7种句型结构及语法成分-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（译林版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（译林版） Chapter17种句型结构及语法成分 考频分析 7种句型结构及语法成分是高中英语句法的基础模块，考频占句法总量的15%左右，主要分布在核心题 型：单项选择(1-2题)、语法填空(2-3题)、阅读理解（长难句分析基础）、书面表达（影响句子结构规 范性)。在语法填空和书面表达中，对简单句与复合句的结构辨析及成分划分是解题与写作的核心要点。 考查内容 高中英语对7种句型结构及语法成分的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础构成与语境应用： ·基本句型识别：主谓(S+V)、主谓宾(S+V+O)、主系表(S+V+P)、主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)、主谓 宾宾补(S+V+O+C)、there be句型的构成特点与辨别； ·语法成分分析：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的句法功能及在不同句型中的位置； ·句型转换与应用：简单句、并列句、复合句（含宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句）中7种基本句型的灵 活运用及改写。 精讲精练 知识点一：7种句型结构及语法成分 ·1.主谓结构（主语+谓语） -语法成分：主语（动作发出者）+谓语（不及物动词，无宾语） -例句：The sun rises.(主语：The sun;谓语：rises)They laughed loudly.(主语：They;谓语： laughed) ·2.主谓宾结构（主语+谓语+宾语） 一语法成分：主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语（动作承受者） -例句：She reads books.(主语：She;谓语：reads;宾语：books)口Ne visited Beijing.(主语： We;谓语：visited;宾语：Beijing) ·3.主系表结构（主语+系动词+表语） 一语法成分：主语+系动词（无实义）+表语（说明主语特征/状态） -例句：He is a student.(主语：He;系动词：is;表语：a student)The flowers look beautiful.. (主语：The flowers;系动词：look;表语：beautiful) ·4.主谓双宾结构（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语） 一语法成分：主语+及物动词（谓语）+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物） -例句：口My mother gave me a gift.(主语：My mother;谓语：gave;间接宾语：me;直接宾语：a git)口He taught us English.(主语：He;谓语：taught;间接宾语：us;直接宾语：English) ·5.主谓宾补结构（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语） 一语法成分：主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语+宾补（补充说明宾语状态/动作） -例句：☐We made him happy.(主语：We;谓语：made;宾语：him;宾补：happy)口I saw her dancing.(主语：l;谓语：saw;宾语：her;宾补：dancing) ·6.there be句型(there+be+主语+地点时间状语) -语法成分：there(形式主语)+be动词（谓语）+真正主语（名词）+状语 -例句：口There is a park near my home.(主语：a park;谓语：is;状语：near my home)口There are five books on the desk.(主语：five books;谓语：are;状语：on the desk) ·7.祈使句结构（谓语动词原形开头，省略主语you) -语法成分：谓语（动词原形）+其他成分（宾语状语等） -例句：口Open the door..(谓语：Open;宾语：the door)口Be quiet!!(系动词原形：Be;表语：quiet) 【即学即练】 1.【句型识别】"He is a teacher.”属于哪种基本句型？ A.主谓结构 B.主谓宾结构 C.主系表结构 D.主谓双宾结构 2.【句型成分分析】在句子"My mother gave me a pen.”中，间接宾语是一，直接宾语是一。 3.【there be句型】请完成句子：_a book on the desk.(桌子上有一本书) 4.【祈使句】下列哪个句子是祈使句？ A.He opens the window. B.Open the window! C.He is opening the window. D.The window is open 5.【主谓宾补结构】在句子"Ve keep the room clean.”中，宾语补足语是一。 语法复习英语」译林版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（译林版） 知识点二：非谓语动词用法及辨析 ·1.动词不定式(todo)(表目的、将来、未完成) 1.功能 一作主语（通常用t作形式主语）、宾语、定语、状语（目的/结果）、宾语补足语 2.结构 -基本形式：to+动词原形（否定式：not to+动词原形） 3.例句 -☐To learn English well is important.(作主语，=It is important to learn English well) -口He wants to buy a new car..(作宾语，want后接不定式) -口I have a lot of homework to do.(作定语，修饰homework) -口She came here to see her mother.(作目的状语) -My teacher told me not to be late again.(作宾补，否定式not to be) ·2.动名词(doing)(表主动、进行、抽象概念) 1.功能 一作主语、宾语、定语、表语 2.结构 -基本形式：动词原形+ing(否定式：not+doing) 3.例句 -Swimming is good for health.(作主语) -口He enjoys playing footbal.(作宾语，enjoy后接动名词) -口There is a swimming pool in our school..(作定语，修饰pool) -口Her hobby is singing.(作表语) ·3.现在分词(doing)(表主动、进行，修饰人物) 1.功能 一作定语、状语（时间原因伴随）、宾语补足语 2.结构 -基本形式：动词原形+ing(否定式：not+doing) 3.例句 -口The running water is clean.(作定语，修饰water,表主动) -口alking in the park,she met an old friend.(作伴随状语，表主动) -口I heard her singing in the room.(作宾补，表正在进行) ·4.过去分词(done)(表被动、完成，修饰人物) 1.功能 一作定语、状语（原因/条件）、宾语补足语 2.结构 -基本形式：动词过去分词（规则动词加-d,不规则动词需记忆） 3.例句 -The broken window was repaired yesterday.(作定语，修饰window,表被动/完成) -口Seen from the hill,.the city looks beautiful..(作条件状语，表被动) -We found the door locked when we arrived.(作宾补，表被动状态) ·5.不定式与动名词作宾语的固定搭配 1.接不定式的动词(want,hope,decide,refuse,afford等) -例句：She hopes to go abroad next year.. 2.接动名词的动词(enjoy,mind,finish,practice,avoid等) -例句：I practice speaking English every day.. 3.接不定式/动名词意义不同的动词(remember,forget,stop等) -例句：口Remember to post the letter.(记得去做某事，未做)口I remember posting the letter.(记 得做过某事，已做) 知识点三：复合句类型及引导词用法 ·1.定语从句（修饰名词代词，中考核心） -基础引导词辨析（必背）： *口who(指人，作主语/宾语)→例句：The girl who is standing there is my sister.(作主语) *口whom(指人，作宾语，可省略)→例句：The man whom you met yesterday is a teacher..(作 宾语) *口which(指物，作主语/宾语)→例句：This is the book which I bought last week.(作宾语) *口that(指人/物，作主语/宾语，先行词为不定代词时必用)→例句：Everything that he said is true. (指物，先行词为不定代词) *口whose(指人/物，作定语)→例句：I know the boy whose father is a doctor.(指人，作定语) *口where(指地点，作状语)→例句：This is the school where I studied10 years ago. *口when(指时间，作状语)→例句：I still remember the day when we first met. 一特殊考点（易错）： *口介词+which/whom(正式用法)→例句：The room in which he lives is small.(=The room which he lives in is small) *口先行词为way时，可用that/in which或省略→例句：Idon't like the way((that/in which)he speaks. ·2.状语从句（修饰动词句子，表时间原因条件等，中考高频） 一时间状语从句（必掌握）： *口when(当…时，主从动作可同时先后发生)→例句：I was reading when he came in *口while(当…时，主从动作同时进行，从句用延续性动词)→例句：hile she was cooking,I was doing homework. *口until(直到…，not..until直到…才)→例句：He waited until the rain stopped./She didn' t go to bed until 11 p.m. *☐as soon as(-…就…）→例句：I will call you as soon as I arrive. -原因状语从句（常考）： *口because(直接原因，回答why)→例句：He didn't go to school because he was ill.. *☐since(既然，已知原因)→例句：Since you are free,why not go with us? *Das(由于，语气比because弱)→例句：As it was late,we had to go home 一条件状语从句（重点）： *口if(如果，主将从现)→例句：If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home. *unless(除非=if.not)→例句：You won't pass the exam unless you study hard. ·3.宾语从句（作动词介词的宾语，中考基础） -语序规则（核心）：陈述语序（主语+谓语）→例句：Idon't know where he lives.(正)/Idon't know where does he live.( -连接词选择（必背）： *口that(陈述事实，可省略)→例句：She said(that)she would come. *口if/whether(是否，一般疑问句转化)→例句：I wonder if/whether he will come.(不可省略) *O特殊疑问词(what/when/where等，特殊疑问句转化)→例句：He asked where the nearest hospital was. 一时态一致（易错）： *口主句为现在时，从句用任意时态→例句：I know he lives here./I know he will come. *口主句为过去时，从句用过去相关时态（客观真理用一般现在时）→例句：She said she was watching TV./He told me the earth goes around the sun.(客观真理) 语法复习|英语|译林版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（译林版） 考法一：非谓语动词作状语辨析 ·核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系（主动/被动）及动作发生的时间（伴随/完成），选择 正确形式（现在分词过去分词/不定式） ·真题1（语法填空）： --(see)from the top of the mountain,the city looks even more beautiful. -答案：Seen解析：句中“see”与逻辑主语“the city”是被动关系（城市被看见），用过去分词作条 件状语，表被动完成。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -He hurried to the station,only_(find)that the train had left. A.finding B.to find C.found D.find -答案：B解析：“oly+不定式”作结果状语，表意外结果，符合语境“匆忙赶到却发现火车已开走”， 用to find。 考法二：非谓语动词与简单句结构融合 ·核心：分析简单句成分（如宾语、宾补、定语等），结合非谓语动词功能（不定式、动名词、分词）选择 正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： He wants-(join)the music club because he likes singing. -答案：to join解析：句为主谓宾结构，谓语动词want后需接不定式作宾语，构成"want to do sth”固 定搭配，故填to join。, ·真题2（单项选择）： We noticed a girl_(dance)under the tree when we walked past. A.dance B.dancing C.danced D.to dance -答案：B解析：句为主谓宾补结构，宾语a girl与dance为主动关系且动作正在进行，现在分词dancing 作宾补表主动进行，符合"notice sb doing sth”结构。 考法二：定语从句与状语从句引导词辨析 ·核心：根据从句修饰对象（名词/句子）及语法功能（定语/状语），区分定语从句(where/when/that)与 状语从句(where/when/if)引导词 ·真题1（语法填空）： -This is the park_we had a picnic last Sunday. -答案：where解析：先行词the park为地点名词，从句"we had a picnic'”主谓宾完整，需用where引 导定语从句作地点状语。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -_it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home and watch movies A.When B.Where C.If D.That -答案：C解析：从句表假设条件，修饰主句动作"stay at home”,需用if引导条件状语从句，符合”主 将从现”规则。 考法二：非谓语动词作定语与定语从句转换 ·核心：将”名词+定语从句”转换为”名词+非谓语动词（现在分词/过去分词不定式）”，判断主被动关 系及时态特征 ·真题1（语法填空）： The students_(attend)the lecture are from Grade 9.(The students who are attending the lecture) 一答案：attending解析：原句为定语从句，先行词students与attend为主动关系且动作正在进行，可 转换为现在分词attending作定语表主动进行。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -I have a lot of homework_(finish)tonight.(=I have a lot of homework that I need to finish tonight) A.finishing B.finished C.to finish D.finish -答案：C解析：”名词+不定式”作定语表将来动作，homework与finish为逻辑动宾关系，不定式to finish符合”有某事要做”的语境。 考法三：复合句中非谓语动词作定语的句型结构分析 ·核心：结合复合句（定语从句）的引导词用法，识别非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）作定 语时的句型结构差异，判断主动/被动关系及动作时态 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The students__in the classroom are preparing for the exam.They all look very focused. A.who studying B.studying C.studied D.to study 一答案：B解析：句中已有谓语动词“are preparing”,空格处需非谓语动词作定语修饰“students'”。逻 辑主语“students”与“study”为主动关系且动作正在进行，用现在分词studying,相当于定语从句 “who are studying”。A项定语从句缺少be动词，C项过去分词表被动/完成，D项不定式表将来，均 不符合语境。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -I have a lot of tasks-(finish)before the deadline,so I need to manage my time wisely. -答案：to finish解析：此处为“主谓宾+定语”结构（主语I+谓语have+宾语tasks+定语），非谓语 动词作后置定语修饰tasks”。“finish”这一动作尚未发生，表将来含义，用动词不定式to finish,符 合“名词+todo”的不定式作定语结构（主动形式表被动意义）。 语法复习|英语」译林版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（译林版） 解题小妙招 非谓语作状辨主被，时间关系看语境； 主动进行用现分，被动完成选过分； 意外结果跟不定式，only to do要记清。 非谓语与句融合时，成分功能是核心； want hope后接不定式，宾补主动现分跟； notice see接doing,动作进行表主动。 定从状从引导词，修饰对象先分清； 名词之后是定从，where when表地点时间； 句子之前是状从，f表假设要记心。 定从非谓可转换，主动进行用现分； 将来动作不定式，名词之后作定语； 复合句中定从看，主谓完整where来引。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The novel_by Mo Yan has been translated into 30 languages. A.write B.writing C.written D.to write 2.He pretended_when his mother came in,but the open book on his desk gave him away. A.sleeping B.to sleep C.to be sleeping D.slept 3.The teacher asked the students _too much noise during the exam. A.not make B.not to make C.don't make D.not making 4.This is the factory_my father worked for 20 years before retiring. A.where B.which C.that D.when 5.the early bus,he got up at 5 a.m.and hurried to the station. A.Catch B.Catching C.To catch D.Caught 6.I still remember the day__we first visited the Science Museum together. A.which B.when C.where D.that 7.The girl__in the library now is my best friend.She loves reading very much. A.who reads B.reading C.read D.to read 8.If it tomorrow,we will have to cancel the outdoor activity. A.rains B.will rain C.rained D.is raining 9.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately after_down on the bed. A.lie B.lying C.lay D.laid 10.My parents always encourage me-my dreams,even when things get difficult. A.pursue B.pursuing C.to pursue