专题03 完形填空 （上海专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题03 完形填空 编者按：2026年上海十六区高三一模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2026年静安区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. It’s long been thought that the earlier you learn new skills, the easier they are to ____21____. That’s part of the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be ____22____ to a second language. But whether that holds true has been heavily debated in the scientific community. Unfortunately, the idea has helped increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new languages, preventing the ____23____ of many potential polyglots (通晓多种语言者). As a constantly ____24____ and complex organ, the human brain retains significant potential for higher learning after puberty. Adults and children simply absorb and learn things differently. “Research shows that adults are better learners in many areas because we have a lot of ____25____ and we’re very attentive when we want to learn something,” says Lourdes Ortega, a professor of linguistics at Georgetown University. “For most, it can take years to reach ____26____ in a foreign language.” According to The Foreign Service Institute (FSI), factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience, and the consistency of their lessons ____27____ the language learning process. The FSI also reports that languages more ____28____ to their own, like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks. ____29____ languages with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks. These estimates reflect a strict study model, involving several dedicated hours of practice spread across multiple days per week. It is ____30____ to expect any individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone. “No one can learn, as an adult, a new language unless they love it and unless they make it part of their life,” says Ortega. “In theory, it’s a great thing, but you need to have reasons for it and the time to invest in it.” At the same time, while adults benefit from motivation and ____31____ efforts, children approach learning differently, and both age groups have unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to ____32____ new connections. Children tend to learn new languages more ____33____, may have more opportunities to play and experiment with new languages, and may be forced to adapt without the aid of translation apps or other resources. Adults, meanwhile, can employ customized ____34____ to improve their language learning experience. ____35____, they create their own memorization systems or visualization techniques. Still, scientists are discovering that cognitive processes across different ages are far more complex than previously thought, suggesting that learning potential remains significant well beyond early childhood. 21. A. set off B. hold out C. pick up D. make for 22. A. accustomed B. exposed C. instructed D. imposed 23. A. emergence B. supervision C. guidance D. absence 24. A. restoring B. evolving C. adopting D. inferring 25. A. self-doubt B. self-esteem C. self-criticism D. self-regulation 26. A. mastery B. agreement C. coverage D. dimension 27. A. hint B. integrate C. affect D. speed 28. A. unique B. similar C. respective D. resistant 29. A. In essence B. By contrast C. In addition D. To some extent 30. A. invaluable B. conventional C. unrealistic D. distinctive 31. A. deliberate B. random C. joint D. ideal 32. A. masking B. grasping C. narrowing D. reforming 33. A. instinctively B. consciously C. mutually D. duly 34. A. formats B. gestures C. attainments D. strategies 35. A. As a whole B. For instance C. In conclusion D. By the way 【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出早期学习语言的优势被过度强调，而成人学习语言也有其独特优势，受多种因素影响，不同年龄层学习语言各有特点，且认知过程复杂。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：长期以来，人们一直认为，学习新技能越早，就越容易掌握。A. set off出发；B. hold out坚持；C. pick up(不费力地)获得，学会；D. make for走向，导致。根据后文“That’s part of the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be 2 to a second language.”可知，人们认为儿童时期是学习第二语言的最佳时期，而前文为这一观点提供了理论支撑，即学习新技能越早，就越容易掌握。故选C项。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这也是为什么儿童时期曾被认为是接触第二语言的最佳时期的部分原因。A. accustomed使习惯于；B. exposed使接触；C. instructed指导；D. imposed强加。根据后文“to a second language”以及常识可知，儿童时期是接触第二语言的最佳时期。故选B项。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，这种想法增加了人们对年龄较大的人快速适应新语言能力的怀疑，阻碍了许多潜在的多语言者的出现。A. emergence出现；B. supervision监督；C. guidance指导；D. absence缺席。根据前文“increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new languages”可推知，这种想法让人们怀疑年龄较大的人适应新语言的能力，会让成年人对新语言学习望而却步，阻碍了潜在的多语言者的出现。故选A项。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为不断进化的、复杂的器官，人类大脑在青春期后仍保留着进行高等学习的巨大潜力。A. restoring恢复；B. evolving进化，发展；C. adopting采用；D. inferring推断。根据常识和后文“and complex organ, the human brain”可知，人类大脑是不断进化、复杂的器官。故选B项。 【25题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：乔治敦大学语言学教授Lourdes Ortega说：“研究表明，成年人在许多领域都是更好的学习者，因为我们具备更强的自我调节能力，而且当我们想学习某样东西时，我们会非常专注。”A. self-doubt自我怀疑；B. self-esteem自尊；C. self-criticism自我批评；D. self-regulation自我调节。根据后文“we’re very attentive when we want to learn something”可知，成年人想学习时会非常专注，说明有更强的自我调节能力。故选D项。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：对大多数人来说，要达到一门外语的精通程度可能需要数年时间。A. mastery精通，掌握；B. agreement协议；C. coverage覆盖范围；D. dimension方面。根据常识和前文“take years”可推知，需要数年时间才能达到对一门外语的精通程度。故选A项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：据美国外交服务学院(FSI)称，一个人的天赋、他们以前的语言经验以及课程的连贯性等因素都会影响语言学习进程。A. hint暗示；B. integrate整合；C. affect影响；D. speed加速。根据前文“factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience, and the consistency of their lessons”和常识可知，一个人的天赋、语言经验和课程的连贯性都是影响语言学习进程的因素。故选C项。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：FSI还报告说，与自己语言更相似的语言，如西班牙语或法语，可以相对较快地学会——通常在24-30周左右。A. unique独特的；B. similar相似的；C. respective各自的；D. resistant抵抗的。根据后文“to their own, like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly”和“with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks.”可知，如果所学语言，比如西班牙语或法语，与英语相似，学起来会更快。故选B项。 【29题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，与英语有显著文化差异的语言，如希腊语或俄语，通常需要大约44周的时间。A. In essence本质上；B. By contrast相比之下；C. In addition此外；D. To some extent在某种程度上。前文“like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks.”与后文“languages with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks”把两种情况进行了对比。故选B项。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：期望任何个人单独遵循如此苛刻的时间表是不现实的。A. invaluable无价的；B. conventional传统的；C. unrealistic不现实的；D. distinctive独特的。根据后文“expect any individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone”和常识可知，让任何个人单独遵循苛刻的时间表是不现实的。故选C项。 【31题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，尽管成年人受益于学习动机和刻意练习，儿童的学习方式却截然不同——在掌握新知识关联时，两个年龄群体各自具备独特的优势与短板。A. deliberate故意的，刻意的；B. random随机的；C. joint联合的；D. ideal理想的。根据前文“we’re very attentive when we want to learn something”和“adults benefit from motivation”可知，成年人有学习动机，会非常专注和刻意地努力，并从中受益。故选A项。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，尽管成年人受益于学习动机和刻意练习，儿童的学习方式却截然不同——在掌握新知识关联时，两个年龄群体各自具备独特的优势与短板。A. masking掩盖；B. grasping掌握；C. narrowing变窄；D. reforming改革。根据前文“approach learning differently”可知，句中讨论了学习的方式，结合常识，学习需要掌握新知识的关联。故选B项。 【33题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：孩子们倾向于本能地学习新语言，可能有更多机会玩和尝试新语言，并且可能在没有翻译应用程序或其他资源帮助的情况下被迫适应。A. instinctively本能地；B. consciously有意识地；C. mutually相互地；D. duly适当地。根据后文“may have more opportunities to play and experiment with new languages”可知，孩子们有更多机会玩和尝试新语言，不需要明确的学习动机和刻意的练习，倾向于本能地学习新语言。故选A项。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，成年人可以采用定制的策略来改善他们的语言学习体验。A. formats格式；B. gestures手势；C. attainments成就；D. strategies策略。根据后文“to improve their language learning experience”可推知，成年人改善语言学习体验需要策略。故选D项。 【35题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，他们创建自己的记忆系统或可视化技术。A. As a whole整体上；B. For instance例如；C. In conclusion总之；D. By the way顺便说一下。根据后文“they create their own memorization systems or visualization techniques”可知，此处是在举例说明成年人可以采用的策略。故选B项。 （二） （2026年虹口区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The word ‘habits’ gets thrown around a lot.Your doctor encourages you to get into the ‘good habit’ of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day; your friend ____21____ their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed; maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel ____22____,. But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is ____23____ a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals (what you hope to achieve at some point in the future), ____24____ (your plans for what you’re going to do) and skills (such as being able to hit musical notes consistently), than about habits. ____25____, routines — such as going to the gym regularly — have the ____26____ to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will. So, what exactly is a habit? And what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or ____27____ one that’s ‘bad’? One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking. Building on that idea, psychologists today say that what makes a habit a habit is that it’s a behaviour that’s started ____28____ by specific cues (提示) in the environment. The pairing between the cue and the action might have begun as ____29____ — that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding, but over time, the association is ____30____ and now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable. This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through ____31____, has been shown at the level of brain activity. When a behaviour turns into a habit, the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving ____32____ action. Or, to put it another way, the decision-making process you once had to ____33____ to perform the behaviour has been bypassed. But what really makes habits so interesting to psychologists and other health professionals is the way they can ____34____ our behaviour for better and worse. The healthy or unhealthy habits you may have can have an outsized influence on the kind of lifestyle you lead, and on your ability to fulfil your longer-tern goals. So, if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits, the long-term ____35____ impact could be significant. 21. A. worries about B. takes pride in C. benefits from D. depends on 22. A. exhausting B. worrying C. habitual D. imperfect 23. A. reversely B. alternatively C. necessarily D. academically 24. A. calendars B. intentions C. preferences D. actions 25. A. Still B. Consequently C. Instead D. Therefore 26. A. right B. limit C. advantage D. potential 27. A. define B. break C. form D. have 28. A. barely B. thoroughly C. early D. automatically 29. A. purposeful B. mindless C. temporary D. accidental 30. A. confirmed B. strengthened C. discovered D. approved 31. A. repetition B. struggle C. practice D. selection 32. A. decisive B. positive C. instinctive D. unlawful 33. A. come back B. settle down C. take over D. go through 34. A. control B. change C. interpret D. observe 35. A. indirect B. emotional C. unexpected D. harmful 【答案】21. A 22. C 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了心理学家对习惯的定义、形成过程及其对人们行为的影响。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：你的朋友担心他们睡前刷社交媒体的“坏习惯”。A. worries about担心；B. takes pride in以……为傲；C. benefits from从……中受益；D. depends on依赖。根据后文“their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed”可知，此处应是对坏习惯的负面态度，“担心”符合逻辑。故选A。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：也许你曾经有一位音乐老师一直督促你练习手指练习，直到它们“感觉习惯为止”。A. exhausting令人疲惫的；B. worrying令人担心的；C. habitual习惯的；D. imperfect不完美的。根据上文“maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel ”和下文“not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 3 　 a habit”可知，并非你经常或定期做的、或想做的每一件事都必然是一种习惯，本文谈论的是“习惯”。老师督促练习的目的是让动作成为习惯，此处指练习到感觉习惯为止。故选C。 【23题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：但根据心理学家的说法，并不是你经常或定期做的，或想要做的每一件事都一定是习惯。A. reversely相反地；B. alternatively或者；C. necessarily必要地，一定地；D. academically学术上。根据后文“Some of the situations above are more about goals”可知，并不是你经常做或想要做的每一件事都一定是习惯，有些更像是目标。故选C。 【24题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：上面的有些情况更多的是关于目标（你希望在未来某个时刻实现的目标）、意图（你打算做什么的计划）和技能（比如能够持续地击中音符），而不是关于习惯。A. calendars日历；B. intentions意图；C. preferences偏爱；D. actions行动。根据后文“your plans for what you’re going to do”可知，此处指做某事的计划，即意图。故选B。 【25题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能确定它们一定会。A. Still尽管如此；B. Consequently因此；C. Instead相反；D. Therefore因此。上文“But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is 　3　 a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals”提到有些情况不是关于习惯，后文提到“have the 　6　 to become a habit”日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，前后为转折关系，应用Still。故选A。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像定期去健身房这样的日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不能确定它们一定会。A. right权利；B. limit限制；C. advantage优势；D. potential潜力。根据后文“to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will”可知，日常活动有成为习惯的潜力，但也不一定。故选D。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：要养成一个“好”习惯或改掉一个“坏”习惯需要什么呢？A. define定义；B. break打破；C. form形成；D. have拥有。根据前文“what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or”和后文“one that’s ‘bad’”可知，与养成好习惯对比，此处指改掉坏习惯。故选B。 【28题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：基于这一观点，如今的心理学家表示，习惯之所以成为习惯，是因为它是一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。A. barely几乎不；B. thoroughly彻底地；C. early早地；D. automatically自动地。根据前文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking”提到习惯是无需思考就做的可知，习惯的核心是“自动性”，无需刻意思考，此处指它是一种由环境中的特定提示自动引发的行为。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. purposeful有目的的；B. mindless没头脑的；C. temporary暂时的；D. accidental偶然的。根据后文“that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding”可知，为了达到某个特定目标，所以起初的行为是“有目的的”。故选A。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：提示和行动之间的配对可能一开始是有目的的——也就是说，是为了服务于一个特定的目标或因为它是有回报的，但随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生。A. confirmed确认；B. strengthened加强；C. discovered发现；D. approved批准。根据后文“now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable”可知，现在即使行为不再令人愉快或可取，它也会不假思索地发生，所以随着时间的推移，这种关联会加强。故选B。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在特定情况下，一种行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化的过程，通过重复已经在大脑活动水平上得到了证明。A. repetition重复；B. struggle挣扎；C. practice练习；D. selection选择。根据上文“you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel”、“This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through”以及常识可知，行为从有意为之到逐渐变得自动化需要通过重复。故选A。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当一种行为变成习惯时，大脑较少依赖目标导向系统，而更多地依赖驱动本能行为的系统。A. decisive决定性的；B. positive积极的；C. instinctive本能的；D. unlawful非法的。根据上文“One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking”、“the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving”以及习惯的特点可知，习惯是一种本能的行为，所以大脑会更多地依赖驱动本能行为的系统，不假思索。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：换句话说，你曾经为了执行这种行为而必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过了。A. come back回来；B. settle down定居；C. take over接管；D. go through经历。根据后文“to perform the behaviour has been bypassed”可知，此处指“经历”决策的过程，即必须经历的决策过程已经被绕过了。故选D。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但真正让心理学家和其他健康专家对习惯感兴趣的是，它们能够控制我们的行为，无论是好是坏。A. control控制；B. change改变；C. interpret解释；D. observe观察。根据后文“our behaviour for better and worse”可知，习惯对行为的影响是“控制”性的，而非单纯“改变”。故选A。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，如果你养成了许多不健康的习惯，长期的有害影响可能是显著的。A. indirect间接的；B. emotional情绪的；C. unexpected意外的；D. harmful有害的。根据上文“if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits”可知，不健康的习惯会产生有害的影响。故选D。 （三） （2026年嘉定区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Last month, I opened my banking app, I read through the statement, and I stopped cold: 9.99 for AppleTV+, 12.99 for a fitness app I quit using months ago, $14.99 for extra cloud storage... I suddenly realize how modern consumer life is increasingly dominated by “background spending”: automatic monthly ____21____ for numerous subscriptions of services which should have reduced life’s inconvenience. This spending model turns us into ____22____ consumers, damaging our financial control. We easily forget subscriptions we ____23____ use, like paying for TV apps long after watching just one show. Companies ____24____ this consumer inattention. It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. Such an environment encourages price rise, as service providers know customers are often too busy or lazy to cancel unused services. This problem is widespread. A 2021 survey of 2,500 consumers found the average person spends $273 monthly on subscriptions, a 15% ____25____ from 2018. Yet not a single respondent knew their exact spending. Businesses find subscriptions highly ____26____, and offer the promise of “sell once, earn forever” to encourage long-term customer loyalty. While these services have been around for decades, their ____27____ to consumers has grown significantly in recent years, fueled by the popularity of smartphones and the increasing home delivery. Despite the promised ____28____ of these subscriptions, dissatisfaction is growing. A recent study found 40% of consumers believe they have too many subscriptions, and nearly half feel they ____29____ for streaming video, with a third actively planning to cut the expense. _____30_____, people still vastly underestimate their spending. Last year, C + R Research found the actual average monthly spend was 219, which was over 2.5 times higher than 86 that people guessed. To help consumers regain _____31_____, the US Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) has proposed a “click to cancel” policy. This would legally require companies to make _____32_____ a subscription as easy as starting one on the smartphone — no more forcing gym members to cancel in person. Additionally, under this extra consumer protection, businesses would need to remind subscribers annually about their membership before these are _____33_____ renewed. This rule would mean any background spending would be present in your mind at least for one moment a year. If all that doesn’t work, there is another idea: choose an app to _____34_____ your various subscriptions and background spending so you can better control your finances. Oh, wait a minute! I have to remind you that they are _____35_____ services, of course. 21. A. report B. project C. payment D. review 22. A. passive B. subjective C. optimistic D. loyal 23. A. properly B. rarely C. favourably D. individually 24. A. are concerned about B. are curious about C. are open to D. take advantage of 25. A. increase B. decrease C. difference D. share 26. A. concerning B. valuable C. attractive D. competitive 27. A. response B. opportunity C. harm D. access 28. A. aspect B. curiosity C. ease D. prejudice 29. A. overpay B. renew C. upgrade D. subscribe 30. A. Therefore B. Besides C. Contrarily D. However 31. A. confidence B. control C. freedom D. strength 32. A. buying B. ending C. offering D. sharing 33. A. automatically B. formally C. constantly D. completely 34. A. cancel B. monitor C. continue D. share 35. A. excellent B. free C. essential D. chargeable 【答案】21. C 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文指出隐性订阅支出让消费者被动消费、财务失控，其规模持续增长，虽有监管政策和监控工具应对，但部分工具本身也需付费。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我突然意识到，现代消费者的生活正日益被“隐性消费”所主导：每月自动支付众多服务项目的订阅费用，本应减少生活的不便，但结果却恰恰相反。A. report报道；B. project项目；C. payment支付；D. review复习。前文“9.99 for AppleTV+，12.99 for a fitness app I quit using months ago, $14.99 for extra cloud storage...”列举的AppleTV+、健身应用等费用，均为每月自动扣除的订阅付款，payment（付款、支付）符合“background spending”（隐性支出）的范畴。故选C。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种消费模式使我们变成了被动的消费者，从而损害了我们的财务掌控能力。A. passive被动的；B. subjective主观的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. loyal忠诚的。根据后文“damaging our financial control”可知，这种自动订阅模式让消费者无需主动操作，变成被动的消费群体，削弱了对财务的掌控力。故选A。 【23题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们往往会忘记那些很少使用的订阅服务，比如在观看完一部节目很久之后，仍会继续为电视应用程序付费。A. properly合适地；B. rarely几乎不；C. favourably顺利地；D. individually个人地。后文“like paying for TV apps long after watching just one show.”举例看完一部剧后还长期为电视应用付费，说明是忘记了很少使用的订阅服务，rarely（很少、难得）符合语境。故选B。 【24题详解】 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：企业利用了消费者对产品的不关注状况。A. are concerned about关心；B. are curious about对……好奇；C. are open to对……开放；D. take advantage of利用。根据后文“It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. Such an environment encourages price rise, as service providers know customers are often too busy or lazy to cancel unused services.(据估计，我们所忽略的那些取消订单能够使企业的利润提高多达200%。在这种环境下，服务提供商会倾向于提高价格，因为他们清楚，客户往往因为太忙或太懒而不愿取消未使用的服务)”可知，企业正是利用了消费者容易遗忘订阅的特点来获利，故选D。 【25题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：2021年对2500名消费者的调查发现，平均每人每月在订阅服务上的花费为273美元，较2018年增长了15%。A. increase增加；B. decrease减少；C. difference差异；D. share分享。根据上文“ It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. ”和“spends $273 monthly on subscriptions, a 15%”可知，2021年人均月订阅支出273美元，对比2018年增长了15%，故选A。 【26题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：企业发现订阅模式极具吸引力，并承诺“一次销售，终身盈利”，以此来增强客户的长期忠诚度。A. concerning让人不安的；B. valuable宝贵的；C. attractive吸引人的；D. competitive竞争的。后文“offer the promise of “sell once, earn forever" to encourages long - term customer loyalty”提到订阅模式能实现“一次销售、永久盈利”，还能提升客户忠诚度，说明对企业而言该模式极具吸引力，故选C。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这些服务已经存在了数十年，但近年来它们对消费者的普及程度有了显著提升，这得益于智能手机的普及以及日益增多的送货上门服务。A. response回复；B. opportunity机会；C. harm危害；D. access获取机会。根据后文“fueled by the popularity of smartphones and the increasing home delivery”可知，智能手机普及和外卖发展，让消费者获取订阅服务的渠道大幅增加，access（使用途径、获取机会）符合，故选D。 【28题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管这些订阅服务承诺会非常便捷，但人们的不满情绪却在不断加剧。A. aspect方面；B. curiosity好奇心；C. ease容易；D. prejudice偏见。订阅服务最初承诺的是为生活带来便利（前文“reduced life’s inconvenience”），ease（便利、轻松）与之呼应。故选C。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近的一项研究发现，40%的消费者认为自己订阅的服务过多，近一半的人觉得他们为流媒体视频服务支付的费用过高，还有三分之一的人正积极计划削减相关开支。A. overpay多付；B. renew重新开始；C. upgrade升级；D. subscribe订阅。根据上文“40% of consumers believe they have too many subscriptions, and nearly half feel they”可知，40%消费者认为订阅过多，近半数觉得流媒体视频付多了钱，故选A。 【30题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，人们对于自己的消费金额仍存在极大的低估。A. Therefore因此；B. Besides此外；C. Contrarily相反地；D. However然而。前文说消费者想削减订阅开支，后文却指出人们仍大幅低估支出，存在转折关系，However（然而）符合逻辑。故选D。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：为帮助消费者重新掌控局面，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）提出了“点击即取消”的政策。A. confidence自信；B. control控制；C. freedom自由；D. strength力量。FTC 提出“一键取消”政策，目的是帮助消费者重新获得对自身财务的掌控权，control（掌控）与前文“damaging our financial control”形成呼应。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这将从法律上要求企业让用户取消订阅的过程与开始订阅的过程一样简便——不再需要让健身房会员亲自前往办理取消手续。A. buying购买；B. ending结束；C. offering提议；D. sharing分享。根据后文“a subscription as easy as starting one on the smartphone”指政策要求取消订阅和开通一样简便，ending（终止、结束）对应“cancel”。故选B。 【33题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，在这一额外的消费者保护措施下，企业需要每年提醒订阅用户其会员身份的存在，并在自动续费前告知用户相关事宜。A. automatically自动地；B. formally正式地；C. constantly持续地；D. completely完全地。根据上文“businesses would need to remind subscribers annually about their membership before these are”可知，企业需在会员自动续费前每年提醒用户，故选A。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果上述方法都不奏效，那么还有另一个办法：选择一款应用程序来监控你的各项订阅服务和日常支出情况，这样你就能更好地掌控自己的财务状况了。A. cancel取消；B. monitor监督；C. continue继续；D. share分享。根据后文“your various subscriptions and background spending so you can better control your finances”可知，另一种方案是用应用监控各类订阅和隐性支出，以便掌控财务，monitor（监控、监测）符合“掌握支出情况”的需求。故选B。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我得提醒您，这些服务是收费的，这是毫无疑问的。A. excellent出色的；B. free自由的；C. essential重要的；D. chargeable收费的。作者调侃这类监控应用本身也是收费服务，chargeable（收费的）符合语境的幽默转折。故选D。 （四） （2026年徐汇区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere to start a new era in space, nobody really knew just how humans would fare, either mentally or physically, in low Earth orbit. In those early days, data was collected from probes and a selection of ____21____, but until that pioneering generation flew, no one could say how astronauts would react. The medical profession is still researching the ____22____ of space on the body today, both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth. Of all the medical ____23____ facing life in space, the most fundamental remains the effects of weightlessness. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth said that he “found weightlessness to be extremely ____24____”. Ironically for Glenn, it wasn’t until an incident two years after returning from space that a more in-depth level of medical inspection was triggered. When Glenn ____25____ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space. ____26____, they raised further questions about his health and how weightlessness had affected it, such as the strain placed on cardiovascular (心血管的) and circulatory systems. Since the 1960s, studies conducted on those who’ve spent time in space have revealed a whole range of medical ____27____. One paper revealed that on missions lasting six months or longer, an astronaut will experience bone density loss that is ____28____ to several decades of ageing. ____29____ this is one of the reasons why crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day. Research has also confirmed changes to vision, a compromised immune system, digestive issues and elevated long-term cancer risks. ____30____ space flight could also lead to cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety. However, while Glenn’s bathroom fall ____31____sparked a series of rigorous investigations from ground-based doctors, tracking the health effects of space has moved to the environment that causes them: space itself, and the spacecraft and orbiting platforms where longer-term research can be carried out. In the intervening years, there have been thousands of medical research projects on human health in space. For example, in 1989 two physicians on board Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) ____32____ to establish a link between cranial (颅骨的) pressure and motion sickness. In 1995, Mir Principal Expedition 18 saw a joint US-Russian medical research project to investigate the effects of weightlessness. And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station ____33____ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins. However, regardless of what space has thrown at us then and now, the driving force to overcome any ____34____ medical problem remains unshaken: our existence as a species beyond the day when Earth’s time is finally done, depends upon it. It’s one thing to assemble the hardware to propel humankind to Mars and ____35____ beyond the Red Planet; the state of our health when we arrive is another. 21. A. humans B. animals C. insects D. birds 22. A. effects B. causes C. lives D. secretes 23. A. achievements B. challenges C. anticipations D. temptations 24. A. unpleasant B. ridiculous C. impressive D. enjoyable 25. A. created B. made C. obtained D. sustained 26. A. Finally B. Unusually C. Soon D. Later 27. A. achievements B. treatments C. concerns D. experiments 28. A. necessary B. awkward C. equivalent D. reluctant 29. A. Measuring B. Combatting C. Implying D. Discouraging 30. A. Prolonged B. Exploited C. Triggered D. simulated 31. A. unintentionally B. uncommonly C. unfortunately D. unnecessarily 32. A. applied B. declined C. bothered D. sought 33. A. inquired B. responded C. monitored D. assembled 34. A. illegal B. financial C. potential D. preventive 35. A. immediately B. particularly C. occasionally D. possibly 【答案】21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕太空对人体健康的影响展开，介绍了从早期航天时代至今，医学界对太空环境给宇航员身心带来的各类影响的研究历程。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在早期，人们从探测器和一些动物身上收集数据，但在那批先驱者飞上太空之前，没人能说清宇航员会有怎样的反应。A. humans人类；B. animals动物；C. insects昆虫；D. birds鸟类。根据上文“Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere”及下文“no one could say how astronauts would react”可知，早期还未开展人体太空实验，无法直接收集人类数据，只能先以动物为实验对象获取相关信息，昆虫和鸟类的范畴过于狭窄，不符合科研的常规选择。故选B项。 【22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：时至今日，医学界仍在研究太空对人体的影响，包括在太空时的影响以及返回地球后的后遗症。A. effects影响；B. causes原因；C. lives生命；D. secretes分泌物。根据下文“both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth”可知，“after-effects”（后遗症）是太空对人体产生的影响之一，由此可判断此处指太空对人体的“影响”。故选A项。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在太空生活面临的所有医学挑战中，最根本的仍是失重带来的影响。A. achievements成就；B. challenges挑战；C. anticipations期待；D. temptations诱惑。根据下文“the effects of weightlessness”以及后文提及的骨密度流失、视力变化等一系列太空相关健康问题可知，太空生活给人体健康带来的是医学层面的“挑战”。故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：美国首位绕地球飞行宇航员约翰·格伦说，他“发现失重状态极其令人不适”。A. unpleasant令人不快的；B. ridiculous荒谬的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据后文“When Glenn __5__ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space.”可知，格伦返回地球后因摔倒引发内耳问题，说明失重带来负面体验，故选A项。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当格伦在酒店浴室摔倒后头部受伤，他所遭受的眩晕症状凸显了他在太空时就已出现的内耳问题。A. created创造；B. made制造；C. obtained获得；D. sustained遭受。根据下文“a fall in a hotel bathroom”可知，此处指格伦在意外中“遭受”了头部损伤，“sustain injury”为固定搭配，意为“受伤”。故选D项。 【26题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：后来，这些症状引发了更多关于他健康状况以及失重如何影响其健康的疑问，比如对心血管和循环系统造成的压力。A. Finally最终；B. Unusually不寻常地；C. Soon很快；D. Later后来。根据上文“an incident two years after returning from space”及“highlighted inner-ear issues”可知，先是浴室摔倒引发的眩晕症状凸显了太空留下的内耳问题，“后来”这些症状进一步引发了对其整体健康及失重影响的更多疑问，存在时间上的递进关系。故选D项。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：自20世纪60年代以来，针对太空驻留人员的研究揭示了一系列医学隐患。A. achievements成就；B. treatments治疗；C. concerns隐患、担忧；D. experiments实验。根据下文“bone density loss”以及“changes to vision, a compromised immune system”等具体的太空健康问题可知，这些都是太空环境给宇航员带来的医学“隐患”。故选C项。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一篇论文显示，在为期六个月或更长时间的任务中，宇航员会经历的骨密度流失相当于数十年衰老带来的影响。A. necessary必要的；B. awkward尴尬的；C. equivalent等同的；D. reluctant不情愿的。根据下文“several decades of ageing”可知，此处是将长期太空任务中的骨密度流失程度与数十年衰老的影响作类比，“equivalent to”为固定搭配，意为“等同于”，符合语境。故选C项。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：应对这一问题也是国际空间站的宇航员每天需要锻炼两小时的原因之一。A. Measuring测量；B. Combatting应对、对抗；C. Implying暗示；D. Discouraging阻止。根据上文提及的“bone density loss”这一太空健康隐患，以及下文“crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day”可知，宇航员每天锻炼是为了“应对”骨密度流失的问题。故选B项。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长时间的太空飞行还可能导致认知能力下降，以及抑郁和焦虑的出现。A. Prolonged长期的；B. Exploited被利用的；C. Triggered被触发的；D. simulated模拟的。根据上文“missions lasting six months or longer”提及的长期太空任务，以及下文“cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety”这些严重的健康问题可知，此处指“长期的”太空飞行会引发此类问题。故选A项。 【31题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，尽管格伦的浴室摔倒意外地引发了地面医生的一系列严格调查，但对太空健康影响的追踪已经转移到了产生这些影响的环境中：太空本身，以及可以进行长期研究的航天器和轨道平台。A. unintentionally意外地、无意地；B. uncommonly罕见地；C. unfortunately不幸地；D. unnecessarily不必要地。 根据上文“a fall in a hotel bathroom”可知，格伦的摔倒属于意外事件，并非有意为之，因此是“意外地”触发了后续的医学调查。故选A项。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，1989年，亚特兰蒂斯号航天飞机（STS-34）上的两名医生试图建立颅内压力与晕动病之间的联系。A. applied应用；B. declined拒绝；C. bothered打扰；D. sought试图、寻求。根据下文“establish a link between cranial (颅内的) pressure and motion sickness.”可知，这两名医生的行为是为了探究颅内压力和晕动病的关联，“seek to do sth”为固定搭配，意为“试图做某事”，符合科研探索的语境。故选D项。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：2023年，国际空间站第70远征队的成员监测了失重对颈部、肩部和腿部静脉的影响。A. inquired询问；B. responded回应；C. monitored监测；D. assembled组装。根据下文“how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins”可知，要想了解失重对身体部位的具体影响，需要对相关部位进行数据“监测”。故选C项。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，无论过去和现在太空给我们带来了什么，克服任何潜在医学问题的动力都从未动摇：人类作为一个物种，在地球寿命终结后的存续，就取决于此。A. illegal非法的；B. financial财务的；C. potential潜在的；D. preventive预防性的。根据上文“And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station __13__ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins.”可知，前文提及到各类已知太空健康隐患，且下文提到人类未来星际探索的未知需求，所以和太空相关的医学问题有很多是尚未完全暴露或解决的，属于“潜在的”问题。故选C项。 【35题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：组装出将人类送上火星乃至可能送上火星以外星球的硬件是一回事；而我们抵达时的健康状况则是另一回事。A. immediately立即；B. particularly尤其；C. occasionally偶尔；D. possibly可能地。根据下文“beyond the Red Planet”可知，目前人类的航天技术还未实现火星之外的星际探索，去往火星以外的星球仍处于设想阶段，因此用“possibly”表示“可能地”，符合客观现实。故选D项。 （五） （2026年松江区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes (三卤甲烷) and haloacetic acids (卤乙酸).The finding ____21____ the argument for investing in these advanced water treatment systems. PFAS are a class of thousands of ____22____ compounds that do not easily break down in the environment. They are linked to a range of serious ____23____ problems, including various cancers and developmental delays. Their ____24____ presence is a major concern: a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical. So, the systems’ removal of PFAS is of great significance. Additionally, new research from the Environmental Working Group ____25____ other benefits. By analyzing data from 19 water systems that installed PFAS treatment, the study compared ____26____ of disinfection byproducts before and after installation. The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent. Long-term ____27____ to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers, and getting rid of them could prevent thousands of illnesses. ____28____ the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029. Just like in most cases, application of the rule faces difficulties. While experts confirm wider benefits of the treatment systems, they also note that real-world results can ____29____ due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution. That’s only a minor problem; some major ones await our resolution. There were ____30____ from water suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities. Afterwards, the Environmental Protection Agency announced in May 2024 that it would ____31____ the rule — set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years. This ____32____ has created uncertainty in regulation and slowed down action. Besides, a study showed a great ____33____ in adoption — only 7% of the systems are equipped with advanced filtration (过滤) function and they serve fewer than 500 people; in contrast, the rest serve over 100,000 people in rural or ____34____ communities — areas without sufficient financial assistance. The central question now is one of ____35____.Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do we have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support? 21. A. contradicts B. involves C. strengthens D. challenges 22. A. long-lasting B. fast-acting C. easily-degraded D. man-made 23. A. security B. health C. environment D. growth 24. A. permanent B. restricted C. temporary D. widespread 25. A. guaranteed B. attained C. revealed D. maximized 26. A. sources B. functions C. categories D. concentrations 27. A. resistance B. solution C. addiction D. exposure 28. A. In response B. By contrast C. After all D. For example 29. A. solidify B. vary C. worsen D. persist 30. A. complaints B. proposals C. comments D. welcomes 31. A. enforce B. revise C. abandon D. tighten 32. A. association B. hesitation C. move D. mess 33. A. conflict B. divide C. unity D. likelihood 34. A. high-population B. large-scale C. under-resourced D. over-developed 35. A. technology B. finance C. efficiency D. commitment 【答案】21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文表明去除PFAS的净水技术还可清除其他污染物，但该技术推广遇成本、政策修订等难题，核心问题在于社会是否有落实的决心。 【21题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一发现进一步支持了投资这些先进水处理系统的观点。A. contradicts反驳；B. involves涉及；C. strengthens加强；D. challenges挑战。上文“A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.(一项新的研究证实，用于去除饮用水中全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的技术在去除其他有害污染物（如三卤甲烷和卤代酸）方面也非常有效)”提到去除 PFAS 的技术还能有效清除其他有害污染物，这一发现会强化投资这类先进水处理系统的理由。故选C。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：全氟和多氟烷基物质是一类由数千种人工合成化合物组成的物质，在环境中不易分解。A. long-lasting持久的；B. fast-acting快速的；C. easily-degraded易于降解的；D. man-made人造的。根据下文“do not easily break down in the environment”可知，PFAS不易在环境中分解说明不是天然的，是人造的物质，故选D。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们与一系列严重的健康问题有关，包括多种癌症和发育迟缓等病症。A. security安全；B. health健康；C. environment环境；D. growth成长。根据下文“including various cancers and developmental delays”可知，会引发健康问题。故选B。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们的广泛存在是一个重大问题：2023年美国地质调查局的一项研究估计，多达45%的自来水样本中可能都含有至少一种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）化学物质。A. permanent永久的；B. restricted有限的；C. temporary暂时的；D. widespread普遍的。根据下文“a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical”可知，数据显示 “45%的自来水可能含至少一种PFAS”，说明其存在具有广泛性。故选D。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，环境工作组的新研究还揭示了其他一些益处。A. guaranteed保证；B. attained获得；C. revealed揭露；D. maximized最大化。根据下文“other benefits”可知，新研究揭示了其他一些益处。故选C。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过分析19个已安装了全氟和多氟烷基物质处理设备的水系统的数据，该研究对比了安装设备前后的消毒副产物浓度。A. sources来源；B. functions功能；C. categories类别；D. concentrations浓度，关注点。根据下文“The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent.(结果表明，各项指标均有显著下降：三卤甲烷平均减少了42%；卤代酸类物质减少了50%)”可知，研究对比的是消毒副产物在设备安装前后的浓度，后文也给出了具体的下降百分比，故选D。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：长期接触这些有害物质会增加患某些癌症的风险，而消除这些物质则能够预防成千上万的疾病。A. resistance抵制；B. solution解决方案；C. addiction沉迷；D. exposure暴露。根据下文“to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers”可知，长期暴露于这类副产物与特定癌症相关，故选D。 【28题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：为此，政府制定了针对六种特定全氟和多氟化合物的全国性法律限值，要求供水企业于 2029 年前达到相关标准。A. In response作为回应；B. By contrast对比；C. After all毕竟；D. For example例如。上文强调 PFAS 的危害和处理必要性，下文“the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029.”提到政府设定首个 PFAS 法定限值，是“作为回应”的举措。故选A。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管专家们确认了这些处理系统具有的广泛优势，但他们也指出，实际效果可能会因季节差异和多种污染源等因素而有所不同。A. solidify使凝固；B. vary变化；C. worsen恶化；D. persist持续。根据下文“due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution”可知，由于季节差异、污染源多样等因素，实际效果会“有差异”，故选B。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：供水企业对此提出了质疑，认为安装这些设施的预期成本过高。A. complaints投诉；B. proposals提议；C. comments评论；D. welcomes欢迎。根据下文“from water suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities”可知，供水商针对安装设施的巨额预期成本，应是抱怨，故选A。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随后，环境保护局于2024年5月宣布将修订该规定——对六种全氟和多氟化合物中的四种设定限值，并将截止日期延长两年。A. enforce实施；B. revise修改；C. abandon抛弃；D. tighten变紧。根据下文“set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years.”可知，将限值改为6种中的4种、延长两年期限，说明是对规则的修订。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一举措导致了监管方面的不确定性，并且减缓了相关行动的推进速度。A. association协会；B. hesitation犹豫；C. move举措，移动；D. mess混乱。根据上文“set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years.”可知，上文提到的规则修订是环保署的一项举措。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：此外，一项研究显示，这些系统的普及情况存在巨大差异——仅有 7%的系统配备了先进的过滤功能，且这些系统服务的人数不到 500 人；相比之下，其余的系统则服务于农村或资源匮乏地区（这些地区缺乏足够的财政支持）的超过 10 万人。A. conflict冲突；B. divide差距；C. unity团结；D. likelihood可能。下文对比“仅7%的系统配备高级过滤功能且服务人数少”和“其余系统服务大量人口但缺乏资金”，体现出技术应用的“差距”，故选B。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，一项研究显示，这些系统的普及情况存在巨大差异——仅有7%的系统配备了先进的过滤功能，且这些系统服务的人数不到500人；相比之下，其余的系统则服务于农村或资源匮乏地区（这些地区缺乏足够的财政支持）的超过10万人。A. high-population人口密集；B. large-scale大规模的；C. under-resourced资源不足的；D. over-developed过度发展的。破折号后“areas without sufficient financial assistance”说明缺乏足够财政援助的地区，对应 under-resourced（资源不足的）。故选C。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当前的关键问题在于责任的承担问题。A. technology技术；B. finance经济；C. efficiency效率；D. commitment投入。根据下文“Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do we have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support?”可知，技术已存在且益处明确，但能否制定强力政策、保障资金支持，核心是“决心和投入”，commitment（承诺、投入）涵盖政策决心和资金保障的核心。故选D。 （六） （2026年黄浦区一模） Directions:For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Most of us sometimes fail to practice what we speak. That’s a solid definition of hypocrisy. While we’re ____21____ to spot this moral inconsistency in others, we have a hard time recognizing it in ourselves. And studies show that the people we most like to label as hypocrites are our enemies — surprise! — and others who we think aren’t like us. We’re motivated to see other people as hypocritical because it helps us win arguments, but we tend to ____22____ our own inconsistency. We’re often annoyed by other people’s hypocrisy because it seems ____23____. We think that they are ____24____ implying to others that they are better than they actually are. Nobody likes being a hypocrite. Yet, ____25____ it’s impossible to always act consistently, because different situations may require different responses. Take parenting, for example. You may reasonably lecture your teenager on the dangers of drinking too much, yet you did exactly that on occasion when you were in college. A college student who doesn’t eat meat because she loves animals admitted that she sometimes wore “cute” ____26____ shoes. Since we’re able to so easily spot hypocrisy in others, how can we become better at spotting and ____27____ it in ourselves? To start with, we can ____28____ that it is normal to be inconsistent sometimes. And remember that hypocrisy is just one ____29____ for the behavior. Daniel Effron, a professor who has studied hypocrisy, ____30____ labeling other people as hypocrites. “It can stop you from ____31____ the substance of their argument,” he says. It also takes some ____32____ to identify our own hypocrisy. Ask yourself: “Am I behaving in a way that is consistent with the views I am ____33____?” If you do decide that you’re being hypocritical, admit it. Research shows that when people are ____34____ their own hypocrisy, others tend to forgive them for not being consistent. And here’s some good news: People who notice their own hypocritical behavior often are motivated to change because the ____35____ of advocating for something but not actually doing it makes people very uncomfortable. Rather than feeling ashamed about our hypocrisy, we should welcome the opportunity to learn to do better next time. 21. A. foolish B. good C. quick D. unwilling 22. A. demonstrate B. hide C. improve D. justify 23. A. disorderly B. illogical C. impolite D. unfair 24. A. automatically B. falsely C. generally D. strongly 25. A. after all B. as a result C. in reality D. what’s more 26. A. gym B. leather C. rubber D. track 27. A. analyzing B. ignoring C. illustrating D. preventing 28. A. accept B. check C. consider D. prove 29. A. basis B. example C. explanation D. misunderstanding 30. A. acts on B. gives up C. turns to D. warns against 31. A. contributing to B. engaging in C. questioning about D. summarizing into 32. A. self-confidence B. self-discipline C. self-reflection D. self-respect 33. A. adopting B. challenging C. clarifying D. discussing 34. A. alarmed at B. blind to C. honest about D. tired of 35. A. avoidance B. disagreement C. ignorance D. resolution 【答案】21. C 22. B 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. D 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们容易发现他人的虚伪却难以察觉自己的，并给出了应对自身虚伪的建议。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然我们很快发现别人身上这种道德上的不一致，但却很难意识到自己身上也存在这种情况。A. foolish愚蠢的；B. good好的；C. quick快的；D. unwilling不乐意的。根据后文“to spot this moral inconsistency in others, we have a hard time recognizing it in ourselves”可知，与我们很难在自己身上发现道德不一致相对比，说明我们能很快发现别人身上这种道德上的不一致。故选C。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们有动力认为别人虚伪，因为这有助于我们赢得争论，但我们倾向于掩盖自己的不一致。A. demonstrate证明；B. hide隐藏；C. improve改善；D. justify证明……正确。根据前文“We’re motivated to see other people as hypocritical because it helps us win arguments”和后文“our own inconsistency”可知，我们倾向于认为别人虚伪，但却倾向于将自己的不一致隐藏。故选B。 【23题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们常常被别人的虚伪所激怒，因为这似乎不公平。A. disorderly混乱的；B. illogical不合逻辑的；C. impolite不礼貌的；D. unfair不公平的。根据前文“We’re often annoyed by other people’s hypocrisy because it seems”和后文“We think that they are 　 4　 implying to others that they are better than they actually are.”可知，别人的虚伪是假装自己比实际更好，这会让人觉得不公平。故选D。 【24题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们认为他们是在错误地向别人暗示他们比实际更好。A. automatically自动地；B. falsely错误地；C. generally通常；D. strongly强烈地。根据下文“implying to others that they are better than they actually are”可知，别人虚伪，所以是错误地暗示自己比实际更好。故选B。 【25题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：然而，事实上，要始终做到言行一致是不可能的，因为不同的情况可能需要不同的回应。A. after all毕竟；B. as a result结果；C. in reality实际上；D. what’s more而且。根据后文“it’s impossible to always act consistently, because different situations may require different responses”可知，后文说明实际情况是很难做到言行一致，in reality用于引出客观事实，符合语境。故选C。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一位因为热爱动物而不吃肉的大学生承认，她有时会穿“可爱的”皮鞋。A. gym健身房；B. leather皮革；C. rubber橡胶；D. track轨道。根据上文“A college student who doesn’t eat meat because she loves animals”可知，此处体现她的不一致——爱护动物却穿皮革制品。故选B。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：既然我们能轻易发现别人的虚伪，那我们怎样才能更好地发现并防止自己身上出现这种情况呢？A. analyzing分析；B. ignoring忽视；C. illustrating说明；D. preventing阻止。根据上文“spotting and”和下文“it in ourselves”可知，此处指发现虚伪之后应阻止自己变得虚伪。故选D。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：首先，我们可以接受有时不一致是正常的。A. accept接受；B. check检查；C. consider考虑；D. prove证明。根据后文“that it is normal to be inconsistent sometimes”可知，这是一种客观事实，需要我们接受。故选A。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：记住，虚伪只是这种行为的一种解释。A. basis基础；B. example例子；C. explanation解释；D. misunderstanding误解。根据后文“for the behavior”可知，言行不一致的行为可能有多种原因，虚伪只是其中一种解释。故选C。 【30题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究虚伪的教授丹尼尔·埃夫隆警告不要给别人贴上虚伪的标签。A. acts on作用于；B. gives up放弃；C. turns to求助于；D. warns against警告不要。根据后文“labeling other people as hypocrites”、“It can stop you from 11 　 the substance of their argument”可知，给别人贴伪君子标签有弊端，因此教授是警告这种行为。故选D。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：他说：“这会阻止你参与他们论点的实质内容。”A. contributing to贡献；B. engaging in参与；C. questioning about询问；D. summarizing into总结成。根据后文“the substance of their argument”可知，此处指深入参与探讨论点的核心。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：识别自己的虚伪也需要一些自我反省。A. self-confidence自信；B. self-discipline自律；C. self-reflection自我反省；D. self-respect自尊。根据后文“to identify our own hypocrisy. Ask yourself: “Am I behaving in a way that is consistent with the views I am 　13　　?””可知，下文描述的是自我反思的过程，此处指识别自己的虚伪需要自我反省。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：问自己：“我的行为是否与我所持的观点一致？”A. adopting采取；B. challenging挑战；C. clarifying澄清；D. discussing讨论。根据上文“Am I behaving in a way that is consistent with the views I am”可知，此处指反思时问自己的行为是否与所持的观点一致。故选A。 【34题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：研究表明，当人们对自己的虚伪坦诚时，别人往往会原谅他们的言行不一。A. alarmed at对……感到震惊；B. blind to对……视而不见；C. honest about对……诚实，对……坦诚；D. tired of厌倦。根据前文“If you do decide that you’re being hypocritical, admit it.”和后文“their own hypocrisy, others tend to forgive them for not being consistent”可知，承认自己的虚伪即对自己的虚伪坦诚。故选C。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这里有一些好消息：那些注意到自己虚伪行为的人通常会受到激励去改变，因为主张某事但实际上不去做的矛盾让人们非常不舒服。A. avoidance避免；B. disagreement不一致，矛盾；C. ignorance无知；D. resolution决心。根据后文“of advocating for something but not actually doing it”可知，这是一种言行上的矛盾，这种矛盾让人们非常不舒服。故选B。 （七） （2026年宝山区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Mercury, an elemental metal that exists in liquid form at room temperature, occurs naturally in the environment. Metallic mercury occurs primarily in the earth’s crust but can be ____21____ into the atmosphere by human activities, such as burning rubbish or coal and gold mining. Organic mercury is mainly produced when tiny organisms consume inorganic mercury and ____22____ it into an organic compound such as methyl mercury, a poisonous chemical that is commonly found in mercury-polluted water. Although the impact of mercury on the environment has been ____23____ by some industries and individuals, it is a top ten chemical of major health ____24____ according to the WHO. Despite this, the severity of mercury’s poison remains to be fully understood. Long-time exposure to mercury can pose significant ____25____ to human health, including brain damage and reproductive issues. Mercury also ____26____ damages the life cycles of water-dwelling creatures. To protect human health and the environment, the international community has taken steps to limit the use and release of mercury. Adopted in 2013, the Minamata Convention on Mercury came into effect on August 16, 2017, ____27____ a global commitment to fight against mercury pollution. In addition, some countries have made their own laws and regulations, such as the United States’ “Mercury and Air Toxic Standards” and the European Union’s “Regulation (EU) 2017/852.” The goal of the Minamata Convention is to reduce mercury emissions and protect human health and the environment by ____28____ the production and use of mercury and mercury-containing products. ____29____ the convention promotes scientific and technological innovation to develop greener, less poisonous alternatives. The convention ____30____ a diverse range of products, including batteries, switches and relays, cosmetics and fluorescent lamps, etc. The plan is to phase out the mercury in these products over a few years, aiming for full commitment by the end of 2027. The convention also seeks to restrict dentists’ use of mercury in bulk form and dental amalgam, a mercury-based chemical mixture used to fill tooth cavities. This restriction particularly ____31____ the dental treatment of baby teeth for patients under 15 years and to dental treatment for pregnant and breastfeeding women. ____32____ the Minamata Convention, one province in China has created its own plan to restrict the production and ____33____ of mercury-containing products and reduce mercury discharges. These efforts not only protect the local environment but also contribute to the ____34____ effort to reduce reliance on this dangerous element. Mercury pollution is a ____35____ environmental issue that no one person or industry can solve alone. But, if we all work together, we can weaken the impact of mercury and create a healthier, cleaner planet. 21. A. directed B. released C. switched D. revealed 22. A. transform B. evolve C. isolate D. upgrade 23. A. weakened B. overestimated C. emphasized D. underestimated 24. A. requirement B. management C. concern D. decline 25. A. functions B. risks C. warnings D. disciplines 26. A. significantly B. slightly C. sufficiently D. eventually 27. A. completing B. recognizing C. signaling D. promoting 28. A. improving B. limiting C. scheduling D. monitoring 29. A. Especially B. Additionally C. Ultimately D. Oppositely 30. A. targets B. produces C. provides D. gathers 31. A. adapts to B. rises to C. applies to D. turns to 32. A. In terms of B. In addition to C. In response to D. In spite of 33. A. import B. export C. combination D. increase 34. A. local B. global C. great D. continuous 35. A. protective B. controversial C. unavoidable D. critical 【答案】21. B 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了汞存在于自然环境中，人类活动与微生物作用会改变其形态，它对人类健康和生态危害极大，国际社会与各国通过公约、法规限制汞的使用以应对污染。 【21题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：金属汞主要存在于地壳中，但也会因人类活动（如焚烧垃圾、燃烧煤炭以及金矿开采）而释放到大气中。A. directed指导；B. released释放；C. switched转换；D. revealed揭露。根据后文“by human activities, such as burning rubbish or coal and gold mining”可知，金属汞会通过焚烧垃圾、燃煤、金矿开采等人类活动被排放到大气中。release into表示“释放、排放到……中”，故选B。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：有机汞主要是在微小生物摄取无机汞并将其转化为有机化合物（如甲基汞）的过程中产生的。甲基汞是一种有毒化学物质，常见于受汞污染的水中。A. transform转变；B. evolve进化；C. isolate隔离；D. upgrade升级。根据后文“it into an organic compound”可知，微生物吸收无机汞并将其转化为有机汞（如甲基汞）。transform...into... 表示“将……转化为……”，故选A。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管一些行业和个人对汞对环境的影响存在低估的情况，但根据世界卫生组织的统计数据，汞是十大主要健康威胁物质之一。A. weakened削弱；B. overestimated高估；C. emphasized强调；D. underestimated低估。后文“it is a top ten chemical of major health”提到“汞是世卫组织列出的十大重点健康危害化学品之一”，结合转折词although可推断，部分企业和个人低估了汞对环境的影响。故选D。 【24题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管一些行业和个人对汞对环境的影响存在低估的情况，但根据世界卫生组织的统计数据，汞是十大主要健康威胁物质之一。A. requirement要求；B. management管理；C. concern担心；D. decline下降。根据后文“Despite this, the severity of mercury’s poison remains to be fully understood.(尽管如此，汞的毒性程度仍需进一步全面了解)”可知，汞是世卫组织认定的十大主要健康危害化学品之一。health concern意为“健康隐患、健康关切”。故选C。 【25题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：长期接触汞会对人体健康造成重大危害，包括可能导致大脑损伤和生育问题。A. functions功能；B. risks风险；C. warnings警告；D. disciplines纪律。根据上文“Despite this, the severity of mercury’s poison remains to be fully understood.(尽管如此，汞的毒性程度仍需进一步全面了解)”以及后文“including brain damage and reproductive issues”可知，长期接触汞会给人体健康带来显著风险。pose risks to表示“对……构成风险”，故选B。 【26题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：汞还会严重破坏水生生物的生命周期。A. significantly显著地，严重地；B. slightly稍微；C. sufficiently充分地；D. eventually最后。根据后文“damages the life cycles of water-dwelling creatures”以及前文强调汞对人体危害大，本句承接说明汞也严重破坏水生生物的生命周期。故选A。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：《水俣公约》于2013年通过，2017年8月16日正式生效，标志着全球已共同许下对抗汞污染的承诺。A. completing完成；B. recognizing认可；C. signaling标志；D. promoting促进。根据后文“a global commitment to fight against mercury pollution”可知，《水俣公约》生效，标志着全球对抗汞污染的共同承诺。故选C。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：《水俣公约》的目标是减少汞排放，通过限制汞的生产和使用以及汞含量较高的产品的使用来保护人类健康和环境。A. improving改善；B. limiting限制；C. scheduling安排；D. monitoring监督。根据上文“The goal of the Minamata Convention is to reduce mercury emissions and protect human health and the environment by”可知，公约的目标是通过限制汞及含汞产品的生产和使用，减少汞排放。前文“To protect human health and the environment, the international community has taken steps to limit the use and release of mercury.(为了保护人类健康和环境，国际社会已采取措施来限制汞的使用和排放)”提到“国际社会采取措施限制汞的使用和释放”，此处与之呼应。故选B。 【29题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，该公约还推动了科学和技术的创新，以开发更环保、毒性更低的替代品。A. Especially特别；B. Additionally此外；C. Ultimately最后；D. Oppositely反向地。前文讲限制生产使用，本句讲推动科技创新开发环保替代品，是补充说明公约的另一举措。additionally（此外）表递进。故选B。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：该公约涵盖的产品种类繁多，包括电池、开关和继电器、化妆品以及荧光灯等。A. targets把……作为目标；B. produces生产；C. provides提供；D. gathers聚集。根据后文“a diverse range of products, including batteries, switches and relays, cosmetics and fluorescent lamps, etc.”可知，公约针对多种产品（电池、开关、化妆品等），计划逐步淘汰其中的汞。故选A。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这一限制尤其适用于15岁以下儿童的乳牙治疗，以及孕妇和哺乳期妇女的牙齿治疗。A. adapts to适应；B. rises to克服困难；C. applies to适用于；D. turns to求助于。根据后文“the dental treatment of baby teeth for patients under 15 years and to dental treatment for pregnant and breastfeeding women”可知，这项限制尤其适用15岁以下儿童的乳牙治疗，以及孕妇和哺乳期女性的牙科治疗。故选C。 【32题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：为响应《水俣公约》，中国的一个省份已制定了自己的计划，旨在限制含汞产品的生产与进口，并减少汞的排放。A. In terms of就……而言；B. In addition to除了……之外；C. In response to作为回应；D. In spite of尽管。根据后文“China has created its own plan to restrict the production”可知，中国某省份制定相关计划，是为响应《水俣公约》的举措。in response to表示“响应、作为对……的回应”符合语境。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：为响应《水俣公约》，中国的一个省份已制定了自己的计划，旨在限制含汞产品的生产与进口，并减少汞的排放。A. import进口；B. export出口；C. combination结合；D. increase增加。根据上文“restrict the production and”可知，该计划旨在限制含汞产品的生产和进口，减少汞排放。import（进口）与 production（生产）并列，符合管控维度。故选A。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些举措不仅保护了当地的环境，而且也为全球减少对这种危险元素的依赖做出了贡献。A. local当地的；B. global全球的；C. great伟大的；D. continuous持续的。根据后文“no one person or industry can solve alone”可知，这些举措不仅保护当地环境，也助力全球减少对汞依赖的努力。前文“a global commitment to fight against mercury pollution”提到公约是全球性的承诺，此处与之呼应。故选B。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：汞污染是一个严重的环境问题，它超出了任何个人或任何行业所能单独解决的范畴。A. protective保护的；B. controversial有争议的；C. unavoidable不可避免的；D. critical严峻的、关键的。根据后文“no one person or industry can solve alone”可知，汞污染是一个关键的、严峻的环境问题，无法靠个人或单个行业解决。故选D。 （八） （2026年崇明区一模） Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The world’s top insect experts say our planet’s important insect population is going through a “death by a thousand cuts”. A new group of studies suggests Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year. The losses are ____21____ climate change, pollution, agriculture, land use changes and chemicals. David Wagner of the University of Connecticut is the lead writer of the 12 studies, which recently appeared in Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences. The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it. The ____22____ of the issue makes it hard to get the public interested in possible solutions. Wagner said scientists need to find out if the levels of insect ____23____ are bigger in comparison to other species. May Berenbaum of the University of Illinois, who helped lead the research ____24____ the insect losses to climate change 30 years ago. She said back then, the methods used to measure the degree and rate of climate change effects were ____25____ .Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply ____26____ insects. She added that this is true even though the small creatures do a lot of good. Wagner said two famous insects, honeybees and Monarch butterflies, are good examples of the current _____27_____ insects face. Honeybees have been ____28____ because of disease, chemicals and lack of food. Drier weather in the U.S. West, driven by climate change, means less milkweed for butterflies to ____29____, Wagner said. And changes in American agriculture ____30____ weeds and flowers they need for nectar (花蜜). The recent scientific papers do not provide new data, so they show a big but ____31____ picture of a problem that is starting to get more attention. Scientists have ____32____ 1 million insect species,while up to 4 million more are likely to be discovered, Berenbaum said. Doug Tallamy of the University of Delaware was not part of the studies, but he said the research demonstrates how the world has “spent the last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill insects and ____33____ pennies (a small amount of money) working to preserve them”. In an email to the Associated Press, Tallamy said the good news was that people themselves can do a lot to ____34____ insect losses. “This is a global problem with a grassroots. ____35____,” he wrote. 21. A. replaced with B. mistaken for C. prohibited from D. blamed on 22. A. objective B. significance C. complexity D. sensitivity 23. A. loss B. species C. evolution D. distinction 24. A. owed B. compared C. contributed D. recommended 25. A. efficient B. difficult C. purposeful D. convincing 26. A. study B. pity C. respect D. hate 27. A. alternatives B. dimensions C. problems D. habitats 28. A. doubling B. escaping C. intervening D. disappearing 29. A. eat B. anchor C. conserve D. value 30. A. cultivate B. remove C. beautify D. visualize 31. A. unavoidable B. unappealing C. inappropriate D. incomplete 32. A. identified B. threatened C. anticipated D. neglected 33. A. private B. additional C. mere D. primitive 34. A. stop B. suffer C. generate D. explain 35. A. contradiction B. solution C. expectation D. promise 【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. D 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了昆虫数量减少的现状、原因及相关应对方向。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这些损失归咎于气候变化、污染、农业、土地利用变化和化学品。A. replaced with被替换为；B. mistaken for被误认为；C. prohibited from被禁止做某事；D. blamed on归咎于。根据上文“Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year”及下文“climate change, pollution, agriculture, land use changes and chemicals”可知，此处指昆虫数量减少的原因归咎于气候变化、污染、农业、土地利用变化和化学品。故选D。 【22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个问题的复杂性使得很难让公众对可能的解决方案感兴趣。A. objective目标；B. significance重要性；C. complexity复杂性；D. sensitivity敏感性。根据上文“The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it.”可知，此处指这个问题的复杂性。故选C。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，科学家们需要弄清楚，昆虫数量的减少幅度是否比其他物种更大。A. loss损失，减少；B. species物种；C. evolution进化；D. distinction区别。根据上文“Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year.”可知，此处指昆虫数量减少的问题。故选A。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：伊利诺伊大学的梅·贝伦鲍姆30年前就协助主导了这项关于气候变化导致昆虫减少的对比研究。A. owed欠；B. compared比较；C. contributed贡献；D. recommended推荐。根据下文“the insect losses to climate change 30 years ago”可知，此处指将昆虫的减少与气候变化进行了比较。故选B。 【25题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她说，当时，用来衡量气候变化影响的程度和速度的方法很困难。A. efficient高效的；B. difficult困难的；C. purposeful有目的的；D. convincing令人信服的。根据下文“Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply.. insects.”结合下文现在对昆虫减少问题的深入研究，可推断出早期研究方法存在缺陷、实施难度大。故选B。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：贝伦鲍姆说，另一个问题是许多人就是讨厌昆虫。A. study学习；B. pity同情；C. respect尊敬；D. hate讨厌。根据下文“She added that this is true even though the small creatures do a lot of good.”的转折关系可知，此处应填与“益处”相反的负面态度词，指许多人讨厌昆虫。故选D。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，两种著名的昆虫，蜜蜂和帝王蝶，是当前昆虫面临的问题的好例子。A. alternatives替代品；B. dimensions方面；C. problems问题；D. habitats栖息地。根据上文“The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it.”可知，此处指当前昆虫面临的问题。故选C。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：蜜蜂因为疾病、化学物质和食物缺乏而正在消失。A. doubling加倍；B. escaping逃跑；C. intervening干预；D. disappearing消失。根据下文“because of disease, chemicals and lack of food”可知，此处指蜜蜂的生存威胁因素，正面临消失的危机。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：瓦格纳说，气候变化导致的美国西部天气干燥，意味着可供蝴蝶食用的乳草减少了。A. eat吃；B. anchor固定；C. conserve保护；D. value重视。根据上文“less milkweed for butterflies to”可知，此处指可供蝴蝶食用的乳草。故选A。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国农业的变化清除了它们赖以获取花蜜的杂草和花卉。A. cultivate培养；B. remove移除；C. beautify美化；D. visualize想象。根据下文“weeds and flowers they need for nectar”可知，农业活动通常会清除杂草和野花，而这些是昆虫的花蜜来源。故选B。 【31题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近的科学论文没有提供新的数据，所以它们展示了一个开始受到更多关注的问题的的图景，这一图景宏大但不完整。A. unavoidable不可避免的；B. unappealing不吸引人的；C. inappropriate不合适的；D. incomplete不完整的。根据上文“The recent scientific papers do not provide new data”可知，缺少新数据会导致问题的图景不够完整。故选D。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：贝伦鲍姆说，科学家们已经确认了100万种昆虫，而可能还会发现多达400万种。A. identified确认；B. threatened威胁；C. anticipated预期；D. neglected忽视。根据下文“1 million insect species,while up to 4 million more are likely to be discovered”的对比可知，此处指已经被识别、记录的昆虫种类。故选A。 【33题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：特拉华大学的道格・塔拉米没有参与这些研究，但他说，这项研究证明了世界“在过去30年里花费了数十亿美元寻找杀死昆虫的新方法，而仅仅花费了微不足道的钱来保护它们”。A. private私人的；B. additional额外的；C. mere仅仅的；D. primitive原始的。根据上文“spent the last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill insects and”可知，与“billions of dollars”形成对比，应是指花费了“仅仅”很少的钱在保护上。故选C。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：塔拉米在给美联社的一封电子邮件中说，好消息是人们自己可以做很多事情来阻止昆虫的减少。A. stop阻止；B. suffer遭受；C. generate产生；D. explain解释。根据下文“insect losses”可知，此处是提出解决办法，即采取行动阻止昆虫减少的趋势。故选A。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“这是一个全球性的问题，但解决之道却在于基层行动，”他写道。A. contradiction矛盾；B. solution解决方案；C. expectation期望；D. promise承诺。根据上文“the good news was that people themselves can do a lot to stop insect losses”可知，此处指解决问题的办法。故选B。 （九） （2026年杨浦区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Sunk Cost Effect In economics, the sunk cost effect is infamous. It occurs whenever we double down on ____21____ financial decisions based on past investments that can’t be recovered. Marketing professor Christopher Olivola points to a few ways that the sunk cost effect is tied to your wallet. You might sit through the entirety of a movie that you ____22____ from the beginning, for instance, if only to justify the cost of the ticket. Similarly, you might ____23____ hitting the gym, even after sustaining a painful injury, if your expensive membership is nonrefundable. “But what is happening in all these situations is that you’re not really getting back that money, or whatever it is you invested,” ‌says Olivola. “That’s part of why it’s not ____24____.” The sunk cost effect can play out ____25____ too. Researchers have tied the same faulty reasoning to ongoing investments in fossil fuels, despite increasingly available energy ____26____ and alarming climate predictions. The ____27____ of the sunk cost effect is a phenomenon that’s been studied time and time again. But researchers still haven’t quite ____28____ the reason humans keep falling for it. Based on his own research, Olivola tends to ____29____ our desire to reduce waste. ‌“We dislike to see ourselves or others as wasteful,” he says. Another possible reason? We tend to open up a mental ‌“bank account” whenever we invest money, time, or effort into something, he says. Subsequently, the only way we can then “close” this account is by getting our ____30____ money’s worth. In certain circumstances, the sunk cost effect could actually help you achieve major ____31____ like becoming more fit or finishing a degree. But if you find yourself ____32____ to past decisions you can’t change, the sunk cost effect is no longer beneficial. How, then, do we overcome this mindset? When it comes to ____33____ the effort, time, or money others have invested in us, it’s important to remember that our friends and family members don’t actually want us to suffer at their expense. Don’t feel too bad if you still find yourself ____34____. Even for Olivola, who has spent more than two decades studying these sorts of things, the sunk cost phenomenon can still be ____35____. “So, you know, if you can overcome it, you’re better than me,” he adds. 21. A. poor B. emotional C. wise D. hesitant 22. A. enjoyed B. hated C. reviewed D. followed 23. A. postpone B. avoid C. continue D. imagine 24. A. natural B. primitive C. formal D. logical 25. A. on a larger scale B. from a more academic angle C. on a more regular basis D. with greater intensity 26. A. statistics B. alternatives C. consumptions D. reserves 27. A. economics B. psychology C. physiology D. history 28. A. responded to B. put forward C. reflected on D. pinned down 29. A. control B. analyze C. exploit D. blame 30. A. private B. foreign C. symbolic D. real 31. A. discoveries B. goals C. reforms D. victories 32. A. anchored B. opposed C. directed D. applied 33. A. honoring B. defining C. ignoring D. regretting 34. A. marching B. changing C. losing D. struggling 35. A. impersonal B. inferior C. irresistible D. irreplaceable 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. D 29. D 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了经济学中的“沉没成本效应”，即人们倾向于依据无法收回的既往投入而继续做出非理性决策的现象，探讨了其在日常生活、大型项目中的表现，以及背后的心理原因和可能的应对方法。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每当我们基于无法收回的既往投入而加倍坚持糟糕的财务决策时，它就会发生。A. poor糟糕的；B. emotional情绪的；C. wise明智的；D. hesitant犹豫的。根据前文“infamous(声名狼藉的)”和第二段中所举的明知电影难看仍坚持看完的例子可知，这种行为是“糟糕的”决策。故选A项。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，你可能会坚持看完一部你从一开始就不喜欢的电影，仅仅是为了让票价值得。A. enjoyed享受；B. hated不喜欢，讨厌；C. reviewed复习；D. followed跟随。根据后文“if only to justify the cost of the ticket”可知，坚持看完电影仅仅是为了让票价值得，所以你应该是“不喜欢”这部电影。故选B项。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：同样，如果你的昂贵会员资格不可退款，即使受了伤，你可能也会继续去健身房。A. postpone推迟；B. avoid避免；C. continue继续；D. imagine想象。根据前文“You might sit through the entirety of a movie that you _____ from the beginning, for instance, if only to justify the cost of the ticket.”和“Similarly”可推知，人们会为了让票价值得而坚持看完一部从一开始就不喜欢的电影，同样，为了让健身房会费值得，即使受伤，人们也会“继续”去健身房。故选C项。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：奥利沃拉说：“但所有这些情况中发生的事情是，你并没有真正收回那笔钱，或者你投入的任何东西。这就是为什么它不合逻辑的部分原因。”A. natural自然的；B. primitive原始的；C. formal正式的；D. logical逻辑的。根据前文奥利沃拉的解释“But what is happening in all these situations is that you’re not really getting back that money, or whatever it is you invested”可知，既然投入无法收回，继续投入就是非理性的，因此“不合逻辑”。故选D项。 【25题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：沉没成本效应也可能在更大规模上上演。A. on a larger scale在更大规模上；B. from a more academic angle从更学术的角度；C. on a more regular basis更经常地；D. with greater intensity以更大的强度。根据后文“ongoing investments in fossil fuels”以及“climate predictions”可知，这是在讨论国家或全球层面的问题，是“更大规模”的体现。故选A项。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员将同样的错误推理与对化石燃料的持续投资联系起来，尽管越来越有可用的能源替代品和令人担忧的气候预测。A. statistics统计数据；B. alternatives替代品；C. consumptions消耗；D. reserves储备。“despite”表示的转折关系，结合“increasingly available energy”可推知，与前文“fossil fuels”相对的是其他能源“替代品”。故选B项。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：沉没成本效应的心理学是一种被反复研究的现象。A. economics经济学；B. psychology心理学；C. physiology生理学；D. history历史。根据后文“the reason humans keep falling for it”以及 Olivola所讨论的“desire to reduce waste”等心理动机可知，沉没成本效应主要关乎人的决策心理，属于“心理学”范畴。故选B项。 【28题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但研究人员仍未完全确定人类一直深陷其中的原因。A. responded to回应；B. put forward提出；C. reflected on反思；D. pinned down确定，确切解释。根据前文“a phenomenon that’s been studied time and time again”和后文“But researchers still haven’t quite”可推知，虽然被反复研究，但其原因并未被完全“确定”。故选D项。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：基于他自己的研究，奥利沃拉倾向于归咎于我们减少浪费的欲望。A. control控制；B. analyze分析；C. exploit利用；D. blame归咎于，归因于。根据后文“We dislike to see ourselves or others as wasteful”可知，这是他对原因的一种解释，即把沉没成本效应的原因“归咎于”这种心理。故选D项。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他说，随后，我们能够“关闭”这个账户的唯一方式就是获得我们实际投入的金钱的价值。A. private私人的；B. foreign外国的；C. symbolic象征性的；D. real真正的，实际的。根据前文“We tend to open up a mental ‌“bank account” whenever we invest money, time, or effort into something”的比喻，我们投入的是“实际的”金钱、时间或精力，因此希望获得“实际的”价值。故选D项。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在某些情况下，沉没成本效应实际上可能帮助你实现诸如变得更健康或完成学位等主要目标。A. discoveries发现；B. goals目标；C. reforms改革；D. victories胜利。根据后文“like becoming more fit or finishing a degree”可知，这些都是个人想要实现的“目标”。故选B项。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但如果你发现自己被无法改变的过去决定所束缚，沉没成本效应就不再有益了。A. anchored锚定，使固定；B. opposed反对；C. directed引导；D. applied应用。根据后文“to past decisions you can’t change, the sunk cost effect is no longer beneficial.”可推知，如果被过去的决定“束缚”或“困住”，沉没成本效应就不能带来益处。“be anchored to”是固定搭配，意为“被……固定住”。故选A项。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当涉及到尊重他人为我们付出的努力、时间或金钱时，重要的是要记住，我们的朋友和家人实际上并不希望我们为了他们而受苦。A. honoring尊重，兑现；B. defining定义；C. ignoring忽视；D. regretting后悔。根据后文“the effort, time, or money others have invested in us”可知，他人为我们付出的努力、时间或金钱，是值得“尊重”的。故选A项。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你发现自己仍在困境中挣扎，不要感觉太糟糕。A. marching行进；B. changing改变；C. losing失败；D. struggling在困境中挣扎。根据前文“Don’t feel too bad”和后文“Even for Olivola, who has spent more than two decades studying these sorts of things, the sunk cost phenomenon can still be ____ .”可知，专家都难以克服“沉没成本效应”，所以普通人在困境中挣扎是很正常的。故选D项。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是花了二十多年研究这类事物的奥利沃拉，沉没成本现象仍然可能是不可抗拒的。A. impersonal非个人的；B. inferior劣等的；C. irresistible不可抗拒的；D. irreplaceable不可替代的。根据前文“Don’t feel too bad if you still find yourself ______”的安慰以及后文“if you can overcome it, you’re better than me”的玩笑可知，这种现象极其普遍且难以抵抗。故选C项。 （十） （2026年浦东新区一模） Have you ever felt nervous or ashamed to take time off work to care for your mental health? Emily Carter, a writer based in New York, recently posed a similar question online, inspired by Mira Kelton, who unexpectedly ____21____ from Olympic events to protect her psychological well-being. “It was ____22____ to many people,” Carter noted in an interview, “because the prevailing (盛行的) mentality is to be strong and push through the pain.” The responses revealed a troubling pattern: due to ____23____ and professional concerns, numerous employees feel pressured to hide their need for mental health leave. This ____24____ hesitation points to a significant gap in workplace support systems that urgently needs to be addressed. While the term “sad day”— often used to refer to a mental health day — lacks an official definition, it generally means paid leave taken from sick days. It allows employees who aren’t feeling like themselves to ____25____, engage in meaningful activities, or simply take a break from daily stressors. To put it mildly, a “sad day” offers only a temporary ____26____ and is not a fix for deeper issues. ____27____, sometimes a short break can make a substantial difference. Recognizing the need for such time off is not always straightforward. According to Elena Stribling, president of the advocacy group Mental Health America, the signs can be ____28____.These may include shifts in mood, slight drops in productivity or difficulty concentrating. Nevertheless, if left unaddressed, these early ____29____ can evolve into severe health issues. Once you’ve decided to take a mental health day, the next question is how to ____30____ your decision. Your relationship with your manager will largely determine how open you can be about your reasons. Stribling warned that anxiety or guilt can sometimes lead to ____31____. In most cases, experts advise simply stating that you need to take a sick day without going into detail. “Not everybody values mental health,” added Andrew Parker, a clinical psychologist at Riverside Medical Center in Belmont, Mass. “Unless you’ re close with your supervisor, it is a(n) ____32____ to present your specific needs.” Finally, how you use “sad days” matters. Reflect on what has led you to this point: Do your personal relationships need attention? Are you exhausted from your workload and in need of ____33____? It may be a mix of several factors. Whatever you do, don’t spend the day ____34____ work messages or feeling guilty. As Stribling emphasized, “Self-care is not a selfish act. People who are selfless to the point of ____35____ end up burning out.” 21. A. recovered B. withdrew C. benefited D. suffered 22. A. convincing B. shocking C. challenging D. inspiring 23. A. dishonesty B. disinterest C. disgrace D. disorder 24. A. collective B. sudden C. intentional D. brief 25. A. step back B. take off C. pass out D. break down 26. A. resolution B. exercise C. calling D. relief 27. A. Besides B. Otherwise C. However D. Thus 28. A. unclear B. external C. imaginary D. evident 29. A. conflicts B. habits C. warnings D. attempts 30. A. communicate B. advocate C. enrich D. delay 31. A. over-reacting B. over-working C. over-sharing D. over-estimating 32. A. duty B. risk C. honor D. priority 33. A. challenge B. praise C. disconnection D. promotion 34. A. deleting B. leaking C. treasuring D. checking 35. A. self-sacrifice B. self-awareness C. self-defense D. self-control 【答案】21. B 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. A 29. C 30. A 31. C 32. B 33. C 34. D 35. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨职场心理健康休假现象：米拉退赛引发关注，员工因顾虑隐瞒需求，“伤心假”有缓解作用，专家建议合理请假并专注自我关怀。 【21题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近，纽约作家艾米丽·卡特（Emily Carter）受米拉·凯尔顿（Mira Kelton）的启发，在网上提出了一个类似的问题，凯尔顿为了保护自己的心理健康，出人意料地退出了奥运会项目。A. recovered恢复；B. withdrew退出；C. benefited获益；D. suffered遭受。根据下文“…from Olympic events to protect her psychological well-being”可知，凯尔顿为了保护自己的心理健康，出人意料地退出了奥运会项目。故选B项。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“这让很多人感到震惊，”卡特在一次采访中指出，“因为普遍的心态是要坚强，要克服痛苦。”A. convincing有说服力的；B. shocking令人震惊的；C. challenging有挑战性的；D. inspiring鼓舞人心的。根据后文“because the prevailing mentality is to be strong and push through the pain.”可知，提到主流观念是“强忍痛苦”，因此她退出赛事的行为对很多人来说是令人震惊的。故选B项。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些回复揭示了一个令人不安的模式：由于不光彩和职业方面的考虑，许多员工迫于压力，隐瞒了他们对心理健康假的需求。A. dishonesty不诚实；B. disinterest不感兴趣；C. disgrace耻辱、不光彩；D. disorder混乱。根据下文“and professional concerns”可知，员工因担心丢脸和职业发展问题，不愿申请心理健康休假。disgrace 表示“耻辱、不光彩”，符合语境。故选C项。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种集体的犹豫表明，工作场所的支持系统存在重大差距，迫切需要解决。A. collective集体的；B. sudden突然的；C. intentional故意的；D. brief短暂的。根据前文“numerous employees feel pressured to hide their need for mental health leave”提到“众多员工都有这种压力”，因此这种犹豫是群体性的。故选A项。 【25题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这类假期能让状态不佳的员工放慢节奏、投身于有意义的活动，或是单纯从日常压力中抽离出来歇一歇。A. step back抽身退步、暂缓节奏；B. take off起飞，脱下；C. pass out晕倒；D. break down崩溃。根据上文“It allows employees who aren’t feeling like themselves…”可知，此处为这类假期能让状态不佳的员工从日常压力中抽离出来歇一歇。故选A项。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：委婉地说，“伤心假”只能暂时缓解心情，并不能解决更深层次的问题。A. resolution决议；B. exercise锻炼；C. calling使命感；D. relief缓解。根据下文“and is not a fix for deeper issues”可知，心理健康休假只能带来暂时的缓解，无法解决深层问题。故选D项。 【27题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有时短暂的休息可以带来实质性的不同。A. Besides此外；B. Otherwise否则；C. However然而；D. Thus因此。根据前文“offers only a temporary relief”说“只是暂时缓解”，后文“sometimes a short break can make a substantial difference”说“短暂休息能有很大作用”，是转折关系。故选C项。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据美国心理健康倡导组织主席埃琳娜·斯特里布林的说法，这些迹象可能并不明显。A. unclear模糊的，不明显的；B. external外部的；C. imaginary想象的；D. evident明显的。根据前文“Recognizing the need for such time off is not always straightforward.”提到“识别这种休假需求并不容易”，说明相关迹象是不明显的。故选A项。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，如果不加以解决，这些早期预警可能演变成严重健康问题。A. conflicts冲突；B. habits习惯；C. warnings警示信号；D. attempts尝试；根据上文“These may include shifts in mood, slight drops in productivity or difficulty concentrating.”可知，情绪波动、效率下降等是心理健康问题的早期预警信号，若忽视会发展成严重疾病。故选C项。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦你决定请一天精神健康假，下一个问题就是如何传达你的决定。A. communicate 传达、告知；B. advocate倡导；C. enrich丰富；D. delay推迟。根据上文“Once you’ve decided to take a mental health day”可知，决定休心理健康假后，下一步是告知上司这个决定。故选A项。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：斯特里布林警告说，焦虑或内疚有时会导致过度分享。A. over-reacting反应过度；B. over-working过度工作；C. over-sharing过度分享；D. over-estimating高估。根据下文“experts advise simply stating that you need to take a sick day without going into detail”可知，焦虑或愧疚感可能会让人过度倾诉自己的心理问题，后文建议“不必详述原因”也印证了这一点。故选C项。 【32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：除非你和上司关系密切，否则提出你的具体需求是有风险的。A. duty责任；B. risk风险；C. honor荣誉；D. priority优先事项。根据上文“Unless you’ re close with your supervisor”可知，如果和上司关系不亲密，详述自己的心理需求是一种风险。故选B项。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：你是否已经被工作弄得筋疲力尽，需要休息一下？A. challenge挑战；B. praise赞扬；C. disconnection脱离；D. promotion晋升。根据上文“Are you exhausted from your workload”可知，因工作量大而疲惫时，需要的是抽离工作、断开连接。故选C项。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：无论你做什么，都不要花时间查看工作信息或感到内疚。A. deleting删除；B. leaking泄露；C. treasuring珍视；D. checking查看。根据句意以及下文“work messages”可知，休心理健康假时，不要花时间查看工作消息。故选D项。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些无私到自我牺牲的人最终会精疲力竭。A. self-sacrifice自我牺牲；B. self-awareness自我意识；C. self-defense自我防卫；D. self-control自我控制。根据句意以及上文“People who are selfless to the point of”可知，那些无私到自我牺牲的人最终会精疲力竭。故选A项。 （十一） （2026年金山区一模） Mounting evidence from medical studies has indicated that people who think positively have a lower risk of dying of all causes compared with others their own age who have a more pessimistic view of life. Over the past decade, researchers have ____23____ practical ways to build and maintain a hopeful attitude toward the future. Feeling pleasure actively ____24____ positivity. Try focusing your attention on joyful moments as they happen, consciously appreciating each experience. While weddings or vacations naturally create delight, everyday pleasures often go ____25____ until they fade. By slowing down and truly engaging — whether sharing a meal or chatting with a friend—you add to your enjoyment. Practicing ____26____ also matters. This means appreciating what you receive. Keeping an appreciation journal helps: regularly writing down specific things you’re thankful for, reliving the emotions ____27____ to them. This habit ____28____ deeper appreciation and makes blessings feel less ordinary. ____29____, develop mindfulness. Train your mind to focus ____30____ on the present through regular and structured practice, accepting whatever arises. Unlike enjoying pleasure alone, mindfulness involves fully ____31____ both pleasant and difficult experiences. Staying mindful boosts ____32____ in daily activities and builds your mental toughness to handle challenges. By ____33____ in the “here and now,” many reduce worries about the future, regrets over the past. Maintaining purpose is equally vital. ____34____ life changes — like job loss, children leaving home, or losing loved ones — can bring sorrow. During tough times, stick to ____35____: sleep well, exercise, eat healthily, and stay connected. Define painful transitions as new challenges. If you’re between jobs or retired, look for volunteer opportunities that would benefit from your professional skills. If you miss having children in your life, consider ____36____ or providing academic support. If you’ve lost a parent or spouse, supporting others who are sorrowful can be helpful. Recognizing your strength to weather storms maintains positivity. Emphasizing the positive helps you bounce back from hardship and face future losses. Studies consistently show older adults grow more content with age despite accumulating losses. They tend to minimize the ____37____, accept limitations, and set realistic goals. Adopting these practices earlier makes more impact — potentially enriching your life’s quality. Start encouraging positivity now; its benefits last a lifetime. 23. A. blocked B. reserved C. identified D. qualified 24. A. clarifies B. sustains C. caps D. consumes 25. A. unnoticed B. sour C. wrong D. flashed 26. A. gratitude B. hope C. enthusiasm D. passion 27. A. tailored B. attached C. subjected D. limited 28. A. leads to B. results from C. makes up D. stands for 29. A. Generally B. Additionally C. Interestingly D. Especially 30. A. systematically B. theoretically C. desperately D. considerably 31. A. opposing B. understanding C. repeating D. welcoming 32. A. engagement B. argument C. management D. amusement 33. A. persevering B. specializing C. anchoring D. excelling 34. A. Major B. Desirable C. Constant D. Similar 35. A. regulations B. routines C. supervisors D. exploits 36. A. dedicating B. coaching C. cancelling D. rating 37. A. novel B. negative C. sensitive D. subjective 【答案】23. C 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍培养和保持积极乐观心态的几种实用方法及其重要作用。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去十年里，研究人员已经找到了培养和保持对未来抱有希望态度的实用方法。A. blocked阻塞；阻碍；B. reserved预订；保留；C. identified发现；确认；D. qualified使合格；限定。根据前文“Mounting evidence from medical studies has indicated that people who think positively have a lower risk of dying of all causes”可知，医学研究已证实积极心态的益处，因此研究人员应是发现了培养积极心态的方法。故选C。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：主动感受快乐有助于维持积极性。A. clarifies阐明；澄清；B. sustains维持；支撑；C. caps覆盖；限制；D. consumes消耗；消费。根据后文“Try focusing your attention on joyful moments as they happen, consciously appreciating each experience”可知，关注快乐时刻的建议是为了维持积极的状态。故选B。 【25题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然婚礼或假期自然能带来喜悦，但日常的快乐往往在悄然流逝前都不被人注意。A. unnoticed未被注意的；被忽视的；B. sour酸的；脾气坏的；C. wrong错误的；有毛病的；D. flashed闪光的；闪现的。根据后文“By slowing down and truly engaging — whether sharing a meal or chatting with a friend—you add to your enjoyment”可知，作者建议放慢节奏感受日常，说明日常快乐常不被注意。故选A。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：培养感恩之心也很重要。A. gratitude感激；感恩；B. hope希望；期望；C. enthusiasm热情；热忱；D. passion酷爱。根据后文“This means appreciating what you receive. Keeping an appreciation journal helps”可知，该段建议欣赏所拥有的事物、写感恩日记，核心是培养感恩之心。故选A。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：写感恩日记会有帮助：定期写下你特别感激的事情，重温与之相关的情感。A. tailored定制；量身定做；B. attached使依附；附属；C. subjected使服从；使遭受；D. limited限制；限定。根据空格后“to them”可知，此处是固定搭配 attached to，表示“与……相关的”，用来修饰emotions。故选B。 【28题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这个习惯会带来更深层次的感恩之情，让那些值得感恩的事不再显得平淡无奇。A. leads to导致；带来；B. results from起因于；由……造成；C. makes up组成；编造；D. stands for代表；象征。根据前文“regularly writing down specific things you’re thankful for, reliving the emotions attached to them”可知，写感恩日记的习惯会带来更深的感恩之情。故选A。 【29题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，培养正念。A. Generally通常；普遍地；B. Additionally此外；另外；C. Interestingly有趣地；D. Especially尤其；特别。前文介绍了主动感受快乐、培养感恩之心两种方法，本句提出培养正念的新方法，属于补充建议，应用“此外” 连接。故选B。 【30题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：通过规律且有条理的练习，训练你的大脑系统性地专注于当下，接纳所发生的一切。A. systematically系统地；有条理地；B. theoretically理论上地；C. desperately拼命地；绝望地；D. considerably相当地；非常地。根据前文“through regular and structured practice”可知，规律且有条理的练习对应的是系统性地专注当下。故选A。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：与单纯享受快乐不同，正念包括全然接纳愉快和艰难的经历。A. opposing反对；反抗；B. understanding理解；明白；C. repeating重复；复述；D. welcoming欣然接受；欢迎。根据前文“accepting whatever arises”可知，正念的核心是接纳一切，因此是欣然接受愉快和艰难的经历。故选D。 【32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：保持正念能增强日常活动中的参与感，并培养你应对挑战的心理韧性。A. engagement参与；投入；B. argument争论；论点；C. management管理；经营；D. amusement娱乐；消遣。根据前文“mindfulness involves fully 9 both pleasant and difficult experiences”可知，正念要求全身心接纳经历，能增强人在日常活动中的参与感。故选A。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过专注于 “此时此地”，许多人减少了对未来的担忧和对过去的遗憾。A. persevering坚持；不屈不挠；B. specializing专门研究；专攻；C. anchoring使扎根；使基于；D. excelling擅长；胜过他人。根据前文“Train your mind to focus systematically on the present”可知，此处指专注于当下，anchoring in有“扎根于；立足于”的含义，契合语境。故选C。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：重大的人生变故 —— 比如失业、孩子离家或失去至亲 —— 都可能带来悲伤。A. Major重大的；主要的；B. Desirable值得拥有的；合意的；C. Constant持续的；恒定的；D. Similar相似的；类似的。根据后文“like job loss, children leaving home, or losing loved ones”可知，这些都是重大的人生变化。故选A。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在艰难时期，坚持日常作息：睡好、运动、健康饮食并保持社交联系。A. regulations规则；规章；B. routines常规；日常作息；C. supervisors监督者；管理者；D. exploits功绩；业绩。根据后文“sleep well, exercise, eat healthily, and stay connected”可知，这些是日常的生活作息。故选B。 【36题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你怀念生活中有孩子的时光，可以考虑辅导孩子或者提供学业支持。A. dedicating献身；致力于；B. coaching辅导；指导；C. cancelling取消；终止；D. rating评价；评级。根据后文“providing academic support”可知，此处是与之并列的行为，辅导孩子符合语境。故选B。 【37题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们倾向于淡化消极的一面，接受自身的局限，并设定切实可行的目标。A. novel新奇的；异常的；B. negative消极的；负面的；C. sensitive敏感的；灵敏的；D. subjective主观的；个人的。根据前文“Studies consistently show older adults grow more content with age despite accumulating losses”可知，老年人虽有诸多失去却更满足，原因是他们淡化消极的事物。故选B。 （十二） （2026年奉贤区一模） On March 17, scientists reported finding the earliest echoes of the Big Bang. The long-sought evidence supports the idea that the universe inflated in a(n) ____21____ . A scientific theory, called inflation, held that during the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe grew ____22____ faster than the speed of light. It soon stretched out farther than any telescope can see. Astronomers first introduced the theory of inflation more than 30 years ago. Since then, it has become an important part of the ____23____ for how the universe began. Inflation helps answer some questions raised by the Big Bang, such as why the universe looks the same in every direction. Inflation probably has ____24____everything out. It’s just like what happens when blowing up a party balloon. ____25____ scientists couldn’t be sure that inflation happened, for they lacked solid evidence. The new discovery provides the needed evidence, identifying the long-lasting effects of inflation on the ____26____ light in the universe. Scientists cannot travel back to the Big Bang, an event lost to the deep past of 13.8 billion years. Yet, the universe itself is a time capsule. According to inflation theory, the Big Bang sent waves spreading through the fabric of spacetime, preserving clues that scientists can still ____27____ today. Known as “gravitational waves”, they would ____28____ squeeze (压缩) and stretch the fabric of space. So their passage should have left a(n) ____29____ on the farthest reaches of the known universe. Scientists had sought those characteristic marks. For their search, the scientists used a telescope called BICEP2 at the South Pole. The region’s cold, dry and ____30____ air is perfect for observing deep into space — and back into time. For 50 years, scientists have known that energy in the form of microwave radiation ____31____ long after the Big Bang. ____32____, the telescope detects tiny particles of light that carry this microwave signal. John Kovac, a Harvard Associate Professor of Astronomy and Physics, led the new search for the Big Bang’s echoes. His large team will continue to ____33____ their data. They want to make sure their results didn’t arise from a problem in the telescope or some ____34____ in their analysis. For now, many scientists are excited by the news. ____35____of gravitational waves offers new opportunities for scientists to test more ideas about the nature of the universe, thus opening up a whole new window. 21. A. period B. flash C. term D. interval 22. A. upward B. downward C. inward D. outward 23. A. explanation B. reflection C. description D. prediction 24. A. spilt B. smoothed C. cast D. wiped 25. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. However D. Instead 26. A. oldest B. brightest C. purest D. gentlest 27. A. overlook B. project C. decode D. clarify 28. A. relatively B. randomly C. alternately D. instantly 29. A. symbol B. mark C. object D. evidence 30. A. harsh B. thick C. stable D. fresh 31. A. expands B. endures C. emerges D. fades 32. A. For instance B. By contrast C. As a result D. In particular 33. A. go over B. account for C. back up D. refer to 34. A. failures B. errors C. weaknesses D. contradictions 35. A. Approval B. Publication C. Awareness D. Confirmation 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. A 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了科学家发现大爆炸早期回声，佐证宇宙暴胀理论。该发现通过探测引力波痕迹实现，团队将复核数据，为探索宇宙本质开辟新方向。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一长期寻找的证据支持了这样一个观点：宇宙是在一瞬间迅速膨胀起来的。A. period时期；B. flash瞬间，闪光；C. term学期；D. interval间隔。根据后文“during the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang”可知，宇宙是在一瞬间迅速膨胀起来的。in a flash表示“瞬间；立刻”。故选B。 【22题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：有一种名为“暴胀理论”的科学理论认为，在大爆炸发生后的10的负36次方秒这一瞬间，宇宙的向外扩张速度超过了光速。A. upward向上；B. downward向下；C. inward向内；D. outward向外。根据上文“the universe inflated”可知，对应宇宙从奇点向外扩张的物理过程应用outward。故选D。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：自此之后，它便成为了关于宇宙起源的解释中不可或缺的一部分。A. explanation解释；B. reflection反射；C. description描述；D. prediction预测。根据后文“for how the universe began”可知，暴胀理论是对宇宙起源的科学阐释，搭配for how the universe began最合理。故选A。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：暴胀或许已经使一切趋于平稳了。A. spilt洒出；B. smoothed弄平滑；C. cast投射；D. wiped擦去。根据上文“Inflation helps answer some questions raised by the Big Bang, such as why the universe looks the same in every direction.(暴胀有助于解答“大爆炸”理论所引发的一些问题，比如为何宇宙在各个方向看起来都是一样的)”可知，宇宙暴胀让物质分布趋于均匀。故选B。 【25题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，科学家们无法确定这种膨胀现象是否真的存在，因为他们缺乏确凿的证据。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. However然而；D. Instead反而。前文讲暴胀理论的作用，后文讲“科学家无法确定暴胀是否发生，因为缺乏确凿证据”，是转折关系，用however。故选C。 【26题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一新发现提供了所需证据，揭示了暴胀对宇宙中最古老光线所产生的长期影响。A. oldest最老的；B. brightest最亮的；C. purest最纯的；D. gentlest最温和的。根据后文“Scientists cannot travel back to the Big Bang, an event lost to the deep past of 13.8 billion years.(科学家无法回到宇宙大爆炸之时，因为那是一段早已远去的138亿年前的久远过去)”可知，宇宙大爆炸遗留的光（微波背景辐射）是宇宙中最古老的光，故选A。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据宇宙膨胀理论，大爆炸时产生的波在时空结构中传播开来，留下了可供科学家至今解读的线索。A. overlook忽视；B. project预计；C. decode破译，解读；D. clarify澄清。根据上文“According to inflation theory, the Big Bang sent waves spreading through the fabric of spacetime, preserving clues that scientists can still”可知，科学家从时空波中解读宇宙起源的线索。故选C。 【28题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：被称为“引力波”的现象，会周期性地挤压和拉伸空间的结构。A. relatively相当地；B. randomly随机地；C. alternately交替地；D. instantly立即。根据后文“squeeze and stretch the fabric of space”可知，引力波的作用方式是交替挤压，拉伸时空，故选C。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以他们的航行应该会在已知宇宙的最遥远区域留下痕迹。A. symbol象征；B. mark标记，痕迹；C. object物体；D. evidence证据。根据后文“sought those characteristic marks”可知，此处指在已知宇宙的最遥远区域留下痕迹。故选B。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：该地区的寒冷、干燥且稳定的空气条件非常适合进行太空观测——以及对过去时光的追溯观测。A. harsh恶劣的；B. thick厚的；C. stable稳定的；D. fresh新鲜的。根据后文“air is perfect for observing deep into space”可知，稳定的大气能减少观测干扰，是天文观测选址的关键条件。故选C。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：50年来，科学家们一直知道，在大爆炸之后，以微波辐射形式存在的能量会持续存在很长时间。A. expands扩大；B. endures持续；C. emerges出现；D. fades消失。根据上文“For 50 years, scientists have known that energy in the form of microwave radiation”可知，微波背景辐射是大爆炸的残留能量，至今仍存在，即持续。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：特别是，该望远镜能够探测到携带这种微波信号的极微小的光粒子。A. For instance例如；B. By contrast相比之下；C. As a result因此；D. In particular特别。前文讲微波辐射的存在，后文讲“望远镜探测到携带这种微波信号的光粒子”，是强调具体观测对象，In particular符合语境。故选D。 【33题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：他的庞大团队将继续仔细审查他们的数据。A. go over仔细检查，复核；B. account for解释；C. back up支持；D. refer to参考。根据后文“They want to make sure their results didn’t arise from a problem in the telescope or some in their analysis.”可知，团队将继续仔细审查他们的数据。故选A。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们想要确保这些结果并非是由于望远镜出现故障或是分析过程中存在错误所致。A. failures失败；B. errors偏差，错误；C. weaknesses弱点；D. contradictions矛盾。根据上文“They want to make sure their results didn’t arise from a problem in the telescope or some”可知，科学分析中可能出现的偏差，故选B。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：引力波的确认为科学家们提供了新的契机，使他们能够检验更多关于宇宙本质的理论，从而开辟了一个全新的领域。A. Approval赞成；B. Publication出版；C. Awareness意识；D. Confirmation确认。根据上文“The long-sought evidence”可知，对应前文“新发现提供了暴胀理论的证据”，即证实了引力波的存在。故选D。 （十三） （2026年长宁区一模） A heart attack occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, starving it of oxygen and leading to the death of muscle tissue. For decades, medical experts in the study of the heart have had to acknowledge that a damaged heart remains ____21____ damaged. Once a heart attack kills off muscle cells, they are gone for good, replaced by fibrous tissue that ____22____ the organ and frequently results in heart failure. That, ____23____, may be about to change, thanks to a team of scientists who have found a way of helping the heart to get better itself. By reawakening an inactive gene (基因) known as CCNA2, researchers at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York made adult human heart cells divide and multiply in a laboratory — something long thought ____24____, The results, published in the Nature Regenerative Medicine journal, suggest it may one day be possible to regrow heart tissue after injury, ____25____ the need for transplants or implanted devices. To understand how this works, it’s essential to examine the ____26____ of the CCNA2 gene. In the woman’s womb (子宫), CCNA2 drives the growth of the developing heart — but the gene ____27____ soon after birth. A director of heart-related regenerative medicine at Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine, has spent nearly 20 years trying to ____28____ that process. In 2014, her team became the first to regenerate a large animal’s heart by reactivating CCNA2. They used pigs, the hearts of which closely look like those of humans, but now her group has produced evidence indicating that the same ____29____ could work in adult human heart cells. After delivering a(n) ____30____ version of CCNA2 into heart muscle cells taken from donor organs aged 21, 41 and 55, they watched the gene take effect using microscopes. After the gene treatment, the most ____31____ results involved mature cells growing again in the two older hearts. These cells began to divide in two, and they maintained the structure and proteins that gave heart muscle its strength. However, when heart cells divide in a lab, they would occasionally ____32____ their shape or rhythm, which would make the cells useless or dangerous. ____33____, therefore, involves seeking approval from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to start to test the gene treatment in heart patients. “This is the ____34____of nearly two decades of continuous research,” Chaudhry emphasized. “Now we’ve brought this breakthrough one step ____35____ to patients.” 21. A. considerably B. frequently C. gradually D. permanently 22. A. awakens B. surrounds C. weakens D. abuses 23. A. therefore B. however C. moreover D. meanwhile 24. A. unachievable B. uncomfortable C. inconsistent D. inevitable 25. A. supporting B. indicating C. creating D. reducing 26. A. domain B. source C. role D. code 27. A. breaks down B. bursts out C. speeds up D. switches off 28. A. reverse B. undergo C. stimulate D. simplify 29. A. approach B. medicine C. function D. product 30. A. original B. active C. stable D. temporary 31. A. conflicting B. striking C. misleading D. distressing 32. A. clone B. waste C. lose D. select 33. A. A possible exception B. A new test C. The next step D. The future setback 34. A. basis B. assumption C. beginning D. peak 35. A. narrower B. closer C. maturer D. slower 【答案】21. D 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. C 34. D 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了纽约西奈山医院的科学家团队通过重新激活一种名为CCNA2的基因，使成年人类心脏细胞在实验室中分裂和增殖，为心脏再生治疗带来了希望，有望减少对移植或植入设备的需求。 【21题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：几十年来，研究心脏的医学专家不得不承认，受损的心脏会永久受损。A. considerably相当大地；B. frequently频繁地；C. gradually逐渐地；D. permanently永久地。根据后文“Once a heart attack kills off muscle cells, they are gone for good, replaced by fibrous tissue that __2__ the organ and frequently results in heart failure.”可知，一旦心脏病发作导致肌肉细胞死亡，它们就会一去不复返，被纤维组织所取代，纤维组织会削弱心脏，并经常导致心力衰竭，所以此处指心脏受损后会永久受损。故选D项。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦心脏病发作导致肌肉细胞死亡，它们就会一去不复返，被纤维组织所取代，纤维组织会削弱心脏，并经常导致心力衰竭。A. awakens唤醒；B. surrounds包围；C. weakens削弱；D. abuses滥用。根据后文“and frequently results in heart failure”可知，纤维组织会削弱心脏，导致心力衰竭。故选C项。 【23题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，由于一组科学家的发现，这种情况可能即将改变，他们找到了一种帮助心脏自我修复的方法。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. moreover此外；D. meanwhile同时。根据前文“Once a heart attack kills off muscle cells, they are gone for good, replaced by fibrous tissue that __2__ the organ and frequently results in heart failure.”以及后文“may be about to change, thanks to a team of scientists who have found a way of helping the heart to get better itself.”可知，前后文为转折关系，所以此处用however。故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：纽约西奈山医院的研究人员通过重新激活一种名为CCNA2的休眠基因，使成年人类心脏细胞在实验室中分裂和增殖——这一现象长期以来被认为是不可能实现的。A. unachievable无法实现的；B. uncomfortable不舒服的；C. inconsistent不一致的；D. inevitable不可避免的。根据前文“By reawakening an inactive gene(基因)known as CCNA2, researchers at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York made adult human heart cells divide and multiply in a laboratory”可知，此处指成年人类心脏细胞在实验室中分裂和增殖这一现象长期以来被认为是不可能实现的。故选A项。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项发表在《自然再生医学》杂志上的研究结果表明，有一天可能能够在受伤后重新生长心脏组织，减少对移植或植入设备的需求。A. supporting支持；B. indicating表明；C. creating创造；D. reducing减少。根据前文“it may one day be possible to regrow heart tissue after injury”可知，此处指减少对移植或植入设备的需求。故选D项。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：要了解这是如何起作用的，就必须检查CCNA2基因的作用。A. domain领域；B. source来源；C. role作用；D. code代码。根据后文“In the woman’s womb (子宫), CCNA2 drives the growth of the developing heart — but the gene __7__ soon after birth.”可知，此处指检查CCNA2基因的作用。故选C项。 【27题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：在女性子宫中，CCNA2驱动发育中的心脏的生长，但该基因在出生后不久就关闭了。A. breaks down分解；B. bursts out爆发；C. speeds up加速；D. switches off关闭。根据后文“has spent nearly 20 years trying to ____ that process.”可知，科学家花费近20年试图逆转这个过程，所以此处指该基因在出生后不久就关闭了。故选D项。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：西奈山伊坎医学院心脏相关再生医学主任花了近20年时间试图逆转这一过程。A. reverse逆转；B. undergo经历；C. stimulate刺激；D. simplify简化。根据后文“In 2014, her team became the first to regenerate a large animal’s heart by reactivating CCNA2.”可知，此处指科学家试图逆转这一过程。故选A项。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们使用猪，猪的心脏与人类的心脏非常相似，但现在她的团队已经提供了证据表明，同样的方法也可能适用于成年人类心脏细胞。A. approach方法；B. medicine药物；C. function功能；D. product产品。根据前文“In 2014, her team became the first to regenerate a large animal’s heart by reactivating CCNA2.”可知，此处指同样的方法也可能适用于成年人类心脏细胞。故选A项。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在将活性版本的CCNA2基因导入从21岁、41岁和55岁捐赠者器官中提取的心肌细胞后，他们使用显微镜观察了该基因的作用。A. original原始的；B. active活跃的；C. stable稳定的；D. temporary暂时的。根据前文“By reawakening an inactive gene(基因)known as CCNA2”可知，此处指将活性版本的CCNA2基因导入心肌细胞。故选B项。 【31题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：基因治疗后，最显著的结果是，在两个年龄较大的心脏中，成熟细胞再次生长。A. conflicting冲突的；B. striking显著的；C. misleading误导的；D. distressing令人痛苦的。根据后文“results involved mature cells growing again in the two older hearts.”可知，此处指最显著的结果。故选B项。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当心脏细胞在实验室中分裂时，它们偶尔会失去形状或节奏，这会使细胞无用或危险。A. clone克隆；B. waste浪费；C. lose失去；D. select选择。根据后文“which would make the cells useless or dangerous”可知，此处指心脏细胞偶尔会失去形状或节奏。故选C项。 【33题详解】 考查名词短语辨析。句意：因此，下一步是寻求美国食品药品监督管理局的批准，开始在心脏病患者中测试基因治疗。A. A possible exception可能的例外；B. A new test新的测试；C. The next step下一步；D. The future setback未来的挫折。根据后文“involves seeking approval from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to start to test the gene treatment in heart patients.”可知，此处指下一步是寻求美国食品药品监督管理局的批准。故选C项。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“这是近20年持续研究的顶峰，”乔杜里强调说。A. basis基础；B. assumption假设；C. beginning开始；D. peak顶峰。根据前文“In 2014, her team became the first to regenerate a large animal’s heart by reactivating CCNA2.”以及后文“Now we’ve brought this breakthrough one step ____ to patients.”可知，乔杜里的团队在2014年就首次通过重新激活CCNA2使大型动物的心脏再生，现在又取得了新的突破，所以此处指这是近20年持续研究的顶峰，强调这项研究取得的重大成果和高度成就。故选D项。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：现在，我们已经将这一突破向患者推进了一步。A. narrower更窄的；B. closer更近的；C. maturer更成熟的；D. slower更慢的。根据前文“Now we’ve brought this breakthrough one step”以及后文“to patients”可知，此处指将这一突破向患者推进了一步。故选B项。 （十四） （2026年普陀区一模） Is cooking a science? For years, many — including myself — would have said no. A kitchen is where we seek warmth and comfort, not a clinical lab. However, the idea of ____21____ science with home cooking has been gaining popularity. Books like The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science by J. Kenji López-Alt, which has overtaken classics like The Joy of Cooking in online reviews, ____22____ this shift. Science, it seems, offers home cooks the tools to make everyday dishes more delicious and ____23____ — think meatloaf that doesn’t fall apart. This enthusiasm for science in the kitchen has been ____24____ by trends like sourdough baking and fermentation (发酵), where precision matters. Weekend bakers now experiment with water content in dough, while many home cooks ____25____ tools like digital scales and instant-read thermometers to achieve consistent results. Like many people, I grew up convinced that science was the ____26____ of good cooking. For my mother, it meant cheap, industrial food — far from her fresh vegetable soups and slow-cooked beef. Yet, ____27____, she was practicing kitchen science. By cooking meat until it turned brown for a rich flavor and letting it cook long and slow enough to make it soft and juicy, she used simple cooking techniques to create delicious dishes. López-Alt ____28____ this everyday science, focusing not on trendy cooking tricks but on practical insights for better results. ____29____ to chop onions without tears, he advises cutting from root to tip, releasing fewer tear-watering chemicals. These small ____30____, grounded in observation and experimentation, make cooking more effective and enjoyable. Even long-held cooking wisdom can be ____31____. Harold McGee, author of On Food and Cooking, disproved the myth that asparagus (芦笋) naturally breaks where it becomes soft. ____32____, he found better results by simply cutting the stalks (茎) 6-7 inches from the tip. López-Alt even ____33____ traditional pasta-cooking methods, showing that less water and a shorter boil can still yield perfectly cooked noodles. I feel lucky to be cooking at a time when people like Mr. López-Alt are conducting such fun kitchen experiments. Yet it’s also true that ____34____ can never tell the whole story of cooking. A great meal is not just a combination of chemicals and physical processes. It is also a reflection of culture and family and the craft of the people who ____35____ b$ 专题03 完形填空 编者按：2026年上海十六区高三一模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2026年静安区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. It’s long been thought that the earlier you learn new skills, the easier they are to ____21____. That’s part of the reason why early childhood was once considered the best time to be ____22____ to a second language. But whether that holds true has been heavily debated in the scientific community. Unfortunately, the idea has helped increase doubt in older individuals’ ability to quickly adapt to new languages, preventing the ____23____ of many potential polyglots (通晓多种语言者). As a constantly ____24____ and complex organ, the human brain retains significant potential for higher learning after puberty. Adults and children simply absorb and learn things differently. “Research shows that adults are better learners in many areas because we have a lot of ____25____ and we’re very attentive when we want to learn something,” says Lourdes Ortega, a professor of linguistics at Georgetown University. “For most, it can take years to reach ____26____ in a foreign language.” According to The Foreign Service Institute (FSI), factors such as a person’s natural ability, their previous linguistic experience, and the consistency of their lessons ____27____ the language learning process. The FSI also reports that languages more ____28____ to their own, like Spanish or French, can be learned relatively quickly — often in about 24-30 weeks. ____29____ languages with significant cultural differences from English, such as Greek or Russian, generally require about 44 weeks. These estimates reflect a strict study model, involving several dedicated hours of practice spread across multiple days per week. It is ____30____ to expect any individual to follow such a demanding schedule alone. “No one can learn, as an adult, a new language unless they love it and unless they make it part of their life,” says Ortega. “In theory, it’s a great thing, but you need to have reasons for it and the time to invest in it.” At the same time, while adults benefit from motivation and ____31____ efforts, children approach learning differently, and both age groups have unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to ____32____ new connections. Children tend to learn new languages more ____33____, may have more opportunities to play and experiment with new languages, and may be forced to adapt without the aid of translation apps or other resources. Adults, meanwhile, can employ customized ____34____ to improve their language learning experience. ____35____, they create their own memorization systems or visualization techniques. Still, scientists are discovering that cognitive processes across different ages are far more complex than previously thought, suggesting that learning potential remains significant well beyond early childhood. 21. A. set off B. hold out C. pick up D. make for 22. A. accustomed B. exposed C. instructed D. imposed 23. A. emergence B. supervision C. guidance D. absence 24. A. restoring B. evolving C. adopting D. inferring 25. A. self-doubt B. self-esteem C. self-criticism D. self-regulation 26. A. mastery B. agreement C. coverage D. dimension 27. A. hint B. integrate C. affect D. speed 28. A. unique B. similar C. respective D. resistant 29. A. In essence B. By contrast C. In addition D. To some extent 30. A. invaluable B. conventional C. unrealistic D. distinctive 31. A. deliberate B. random C. joint D. ideal 32. A. masking B. grasping C. narrowing D. reforming 33. A. instinctively B. consciously C. mutually D. duly 34. A. formats B. gestures C. attainments D. strategies 35. A. As a whole B. For instance C. In conclusion D. By the way （二） （2026年虹口区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The word ‘habits’ gets thrown around a lot.Your doctor encourages you to get into the ‘good habit’ of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day; your friend ____21____ their ‘bad habit’ of checking social media before bed; maybe you once had a music teacher who kept on at you to practise your finger exercises until they ‘feel ____22____,. But according to psychologists, not everything you do, or want to do, frequently or regularly, is ____23____ a habit. Some of the situations above are more about goals (what you hope to achieve at some point in the future), ____24____ (your plans for what you’re going to do) and skills (such as being able to hit musical notes consistently), than about habits. ____25____, routines — such as going to the gym regularly — have the ____26____ to become a habit, but it’s not for sure that they will. So, what exactly is a habit? And what does it take to make one that’s ‘good’ or ____27____ one that’s ‘bad’? One key feature of habits is that once something is what you do by habit, you do it without thinking. Building on that idea, psychologists today say that what makes a habit a habit is that it’s a behaviour that’s started ____28____ by specific cues (提示) in the environment. The pairing between the cue and the action might have begun as ____29____ — that is, done to serve a particular goal or because it’s rewarding, but over time, the association is ____30____ and now it plays out without thought even if the behaviour is no longer pleasurable or desirable. This process of a behaviour in a particular situation starting out as willful but then becoming increasingly automatic through ____31____, has been shown at the level of brain activity. When a behaviour turns into a habit, the brain relies less on goal-directed systems and more on those driving ____32____ action. Or, to put it another way, the decision-making process you once had to ____33____ to perform the behaviour has been bypassed. But what really makes habits so interesting to psychologists and other health professionals is the way they can ____34____ our behaviour for better and worse. The healthy or unhealthy habits you may have can have an outsized influence on the kind of lifestyle you lead, and on your ability to fulfil your longer-tern goals. So, if you’ve formed a number of unhealthy habits, the long-term ____35____ impact could be significant. 21. A. worries about B. takes pride in C. benefits from D. depends on 22. A. exhausting B. worrying C. habitual D. imperfect 23. A. reversely B. alternatively C. necessarily D. academically 24. A. calendars B. intentions C. preferences D. actions 25. A. Still B. Consequently C. Instead D. Therefore 26. A. right B. limit C. advantage D. potential 27. A. define B. break C. form D. have 28. A. barely B. thoroughly C. early D. automatically 29. A. purposeful B. mindless C. temporary D. accidental 30. A. confirmed B. strengthened C. discovered D. approved 31. A. repetition B. struggle C. practice D. selection 32. A. decisive B. positive C. instinctive D. unlawful 33. A. come back B. settle down C. take over D. go through 34. A. control B. change C. interpret D. observe 35. A. indirect B. emotional C. unexpected D. harmful （三） （2026年嘉定区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Last month, I opened my banking app, I read through the statement, and I stopped cold: 9.99 for AppleTV+, 12.99 for a fitness app I quit using months ago, $14.99 for extra cloud storage... I suddenly realize how modern consumer life is increasingly dominated by “background spending”: automatic monthly ____21____ for numerous subscriptions of services which should have reduced life’s inconvenience. This spending model turns us into ____22____ consumers, damaging our financial control. We easily forget subscriptions we ____23____ use, like paying for TV apps long after watching just one show. Companies ____24____ this consumer inattention. It’s estimated that our forgotten cancellations can boost a business’ profit by up to 200%. Such an environment encourages price rise, as service providers know customers are often too busy or lazy to cancel unused services. This problem is widespread. A 2021 survey of 2,500 consumers found the average person spends $273 monthly on subscriptions, a 15% ____25____ from 2018. Yet not a single respondent knew their exact spending. Businesses find subscriptions highly ____26____, and offer the promise of “sell once, earn forever” to encourage long-term customer loyalty. While these services have been around for decades, their ____27____ to consumers has grown significantly in recent years, fueled by the popularity of smartphones and the increasing home delivery. Despite the promised ____28____ of these subscriptions, dissatisfaction is growing. A recent study found 40% of consumers believe they have too many subscriptions, and nearly half feel they ____29____ for streaming video, with a third actively planning to cut the expense. _____30_____, people still vastly underestimate their spending. Last year, C + R Research found the actual average monthly spend was 219, which was over 2.5 times higher than 86 that people guessed. To help consumers regain _____31_____, the US Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) has proposed a “click to cancel” policy. This would legally require companies to make _____32_____ a subscription as easy as starting one on the smartphone — no more forcing gym members to cancel in person. Additionally, under this extra consumer protection, businesses would need to remind subscribers annually about their membership before these are _____33_____ renewed. This rule would mean any background spending would be present in your mind at least for one moment a year. If all that doesn’t work, there is another idea: choose an app to _____34_____ your various subscriptions and background spending so you can better control your finances. Oh, wait a minute! I have to remind you that they are _____35_____ services, of course. 21. A. report B. project C. payment D. review 22. A. passive B. subjective C. optimistic D. loyal 23. A. properly B. rarely C. favourably D. individually 24. A. are concerned about B. are curious about C. are open to D. take advantage of 25. A. increase B. decrease C. difference D. share 26. A. concerning B. valuable C. attractive D. competitive 27. A. response B. opportunity C. harm D. access 28. A. aspect B. curiosity C. ease D. prejudice 29. A. overpay B. renew C. upgrade D. subscribe 30. A. Therefore B. Besides C. Contrarily D. However 31. A. confidence B. control C. freedom D. strength 32. A. buying B. ending C. offering D. sharing 33. A. automatically B. formally C. constantly D. completely 34. A. cancel B. monitor C. continue D. share 35. A. excellent B. free C. essential D. chargeable （四） （2026年徐汇区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere to start a new era in space, nobody really knew just how humans would fare, either mentally or physically, in low Earth orbit. In those early days, data was collected from probes and a selection of ____21____, but until that pioneering generation flew, no one could say how astronauts would react. The medical profession is still researching the ____22____ of space on the body today, both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth. Of all the medical ____23____ facing life in space, the most fundamental remains the effects of weightlessness. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth said that he “found weightlessness to be extremely ____24____”. Ironically for Glenn, it wasn’t until an incident two years after returning from space that a more in-depth level of medical inspection was triggered. When Glenn ____25____ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space. ____26____, they raised further questions about his health and how weightlessness had affected it, such as the strain placed on cardiovascular (心血管的) and circulatory systems. Since the 1960s, studies conducted on those who’ve spent time in space have revealed a whole range of medical ____27____. One paper revealed that on missions lasting six months or longer, an astronaut will experience bone density loss that is ____28____ to several decades of ageing. ____29____ this is one of the reasons why crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day. Research has also confirmed changes to vision, a compromised immune system, digestive issues and elevated long-term cancer risks. ____30____ space flight could also lead to cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety. However, while Glenn’s bathroom fall ____31____sparked a series of rigorous investigations from ground-based doctors, tracking the health effects of space has moved to the environment that causes them: space itself, and the spacecraft and orbiting platforms where longer-term research can be carried out. In the intervening years, there have been thousands of medical research projects on human health in space. For example, in 1989 two physicians on board Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) ____32____ to establish a link between cranial (颅骨的) pressure and motion sickness. In 1995, Mir Principal Expedition 18 saw a joint US-Russian medical research project to investigate the effects of weightlessness. And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station ____33____ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins. However, regardless of what space has thrown at us then and now, the driving force to overcome any ____34____ medical problem remains unshaken: our existence as a species beyond the day when Earth’s time is finally done, depends upon it. It’s one thing to assemble the hardware to propel humankind to Mars and ____35____ beyond the Red Planet; the state of our health when we arrive is another. 21. A. humans B. animals C. insects D. birds 22. A. effects B. causes C. lives D. secretes 23. A. achievements B. challenges C. anticipations D. temptations 24. A. unpleasant B. ridiculous C. impressive D. enjoyable 25. A. created B. made C. obtained D. sustained 26. A. Finally B. Unusually C. Soon D. Later 27. A. achievements B. treatments C. concerns D. experiments 28. A. necessary B. awkward C. equivalent D. reluctant 29. A. Measuring B. Combatting C. Implying D. Discouraging 30. A. Prolonged B. Exploited C. Triggered D. simulated 31. A. unintentionally B. uncommonly C. unfortunately D. unnecessarily 32. A. applied B. declined C. bothered D. sought 33. A. inquired B. responded C. monitored D. assembled 34. A. illegal B. financial C. potential D. preventive 35. A. immediately B. particularly C. occasionally D. possibly （五） （2026年松江区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. A new study confirms that technologies installed to remove Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)from drinking water are highly effective at removing other harmful pollutants, such as trihalomethanes (三卤甲烷) and haloacetic acids (卤乙酸).The finding ____21____ the argument for investing in these advanced water treatment systems. PFAS are a class of thousands of ____22____ compounds that do not easily break down in the environment. They are linked to a range of serious ____23____ problems, including various cancers and developmental delays. Their ____24____ presence is a major concern: a 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that up to 45% of tap water could contain at least one PFAS chemical. So, the systems’ removal of PFAS is of great significance. Additionally, new research from the Environmental Working Group ____25____ other benefits. By analyzing data from 19 water systems that installed PFAS treatment, the study compared ____26____ of disinfection byproducts before and after installation. The results showed a clear reduction: trihalomethanes decreased by an average of 42 percent; haloacetic acids by 50 percent. Long-term ____27____ to these byproducts is linked to certain cancers, and getting rid of them could prevent thousands of illnesses. ____28____ the administration set the first-ever national legal limits on six specific PFAS chemicals in drinking water, requiring that water suppliers meet the standard by 2029. Just like in most cases, application of the rule faces difficulties. While experts confirm wider benefits of the treatment systems, they also note that real-world results can ____29____ due to factors like seasonal differences and diverse sources of pollution. That’s only a minor problem; some major ones await our resolution. There were ____30____ from water suppliers about the huge expected costs of installing these facilities. Afterwards, the Environmental Protection Agency announced in May 2024 that it would ____31____ the rule — set limits to four of the six PFAS and extend the deadline by two years. This ____32____ has created uncertainty in regulation and slowed down action. Besides, a study showed a great ____33____ in adoption — only 7% of the systems are equipped with advanced filtration (过滤) function and they serve fewer than 500 people; in contrast, the rest serve over 100,000 people in rural or ____34____ communities — areas without sufficient financial assistance. The central question now is one of ____35____.Technology exists and offers proven benefits, but do we have the resolve to enact strong policies and ensure financial support? 21. A. contradicts B. involves C. strengthens D. challenges 22. A. long-lasting B. fast-acting C. easily-degraded D. man-made 23. A. security B. health C. environment D. growth 24. A. permanent B. restricted C. temporary D. widespread 25. A. guaranteed B. attained C. revealed D. maximized 26. A. sources B. functions C. categories D. concentrations 27. A. resistance B. solution C. addiction D. exposure 28. A. In response B. By contrast C. After all D. For example 29. A. solidify B. vary C. worsen D. persist 30. A. complaints B. proposals C. comments D. welcomes 31. A. enforce B. revise C. abandon D. tighten 32. A. association B. hesitation C. move D. mess 33. A. conflict B. divide C. unity D. likelihood 34. A. high-population B. large-scale C. under-resourced D. over-developed 35. A. technology B. finance C. efficiency D. commitment （六） （2026年黄浦区一模） Directions:For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Most of us sometimes fail to practice what we speak. That’s a solid definition of hypocrisy. While we’re ____21____ to spot this moral inconsistency in others, we have a hard time recognizing it in ourselves. And studies show that the people we most like to label as hypocrites are our enemies — surprise! — and others who we think aren’t like us. We’re motivated to see other people as hypocritical because it helps us win arguments, but we tend to ____22____ our own inconsistency. We’re often annoyed by other people’s hypocrisy because it seems ____23____. We think that they are ____24____ implying to others that they are better than they actually are. Nobody likes being a hypocrite. Yet, ____25____ it’s impossible to always act consistently, because different situations may require different responses. Take parenting, for example. You may reasonably lecture your teenager on the dangers of drinking too much, yet you did exactly that on occasion when you were in college. A college student who doesn’t eat meat because she loves animals admitted that she sometimes wore “cute” ____26____ shoes. Since we’re able to so easily spot hypocrisy in others, how can we become better at spotting and ____27____ it in ourselves? To start with, we can ____28____ that it is normal to be inconsistent sometimes. And remember that hypocrisy is just one ____29____ for the behavior. Daniel Effron, a professor who has studied hypocrisy, ____30____ labeling other people as hypocrites. “It can stop you from ____31____ the substance of their argument,” he says. It also takes some ____32____ to identify our own hypocrisy. Ask yourself: “Am I behaving in a way that is consistent with the views I am ____33____?” If you do decide that you’re being hypocritical, admit it. Research shows that when people are ____34____ their own hypocrisy, others tend to forgive them for not being consistent. And here’s some good news: People who notice their own hypocritical behavior often are motivated to change because the ____35____ of advocating for something but not actually doing it makes people very uncomfortable. Rather than feeling ashamed about our hypocrisy, we should welcome the opportunity to learn to do better next time. 21. A. foolish B. good C. quick D. unwilling 22. A. demonstrate B. hide C. improve D. justify 23. A. disorderly B. illogical C. impolite D. unfair 24. A. automatically B. falsely C. generally D. strongly 25. A. after all B. as a result C. in reality D. what’s more 26. A. gym B. leather C. rubber D. track 27. A. analyzing B. ignoring C. illustrating D. preventing 28. A. accept B. check C. consider D. prove 29. A. basis B. example C. explanation D. misunderstanding 30. A. acts on B. gives up C. turns to D. warns against 31. A. contributing to B. engaging in C. questioning about D. summarizing into 32. A. self-confidence B. self-discipline C. self-reflection D. self-respect 33. A. adopting B. challenging C. clarifying D. discussing 34. A. alarmed at B. blind to C. honest about D. tired of 35. A. avoidance B. disagreement C. ignorance D. resolution （七） （2026年宝山区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Mercury, an elemental metal that exists in liquid form at room temperature, occurs naturally in the environment. Metallic mercury occurs primarily in the earth’s crust but can be ____21____ into the atmosphere by human activities, such as burning rubbish or coal and gold mining. Organic mercury is mainly produced when tiny organisms consume inorganic mercury and ____22____ it into an organic compound such as methyl mercury, a poisonous chemical that is commonly found in mercury-polluted water. Although the impact of mercury on the environment has been ____23____ by some industries and individuals, it is a top ten chemical of major health ____24____ according to the WHO. Despite this, the severity of mercury’s poison remains to be fully understood. Long-time exposure to mercury can pose significant ____25____ to human health, including brain damage and reproductive issues. Mercury also ____26____ damages the life cycles of water-dwelling creatures. To protect human health and the environment, the international community has taken steps to limit the use and release of mercury. Adopted in 2013, the Minamata Convention on Mercury came into effect on August 16, 2017, ____27____ a global commitment to fight against mercury pollution. In addition, some countries have made their own laws and regulations, such as the United States’ “Mercury and Air Toxic Standards” and the European Union’s “Regulation (EU) 2017/852.” The goal of the Minamata Convention is to reduce mercury emissions and protect human health and the environment by ____28____ the production and use of mercury and mercury-containing products. ____29____ the convention promotes scientific and technological innovation to develop greener, less poisonous alternatives. The convention ____30____ a diverse range of products, including batteries, switches and relays, cosmetics and fluorescent lamps, etc. The plan is to phase out the mercury in these products over a few years, aiming for full commitment by the end of 2027. The convention also seeks to restrict dentists’ use of mercury in bulk form and dental amalgam, a mercury-based chemical mixture used to fill tooth cavities. This restriction particularly ____31____ the dental treatment of baby teeth for patients under 15 years and to dental treatment for pregnant and breastfeeding women. ____32____ the Minamata Convention, one province in China has created its own plan to restrict the production and ____33____ of mercury-containing products and reduce mercury discharges. These efforts not only protect the local environment but also contribute to the ____34____ effort to reduce reliance on this dangerous element. Mercury pollution is a ____35____ environmental issue that no one person or industry can solve alone. But, if we all work together, we can weaken the impact of mercury and create a healthier, cleaner planet. 21. A. directed B. released C. switched D. revealed 22. A. transform B. evolve C. isolate D. upgrade 23. A. weakened B. overestimated C. emphasized D. underestimated 24. A. requirement B. management C. concern D. decline 25. A. functions B. risks C. warnings D. disciplines 26. A. significantly B. slightly C. sufficiently D. eventually 27. A. completing B. recognizing C. signaling D. promoting 28. A. improving B. limiting C. scheduling D. monitoring 29. A. Especially B. Additionally C. Ultimately D. Oppositely 30. A. targets B. produces C. provides D. gathers 31. A. adapts to B. rises to C. applies to D. turns to 32. A. In terms of B. In addition to C. In response to D. In spite of 33. A. import B. export C. combination D. increase 34. A. local B. global C. great D. continuous 35. A. protective B. controversial C. unavoidable D. critical （八） （2026年崇明区一模） Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The world’s top insect experts say our planet’s important insect population is going through a “death by a thousand cuts”. A new group of studies suggests Earth is losing around 1 to 2 percent of its insects each year. The losses are ____21____ climate change, pollution, agriculture, land use changes and chemicals. David Wagner of the University of Connecticut is the lead writer of the 12 studies, which recently appeared in Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences. The problem is a complex issue and even scientists say they do not fully understand it. The ____22____ of the issue makes it hard to get the public interested in possible solutions. Wagner said scientists need to find out if the levels of insect ____23____ are bigger in comparison to other species. May Berenbaum of the University of Illinois, who helped lead the research ____24____ the insect losses to climate change 30 years ago. She said back then, the methods used to measure the degree and rate of climate change effects were ____25____ .Berenbaum says another issue is that many people simply ____26____ insects. She added that this is true even though the small creatures do a lot of good. Wagner said two famous insects, honeybees and Monarch butterflies, are good examples of the current _____27_____ insects face. Honeybees have been ____28____ because of disease, chemicals and lack of food. Drier weather in the U.S. West, driven by climate change, means less milkweed for butterflies to ____29____, Wagner said. And changes in American agriculture ____30____ weeds and flowers they need for nectar (花蜜). The recent scientific papers do not provide new data, so they show a big but ____31____ picture of a problem that is starting to get more attention. Scientists have ____32____ 1 million insect species,while up to 4 million more are likely to be discovered, Berenbaum said. Doug Tallamy of the University of Delaware was not part of the studies, but he said the research demonstrates how the world has “spent the last 30 years spending billions of dollars finding new ways to kill insects and ____33____ pennies (a small amount of money) working to preserve them”. In an email to the Associated Press, Tallamy said the good news was that people themselves can do a lot to ____34____ insect losses. “This is a global problem with a grassroots. ____35____,” he wrote. 21. A. replaced with B. mistaken for C. prohibited from D. blamed on 22. A. objective B. significance C. complexity D. sensitivity 23. A. loss B. species C. evolution D. distinction 24. A. owed B. compared C. contributed D. recommended 25. A. efficient B. difficult C. purposeful D. convincing 26. A. study B. pity C. respect D. hate 27. A. alternatives B. dimensions C. problems D. habitats 28. A. doubling B. escaping C. intervening D. disappearing 29. A. eat B. anchor C. conserve D. value 30. A. cultivate B. remove C. beautify D. visualize 31. A. unavoidable B. unappealing C. inappropriate D. incomplete 32. A. identified B. threatened C. anticipated D. neglected 33. A. private B. additional C. mere D. primitive 34. A. stop B. suffer C. generate D. explain 35. A. contradiction B. solution C. expectation D. promise （九） （2026年杨浦区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Sunk Cost Effect In economics, the sunk cost effect is infamous. It occurs whenever we double down on ____21____ financial decisions based on past investments that can’t be recovered. Marketing professor Christopher Olivola points to a few ways that the sunk cost effect is tied to your wallet. You might sit through the entirety of a movie that you ____22____ from the beginning, for instance, if only to justify the cost of the ticket. Similarly, you might ____23____ hitting the gym, even after sustaining a painful injury, if your expensive membership is nonrefundable. “But what is happening in all these situations is that you’re not really getting back that money, or whatever it is you invested,” ‌says Olivola. “That’s part of why it’s not ____24____.” The sunk cost effect can play out ____25____ too. Researchers have tied the same faulty reasoning to ongoing investments in fossil fuels, despite increasingly available energy ____26____ and alarming climate predictions. The ____27____ of the sunk cost effect is a phenomenon that’s been studied time and time again. But researchers still haven’t quite ____28____ the reason humans keep falling for it. Based on his own research, Olivola tends to ____29____ our desire to reduce waste. ‌“We dislike to see ourselves or others as wasteful,” he says. Another possible reason? We tend to open up a mental ‌“bank account” whenever we invest money, time, or effort into something, he says. Subsequently, the only way we can then “close” this account is by getting our ____30____ money’s worth. In certain circumstances, the sunk cost effect could actually help you achieve major ____31____ like becoming more fit or finishing a degree. But if you find yourself ____32____ to past decisions you can’t change, the sunk cost effect is no longer beneficial. How, then, do we overcome this mindset? When it comes to ____33____ the effort, time, or money others have invested in us, it’s important to remember that our friends and family members don’t actually want us to suffer at their expense. Don’t feel too bad if you still find yourself ____34____. Even for Olivola, who has spent more than two decades studying these sorts of things, the sunk cost phenomenon can still be ____35____. “So, you know, if you can overcome it, you’re better than me,” he adds. 21. A. poor B. emotional C. wise D. hesitant 22. A. enjoyed B. hated C. reviewed D. followed 23. A. postpone B. avoid C. continue D. imagine 24. A. natural B. primitive C. formal D. logical 25. A. on a larger scale B. from a more academic angle C. on a more regular basis D. with greater intensity 26. A. statistics B. alternatives C. consumptions D. reserves 27. A. economics B. psychology C. physiology D. history 28. A. responded to B. put forward C. reflected on D. pinned down 29. A. control B. analyze C. exploit D. blame 30. A. private B. foreign C. symbolic D. real 31. A. discoveries B. goals C. reforms D. victories 32. A. anchored B. opposed C. directed D. applied 33. A. honoring B. defining C. ignoring D. regretting 34. A. marching B. changing C. losing D. struggling 35. A. impersonal B. inferior C. irresistible D. irreplaceable （十） （2026年浦东新区一模） Have you ever felt nervous or ashamed to take time off work to care for your mental health? Emily Carter, a writer based in New York, recently posed a similar question online, inspired by Mira Kelton, who unexpectedly ____21____ from Olympic events to protect her psychological well-being. “It was ____22____ to many people,” Carter noted in an interview, “because the prevailing (盛行的) mentality is to be strong and push through the pain.” The responses revealed a troubling pattern: due to ____23____ and professional concerns, numerous employees feel pressured to hide their need for mental health leave. This ____24____ hesitation points to a significant gap in workplace support systems that urgently needs to be addressed. While the term “sad day”— often used to refer to a mental health day — lacks an official definition, it generally means paid leave taken from sick days. It allows employees who aren’t feeling like themselves to ____25____, engage in meaningful activities, or simply take a break from daily stressors. To put it mildly, a “sad day” offers only a temporary ____26____ and is not a fix for deeper issues. ____27____, sometimes a short break can make a substantial difference. Recognizing the need for such time off is not always straightforward. According to Elena Stribling, president of the advocacy group Mental Health America, the signs can be ____28____.These may include shifts in mood, slight drops in productivity or difficulty concentrating. Nevertheless, if left unaddressed, these early ____29____ can evolve into severe health issues. Once you’ve decided to take a mental health day, the next question is how to ____30____ your decision. Your relationship with your manager will largely determine how open you can be about your reasons. Stribling warned that anxiety or guilt can sometimes lead to ____31____. In most cases, experts advise simply stating that you need to take a sick day without going into detail. “Not everybody values mental health,” added Andrew Parker, a clinical psychologist at Riverside Medical Center in Belmont, Mass. “Unless you’ re close with your supervisor, it is a(n) ____32____ to present your specific needs.” Finally, how you use “sad days” matters. Reflect on what has led you to this point: Do your personal relationships need attention? Are you exhausted from your workload and in need of ____33____? It may be a mix of several factors. Whatever you do, don’t spend the day ____34____ work messages or feeling guilty. As Stribling emphasized, “Self-care is not a selfish act. People who are selfless to the point of ____35____ end up burning out.” 21. A. recovered B. withdrew C. benefited D. suffered 22. A. convincing B. shocking C. challenging D. inspiring 23. A. dishonesty B. disinterest C. disgrace D. disorder 24. A. collective B. sudden C. intentional D. brief 25. A. step back B. take off C. pass out D. break down 26. A. resolution B. exercise C. calling D. relief 27. A. Besides B. Otherwise C. However D. Thus 28. A. unclear B. external C. imaginary D. evident 29. A. conflicts B. habits C. warnings D. attempts 30. A. communicate B. advocate C. enrich D. delay 31. A. over-reacting B. over-working C. over-sharing D. over-estimating 32. A. duty B. risk C. honor D. priority 33. A. challenge B. praise C. disconnection D. promotion 34. A. deleting B. leaking C. treasuring D. checking 35. A. self-sacrifice B. self-awareness C. self-defense D. self-control （十一） （2026年金山区一模） Mounting evidence from medical studies has indicated that people who think positively have a lower risk of dying of all causes compared with others their own age who have a more pessimistic view of life. Over the past decade, researchers have ____23____ practical ways to build and maintain a hopeful attitude toward the future. Feeling pleasure actively ____24____ positivity. Try focusing your attention on joyful moments as they happen, consciously appreciating each experience. While weddings or vacations naturally create delight, everyday pleasures often go ____25____ until they fade. By slowing down and truly engaging — whether sharing a meal or chatting with a friend—you add to your enjoyment. Practicing ____26____ also matters. This means appreciating what you receive. Keeping an appreciation journal helps: regularly writing down specific things you’re thankful for, reliving the emotions ____27____ to them. This habit ____28____ deeper appreciation and makes blessings feel less ordinary. ____29____, develop mindfulness. Train your mind to focus ____30____ on the present through regular and structured practice, accepting whatever arises. Unlike enjoying pleasure alone, mindfulness involves fully ____31____ both pleasant and difficult experiences. Staying mindful boosts ____32____ in daily activities and builds your mental toughness to handle challenges. By ____33____ in the “here and now,” many reduce worries about the future, regrets over the past. Maintaining purpose is equally vital. ____34____ life changes — like job loss, children leaving home, or losing loved ones — can bring sorrow. During tough times, stick to ____35____: sleep well, exercise, eat healthily, and stay connected. Define painful transitions as new challenges. If you’re between jobs or retired, look for volunteer opportunities that would benefit from your professional skills. If you miss having children in your life, consider ____36____ or providing academic support. If you’ve lost a parent or spouse, supporting others who are sorrowful can be helpful. Recognizing your strength to weather storms maintains positivity. Emphasizing the positive helps you bounce back from hardship and face future losses. Studies consistently show older adults grow more content with age despite accumulating losses. They tend to minimize the ____37____, accept limitations, and set realistic goals. Adopting these practices earlier makes more impact — potentially enriching your life’s quality. Start encouraging positivity now; its benefits last a lifetime. 23. A. blocked B. reserved C. identified D. qualified 24. A. clarifies B. sustains C. caps D. consumes 25. A. unnoticed B. sour C. wrong D. flashed 26. A. gratitude B. hope C. enthusiasm D. passion 27. A. tailored B. attached C. subjected D. limited 28. A. leads to B. results from C. makes up D. stands for 29. A. Generally B. Additionally C. Interestingly D. Especially 30. A. systematically B. theoretically C. desperately D. considerably 31. A. opposing B. understanding C. repeating D. welcoming 32. A. engagement B. argument C. management D. amusement 33. A. persevering B. specializing C. anchoring D. excelling 34. A. Major B. Desirable C. Constant D. Similar 35. A. regulations B. routines C. supervisors D. exploits 36. A. dedicating B. coaching C. cancelling D. rating 37. A. novel B. negative C. sensitive D. subjective （十二） （2026年奉贤区一模） On March 17, scientists reported finding the earliest echoes of the Big Bang. The long-sought evidence supports the idea that the universe inflated in a(n) ____21____ . A scientific theory, called inflation, held that during the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe grew ____22____ faster than the speed of light. It soon stretched out farther than any telescope can see. Astronomers first introduced the theory of inflation more than 30 years ago. Since then, it has become an important part of the ____23____ for how the universe began. Inflation helps answer some questions raised by the Big Bang, such as why the universe looks the same in every direction. Inflation probably has ____24____everything out. It’s just like what happens when blowing up a party balloon. ____25____ scientists couldn’t be sure that inflation happened, for they lacked solid evidence. The new discovery provides the needed evidence, identifying the long-lasting effects of inflation on the ____26____ light in the universe. Scientists cannot travel back to the Big Bang, an event lost to the deep past of 13.8 billion years. Yet, the universe itself is a time capsule. According to inflation theory, the Big Bang sent waves spreading through the fabric of spacetime, preserving clues that scientists can still ____27____ today. Known as “gravitational waves”, they would ____28____ squeeze (压缩) and stretch the fabric of space. So their passage should have left a(n) ____29____ on the farthest reaches of the known universe. Scientists had sought those characteristic marks. For their search, the scientists used a telescope called BICEP2 at the South Pole. The region’s cold, dry and ____30____ air is perfect for observing deep into space — and back into time. For 50 years, scientists have known that energy in the form of microwave radiation ____31____ long after the Big Bang. ____32____, the telescope detects tiny particles of light that carry this microwave signal. John Kovac, a Harvard Associate Professor of Astronomy and Physics, led the new search for the Big Bang’s echoes. His large team will continue to ____33____ their data. They want to make sure their results didn’t arise from a problem in the telescope or some ____34____ in their analysis. For now, many scientists are excited by the news. ____35____of gravitational waves offers new opportunities for scientists to test more ideas about the nature of the universe, thus opening up a whole new window. 21. A. period B. flash C. term D. interval 22. A. upward B. downward C. inward D. outward 23. A. explanation B. reflection C. description D. prediction 24. A. spilt B. smoothed C. cast D. wiped 25. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. However D. Instead 26. A. oldest B. brightest C. purest D. gentlest 27. A. overlook B. project C. decode D. clarify 28. A. relatively B. randomly C. alternately D. instantly 29. A. symbol B. mark C. object D. evidence 30. A. harsh B. thick C. stable D. fresh 31. A. expands B. endures C. emerges D. fades 32. A. For instance B. By contrast C. As a result D. In particular 33. A. go over B. account for C. back up D. refer to 34. A. failures B. errors C. weaknesses D. contradictions 35. A. Approval B. Publication C. Awareness D. Confirmation （十三） （2026年长宁区一模） A heart attack occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, starving it of oxygen and leading to the death of muscle tissue. For decades, medical experts in the study of the heart have had to acknowledge that a damaged heart remains ____21____ damaged. Once a heart attack kills off muscle cells, they are gone for good, replaced by fibrous tissue that ____22____ the organ and frequently results in heart failure. That, ____23____, may be about to change, thanks to a team of scientists who have found a way of helping the heart to get better itself. By reawakening an inactive gene (基因) known as CCNA2, researchers at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York made adult human heart cells divide and multiply in a laboratory — something long thought ____24____, The results, published in the Nature Regenerative Medicine journal, suggest it may one day be possible to regrow heart tissue after injury, ____25____ the need for transplants or implanted devices. To understand how this works, it’s essential to examine the ____26____ of the CCNA2 gene. In the woman’s womb (子宫), CCNA2 drives the growth of the developing heart — but the gene ____27____ soon after birth. A director of heart-related regenerative medicine at Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine, has spent nearly 20 years trying to ____28____ that process. In 2014, her team became the first to regenerate a large animal’s heart by reactivating CCNA2. They used pigs, the hearts of which closely look like those of humans, but now her group has produced evidence indicating that the same ____29____ could work in adult human heart cells. After delivering a(n) ____30____ version of CCNA2 into heart muscle cells taken from donor organs aged 21, 41 and 55, they watched the gene take effect using microscopes. After the gene treatment, the most ____31____ results involved mature cells growing again in the two older hearts. These cells began to divide in two, and they maintained the structure and proteins that gave heart muscle its strength. However, when heart cells divide in a lab, they would occasionally ____32____ their shape or rhythm, which would make the cells useless or dangerous. ____33____, therefore, involves seeking approval from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to start to test the gene treatment in heart patients. “This is the ____34____of nearly two decades of continuous research,” Chaudhry emphasized. “Now we’ve brought this breakthrough one step ____35____ to patients.” 21. A. considerably B. frequently C. gradually D. permanently 22. A. awakens B. surrounds C. weakens D. abuses 23. A. therefore B. however C. moreover D. meanwhile 24. A. unachievable B. uncomfortable C. inconsistent D. inevitable 25. A. supporting B. indicating C. creating D. reducing 26. A. domain B. source C. role D. code 27. A. breaks down B. bursts out C. speeds up D. switches off 28. A. reverse B. undergo C. stimulate D. simplify 29. A. approach B. medicine C. function D. product 30. A. original B. active C. stable D. temporary 31. A. conflicting B. striking C. misleading D. distressing 32. A. clone B. waste C. lose D. select 33. A. A possible exception B. A new test C. The next step D. The future setback 34. A. basis B. assumption C. beginning D. peak 35. A. narrower B. closer C. maturer D. slower （十四） （2026年普陀区一模） Is cooking a science? For years, many — including myself — would have said no. A kitchen is where we seek warmth and comfort, not a clinical lab. However, the idea of ____21____ science with home cooking has been gaining popularity. Books like The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science by J. Kenji López-Alt, which has overtaken classics like The Joy of Cooking in online reviews, ____22____ this shift. Science, it seems, offers home cooks the tools to make everyday dishes more delicious and ____23____ — think meatloaf that doesn’t fall apart. This enthusiasm for science in the kitchen has been ____24____ by trends like sourdough baking and fermentation (发酵), where precision matters. Weekend bakers now experiment with water content in dough, while many home cooks ____25____ tools like digital scales and instant-read thermometers to achieve consistent results. Like many people, I grew up convinced that science was the ____26____ of good cooking. For my mother, it meant cheap, industrial food — far from her fresh vegetable soups and slow-cooked beef. Yet, ____27____, she was practicing kitchen science. By cooking meat until it turned brown for a rich flavor and letting it cook long and slow enough to make it soft and juicy, she used simple cooking techniques to create delicious dishes. López-Alt ____28____ this everyday science, focusing not on trendy cooking tricks but on practical insights for better results. ____29____ to chop onions without tears, he advises cutting from root to tip, releasing fewer tear-watering chemicals. These small ____30____, grounded in observation and experimentation, make cooking more effective and enjoyable. Even long-held cooking wisdom can be ____31____. Harold McGee, author of On Food and Cooking, disproved the myth that asparagus (芦笋) naturally breaks where it becomes soft. ____32____, he found better results by simply cutting the stalks (茎) 6-7 inches from the tip. López-Alt even ____33____ traditional pasta-cooking methods, showing that less water and a shorter boil can still yield perfectly cooked noodles. I feel lucky to be cooking at a time when people like Mr. López-Alt are conducting such fun kitchen experiments. Yet it’s also true that ____34____ can never tell the whole story of cooking. A great meal is not just a combination of chemicals and physical processes. It is also a reflection of culture and family and the craft of the people who ____35____ before us. 21. A. crediting B. replacing C. charging D. integrating 22. A. reflect B. enhance C. undergo D. reverse 23. A. changeable B. reliable C. inspiring D. isolating 24. A. adopted B. discouraged C. fueled D. recovered 25. A. employ B. create C. customize D. switch 26. A. enemy B. companion C. result D. ingredient 27. A. mentally B. consciously C. unknowingly D. mistakenly 28. A. delivers B. champions C. mobilizes D. criticizes 29. A. In contrast B. As a result C. On the contrary D. For example 30. A. adjustments B. reactions C. patterns D. regulations 31. A. absorbed B. popularized C. challenged D. pursued 32. A. Instead B. Moreover C. Previously D. Consequently 33. A. risked B. adopted C. questioned D. skipped 34. A. writers B. science C. cooks D. evolution 35. A. cooked B. showed C. excelled D. tasted （十五） （2026年青浦区一模） In Bali’s beachside cafes, laptop screens shine under the sun as programmers draft code. In Lisbon’s historic squares, marketers schedule social media posts when drinking coffee. These are digital wanderers — professionals who ____21____ work with travel, using technology to earn a living while moving freely across countries. The concept isn’t new, but the pandemic ____22____ its growth. With remote work normalized overnight, millions realized they could ____23____ office desks for foreign streets. A 2023 survey by MBO Partners found that over 15 million Americans identify as digital wanderers, a 131% ____24____ from 2019. What ____25____ this lifestyle? For many, it’s the freedom to design their days. “I no longer waste hours commuting,” says Clara, a graphic designer from Canada who has lived in 12 countries in three years. “I work four hours in the morning, surf in the afternoon, and still meet deadlines.” Others seek lower costs of living. In cities like Medellin, rent and meals cost half what they do in New York, ____26____ salaries further. ____27____ , the wandering life has its challenges. Visa rules are a constant headache. “I once spent three days in a bus between Serbia and Bosnia just to reset my tourist visa,” recalls Marco, a self-employed writer. ____28____ is another issue. Constant travel makes it hard to build long-term relationships, and “home” becomes a (n) ____29____ concept. Governments are starting to ____30____. Countries like Estonia and Georgia now offer “digital wanderer visas,” allowing stays of up to a year for remote workers. Costa Rica launched its “Rentista Visa,” requiring proof of a steady income but granting ____31____. These policies not only attract talent but also ____32____ local economies, as wanderers spend money on accommodation, food, and experiences. Will this trend last? Experts say yes, but with shifts. As companies adopt hybrid models, more workers may ____33____ time between offices and travel. “The future isn’t all about endless wandering,” notes workplace strategist Maya Johnson. “It’s about choice — choosing where and how to work, on your own terms.” For now, the digital wanderer movement continues to ____34____ work. It’s a lifestyle that asks: Why ____35____ one place when the world is your office? 21. A. relate B. combine C. illustrate D. equip 22. A. sped up B. held up C. took up D. made up 23. A. save B. blame C. prepare D. trade 24. A. spread B. portion C. increase D. rate 25. A. follows B. challenges C. drives D. reflects 26. A. stretching B. earning C. contributing D. donating 27. A. Therefore B. Fortunately C. Furthermore D. Yet 28. A. Loneliness B. Happiness C. Application D. Balance 29. A. inviting B. indefinite C. relevant D. practical 30. A. lead B. copy C. simplify D. adapt 31. A. flexibility B. security C. stability D. productivity 32. A. monitor B. restructure C. boost D. recover 33. A. choose B. split C. decide D. share 34. A. streamline B. maintain C. promote D. redefine 35. A. be obliged to B. be subjected to C. be tied to D. be exposed to （十六） （2026年闵行区一模） In the past, all cities were 15-minute cities, designed to be entirely accessible on foot, where proximity — being close in distance — was a necessity. Citizens would naturally expect to find their work, their homes and the markets within a ____21____ distance. Motorized transport ____22____ the pattern and opened up new forms of urbanism. Public and private vehicles made it possible to live in one place and work in another. Proximity wasn’t so important and cities began to ____23____. Architects and planners redesigned cities with easy car travel in mind, prioritizing movement between different destinations. Careful traffic management is vital. ____24____, life would become disconnected. Carlos Moreno, a Colombian-born urbanist now living in France, argues that it’s time to rebalance things ____25____ proximity. Many of the journeys we take are forced rather than chosen, and we need to reclaim the ____26____ stolen from us by long travel. His life’s work on liveable cities has led to a series of principles now known as the 15-Minute City, and his insightful book details its ____27____ around the world. As the name suggests, the 15-Minute City is an urban model in which the ____28____ needs of residents are accessible on foot or by bicycle. Neighborhoods are not enclosed in physical walls. Human freedom is at the heart of the idea, and it gives people ____29____ and allows them to get their time back. One typical way to move toward the 15-Minute ideal is through ____30____. A great number of buildings have only one role, leaving them in use merely 30 — 40% of the time. How about lecture theatres that serve as cinemas in the evening, cafes that transform into nightclubs, or school playgrounds that open to families on weekends? With ____31____ spaces to add variety to neighbourhoods, life can be more convenient. The book is full of ____32____ not just theory. Paris stands out as a major case study, having test-run the 15-Minute City plan before applying it across the city. There are also chapters showing how it is being ____33____ adapted in Portland, Milan, and Melbourne, each having a national plan and adding its unique touch. Whether it gets called the 15-Minute City or something slightly different, cities around the world are ____34____ proximity and reversing the damage from the age of the car. Moreno’s book is an excellent introduction to why this is necessary and how it can be ____35____, grounded in real cities that are benefiting from the transformation. 21. A. walkable B. measurable C. comfortable D. reasonable 22. A. identified B. broke C. updated D. impacted 23. A. extend B. modernize C. centralize D. compete 24. A. Therefore B. Meanwhile C. Otherwise D. Instead 25. A. at the expense of B. in light of C. in favor of D. in response to 26. A. energy B. time C. money D. freedom 27. A. spread B. function C. history D. influence 28. A. optional B. essential C. occasional D. specialized 29. A. guidance B. choice C. comfort D. authority 30. A. patent B. regulation C. cooperation D. diversification 31. A. adequate B. temporary C. multifunctional D. conventional 32. A. comments B. prospects C. descriptions D. examples 33. A. locally B. gradually C. moderately D. occasionally 34. A. sacrificing B. admiring C. rediscovering D. reevaluating 35. A. balanced B. planned C. tested D. achieved 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $