热点07 社会公益与公民责任（热点专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

题材热点07 社会公益与公民责任 内容导航 原文欣赏 词汇积累 限时实战 热点时文阅读 情境导入 高效科普：呈现前沿科技或社会热点，进入真实情境，提取关键信息。 话题词汇速记 聚焦话题，扩充语料库：归纳本话题高频单词、短语，扩大词汇量，高效领悟同主题文章。 热点限时精练 模拟实战 巩固提升：完形填空/语法填空/词汇填空/六选四/概要，限时组合练，提升信息迁移能力。 【背景速递】 最近，英国政府颁布了一项新规定，尝试通过限制垃圾食品广告的方式降低儿童肥胖率。新规定要求，如果商家想要在每天晚上9点前播出或推送含有燕麦粥和圆面饼等13种食品的广告，那么这些食品中糖、盐和脂肪等成分的含量就需要符合一定的健康标准。 【原文欣赏】 An advert will be banned from being put online or played on the television before 9pm if the food item it promotes falls into one of 13 categories, and if analysis of its nutrients, such as salt, fat and sugar, lead to it being classified as less healthy on a government scoring system. The focus on the product, which was set in legislation passed by the last government, means a fast-food chain, for example, would still be free to advertise without restrictions, as long as it didn’t show any of its burgers, fries or other less healthy offerings. A spokesperson for the Department for Health and Social Care said the ban was clear—that unhealthy food products, which are excessively high in sugar, fat or salt were covered in the restrictions, but that it did not restrict brands from advertising, provided any products they feature met the conditions set. 【译文赏析】 如果宣传的食品属于规定的13个品类之内，并且该食品的营养成分，如盐、脂肪和糖，含量分析结果在监管部门的评分系统中被分类为 “不够健康”，那么含有这些食品的广告将被禁止在晚上9点前在在线平台或电视频道中播放。 由于上届政府通过的法案只强调了产品本身，因此诸如连锁快餐等商家只要不让汉堡包、薯条或其他不够健康的产品出现在广告中，就依然能够免受限制继续投放广告。 英国卫生和社会保障部的一名发言人表示，本次禁令明确限制了含有过量糖、脂肪和盐的不健康食品的广告；但并不限制任何品牌打广告，只要它们的广告中出现的食品符合要求。 测验与练习 1. To be excluded from the ban, a food item must not… a. be high in fat. b. fall into one of 13 categories. c. have a high amount of nutrients. 2. A government scoring system will determine if a food is healthy or less healthy. a. True b. False c. Not given 3. The focus on the product in the ban was _______ legislation passed by the last government. 4. With the ban, fast-food chains will be able to advertise healthy food. a. True b. False c. Not given 5. A spokesperson for the Department for Health and Social Care said the ban was _______. 6. A spokesperson said… a. unhealthy food can be advertised if it meets the conditions set. b. the ban will not restrict brands from advertising healthy food. c. all food will potentially be banned from advertising. 答案 1. b. An advert will be banned from being put online or played on the television before 9pm if the food item it promotes falls into one of 13 categories and be classified as less healthy on a government scoring system. 2. True. …if analysis of its nutrients such as salt, fat and sugar lead to it being classified as less healthy on a government scoring system. 3. The focus on the product in the ban was set in legislation passed by the last government. 4. True. A fast-food chain, for example, would still be free to advertise without restrictions, as long as it didn’t show any of its burgers, fries or other less healthy offerings. 5. A spokesperson for the Department for Health and Social Care said the ban was clear. 6. b. They said…it did not restrict brands from advertising, provided any products they feature met the conditions set. 【课标词汇积累】 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 banned 禁止 classified 分类 legislation 法案，立法 fast-food chain 连锁快餐 restrictions 限制 offerings （用于销售的）产品 spokesperson 发言人 excessively 过量的，过多的 feature （在某个内容中）出现，以……为主要组成部分 （建议用时：40分钟） 题型01 语法填空 Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Moving to a new place can be terrifying, but volunteering offers a great way to adapt, meet locals, and gain skills. That’s 1 we’re spotlighting Kajal Patil, a volunteer who moved and found volunteer opportunities on VolunteerMatch to make an impact in her new community. Kajal moved to the United States from India in February 2017. 2 (volunteer) for two years as an assistant yoga teacher in her home country, Kajal was enthusiastic about volunteering and began looking for volunteer opportunities that match her interests on VolunteerMatch. “I enjoy volunteering and it’s great to have such meaningful experiences in life,” says Kajal. Kajal was drawn to a volunteer opportunity with the Meridian International Center 3 (review) applications on behalf of the Young Leaders of the Americas Initiative (YLAI). Kajal had previous experience working with the markets 4 candidates were applying, and the position also afforded her the opportunity to work remotely. After connecting with the opportunity on VolunteerMatch and successfully 5 (complete) the application process, Kajal got to work. Her role involved reviewing 44 in-depth applications from potential candidates across Latin America and the Caribbean for a four-week fellowship in the U. S. She was responsible for describing the business ideas presented by these candidates, assessing the social impact of their businesses, and determining the strength of candidates to carry out their plans. 6 almost 4, 000 applicants in 2017, Meridian International Center considers volunteers like Kajal to be integral members of the team. With help from volunteers, now 250 candidates 7 (select) to take part in the program and will travel to the U. S. this fall. Kajal says that this volunteer opportunity super-charged her existing skills, while helping her build new 8 such as time management, business analysis, decision-making, planning, and presenting. She is looking for her next volunteer opportunity and reflects positively on her experience with Meridian International Center. “By helping others, I felt needed in society. Not only did it boost my self-esteem, other people benefited too. ” 9 you recently moved to a new place or are looking to make an impact in your current community, find a volunteer opportunity to empower 10 — and others — on VolunteerMatch. 【答案】 1．why 2．Having volunteered 3．to review 4．where 5．completing 6．With 7．have been selected 8．ones 9．Whether 10．yourself 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Kajal Patil通过VolunteerMatch平台找到志愿者机会，在新社区中适应环境、结识当地人并提升技能的故事。 1．考查表语从句。句意：这就是为什么我们要关注Kajal Patil，一位通过VolunteerMatch找到志愿者机会，并在新社区中产生影响的志愿者。“_____1_____ we’re spotlighting Kajal Patil”为表语从句，根据空格的上下文内容可知，空前“搬家可怕但志愿服务是好方法”是原因，空后“我们关注Kajal”是结果，即为什么我们要关注Kajal Patil这个志愿者，所以应用连接副词why来引导。故填why。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：此前Kajal在国内做了两年的助理瑜伽老师，对志愿服务充满热情，并开始在VolunteerMatch上寻找与自己兴趣相匹配的志愿者机会。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是完整的句子，且无其它连词，所以volunteer应用非谓语动词形式，因其与逻辑主语Kajal构成主动关系，且结合后文“for two years”可知动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应用现在分词的完成式作状语，表示主动和先后关系，又句首单词首字母要大写。故填Having volunteered。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：Kajal被一个为Meridian国际中心审查美洲青年领袖计划（YLAI）申请的志愿者机会所吸引。根据语意可知，“被吸引到一个志愿者机会”的目的是“审查申请”，所以应用不定式作后置定语，修饰名词opportunity。故填to review。 4．考查定语从句。句意：Kajal之前有与市场合作过的经验，这些市场正是候选人申请的地方，而且这个职位也让她有机会远程工作。空格处引导的为定语从句，修饰先行词markets，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：在VolunteerMatch上找到这个机会并成功完成申请流程后，Kajal开始工作。介词after后应接动名词作宾语，根据空前的and可知，此处应与connecting并列，用动名词形式。故填completing。 6．考查介词。句意：2017年，Meridian国际中心有近4000名申请人，他们认为像Kajal这样的志愿者是团队中不可或缺的成员。此处为with的复合结构作伴随状语，表示“有……”，且句首单词首字母要大写。故填With。 7．考查动词时态语态。句意：在志愿者的帮助下，现在有250名候选人被选中参加该项目，并将于今年秋天前往美国。分析句子结构可知，select在句中作谓语，根据空后的“will travel to the U. S. this fall”和空前的“now”可知，select的动作已完成，所以应用现在完成时，主语candidates与select之间是被动关系，所以应用被动语态，主语为复数名词，所以助动词用have。故填have been selected。 8．考查代词。句意：Kajal说，这个志愿者机会极大地提升了她现有的技能，同时也帮助她培养了新的技能，如时间管理、商业分析、决策、规划和展示。空格处应用代词ones作build的宾语，指代上文提到的可数名词复数skills，以避免重复。故填ones。 9．考查状语从句。句意：无论你是最近搬到一个新地方，还是希望在当前社区中产生影响，都可以在VolunteerMatch上找到一个志愿者机会，赋予自己 —— 以及他人 —— 力量。根据语意可知，此处应用whether...or...结构来表示“无论……还是……”，且句首单词首字母要大写。故填Whether。 10．考查反身代词。句意：同上。空格处作动词empower的宾语，且与主语you指代相同，应用反身代词yourself，与后面的others对应。故填yourself。 题型02 选词填空 Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．automate     B．casual     C． detail     D．dropped E. flooded     F. limited     G. occurrence     H. refuse I. sacrifice      J. specific    K. strategy     Don’t Give Till It Hurts We have all walked past that red bucket without dropping in any money. We have all said “no” to those requests at the checkout counter to donate $1 to some worthy cause. Social media is 11 with all sorts of calls to donate. I bet we have all felt a sense of guilt if we do not hit the “Give Now” button. A friend of mine shared a story that perfectly captures this situation. Out shopping last week, she 12 some money into one of those red buckets. Luckily, the bell ringer had not changed by the time she left the store. But then she went to a second store, which had a bell ringer, too. “There was no 13 way I could mention donating at the other store,” she said. “I wish they’d give out stickers saying ‘I donated’ like the ‘I voted’ ones on Election Day, which would take away the guilt.” My friend does not need to feel guilty because I know she regularly donates to a bunch of worthy causes, but like the rest of us, she easily gets caught up in the moment. There are thousands of charities asking for our money, and many of them do great work. However, most of us have 14 resources. To make the most of these resources — minus the guilt — we need to follow four simple steps. ①Have a charitable giving plan: We need to work out exactly how much we want to give. This can be a(n) 15 dollar amount or a percentage of our income. Once we have decided how much to give, we need to research an organization to receive it. The final component of this step is to decide how often we want to give. One possibility is to make it a regular 16 , maybe once a month. ② Follow the plan: The plan works only if we stick with it. If we have decided to give $100 a month to a favorite charity, we should 17 it. Just sign up to have the charity receive $100 from a bank account and arrange for an email receipt. ③ Just keep it simple: When asked to make unplanned contributions, you should just reply, “Thank you for the opportunity, but I’ve chosen to give in another way.” We do not need to go into 18 . ④ Never feel bad again: At first, it may feel bad to 19 a request for money to rescue kittens in Michigan. Those bad feelings will go away once we remember that we already have a giving 20 and we are following it. 【答案】 11．E 12．D 13．B 14．F 15．J 16．G 17．A 18．C 19．H 20．K 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕捐赠展开讨论，指出社交媒体上捐赠请求众多，人们易有负罪感，接着给出合理捐赠的四个步骤。 11．考查动词。句意：社交媒体充斥着各种各样的捐赠呼吁。根据语境可知，这里表示社交媒体被各种捐赠呼吁填满，“be flooded with”意为“被……淹没、充斥着”符合文意。故选E项。 12．考查动词。句意：上周出去购物时，她往其中一个红色桶里投了些钱。空处应用动词作谓语，结合前文“We have all walked past that red bucket without dropping in any money”可知此处说的是往桶里投钱，“dropped”符合语境。故选D项。 13．考查形容词。句意：“我没办法随便说我在另一家店捐过了，”她说。空处应用形容词作定语，“casual”有“随便的、不经意的”意思，“no casual way”表示“没办法随便怎样”，符合语境。故选B项。 14．考查形容词。句意：然而，我们大多数人的资源是有限的。空处应用形容词作定语，根据常识可知，人们的资源通常是有限的，“limited”意为“有限的”，作定语。故选F项。 15．考查形容词。句意：这可以是一个具体的金额，也可以是我们收入的一个百分比。空处作定语，“specific”表示“具体的”，与后文“percentage”对应，说明捐赠金额可以是具体的数额也可以是百分比。故选J项。 16．考查名词。句意：一种可能性是让它成为一种定期的行为，也许是每月一次。空处为单数名词作宾补，“occurrence”有“事件、发生的事”的意思，这里指定期捐赠这件事成为一种常规情况。故选G项。 17．考查动词。句意：如果我们决定每月向一个喜欢的慈善机构捐赠100美元，我们应该自动执行。空处应填动词原形和should构成谓语，“automate”意为“使自动化、自动执行”，这里说通过银行账户自动转账给慈善机构。故选A项。 18．考查名词。句意：我们不需要详细说明。空处作宾语，“go into detail”是固定表达，意为“详细说明”，符合语境。故选C项。 19．考查动词。句意：一开始，拒绝为拯救密歇根州的小猫而捐款的请求可能会让人感觉不好。空处应填动词构成不定式结构，根据前文“Just keep it simple”提到拒绝无计划的捐赠，“refuse”意为“拒绝”。故选H项。 20．考查名词。句意：一旦我们想起我们已经有了一个捐赠策略并且正在遵循它，那些不好的感觉就会消失。空处应填单数名词作宾语，“strategy”意为“策略”，与前文提到的捐赠计划相呼应。故选K项。 题型03 完形填空 The Negative Impacts of Volunteer Tourism? Voluntourists only have limited time and ability to change the systems and provide support for the places they call at. As volunteers, they sometimes secretly nurture unhelpful and even patronizing (自视高人一等的) ideas about the places they visit. A number of studies have shown that volunteer tourism can have negative impacts, 21 benefiting the local communities. (1) Unskilled labor creates more work In the past, volunteering opportunities were often 22 to skilled professionals, but this is not the 23 of today’s volunteer tourism (which is more like a “show”). Anyone can become a voluntourist, bringing a series of problems. Though 24 , they are often unskilled, especially when it comes to work such as construction and digging. This can often lead to locals being forced to take on the added responsibility for rebuilding homes and schools that would have been 25 inadequate. (2) Volunteers take local jobs In the meantime, this deprives locals of the jobs. It also prevents them from learning or being taught the skills that could then be used to 26 the community. As a famous proverb says, give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. The time and efforts of volunteers could be better 27 making local communities more economically independent and self-sufficient, allowing them to improve 28 even after they depart. (3) There is no long-term commitment Lots of communities do need the aid of volunteers, but what are they able to address in the few short weeks of their “ 29 ”? Most places tend to benefit more from long-term engagement, and often the largest number of meaningful volunteers come from the communities themselves, rather than from 30 eager to fix things. While short-term volunteers can do a lot of good, it is often so only when they have skills and training that 31 the specific needs, such as medical aid, construction, conservation, teaching, or even religious work; as well as having experience doing the required work and with different cultures. (4) There is a lot of focus on 32 the volunteer Voluntourism tends to place a lot of emphasis on the volunteers, sometimes even at the expense of the community they are looking to help. Travel companies attract individuals with promises of 33 but immediately-rewarding experiences. This, in turn, can lead to large numbers of volunteers who, instead of making a difference, can actually 34 local communities from becoming more economically independent due to their very presence. What Can We Do Instead? Short-term volunteers, especially students, also need to be given the opportunity to explore various different cultures and destinations. But they should take the time to learn about the socio-cultural backgrounds of the places they visit. Short-term placements thus become more about experiences and 35 exchange, where they may gain knowledge and respect other cultures, rather than go on trips that “help the poor”. This kind of cross-cultural engagement can do a lot of good in a world that is increasingly leaning towards violence and xenophobia. 21．A．let alone B．in terms of C．instead of D．thanks to 22．A．transmitted B．restricted C．referred D．delivered 23．A．cast B．concern C．agreement D．solution 24．A．well-understood B．well-organized C．well-bred D．well-intended 25．A．seemingly B．unexpectedly C．otherwise D．extremely 26．A．seek B．survive C．sustain D．separate 27．A．invested in B．removed from C．devoted in D．set aside 28．A．immediately B．continuously C．dramatically D．incredibly 29．A．appeal B．campaign C．efforts D．visit 30．A．locals B．organizers C．outsiders D．technicians 31．A．overshadow B．match C．deserve D．mismatch 32．A．rewarding B．cultivating C．praising D．motivating 33．A．cost-effective B．energy-boosting C．short-lived D．long-term 34．A．distinguish B．cross out C．shelter D．hold back 35．A．stock B．cultural C．idea D．information 【答案】 21．C 22．B 23．A 24．D 25．C 26．C 27．A 28．B 29．C 30．D 31．B 32．A 33．C 34．D 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章从四个方面阐述了志愿者旅游可能会产生负面影响，而不是使当地社区受益。 21．考查介词短语辨析。句意：许多研究表明，志愿者旅游可能会产生负面影响，而不是使当地社区受益。A. let alone更不用说；B. in terms of就某方面而言；C. instead of而不是；D. thanks to多亏。根据前文“volunteer tourism can have negative impacts,”可知，志愿者旅游可能会产生负面影响，而不是使当地社区受益，前后构成转折关系。故选C。 22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去，志愿服务的机会往往仅限于熟练的专业人员，但这不是今天的志愿旅游的阵容（这更像是一个“表演”）。A. transmitted传输；B. restricted限制；C. referred参考；D. delivered运输。根据后文“to skilled professionals”可知，以往志愿服务的机会仅限于熟练的专业人员。故选B。 23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. cast阵容；B. concern担心；C. agreement同意；D. solution解决方式。根据后文“Anyone can become a voluntourist”可知，此处指今天的志愿旅游的阵容和过去大不相同。故选A。 24．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然是出于好意，但他们往往缺乏技能，尤其是在建筑和挖掘等工作方面。A. well-understood充分了解的；B. well-organized有组织的，有序的；C. well-bred有教养的；D. well-meaning好心的。根据后文的“they are often unskilled”可知，虽然志愿旅游者缺乏技能，但是他们是出于好意进行帮助的。故选D。 25．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这往往会导致当地人被迫承担额外责任来重建那些本来在其他方面就不够好的房屋和学校。A. seemingly似乎地；B. unexpectedly出乎意料地；C. otherwise否则，在其他方面；D. extremely尤其地。根据前文“would have been”可知，此处表示对过去的虚拟，由于志愿者们往往缺乏技能，这往往会导致当地人被迫承担额外责任来重建那些本来在其他方面就不够好的房屋和学校。故选C。 26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这也阻碍了他们学习或被教授可以用来维持社区的技能。A. seek寻找；B. survive幸存；C. sustain维持；D. separate分离。根据前文“learning or being taught the skills”可知，志愿者们阻碍了当地人学习或被教授可以用来维持社区的技能。故选C。 27．考查动词短语辨析。句意：志愿者的时间和努力可以更好地投入到使当地社区在经济上更加独立和自给自足，使他们即使在离开后也能继续改善。A. invested in投入；B. removed from移走，移除；C. devoted in致力于；D. set aside搁置，放置一边。根据后文“making local communities more economically independent”可知，志愿者的时间和努力可以更好地投入到使当地社区在经济上更加独立和自给自足。故选A。 28．考查副词词义辨析。句意：志愿者的时间和努力可以更好地投入到使当地社区在经济上更加独立和自给自足，使他们即使在离开后也能继续改善。A. immediately立即地；B. continuously连续不断地；C. dramatically明显地；D. incredibly难以置信地。根据后文“even after they depart.”可知，即使在志愿者们离开后也能不断继续改善。故选B。 29．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多社区确实需要志愿者的帮助和协助，但他们在短短几周的“努力”中能够解决什么问题？A. appeal呼吁；B. campaign行动，运动；C. efforts努力；D. visit拜访，参观。根据后文的“Most places tend to benefit more from long-term engagement”可知，大多数地方往往从长期参与中获益更多，因此短短几周的“努力”是不能够解决问题的。故选C。 30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：大多数地方往往会从长期参与中获益更多，而且往往有意义的志愿者人数最多的是来自社区本身，而不是来自渴望解决问题的技术人员。A. locals当地人；B. organizers组织者；C. outsiders局外人；D. technicians技术员。根据后文“fix things”可知，往往有意义的志愿者人数最多的是来自社区本身，而不是来自渴望解决问题的技术人员。故选D。 31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然短期志愿者可以做很多好事，但往往只有当他们拥有与特定需求相匹配的技能和培训时，才能做到这一点，比如医疗援助、建筑、保护、教学，甚至是宗教工作。A. overshadow使黯然失色；B. match匹配；C. deserve值得；D. mismatch不匹配。根据前文“they have skills and training”以及后文的“the specific needs”可知，短期志愿者只有当他们拥有与特定需求相匹配的技能和培训时，才能为社区的发展带来好处。故选B。 32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有很多重点是奖励志愿者。A. rewarding奖励，回报；B. cultivating培育；C. praising赞扬；D. motivating激励。根据后文“but immediately-rewarding experiences.”可知，旅游公司以承诺短暂但立竿见影的体验来吸引个人，此处强很多旅游公司强调的是志愿者旅游的回报。故选A。 33． 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：旅游公司以承诺短暂但立竿见影的体验来吸引个人。反过来，这可能会导致大量志愿者，他们非但没有帮助创造变革，反而会阻止当地社区因其存在而变得更加经济独立。A. cost-effective成本效益好的；B. energy-boosting提供能量的；C. short-lived短暂的；D. long-term长期的。根据后文的“immediately-rewarding experiences”可知，旅游公司以承诺短暂但立竿见影的体验来吸引个人。故选C。 34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. distinguish区别于；B. cross out划掉；C. shelter提供庇护；D. hold back阻碍。根据后文“due to their very presence”可知，大量志愿者，他们非但没有帮助创造变革，反而会阻止当地社区因其存在而变得更加经济独立。故选D。 35． 考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，短期志愿者更多的是关于体验和文化交流，在那里他们可以获得知识和尊重其他文化，而不是去“帮助穷人”的旅行。A. stock现货，存货；B. cultural文化的；C. idea想法；D. information信息。根据前文“But they should take the time to learn about the socio-cultural backgrounds of the places they visit.”可知，学生志愿者们应该花时间去了解他们所访问的地方的社会文化背景，因此短期的志愿者们更多的是关于体验和文化交流。故选B。 题型04 六选四 The Psychology of Giving: Why do People Give to Charity? Every day, leaders in the nonprofit sector invest valuable time, energy, and money into educating and spreading awareness of their mission in the hopes that this will increase support for their nonprofit. They assume that if only more people knew about a school’s budget cuts, for example, then they would surely donate! So, they bombard (连续轰炸) potential supporters with depressing statistics or complex arguments. 36 . Why do people donate to charity? While it’s true that donors and volunteers are motivated to make the world a better place because it’s the right thing to do, that’s not the entire—or even the primary—reason for their generosity. 37 . In other words, we give because it feels good and that good feeling connects us to others in ways that we find satisfying. While that might sound selfish, all it really means is that people are wired to feel happy when they’re being kind. 38 . Nobody wants to read yet another article about how the world is falling to pieces. Emphasize the good that’s being done at your organization so that your donors feel empowered, not depressed. Since we give in part because it solidifies our connections to others, make sure that your communication with your donors is personal and specific (i.e. begin correspondence with “Dear Anna,” not “Dear Donor”). Prioritize community by finding ways to connect with your supporters on a personal level and give them the opportunity to interact with each other, whether it’s through a monthly video call or a donor appreciation night. 39 . Remember that, at base, all philanthropic work is fundamentally a social act, so aim to make your donors feel like they’re a part of a broader community in which they are included, valued, and seen. A．Research shows that the number one motivator for charitable giving is the all-too-human quest for reward and social attachment. B．But this begs the question: how do statistics influence people’s decision to donate? C．The more human ties your donors have with your organization and with each other, the more committed they’ll be to your mission. D．While statistics and figures are important, make sure that your messages to your donors are upbeat and optimistic. E．In this way, you are more likely to build long-lasting connection with both contributors and receivers. F．However, that’s not how the human mind works. 【答案】36．F 37．A 38．D 39．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们给慈善事业捐款背后的心理学，并就此建议非营利组织向支持者传递积极乐观的信息、和捐赠者建立个人且具体的联系。 36．前文“They assume that if only more people knew about a school’s budget cuts, for example, then they would surely donate! So, they bombard (连续轰炸) potential supporters with depressing statistics or complex arguments. (例如，他们认为只要有更多的人知道一所学校的预算削减，那么他们肯定会捐款！因此，他们用令人沮丧的统计数据或复杂的论点轰炸潜在的支持者)”提到非营利组织领导者认为支持者会因为负面信息而捐款，因此总是传递令人沮丧的统计数据或复杂的论点，下一段表明实际上支持者的心理不是这样的，因此F项“However, that’s not how the human mind works. (然而，这不是人类思维的运作方式)”符合语境，否定前文非营利组织领导者认为的支持者的思维方式，构成转折，引出后文内容。故选F。 37．前文“While it’s true that donors and volunteers are motivated to make the world a better place because it’s the right thing to do, that’s not the entire—or even the primary—reason for their generosity. (虽然捐赠者和志愿者确实因为做正确的事情而有动力让世界变得更美好，但这并不是他们慷慨的全部原因，甚至不是主要原因)”指出捐赠者和志愿者慷慨的主要原因并非自己在做正确的事情，后文“In other words, we give because it feels good and that good feeling connects us to others in ways that we find satisfying. (换句话说，我们给予是因为感觉良好，这种良好的感觉将我们与他人联系在一起，让我们感到满足)”解释这种慷慨背后的心理模式，因此A项“Research shows that the number one motivator for charitable giving is the all-too-human quest for reward and social attachment. (研究表明，慈善捐赠的首要动机是人类对回报和社会依恋的追求)”符合语境，指出慈善捐赠的首要动机，承接前文，后文是对其解释，其中的social attachment和后文的good feeling connects us to others呼应。故选A。 38．后文“Nobody wants to read yet another article about how the world is falling to pieces. Emphasize the good that’s being done at your organization so that your donors feel empowered, not depressed. (没有人想再读一篇关于世界如何分崩离析的文章。强调你的组织正在做的好事，这样你的捐赠者就会感到有力量，而不是沮丧)”建议不要传递负面信息，而是正面的信息，让捐赠者感到有力量，因此D项“While statistics and figures are important, make sure that your messages to your donors are upbeat and optimistic. (虽然统计数据和数字很重要，但要确保你给捐赠者的信息是积极乐观的)”符合语境，指出要提供积极乐观的信息，作为段首句可统领后文内容，其中的upbeat and optimistic和后文的empowered呼应。故选D。 39．前文“Prioritize community by finding ways to connect with your supporters on a personal level and give them the opportunity to interact with each other, whether it’s through a monthly video call or a donor appreciation night. (通过寻找与你的支持者在个人层面上联系的方式来优先考虑社区，并给他们相互交流的机会，无论是通过每月的视频电话还是捐助者感谢之夜)”给出如何与支持者建立个人联系，赋予他们社区感的具体建议，因此C项“The more human ties your donors have with your organization and with each other, the more committed they’ll be to your mission. (你的捐赠者与你的组织以及彼此之间的人际关系越密切，他们就越会忠于你的使命)”符合语境，指出这样做的好处，承接前文，其中的human ties与前文的connect with呼应。故选C。 $ 题材热点07 社会公益与公民责任 内容导航 原文欣赏 词汇积累 限时实战 热点时文阅读 情境导入 高效科普：呈现前沿科技或社会热点，进入真实情境，提取关键信息。 话题词汇速记 聚焦话题，扩充语料库：归纳本话题高频单词、短语，扩大词汇量，高效领悟同主题文章。 热点限时精练 模拟实战 巩固提升：完形填空/语法填空/词汇填空/六选四/概要，限时组合练，提升信息迁移能力。 【背景速递】 最近，英国政府颁布了一项新规定，尝试通过限制垃圾食品广告的方式降低儿童肥胖率。新规定要求，如果商家想要在每天晚上9点前播出或推送含有燕麦粥和圆面饼等13种食品的广告，那么这些食品中糖、盐和脂肪等成分的含量就需要符合一定的健康标准。 【原文欣赏】 An advert will be banned from being put online or played on the television before 9pm if the food item it promotes falls into one of 13 categories, and if analysis of its nutrients, such as salt, fat and sugar, lead to it being classified as less healthy on a government scoring system. The focus on the product, which was set in legislation passed by the last government, means a fast-food chain, for example, would still be free to advertise without restrictions, as long as it didn’t show any of its burgers, fries or other less healthy offerings. A spokesperson for the Department for Health and Social Care said the ban was clear—that unhealthy food products, which are excessively high in sugar, fat or salt were covered in the restrictions, but that it did not restrict brands from advertising, provided any products they feature met the conditions set. 【译文赏析】 如果宣传的食品属于规定的13个品类之内，并且该食品的营养成分，如盐、脂肪和糖，含量分析结果在监管部门的评分系统中被分类为 “不够健康”，那么含有这些食品的广告将被禁止在晚上9点前在在线平台或电视频道中播放。 由于上届政府通过的法案只强调了产品本身，因此诸如连锁快餐等商家只要不让汉堡包、薯条或其他不够健康的产品出现在广告中，就依然能够免受限制继续投放广告。 英国卫生和社会保障部的一名发言人表示，本次禁令明确限制了含有过量糖、脂肪和盐的不健康食品的广告；但并不限制任何品牌打广告，只要它们的广告中出现的食品符合要求。 测验与练习 1. To be excluded from the ban, a food item must not… a. be high in fat. b. fall into one of 13 categories. c. have a high amount of nutrients. 2. A government scoring system will determine if a food is healthy or less healthy. a. True b. False c. Not given 3. The focus on the product in the ban was _______ legislation passed by the last government. 4. With the ban, fast-food chains will be able to advertise healthy food. a. True b. False c. Not given 5. A spokesperson for the Department for Health and Social Care said the ban was _______. 6. A spokesperson said… a. unhealthy food can be advertised if it meets the conditions set. b. the ban will not restrict brands from advertising healthy food. c. all food will potentially be banned from advertising. 【课标词汇积累】 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 banned 禁止 classified 分类 legislation 法案，立法 fast-food chain 连锁快餐 restrictions 限制 offerings （用于销售的）产品 spokesperson 发言人 excessively 过量的，过多的 feature （在某个内容中）出现，以……为主要组成部分 （建议用时：40分钟） 题型01 语法填空 Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Moving to a new place can be terrifying, but volunteering offers a great way to adapt, meet locals, and gain skills. That’s 1 we’re spotlighting Kajal Patil, a volunteer who moved and found volunteer opportunities on VolunteerMatch to make an impact in her new community. Kajal moved to the United States from India in February 2017. 2 (volunteer) for two years as an assistant yoga teacher in her home country, Kajal was enthusiastic about volunteering and began looking for volunteer opportunities that match her interests on VolunteerMatch. “I enjoy volunteering and it’s great to have such meaningful experiences in life,” says Kajal. Kajal was drawn to a volunteer opportunity with the Meridian International Center 3 (review) applications on behalf of the Young Leaders of the Americas Initiative (YLAI). Kajal had previous experience working with the markets 4 candidates were applying, and the position also afforded her the opportunity to work remotely. After connecting with the opportunity on VolunteerMatch and successfully 5 (complete) the application process, Kajal got to work. Her role involved reviewing 44 in-depth applications from potential candidates across Latin America and the Caribbean for a four-week fellowship in the U. S. She was responsible for describing the business ideas presented by these candidates, assessing the social impact of their businesses, and determining the strength of candidates to carry out their plans. 6 almost 4, 000 applicants in 2017, Meridian International Center considers volunteers like Kajal to be integral members of the team. With help from volunteers, now 250 candidates 7 (select) to take part in the program and will travel to the U. S. this fall. Kajal says that this volunteer opportunity super-charged her existing skills, while helping her build new 8 such as time management, business analysis, decision-making, planning, and presenting. She is looking for her next volunteer opportunity and reflects positively on her experience with Meridian International Center. “By helping others, I felt needed in society. Not only did it boost my self-esteem, other people benefited too. ” 9 you recently moved to a new place or are looking to make an impact in your current community, find a volunteer opportunity to empower 10 — and others — on VolunteerMatch. 题型02 选词填空 Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．automate     B．casual     C． detail     D．dropped E. flooded     F. limited     G. occurrence     H. refuse I. sacrifice      J. specific    K. strategy     Don’t Give Till It Hurts We have all walked past that red bucket without dropping in any money. We have all said “no” to those requests at the checkout counter to donate $1 to some worthy cause. Social media is 11 with all sorts of calls to donate. I bet we have all felt a sense of guilt if we do not hit the “Give Now” button. A friend of mine shared a story that perfectly captures this situation. Out shopping last week, she 12 some money into one of those red buckets. Luckily, the bell ringer had not changed by the time she left the store. But then she went to a second store, which had a bell ringer, too. “There was no 13 way I could mention donating at the other store,” she said. “I wish they’d give out stickers saying ‘I donated’ like the ‘I voted’ ones on Election Day, which would take away the guilt.” My friend does not need to feel guilty because I know she regularly donates to a bunch of worthy causes, but like the rest of us, she easily gets caught up in the moment. There are thousands of charities asking for our money, and many of them do great work. However, most of us have 14 resources. To make the most of these resources — minus the guilt — we need to follow four simple steps. ①Have a charitable giving plan: We need to work out exactly how much we want to give. This can be a(n) 15 dollar amount or a percentage of our income. Once we have decided how much to give, we need to research an organization to receive it. The final component of this step is to decide how often we want to give. One possibility is to make it a regular 16 , maybe once a month. ② Follow the plan: The plan works only if we stick with it. If we have decided to give $100 a month to a favorite charity, we should 17 it. Just sign up to have the charity receive $100 from a bank account and arrange for an email receipt. ③ Just keep it simple: When asked to make unplanned contributions, you should just reply, “Thank you for the opportunity, but I’ve chosen to give in another way.” We do not need to go into 18 . ④ Never feel bad again: At first, it may feel bad to 19 a request for money to rescue kittens in Michigan. Those bad feelings will go away once we remember that we already have a giving 20 and we are following it. 题型03 完形填空 The Negative Impacts of Volunteer Tourism? Voluntourists only have limited time and ability to change the systems and provide support for the places they call at. As volunteers, they sometimes secretly nurture unhelpful and even patronizing (自视高人一等的) ideas about the places they visit. A number of studies have shown that volunteer tourism can have negative impacts, 21 benefiting the local communities. (1) Unskilled labor creates more work In the past, volunteering opportunities were often 22 to skilled professionals, but this is not the 23 of today’s volunteer tourism (which is more like a “show”). Anyone can become a voluntourist, bringing a series of problems. Though 24 , they are often unskilled, especially when it comes to work such as construction and digging. This can often lead to locals being forced to take on the added responsibility for rebuilding homes and schools that would have been 25 inadequate. (2) Volunteers take local jobs In the meantime, this deprives locals of the jobs. It also prevents them from learning or being taught the skills that could then be used to 26 the community. As a famous proverb says, give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. The time and efforts of volunteers could be better 27 making local communities more economically independent and self-sufficient, allowing them to improve 28 even after they depart. (3) There is no long-term commitment Lots of communities do need the aid of volunteers, but what are they able to address in the few short weeks of their “ 29 ”? Most places tend to benefit more from long-term engagement, and often the largest number of meaningful volunteers come from the communities themselves, rather than from 30 eager to fix things. While short-term volunteers can do a lot of good, it is often so only when they have skills and training that 31 the specific needs, such as medical aid, construction, conservation, teaching, or even religious work; as well as having experience doing the required work and with different cultures. (4) There is a lot of focus on 32 the volunteer Voluntourism tends to place a lot of emphasis on the volunteers, sometimes even at the expense of the community they are looking to help. Travel companies attract individuals with promises of 33 but immediately-rewarding experiences. This, in turn, can lead to large numbers of volunteers who, instead of making a difference, can actually 34 local communities from becoming more economically independent due to their very presence. What Can We Do Instead? Short-term volunteers, especially students, also need to be given the opportunity to explore various different cultures and destinations. But they should take the time to learn about the socio-cultural backgrounds of the places they visit. Short-term placements thus become more about experiences and 35 exchange, where they may gain knowledge and respect other cultures, rather than go on trips that “help the poor”. This kind of cross-cultural engagement can do a lot of good in a world that is increasingly leaning towards violence and xenophobia. 21．A．let alone B．in terms of C．instead of D．thanks to 22．A．transmitted B．restricted C．referred D．delivered 23．A．cast B．concern C．agreement D．solution 24．A．well-understood B．well-organized C．well-bred D．well-intended 25．A．seemingly B．unexpectedly C．otherwise D．extremely 26．A．seek B．survive C．sustain D．separate 27．A．invested in B．removed from C．devoted in D．set aside 28．A．immediately B．continuously C．dramatically D．incredibly 29．A．appeal B．campaign C．efforts D．visit 30．A．locals B．organizers C．outsiders D．technicians 31．A．overshadow B．match C．deserve D．mismatch 32．A．rewarding B．cultivating C．praising D．motivating 33．A．cost-effective B．energy-boosting C．short-lived D．long-term 34．A．distinguish B．cross out C．shelter D．hold back 35．A．stock B．cultural C．idea D．information 题型04 六选四 The Psychology of Giving: Why do People Give to Charity? Every day, leaders in the nonprofit sector invest valuable time, energy, and money into educating and spreading awareness of their mission in the hopes that this will increase support for their nonprofit. They assume that if only more people knew about a school’s budget cuts, for example, then they would surely donate! So, they bombard (连续轰炸) potential supporters with depressing statistics or complex arguments. 36 . Why do people donate to charity? While it’s true that donors and volunteers are motivated to make the world a better place because it’s the right thing to do, that’s not the entire—or even the primary—reason for their generosity. 37 . In other words, we give because it feels good and that good feeling connects us to others in ways that we find satisfying. While that might sound selfish, all it really means is that people are wired to feel happy when they’re being kind. 38 . Nobody wants to read yet another article about how the world is falling to pieces. Emphasize the good that’s being done at your organization so that your donors feel empowered, not depressed. Since we give in part because it solidifies our connections to others, make sure that your communication with your donors is personal and specific (i.e. begin correspondence with “Dear Anna,” not “Dear Donor”). Prioritize community by finding ways to connect with your supporters on a personal level and give them the opportunity to interact with each other, whether it’s through a monthly video call or a donor appreciation night. 39 . Remember that, at base, all philanthropic work is fundamentally a social act, so aim to make your donors feel like they’re a part of a broader community in which they are included, valued, and seen. A．Research shows that the number one motivator for charitable giving is the all-too-human quest for reward and social attachment. B．But this begs the question: how do statistics influence people’s decision to donate? C．The more human ties your donors have with your organization and with each other, the more committed they’ll be to your mission. D．While statistics and figures are important, make sure that your messages to your donors are upbeat and optimistic. E．In this way, you are more likely to build long-lasting connection with both contributors and receivers. F．However, that’s not how the human mind works. $