes” 为谓语动词，“that” 引导的宾语从句作 “notes” 的宾语，表 “国际能源署提出的观点”）； 2.宾语从句（观点核心）：arranging to shift...could reduce...and help balance...（从句为主谓宾结构，需重点拆解： 主语：arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times（动名词短语作主语，“arranging to do” 表 “安排做某事”；“among data centers” 和 “at different times” 为两个介词短语作状语，分别限定 “转移工作量的范围” 和 “时间”）； 并列谓语：could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks（“reduce” 和 “help balance” 为并列谓语，表 “转移工作量带来的两个效果”—— 减轻压力、平衡能源网络；“help balance” 中 “help” 后接动词原形，为固定用法）； 3.现在分词作结果状语：making them better matched to renewable power（“making” 为现在分词，表 “前文措施自然带来的结果”；“them” 指代前文的 “energy networks”；“better matched to...” 为 “make + 宾语 + 宾语补足语” 结构，“matched” 为过去分词，表 “能源网络与可再生能源的适配状态”）。 01长难句结构分析 1. To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Science can't explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theatre, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 4. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons –a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 5. This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________ 翻译： __________________________________________________________________________ 02长难句在阅读理解中运用 【例1】What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？ A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful. C. Respectful. D. Supportive. 【例2】What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？ A. They were unsure of themselves. B. They were eager to raise more children. C. They wanted to live away from their parents. D. They had little respect for their grandparents. 【例3】What made the authors getting up early worthwhile？ A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air. C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmers market. 【例4】What was the author going to do that evening？ A. Go to a farm. B. Check into a hotel. C. Eat in a restaurant. D. Buy fresh vegetables. 【例5】 In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons_______. A. were the biggest bird in the world B. lived mainly in the south of America C. did great harm to the natural environment D. were the largest bird population in the US 【例6】 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of tough trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular goodness in doing things the way they have always been done.” Wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?” The creative approach begins with the proposal that nothing be as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are sure to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 43. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph? A. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. B. A person who has had no education. C. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. D. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. 44. According to the author, what differs innovators from non-innovators? A. The way they present their findings. B. The way they deal with problems. C. The intelligence they possess. D. The variety of ideas they have. 45. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________. A. unwilling to follow common ways of doing things B. diligent in pursuing their goals C. concerned about the advance of society D. devoted to the progress of science 46. The most suitable title for this passage might be ________. A. The Relation Between Creation and Diligence B. To Be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human Creativity C. What Are So Special about Creative Individuals D. Discoveries and Innovation 重点长难句： 1."Discoveries in science and technology are thought by 'untaught minds' to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents." 2."The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity." 3."Despite facing numerous challenges and encountering setbacks along the way, the team of scientists persisted in their research, driven by their unwavering commitment to unravel the mysteries of the universe and make groundbreaking discoveries that would revolutionize our understanding of the cosmos." Passage 1（【来源】上海市敬业中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题） Have you ever met someone who looks almost exactly like you? Scientists call such people doppelgängers, or “twin strangers.” Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related. In fact, the chances are higher than you might think that someone out there looks remarkably like you. A geneticist in Spain, Manel Esteller, decided to study this mystery. He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings. Using advanced facial algorithms (算法) — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. When they compared their genomes (基因组), they discovered that these unrelated people actually shared distinct parts of their genetic makeup. Certain genes linked to facial structure and skin color turned out to influence how their faces looked. Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. Other scientists became interested in whether doppelgängers might also share personalities. Psychologist Nancy Segal from California studied Brunelle’s lookalikes and gave them personality questionnaires. She compared their results with those of twins, including twins raised apart. Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside. Still, people are fascinated by their “living reflections.” Some online platforms now allow users to find their own lookalikes from anywhere in the world. Yet Segal warns that many will be disappointed: looking like someone doesn’t mean you’ll be anything alike. Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “It tells us something about human nature,” Segal says. “We all long for similarity. That’s why even children often invent imaginary friends who are just like them.” 1．What can we learn about doppelgängers from the passage? A．They show both appearance and personality similarities. B．Their physical similarities may result from shared genes. C．They are more common among people from the same area. D．Their similarities are mainly caused by lifestyle and habits. 2．How did Esteller’s team carry out their study? A．They took new photos for Brunelle’s project. B．They studied Brunelle’s photos for face shapes. C．They interviewed the lookalikes about their lives. D．They compared DNA from Brunelle’s lookalike pairs. 3．By “they don’t determine who we are inside”, they writer means that ________. A．personality is not shaped by our genes B．people with similar genes may think alike C．appearance reflects a person’s inner world D．genes decide both our looks and our thoughts 4．Why are we interested in finding “living reflections”? A．We take delight in comparing different faces. B．We are naturally drawn to people like ourselves. C．We hope to meet someone with the same personality. D．We want to find out why kids invent imaginary friends. 长难句 1 原文：He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. 中文翻译：他研究了加拿大摄影师弗朗索瓦・布鲁内尔长期开展的 “我不是替身！” 项目中那些长相酷似者的基因相似性 —— 该项目自 1999 年以来，一直在拍摄那些没有血缘关系却长相相似的人。 句式结构解析： 主句核心结构为 “主谓宾”：He（主语）+ examined（谓语）+ the genetic similarities（宾语）； “among the lookalikes” 作后置定语，限定 “相似性” 的范围，说明是 “长相酷似者之间的” 相似性； “featured in...project” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “lookalikes”，表示 “被纳入该项目的” 长相酷似者； “I’m Not a Look-Alike!” 是同位语，直接补充说明 “project” 的具体名称； 非限制性定语从句 “which has photographed...since 1999” 修饰先行词 “project”，从句中 “which” 作主语，“has photographed” 用现在完成时体现项目从 1999 年持续至今的动作，“unrelated but similar-looking” 是并列形容词短语修饰 “people”。 长难句 2 原文：Using advanced facial algorithms — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. 中文翻译：借助先进的面部识别算法 —— 与警方和机场使用的算法类型相同 —— 埃斯特勒的研究团队筛选出了那些相似度堪比真正双胞胎的长相酷似者组合。 句式结构解析： 开头 “Using advanced facial algorithms” 是现在分词短语作方式状语，说明研究团队筛选对象的手段； 破折号之间的 “the same type used by police and airports” 是插入语，补充说明 “algorithms” 的属性，其中 “used by police and airports” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the same type”； 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：Esteller’s research team（主语）+ selected（谓语）+ the pairs（宾语）； 定语从句 “that were almost as identical as real twins” 修饰 “the pairs”，“that” 在从句中作主语，“as...as...” 结构表示 “和…… 一样”，体现筛选出的组合与真正双胞胎的相似度。 长难句 3 原文：Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. 中文翻译：尽管他们体内的微生物群和人生经历大相径庭，但他们的外貌却由相似的 DNA 模式所塑造。 句式结构解析： “Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管存在某种情况”，“internal bacteria and life histories” 是并列名词短语，作 “having” 的宾语； 主句为被动语态的 “主谓” 结构：their appearance（主语）+ was shaped（谓语）+ by similar DNA patterns（状语），“by” 引出动作的执行者 “similar DNA patterns”，说明外貌是由该因素塑造的。 Passage 2（【来源】上海市卢湾高级中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试卷） Scientists have discovered what they believe to be a massive underground reservoir of ancient water ice buried beneath the equator of Mars. Layers of frozen water, some more than two miles thick, are thought to lie within the 3,100-mile long Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF), one of Mars’s most geologically intriguing features. Studies of the area first hinted at the presence of mysterious underground deposits in 2007 but their composition was unclear. Now, more than 15 years later, data gathered by the European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter appears to confirm that it is frozen water — the largest deposit yet found at the Martian equator. “We’ve explored the MFF again using newer data from Mars Express’s Marsis [Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding instrument, and we found the deposits to be even thicker than we thought,” said Thomas Watters, a senior scientist at the Smithsonian Institution’s Center. “Excitingly, the radar signals match what we expect to see from layered ice and are similar to signals we see from Mars’s polar caps, which we know to be very ice-rich.” Were it liquid, the water would be enough to cover all of Mars in an ocean some 9ft deep. The finding is significant to research into how and why, over billions of years, the planet changed from a once warm, lush waterworld into a frigid desert. Understanding the history of water on Mars will also help to guide studies into the possibility of whether microbial life existed in the once abundant lakes and oceans. It was unclear, until now, whether the vast deposits detected below the surface of the MFF — a once volcanically active region may simply have been ash and dust. However, the new observations by Marsis found the density was too low for that to be the case. “Given how deep it is, if the MFF was simply a giant pile of dust we’d expect it to become compacted under its own weight. This would create something far denser than what we actually see with Marsis,” Andrea Cicchetti, of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics, said. The latest finding has implications for the future exploration of Mars. Human missions will be reliant on having water sources in situ both for life support and, once the molecules’ hydrogen and oxygen atoms are separated, for manufacturing rocket fuel. Putting MFF’s water to use is not likely in the short term, however. “Unfortunately these MFF deposits are covered by hundreds of meters of dust, making them inaccessible for at least the next few decades,” Wilson said. 5．What did the 2007 studies find according to the passage? A．Two-mile-thick frozen water was supposed to exist within Mars’s polar caps. B．Scientists recognized Medusae Fossae Formation as one of Mars’s most mysterious features. C．A massive underground reservoir of ancient water ice buried beneath the equator of Mars. D．There were unclear underground deposits at the Martian equator. 6．What can we learn from Thomas Watters’ comment in Paragraph Three? A．Radar signals from Mars Express’s Marsis are strong enough to see through the deposits. B．The deposits below the surface of the MFF were thicker than those from Mars’s polar caps. C．The radar signals from the MFF and those from Mars’s polar caps looked alike. D．Layered ice is common to detect in Mars’s polar cap. 7．What does Paragraph Five mainly talk about? A．the advanced instruments applied in research. B．the future plan about the Mars exploration. C．the further implication about the research. D．another assumption about the huge deposits under the MFF. 8．What’s the best title of the passage? A．The future exploration of Mars is undermined with resource deprivation. B．Abundant water exists beneath the equator of Mars. C．Human missions on Mars should be delayed at present. D．How to make water available on Mars? 长难句 1 原文：Layers of frozen water, some more than two miles thick, are thought to lie within the 3,100-mile long Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF), one of Mars’s most geologically intriguing features. 中文翻译：一些厚度超过两英里的冰层，被认为存在于长达 3100 英里的美杜莎槽沟层（MFF）中 —— 这是火星上在地质方面最令人着迷的地貌特征之一。 句式结构解析： 主句核心为 “主系表” 结构的被动形式：Layers of frozen water（主语）+ are thought（系表结构，表 “被认为”）+ to lie within...（不定式短语作真正宾语）； “some more than two miles thick” 是插入语，属于 “代词 + 形容词短语” 构成的独立主格结构，补充说明 “Layers of frozen water” 的厚度； “one of Mars’s most geologically intriguing features” 是同位语，修饰 “Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF)”，“geologically” 是副词，修饰形容词 “intriguing”，说明 “令人着迷” 的领域是 “地质方面”。 长难句 2 原文：The finding is significant to research into how and why, over billions of years, the planet changed from a once warm, lush waterworld into a frigid desert. 中文翻译：这一发现对于研究火星在数十亿年间如何、以及为何从一个曾经温暖湿润、生机盎然的水世界演变成一片冰封沙漠，具有重要意义。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主系表” 结构：The finding（主语）+ is（系动词）+ significant（表语）+ to research（状语，表 “对某事有意义”）； “into how and why...a frigid desert” 作后置定语，修饰 “research”，说明研究的具体内容； “over billions of years” 是插入语，补充说明时间范围，分隔 “how and why” 与后面的宾语从句； 宾语从句 “how and why the planet changed...into a frigid desert” 作 “into” 的宾语，从句中 “change from...into...” 是固定结构，表 “从…… 转变为……”，“warm, lush” 是并列形容词，修饰 “waterworld”，描述其曾经的状态。 长难句 3 原文：Human missions will be reliant on having water sources in situ both for life support and, once the molecules’ hydrogen and oxygen atoms are separated, for manufacturing rocket fuel. 中文翻译：人类的火星任务将依赖于就地获取水源 —— 这些水源一方面用于生命维持，另一方面，一旦水分子中的氢原子和氧原子被分离，还可用于制造火箭燃料。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主系表” 结构：Human missions（主语）+ will be（系动词）+ reliant（表语）+ on having water sources in situ（状语，“be reliant on” 表 “依赖……”，“having water sources in situ” 作介词 “on” 的宾语）； “both for life support and...for manufacturing rocket fuel” 是并列的介词短语作目的状语，表 “水源的两个用途”； “once the molecules’ hydrogen and oxygen atoms are separated” 是插入语，作条件状语从句，“once” 表 “一旦”，从句用被动语态，说明 “制造火箭燃料” 的前提条件。 Passage 3（【来源】上海市上进才中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题） Children who don’t read proficiently (熟练地) by the end of the third grade are far more likely to be left behind in many ways. The first thing to know about early literacy is that it is critically important; the next is that it connects to a whole lot of other conditions and challenges. But the best thing to know is that there are solutions to the problem of poor reading skills and some smart people working toward them. They could use your help. “It’s more than an education issue, more than a reading issue,” says Arianne Weldon, director of the Get Georgia Reading Campaign, a nonprofit organization founded in 2013. “Getting more kids to read takes more than good schools, more than great teachers, more than loving families. It really does take all of us working together.” Only 42 percent of Georgia public school children are now reading proficiently by the end of the third grade, according to 2019 Georgia Department of Education (DOE) figures — not a great number, but an improvement over the 37 percent recorded in 2015 and lower scores prior to that. Weldon says children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school and, further, that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity. “By the end of the third grade,” says Mindy Binderman, executive director of Georgia Early Education Alliance for Ready Students, a nonprofit organization concerned with early learning, “if children are not reading at grade level, they are less likely to be successful in school, less likely to graduate on time, and more likely to engage in risky behavior. The third-grade reading marker is such an important indicator of all that comes later and, frankly, all that came before.” A key national study released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 2010 highlighted the reading problem, especially among students from low- income families; the following research has strengthened the relationship between poverty and both reading ability and failure to graduate from high school. Clearly, poverty plays a key role in children’s reading proficiency, influencing the schools they attend and the community resources they can make use of. Parents’ education level, especially mothers’, is a factor as well. “Maternal education and maternal literacy are a huge predictor of child literacy and educational outcomes,” says Dana Rickman, vice president of the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education, established to promote and support education. “We’ve got a pretty high adult illiteracy rate in Georgia that a lot of people don’t like talking about.” Improving adult literacy eventually impacts children’s reading ability. 9．According to the passage, early literacy is important mainly because it________. A．indicates how well a child’s brain has been developing B．explains the reasons why a child drops out of high school C．tells whether a child may become successful as an adult D．reports the average educational level of a certain region 10．According to Arianne Weldon, what is the most possible consequence of poor reading skills? A．Entering schools with fewer resources. B．Suffering from serious mental disorders. C．Earning less than they otherwise would. D．Causing more risks in future life. 11．From what Dana Rickman says, we can infer that________. A．parents can predict their children’s early literacy based on their resources B．exposing children to reading tasks at an earlier age is part of family support C．illiteracy rate can be greatly reduced by upgrading children’s communities D．improving mothers’ education is useful for bettering children’s reading ability 12．If this passage has several remaining paragraphs, which of the following is the most probable topic they will cover? A．Why third grade is seen by experts as a critical period. B．How the government may improve parents’ education level. C．Why adult illiteracy rate is higher in Georgia than in other places. D．How poverty may influence a child’s future academic development. 长难句 1 原文：A key national study released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 2010 highlighted the reading problem, especially among students from low-income families; the following research has strengthened the relationship between poverty and both reading ability and failure to graduate from high school. 中文翻译：安妮・E・凯西基金会于 2010 年发布的一项重要全国性研究，凸显了这一阅读问题 —— 尤其是在低收入家庭的学生中；后续的研究则进一步证实了贫困与阅读能力不足、高中毕业率低下之间的关联。 句式结构解析： 分句 1 为 “主谓宾” 结构：A key national study（主语）+ highlighted（谓语）+ the reading problem（宾语）； “released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 2010” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “study”，说明研究的发布机构和时间； “especially among students from low-income families” 是状语，补充说明 “reading problem” 在 “低收入家庭学生” 中更为突出； 分句 2 为 “主谓宾” 结构：the following research（主语）+ has strengthened（谓语，现在完成时表动作结果）+ the relationship（宾语）； “between poverty and both reading ability and failure to graduate from high school” 作后置定语，修饰 “relationship”，“both...and...” 连接两个并列名词短语，说明贫困与 “阅读能力不足” 和 “高中毕业率低下” 这两个现象的关联。 长难句 2 原文：Weldon says children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school and, further, that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity. 中文翻译：韦尔登表示，未能达到这一熟练水平的孩子，高中辍学的概率是其他孩子的四倍；此外，每个未能完成高中学业的学生，估计会造成 26 万美元的收入损失和生产力下降。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主谓” 结构：Weldon（主语）+ says（谓语），后接两个并列的宾语从句； 宾语从句 1：children not in that proficiency group are four times more likely to drop out of high school； 主语 “children” 后接后置定语 “not in that proficiency group”，限定 “未达到熟练水平的孩子”； 核心结构 “be more likely to do” 表 “更可能做某事”，“four times” 修饰程度，表 “四倍概率”； 宾语从句 2：that every student who doesn’t finish represents an estimated $260,000 in lost earnings and productivity； “that” 不可省略，与前一个宾语从句并列； “who doesn’t finish” 是定语从句，修饰 “student”，“doesn’t finish” 后省略宾语 “high school”； “in lost earnings and productivity” 是状语，说明 “26 万美元损失” 的具体类型。 长难句 3 原文：“Maternal education and maternal literacy are a huge predictor of child literacy and educational outcomes,” says Dana Rickman, vice president of the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education, established to promote and support education. 中文翻译：“母亲的教育水平和读写能力，是预测孩子读写能力及教育成果的重要指标，” 佐治亚州卓越教育合作组织副总裁达娜・里克曼表示 —— 该组织成立的宗旨是促进和支持教育事业的发展。 句式结构解析： 直接引语部分为主句，“主系表” 结构：Maternal education and maternal literacy（主语，并列名词短语）+ are（系动词）+ a huge predictor（表语）； “of child literacy and educational outcomes” 作后置定语，修饰 “predictor”，说明预测的对象是 “孩子的读写能力和教育成果”； 主句主体：says Dana Rickman，为 “主谓倒装” 结构，因直接引语前置； “vice president of the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education” 是同位语，补充说明 Dana Rickman 的身份； “established to promote and support education” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the Georgia Partnership for Excellence in Education”，说明该组织的成立目的。 Passage 4（【来源】上海市位育中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 ） Live concerts are becoming a vital part of youth culture in China. In 2024 alone, large-scale shows generated over 26 billion yuan from ticket sales, with nearly 30 million fans filling arenas. But what exactly makes these events so appealing? I think it’s the unique, multi-sensory experience that digital performances or your playlists just can’t provide. A live gig’s immersive atmosphere — the shared physical presence, vibrant visuals, and raw energy of the crowd — easily outshines digital experiences. I will never forget my first concert on a warm spring evening. The moment my friends and I stepped into the arena, I felt the air buzzing with excitement. Thousands of people were waiting expectantly, many wearing T-shirts with the singer’s name and holding glowing light sticks. Everyone was smiling, chatting and ready for something amazing. When the lights went out, the crowd roared. A single spotlight lit up the stage, and then — boom — the music started. The sound was so powerful that it seemed to pass right through me. Every note was remarkably clear, and the bass made my heart pound. Then the singer’s voice came through, dynamic and transporting, far better than I could ever have imagined. Every line was filled with emotion, as if it were telling my very own story. What struck me most profoundly, though, was the connection between that vast crowd of strangers. Apart from my friends, I didn’t know the people standing on either side of me, but we sang the same lyrics, moved to the same beat, and waved our arms in unison. At that moment, it didn’t matter who we were or where we came from; we were all part of one big family. Then the stage quieted and so did we. As a slow song began, I looked around and saw thousands of glowing lights, the audience swaying together and singing softly. It felt simply magical. I thought about how, in our busy lives, we rarely stop to share moments like these and how much we should. On the journey home, my voice was hoarse from singing and my legs tired from dancing, yet my heart was full and content. That night gave me more than just music; it gifted me a cherished memory that would stay with me forever. The same holds true for countless young fans, because concerts are not merely events; they are significant milestones on a personal journey. This is why live concerts have gained in popularity across China: They create shared experiences that bring people together and make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive. 13．What is the primary reason the author proposes for the growing popularity of live concerts in China? A．The superior sound quality compared to digital music. B．The opportunity to see famous singers in person. C．The creation of shared emotional experiences that unite people. D．The extensive marketing and advertising campaigns for concerts. 14．Beyond the music itself, what did the author suggest was the most significant personal gain from the concert experience? A．A cherished and lasting personal memory. B．Improved understanding of stage production. C．A collection of photos and videos to share online. D．Stronger personal friendships with companions. 15．Based on the author’s experience, what can be inferred about the psychological need that live concerts fulfill for young people? A．The need to escape from busy daily routines and experience emotional release. B．The desire to collect merchandise and show support for favorite artists. C．The practical need to learn about new music trends. D．The financial motivation to invest in valuable concert memories. 16．How would the author likely characterize the social function of live concerts in modern Chinese society? A．As commercial events that primarily benefit the music industry. B．As temporary communities where strangers become connected through shared emotion. C．As competitive spaces where fans demonstrate their loyalty to artists. D．As educational opportunities to learn about musical techniques. 长难句 1 原文：A live gig’s immersive atmosphere — the shared physical presence, vibrant visuals, and raw energy of the crowd — easily outshines digital experiences. 中文翻译：现场演出所营造的沉浸式氛围 —— 那种人与人之间真实的共处感、鲜活生动的视觉效果以及人群中迸发的原始能量 —— 远比数字体验更具感染力。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：A live gig’s immersive atmosphere（主语）+ outshines（谓语）+ digital experiences（宾语）； 破折号之间的 “the shared physical presence, vibrant visuals, and raw energy of the crowd” 是插入语，由三个并列名词短语构成，补充解释 “immersive atmosphere” 的具体构成要素； 修饰成分：“shared” 修饰 “physical presence”，“vibrant” 修饰 “visuals”，“raw” 修饰 “energy”，均为形容词作前置定语；“of the crowd” 修饰 “energy”，表 “人群的能量”。 长难句 2 原文：Apart from my friends, I didn’t know the people standing on either side of me, but we sang the same lyrics, moved to the same beat, and waved our arms in unison. 中文翻译：除了我的朋友，我并不认识站在我身旁的其他人，但我们唱着相同的歌词，跟着相同的节拍律动，整齐划一地挥舞着手臂。 句式结构解析： “Apart from my friends” 是介词短语作状语，表 “排除朋友之外的情况”； 分句 1 为 “主谓宾” 结构：I（主语）+ didn’t know（谓语）+ the people（宾语）； “standing on either side of me” 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the people”，表 “正站在我身旁的人”； 分句 2 由 “but” 引导，表转折，为 “主谓宾 / 主谓” 结构：we（主语）+ 三个并列谓语动词（sang、moved、waved），分别对应 “唱歌词”“跟节拍”“挥手臂” 三个连贯动作；“in unison” 是状语，修饰 “waved our arms”，表 “整齐划一” 的动作状态。 长难句 3 原文：This is why live concerts have gained in popularity across China: They create shared experiences that bring people together and make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive. 中文翻译：这就是现场演唱会在中国风靡的原因：它们创造了一种共同的体验 —— 这种体验让人们凝聚在一起，让生活变得更加丰富、更加明媚、更具生命力。 句式结构解析： 主句为 “主系表” 结构：This（主语）+ is（系动词）+ why live concerts have gained in popularity across China（表语从句，“why” 引导，表 “…… 的原因”）； 表语从句中，“live concerts”（主语）+ “have gained in popularity”（谓语，“gained in popularity” 表 “变得流行”）+ “across China”（状语，表范围）； 冒号后内容为同位语，补充解释 “风靡的具体原因”： 主句：They（指代 live concerts）+ create（谓语）+ shared experiences（宾语）； 定语从句 “that bring people together and make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive” 修饰 “shared experiences”，“that” 在从句中作主语，后接两个并列谓语 “bring” 和 “make”； “make life feel richer, brighter, and more alive” 中，“richer, brighter, and more alive” 是形容词比较级并列，作宾语补足语，补充说明 “life” 的感受。 Passage 5（【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题） Sarcasm (讽刺) and jazz have something surprisingly in common: You know them when you hear them. Sarcasm is mostly understood through tone of voice, which is used to portray the opposite of the literal words. For example, when someone says, “Well, that’s exactly what I need right now,” their tone can tell you it’s not what they need at all. Most frequently, sarcasm highlights an irritation or is, quite simply, mean. If you want to be happier and improve your relationships, cut out sarcasm. Why? Because sarcasm is actually hostility disguised as humor. Despite smiling outwardly, many people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and often think the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible (可鄙的). Indeed, it’s not surprising that the origin of the word sarcasm derives from the Greek word “sarkazein” which literally means “to tear or strip the flesh off.” Hence, it’s no wonder that sarcasm is often used after the word “cutting” and that it hurts. What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity. After all, when you come right down to it, sarcasm can be used as a subtle form of bullying—and most bullies are angry, insecure, or cowardly. Alternatively, when a person stops voicing negative comments, especially sarcastic ones, they may soon start to feel happier and more self-confident. Also, other people in their life benefit even more because they no longer have to hear the emotionally hurtful language of sarcasm. Now, I’m not saying all sarcasm is bad. It may just be better used sparingly—like a powerful spice in cooking. Too much of the spice, and the dish will be overwhelmed by it. Similarly, an occasional dash of sarcastic wit can spice up a chat and add an element of humor to it. But a big or steady serving of sarcasm will overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation and can taste very bitter to its recipient. So, tone down the sarcasm and work on clever wit instead, which is usually without any hostility and thus more appreciated by those you’re communicating with. In essence, sarcasm is easy while true, harmless wit takes talent. Thus, the main difference between wit and sarcasm is that, as already stated, sarcasm is often hostility disguised as humor. It can be intended to hurt and is often bitter and biting. Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule. Sarcastic statements are expressed in a cutting manner; witty remarks are delivered with undisguised and harmless humor. 17．Why does the author say sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common? A．Both are recognized when heard. B．Both have exactly the same tone. C．Both mean the opposite of what they appear to. D．Both have hidden in them an evident irritation. 18．What happens when a person consistently acts sarcastically? A．They feel their dignity greatly heightened. B．They feel increasingly insecure and hostile. C．They endure hostility under the disguise of humor. D．They taste bitterness even in pleasant interactions. 19．What does the author say about people quitting sarcastic comments? A．It makes others happier and more self-confident. B．It restrains them from being irritating and bullying. C．It benefits not only themselves but also those around them. D．It shields them from negative comments and outright hostility. 20．What is the chief difference between a speaker’s wit and sarcasm? A．Their intention. B．Their appreciation. C．Their emphasis. D．Their clarity. 长难句 1 原文：Despite smiling outwardly, many people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and often think the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible. 中文翻译：尽管表面上笑容满面，但许多收到讽刺性评论的人都会感到被贬低，并且常常认为说讽刺话的人既粗鲁又可鄙。 句式结构解析： “Despite smiling outwardly” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管表面上有笑容”； 主句为 “主谓宾 / 主谓补” 结构：many people（主语）+ feel（谓语 1）+ put down（宾语补足语，表 “被贬低”）+ and（并列连词）+ often think（谓语 2）； “who receive sarcastic comments” 是定语从句，修饰 “many people”，“who” 在从句中作主语； “the sarcastic person is rude, or contemptible” 是宾语从句，作 “think” 的宾语，从句中 “rude” 和 “contemptible” 是并列形容词，作表语。 长难句 2 原文：What’s more, since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings, when a person consistently acts sarcastically it may only serve to heighten their underlying hostility and insecurity. 中文翻译：此外，由于行为会极大地影响思想和情感，因此当一个人持续以讽刺的方式行事时，这只会加剧他们内心深处的敌意和不安感。 句式结构解析： “What’s more” 是插入语，表 “递进关系”，意为 “此外”； “since actions strongly determine thoughts and feelings” 是原因状语从句，“since” 表 “因为”，从句为 “主谓宾” 结构，说明后续结论的原因； “when a person consistently acts sarcastically” 是时间状语从句，“when” 表 “当…… 时”，从句为 “主谓” 结构，描述动作发生的时间背景； 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：it（指代 “持续讽刺行为”）+ may only serve to heighten（谓语，“serve to do” 表 “起到…… 作用”）+ their underlying hostility and insecurity（宾语，并列名词短语）。 长难句 3 原文：Witty statements are usually in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors, and the intent is to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule. 中文翻译：机智的言论通常是对他人无益的言论或行为的回应，其目的是通过强调问题的荒谬之处，来理清并阐明问题的本质。 句式结构解析： 分句 1 为 “主系表” 结构：Witty statements（主语）+ are usually（系动词）+ in response to someone’s unhelpful remarks or behaviors（表语，“in response to” 表 “对…… 的回应”）； “unhelpful” 是形容词，修饰 “remarks or behaviors”，表 “无益的”； 分句 2 为 “主系表” 结构：the intent（主语）+ is（系动词）+ to untangle and clarify the issue by emphasizing its ridicule（表语，不定式短语表 “目的”）； “untangle and clarify” 是并列谓语动词，表 “理清并阐明”； “by emphasizing its ridicule” 是方式状语，表 “通过强调问题的荒谬之处”，“its” 指代前文的 “the issue”。 （2023年1月上海春季高考） To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 1 / 25 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $